Samudragupta was a ruler of the Gupta Empire from around 335-375 CE who ushered in the Golden Age of India. He succeeded his father Chandragupta I and went on extensive military campaigns, conquering most of India. Harishena was a court poet of Samudragupta who composed praises of the king, including on the Allahabad Pillar inscription. Pulakeshin II was a famous ruler of the Chalukya dynasty in the 6th century CE who expanded their kingdom across most of the Deccan region in South India during his reign.
The Kushan Dynasty ruled between 30-375 CE in areas of modern day Afghanistan and northern India. The Kushans were originally from the Yuezhi confederation and migrated to the region in the 1st century CE under the leadership of Kujula Kadphises. Major Kushan rulers included Kujula Kadphises, Vima Kadphises, and the powerful emperor Kanishka, who expanded the empire and patronized Buddhism. The Kushan Empire dominated trade between Rome, China, and South Asia and facilitated the spread of Gandhara art and Mahayana Buddhism. The empire fragmented in the 3rd century CE due to invasions and was eventually overwhelmed by the
The document summarizes the medieval period in India from the 8th to 18th centuries. It began with the fall of the Gupta Empire and saw the emergence of several Rajput kingdoms in northern and western India. The Delhi Sultanate was established by the arriving Turks, followed by the Mughal dynasty. Major developments included the spread of Islam and Hindu-Muslim cultural exchanges, as well as growth in trade, cities, art, and architecture. New social and political groups also emerged during this time, such as regional kingdoms transitioning into larger empires like the Rashtrakuta Empire.
The Gupta Empire ruled northern India from 320 to 647 CE. Key Gupta rulers included Chandragupta I and Chandragupta II, who expanded the empire and engaged in profitable trade with the Mediterranean world. A Chinese monk described people in India during this time as happy and charitable, though the caste system was becoming entrenched. The Guptas achieved advancements in art, medicine, mathematics, literature, astronomy, and other fields. However, invasions by the Huns in the 4th century began the decline of the powerful Gupta Empire.
The Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty was the first powerful dynasty to rise during the Early Medieval period of India. It was founded by Nagabhata I in the 8th century CE and went on to create a vast empire across North India with Kannauj as its center of power. Key rulers like Mihira Bhoja consolidated and expanded the empire, defeating rivals like the Palas and Rashtrakutas. The dynasty reached its peak under Mihira Bhoja's rule, controlling large parts of North and Central India. It declined thereafter with weakening of control over peripheral areas, though it continued to be an important power until the late 10th century CE.
Harshavardhana ruled northern India from 606-647 AD after becoming king at age 14. He faced early challenges from neighboring kings but conquered much of northern India, establishing an empire that stretched from Bengal to Punjab. His greatest military achievement was a stalemate against Pulakesin II of the Chalukyas after two years of fighting. Harshavardhana strongly supported education, reserving a quarter of the empire's income for the renowned Nalanda University, which had over 10,000 students during his reign. The Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang visited India during Harshavardhana's rule and studied at Nalanda before returning to China and writing an account of his travels
The Kushan Dynasty ruled between 30-375 CE in areas of modern day Afghanistan and northern India. The Kushans were originally from the Yuezhi confederation and migrated to the region in the 1st century CE under the leadership of Kujula Kadphises. Major Kushan rulers included Kujula Kadphises, Vima Kadphises, and the powerful emperor Kanishka, who expanded the empire and patronized Buddhism. The Kushan Empire dominated trade between Rome, China, and South Asia and facilitated the spread of Gandhara art and Mahayana Buddhism. The empire fragmented in the 3rd century CE due to invasions and was eventually overwhelmed by the
The document summarizes the medieval period in India from the 8th to 18th centuries. It began with the fall of the Gupta Empire and saw the emergence of several Rajput kingdoms in northern and western India. The Delhi Sultanate was established by the arriving Turks, followed by the Mughal dynasty. Major developments included the spread of Islam and Hindu-Muslim cultural exchanges, as well as growth in trade, cities, art, and architecture. New social and political groups also emerged during this time, such as regional kingdoms transitioning into larger empires like the Rashtrakuta Empire.
The Gupta Empire ruled northern India from 320 to 647 CE. Key Gupta rulers included Chandragupta I and Chandragupta II, who expanded the empire and engaged in profitable trade with the Mediterranean world. A Chinese monk described people in India during this time as happy and charitable, though the caste system was becoming entrenched. The Guptas achieved advancements in art, medicine, mathematics, literature, astronomy, and other fields. However, invasions by the Huns in the 4th century began the decline of the powerful Gupta Empire.
The Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty was the first powerful dynasty to rise during the Early Medieval period of India. It was founded by Nagabhata I in the 8th century CE and went on to create a vast empire across North India with Kannauj as its center of power. Key rulers like Mihira Bhoja consolidated and expanded the empire, defeating rivals like the Palas and Rashtrakutas. The dynasty reached its peak under Mihira Bhoja's rule, controlling large parts of North and Central India. It declined thereafter with weakening of control over peripheral areas, though it continued to be an important power until the late 10th century CE.
Harshavardhana ruled northern India from 606-647 AD after becoming king at age 14. He faced early challenges from neighboring kings but conquered much of northern India, establishing an empire that stretched from Bengal to Punjab. His greatest military achievement was a stalemate against Pulakesin II of the Chalukyas after two years of fighting. Harshavardhana strongly supported education, reserving a quarter of the empire's income for the renowned Nalanda University, which had over 10,000 students during his reign. The Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang visited India during Harshavardhana's rule and studied at Nalanda before returning to China and writing an account of his travels
The Gupta Empire flourished in India from 320 to 550 CE. Key rulers included Chandragupta I, Samudragupta, and Chandragupta II, who expanded the empire and engaged in profitable trade. The empire was characterized by a relatively free society with advances in mathematics, science, arts, and literature. However, the empire declined due to invasions of the Huns, breaking India into separate kingdoms until the arrival of Muslims.
The document summarizes information about the Indo-Greeks who ruled parts of northern India and western South Asia from around 250 BCE to 10 CE. It discusses their dynasties and rulers such as the Euthydemids, Eucratides I, and Menander I. It also outlines sources that discuss the Indo-Greeks, including literary works, inscriptions, coins, and archaeological sites. The importance of the period is noted as the Indo-Greeks had political, economic, and cultural influences on India through interactions in areas like medical science, astrology, language, and art.
The document provides an overview of Sangam literature and the Sangam period of ancient Tamil Nadu. Some key points:
- Sangam literature is one of the main sources for documenting the early history of Tamil Nadu and mentions kings and princes of the Chola, Pandya and Chera kingdoms.
- Sources include literary works as well as archaeological evidence. Literary sources include Sangam poems/texts and works by foreign travelers.
- The society was divided into peasants, laborers, artisans and other occupational groups rather than a strict caste system. Trade within India and abroad was an important part of the economy.
Chandragupta II further expanded the vast Gupta Empire built by his father Samudragupta through military conquests and strategic matrimonial alliances. He married princess Kubernaga of the Naga dynasty and princess Prabhavati Gupta to Vakataka king Rudrasena II to cement political ties. Chandragupta II's long 40-year reign saw both territorial growth and cultural prosperity under the Guptas. Primary sources that provide details about his reign include the works of Kalidasa, accounts of Chinese travelers Faxian and Xuanzang, and inscriptions such as the Mathura pillar inscription and Mehrauli pillar inscription.
Chandragupta Maurya was a king who united much of northern and central India in the late 4th century BCE. He defeated the powerful Nanda Empire and established the Maurya Empire. Chandragupta waged successful military campaigns against several neighboring rulers, expanding his empire. He administered the large empire efficiently using a central bureaucracy divided into administrative units at the city and regional levels. Chandragupta adopted Jainism late in life and passed away by fasting at Shravanabelagola in Karnataka.
The Vakataka dynasty ruled from central India for about 300 years after the decline of the Satavahana empire. They were powerful rulers and patrons of art and literature. Vindhyashakti I was the founder of the dynasty and under Pravarsena I the empire reached its greatest extent, though it was later divided among his sons. The dynasty saw changing political fortunes and alliances, including with the Guptas through marriage alliances. They ruled from capitals including Nandivardhan, Pravarapura (identified as Mansar), and were devotees of Shiva and later Vaishnavism as Gupta influence grew.
In 176 BC, the Yuezhi were driven from Tarim Besin to westward by the Xiongnu, a fierce people of Magnolia.
The Yuezhi under the leadership of the Kushanas came down from Central Asia and swept away all earlier dynasties of the Northwest in a great campaign of conquest. They established an empire which extended from Central Asia right down to the eastern Gangetic basin.
In Bactria, they conquered the Scythians and the local Indo-Greek kingdoms, the last remnants of Alexander the Great's invasion force that had failed to take India.
From this central location, the Kushan Empire became a wealthy trading hub between the peoples of Han China, Sassanid Persia and the Roman Empire.
Roman gold and Chinese silk changed hands in the Kushan Empire, at a very tidy profit for the middle-men.
During the Gupta period, economic progress was driven by agriculture, trade, and craft production. Agriculture was the main occupation, with farmers growing crops like wheat, barley, rice, and sugarcane. Irrigation systems like tanks and wells supported cultivation. Trade flourished along land and sea routes connecting India to Central Asia, the Roman Empire, and Southeast Asia, with commodities like spices, textiles, and precious goods being exported. Crafts like metalworking, textile production, and pottery thrived in urban centers, supported by powerful merchant guilds. The economy became more localized and feudal in nature.
The Second Pandya Empire ruled parts of southern India between 1000-1700 CE. A key ruler was Jatavarman Sundar Pandyan I who expanded the empire through military campaigns defeating the Cheras, Hoysalas, Cholas, and gaining control of Sri Lanka in the 13th century. However, internal succession struggles and invasions by the Delhi Sultanate led by Malik Kafur in 1311 CE greatly weakened the empire. The Pandya kingdom was divided and their control over the Tamil region declined significantly, coming to an end around 1700 CE.
The document summarizes the Golden Age of the Gupta Empire between the 4th and 6th centuries CE in India. It saw advancements in literature, art, science, and education due to peace and prosperity under the Gupta kings' rule. Two important figures were Samudragupta, who politically unified India, and Chandragupta II, who further patronized the arts and elevated culture. Reasons for progress included the kings' support of education and trade ties that made the region an important cultural center. The end of the Gupta Empire in the 6th century CE halted further development.
Topics Included
• Introduction
• Sangam Age
• The Cholas
• The Cheras
• The Pandyas
• The Kushanas
• Kanishka
• The Satavahanas
• Trade
• The Silk Route
• Religion
• Spread of Buddhism
The document provides background information on the Chola dynasty of southern India. It discusses the antiquity of the Cholas dating back to the Sangam period in the 6th century BCE. The Cholas rose to prominence again in the 9th century CE under kings like Vijayalaya who made Tanjore their capital. Great kings like Parantaka I and Rajaraja I expanded the Chola empire through conquests and made it a major power in South and Southeast Asia through the 10th-11th centuries. The Cholas were great patrons of art, architecture, trade and administration.
The document summarizes Indo-Roman trade between 200 BCE and 300 CE. It discusses the political conditions in India and Rome during this period, including the rule of various dynasties. The key sources of information about Indo-Roman trade are identified as literary works, archaeological evidence, and inscriptions. Major ports involved in the trade route are listed. Items exported from India included spices, textiles, minerals, gems, and ivory. Items imported to India were luxury goods like wine and glass. The trade led to an outflow of Roman gold, but benefited Indian merchants.
1. The document discusses the origins and history of the Pala dynasty, which ruled over Bengal from the 8th to the 12th century CE. It describes how Gopal founded the dynasty and ended a period of political chaos in Bengal.
2. Under the rulers Dharampala and Devapala, the Pala empire expanded to control much of northern India, through both military conquests and diplomatic relations. They had changing territorial disputes and alliances with the neighboring Rashtrakuta and Pratihara empires.
3. The Pala rulers were strong patrons of Buddhism and oversaw a period of cultural and educational prosperity, establishing several important universities like Vikramashila and Nalanda.
The Gupta Empire from the 4th to 6th centuries CE was a high point of India's ancient history, known as the Golden Age of India. Sources that provide information about this period include accounts by foreign travelers like Fa-Hien and works by the poet Kalidasa. Archaeologically, the Allahabad pillar inscription praised the emperor Samudragupta, while the Deogarh Temple showed architectural and artistic achievements. The large Nalanda University attracted students from across Asia. The Guptas created a sophisticated administrative system and the scientist Aryabhata made important advances in mathematics and astronomy. Overall, this was a period of extensive development and prosperity under strong imperial rule.
The document provides information on the sources and history of the Mauryan Empire in India. It discusses literary sources like the Indica and Arthashastra, as well as archaeological sources like the Ashokan Edicts found at locations like Shahbazgarhi, Pakistan. It describes some of the major edicts and their messages of dhamma. Additionally, it outlines aspects of Mauryan administration under Chandragupta and Ashoka like the division of the empire into provinces and districts and the taxes, trade, and promotion of Buddhism in the empire.
The document summarizes the rise of the Magadha kingdom and the administrative structure of the Mauryan Empire under Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka. It describes how the Magadha rulers grew powerful due to their iron resources and strategic locations. It then outlines the three levels of administration in the Mauryan Empire - the central, provincial, and local levels - and some of the key positions and departments at each level, such as the council of ministers, accountant general, and district officers.
The document provides information about India during the medieval period. It discusses the emergence of new social and political groups during this time, including Mahmud Ghazni and the Turks who founded the Delhi Sultanates. The Delhi Sultanates were later replaced by the Mughals, who established the Mughal Empire. Many regional kingdoms also emerged across India during the medieval period. There were also major developments in religious traditions, including the emergence of Bhakti, the arrival of Islam, and the spread of Sufism through Sufi saints.
The Mauryan Empire was a large empire in ancient India ruled by the Mauryan dynasty from 324-185 BCE. It originated in the kingdom of Magadha and was established by Chandragupta Maurya. Under Chandragupta and his successors, the empire expanded south and west across the Indian subcontinent through conquest and treaty. Chandragupta defeated the Nanda Dynasty and the Seleucid Empire led by Seleucus I Nicator. The empire reached its peak under Ashoka the Great in the 3rd century BCE, making it one of the largest empires in ancient history. Mauryan art and architecture flourished during this period, influenced by Ashoka's adoption of Buddhism.
The Kalachuris were a dynasty that ruled parts of central India between the 8th-12th centuries AD from their capital of Tripuri. They traced their origin to Mahishmati and called themselves Chandravanshis. The early Kalachuris ruled from Mahishmati but later shifted their capital to Tripuri. The dynasty rose to prominence under rulers like Shankaragan I in the 8th century AD. Later rulers like Kokalla I and Yuvaraja I expanded the kingdom and defeated neighboring rulers. The Kalachuris acknowledged the overlordship of empires like the Rashtrakutas and Chalukyas at times through marriage alliances. They were patrons of Hinduism and J
1. The document provides an overview of the history of India from around 150 BC to 1000 AD, covering major dynasties and kingdoms in northern, western, central, and southern India.
2. It discusses the conquests and settlements of Central Asian tribes like the Sakas and Yueh-chih in northwest India between 150 BC to 395 AD, and the rise of the Kushan Empire under Kanishka around 120 AD, which ruled a vast territory from Afghanistan to northern India.
3. From the 4th to 6th centuries AD, the document outlines the rise and fall of the Gupta Empire and the invasion of the Huns, followed by the kingdom established in northern India by Har
The Gupta Empire flourished in India from 320 to 550 CE. Key rulers included Chandragupta I, Samudragupta, and Chandragupta II, who expanded the empire and engaged in profitable trade. The empire was characterized by a relatively free society with advances in mathematics, science, arts, and literature. However, the empire declined due to invasions of the Huns, breaking India into separate kingdoms until the arrival of Muslims.
The document summarizes information about the Indo-Greeks who ruled parts of northern India and western South Asia from around 250 BCE to 10 CE. It discusses their dynasties and rulers such as the Euthydemids, Eucratides I, and Menander I. It also outlines sources that discuss the Indo-Greeks, including literary works, inscriptions, coins, and archaeological sites. The importance of the period is noted as the Indo-Greeks had political, economic, and cultural influences on India through interactions in areas like medical science, astrology, language, and art.
The document provides an overview of Sangam literature and the Sangam period of ancient Tamil Nadu. Some key points:
- Sangam literature is one of the main sources for documenting the early history of Tamil Nadu and mentions kings and princes of the Chola, Pandya and Chera kingdoms.
- Sources include literary works as well as archaeological evidence. Literary sources include Sangam poems/texts and works by foreign travelers.
- The society was divided into peasants, laborers, artisans and other occupational groups rather than a strict caste system. Trade within India and abroad was an important part of the economy.
Chandragupta II further expanded the vast Gupta Empire built by his father Samudragupta through military conquests and strategic matrimonial alliances. He married princess Kubernaga of the Naga dynasty and princess Prabhavati Gupta to Vakataka king Rudrasena II to cement political ties. Chandragupta II's long 40-year reign saw both territorial growth and cultural prosperity under the Guptas. Primary sources that provide details about his reign include the works of Kalidasa, accounts of Chinese travelers Faxian and Xuanzang, and inscriptions such as the Mathura pillar inscription and Mehrauli pillar inscription.
Chandragupta Maurya was a king who united much of northern and central India in the late 4th century BCE. He defeated the powerful Nanda Empire and established the Maurya Empire. Chandragupta waged successful military campaigns against several neighboring rulers, expanding his empire. He administered the large empire efficiently using a central bureaucracy divided into administrative units at the city and regional levels. Chandragupta adopted Jainism late in life and passed away by fasting at Shravanabelagola in Karnataka.
The Vakataka dynasty ruled from central India for about 300 years after the decline of the Satavahana empire. They were powerful rulers and patrons of art and literature. Vindhyashakti I was the founder of the dynasty and under Pravarsena I the empire reached its greatest extent, though it was later divided among his sons. The dynasty saw changing political fortunes and alliances, including with the Guptas through marriage alliances. They ruled from capitals including Nandivardhan, Pravarapura (identified as Mansar), and were devotees of Shiva and later Vaishnavism as Gupta influence grew.
In 176 BC, the Yuezhi were driven from Tarim Besin to westward by the Xiongnu, a fierce people of Magnolia.
The Yuezhi under the leadership of the Kushanas came down from Central Asia and swept away all earlier dynasties of the Northwest in a great campaign of conquest. They established an empire which extended from Central Asia right down to the eastern Gangetic basin.
In Bactria, they conquered the Scythians and the local Indo-Greek kingdoms, the last remnants of Alexander the Great's invasion force that had failed to take India.
From this central location, the Kushan Empire became a wealthy trading hub between the peoples of Han China, Sassanid Persia and the Roman Empire.
Roman gold and Chinese silk changed hands in the Kushan Empire, at a very tidy profit for the middle-men.
During the Gupta period, economic progress was driven by agriculture, trade, and craft production. Agriculture was the main occupation, with farmers growing crops like wheat, barley, rice, and sugarcane. Irrigation systems like tanks and wells supported cultivation. Trade flourished along land and sea routes connecting India to Central Asia, the Roman Empire, and Southeast Asia, with commodities like spices, textiles, and precious goods being exported. Crafts like metalworking, textile production, and pottery thrived in urban centers, supported by powerful merchant guilds. The economy became more localized and feudal in nature.
The Second Pandya Empire ruled parts of southern India between 1000-1700 CE. A key ruler was Jatavarman Sundar Pandyan I who expanded the empire through military campaigns defeating the Cheras, Hoysalas, Cholas, and gaining control of Sri Lanka in the 13th century. However, internal succession struggles and invasions by the Delhi Sultanate led by Malik Kafur in 1311 CE greatly weakened the empire. The Pandya kingdom was divided and their control over the Tamil region declined significantly, coming to an end around 1700 CE.
The document summarizes the Golden Age of the Gupta Empire between the 4th and 6th centuries CE in India. It saw advancements in literature, art, science, and education due to peace and prosperity under the Gupta kings' rule. Two important figures were Samudragupta, who politically unified India, and Chandragupta II, who further patronized the arts and elevated culture. Reasons for progress included the kings' support of education and trade ties that made the region an important cultural center. The end of the Gupta Empire in the 6th century CE halted further development.
Topics Included
• Introduction
• Sangam Age
• The Cholas
• The Cheras
• The Pandyas
• The Kushanas
• Kanishka
• The Satavahanas
• Trade
• The Silk Route
• Religion
• Spread of Buddhism
The document provides background information on the Chola dynasty of southern India. It discusses the antiquity of the Cholas dating back to the Sangam period in the 6th century BCE. The Cholas rose to prominence again in the 9th century CE under kings like Vijayalaya who made Tanjore their capital. Great kings like Parantaka I and Rajaraja I expanded the Chola empire through conquests and made it a major power in South and Southeast Asia through the 10th-11th centuries. The Cholas were great patrons of art, architecture, trade and administration.
The document summarizes Indo-Roman trade between 200 BCE and 300 CE. It discusses the political conditions in India and Rome during this period, including the rule of various dynasties. The key sources of information about Indo-Roman trade are identified as literary works, archaeological evidence, and inscriptions. Major ports involved in the trade route are listed. Items exported from India included spices, textiles, minerals, gems, and ivory. Items imported to India were luxury goods like wine and glass. The trade led to an outflow of Roman gold, but benefited Indian merchants.
1. The document discusses the origins and history of the Pala dynasty, which ruled over Bengal from the 8th to the 12th century CE. It describes how Gopal founded the dynasty and ended a period of political chaos in Bengal.
2. Under the rulers Dharampala and Devapala, the Pala empire expanded to control much of northern India, through both military conquests and diplomatic relations. They had changing territorial disputes and alliances with the neighboring Rashtrakuta and Pratihara empires.
3. The Pala rulers were strong patrons of Buddhism and oversaw a period of cultural and educational prosperity, establishing several important universities like Vikramashila and Nalanda.
The Gupta Empire from the 4th to 6th centuries CE was a high point of India's ancient history, known as the Golden Age of India. Sources that provide information about this period include accounts by foreign travelers like Fa-Hien and works by the poet Kalidasa. Archaeologically, the Allahabad pillar inscription praised the emperor Samudragupta, while the Deogarh Temple showed architectural and artistic achievements. The large Nalanda University attracted students from across Asia. The Guptas created a sophisticated administrative system and the scientist Aryabhata made important advances in mathematics and astronomy. Overall, this was a period of extensive development and prosperity under strong imperial rule.
The document provides information on the sources and history of the Mauryan Empire in India. It discusses literary sources like the Indica and Arthashastra, as well as archaeological sources like the Ashokan Edicts found at locations like Shahbazgarhi, Pakistan. It describes some of the major edicts and their messages of dhamma. Additionally, it outlines aspects of Mauryan administration under Chandragupta and Ashoka like the division of the empire into provinces and districts and the taxes, trade, and promotion of Buddhism in the empire.
The document summarizes the rise of the Magadha kingdom and the administrative structure of the Mauryan Empire under Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka. It describes how the Magadha rulers grew powerful due to their iron resources and strategic locations. It then outlines the three levels of administration in the Mauryan Empire - the central, provincial, and local levels - and some of the key positions and departments at each level, such as the council of ministers, accountant general, and district officers.
The document provides information about India during the medieval period. It discusses the emergence of new social and political groups during this time, including Mahmud Ghazni and the Turks who founded the Delhi Sultanates. The Delhi Sultanates were later replaced by the Mughals, who established the Mughal Empire. Many regional kingdoms also emerged across India during the medieval period. There were also major developments in religious traditions, including the emergence of Bhakti, the arrival of Islam, and the spread of Sufism through Sufi saints.
The Mauryan Empire was a large empire in ancient India ruled by the Mauryan dynasty from 324-185 BCE. It originated in the kingdom of Magadha and was established by Chandragupta Maurya. Under Chandragupta and his successors, the empire expanded south and west across the Indian subcontinent through conquest and treaty. Chandragupta defeated the Nanda Dynasty and the Seleucid Empire led by Seleucus I Nicator. The empire reached its peak under Ashoka the Great in the 3rd century BCE, making it one of the largest empires in ancient history. Mauryan art and architecture flourished during this period, influenced by Ashoka's adoption of Buddhism.
The Kalachuris were a dynasty that ruled parts of central India between the 8th-12th centuries AD from their capital of Tripuri. They traced their origin to Mahishmati and called themselves Chandravanshis. The early Kalachuris ruled from Mahishmati but later shifted their capital to Tripuri. The dynasty rose to prominence under rulers like Shankaragan I in the 8th century AD. Later rulers like Kokalla I and Yuvaraja I expanded the kingdom and defeated neighboring rulers. The Kalachuris acknowledged the overlordship of empires like the Rashtrakutas and Chalukyas at times through marriage alliances. They were patrons of Hinduism and J
1. The document provides an overview of the history of India from around 150 BC to 1000 AD, covering major dynasties and kingdoms in northern, western, central, and southern India.
2. It discusses the conquests and settlements of Central Asian tribes like the Sakas and Yueh-chih in northwest India between 150 BC to 395 AD, and the rise of the Kushan Empire under Kanishka around 120 AD, which ruled a vast territory from Afghanistan to northern India.
3. From the 4th to 6th centuries AD, the document outlines the rise and fall of the Gupta Empire and the invasion of the Huns, followed by the kingdom established in northern India by Har
This document provides a historical overview of kingdoms and dynasties that ruled the region of Pragjyotisha (present-day Northeast India and parts of Nepal) between 300 AD to 900 AD. It mentions the Sudra, Varman, Licchavi, Gupta, Salastambha, Dimasa and other dynasties that ruled different parts of the region during this period. It provides details on the rulers of each dynasty and references information from sources like inscriptions, Puranas and accounts of Chinese travelers who visited the region.
The pallava dynasty is the one the great dynasty in Southern India which rules from Southern parts of Andhra pradesh and Northern part of tamilnadu. In this pdf I mentioned about Pallava kings and three famous battles between pallavas and Chalukyas .
The document summarizes the dynasties that ruled in India after the Mauryan Empire fell, including the Shunga, Kanva, and Chedi dynasties. The Shunga ruled northern India from 184-72 BCE with their capital at Pataliputra and Vidisha. They persecuted Buddhists. The Kanva dynasty overthrew the Shunga and ruled from 72-27 BCE. The Chedi dynasty ruled in Odisha from around 600-100 BCE, with their capital at Suktimati near the Mahanadi River. They traced their lineage back to the ancient Chedi kingdom and the ruler Rajarsi Vasu. An important king was Kharavela
The document provides information on the Kidarite kingdom and Hephthalite Empire that ruled parts of modern-day Afghanistan in ancient times, as well as the Farighunids dynasty that later ruled the Guzgan region. It lists kings of the Kidarite kingdom from the 4th-6th centuries AD and rulers of the Hephthalite Empire from the 5th-7th centuries. The Hephthalites conquered the Kidarites and controlled parts of central Asia and northern India before declining. The Farighunids ruled Guzgan as vassals to the Samanids and Ghaznavids from the 9th-11th centuries. It also briefly mentions the historic region of Badakh
Samudragupta was a powerful ruler of the Gupta Empire who ruled from 335-375 CE. He expanded his empire through military conquests, defeating many neighboring kings. He assumed the title of Maharajadhiraja after performing the Ashvamedha yagna ritual to celebrate his military victories. Upon his death, he was succeeded by his son Chandragupta II, who further expanded the empire.
The document provides information on the Chandella dynasty that ruled parts of North India between the 9th-13th centuries. It discusses the dynasty's origins in Jejakbhukti and their early status as feudatories of the Gurjara-Pratiharas. It then covers the rise of prominent kings like Yashovarman and Dhanga who established the Chandellas as the preeminent power, replacing the Gurjara-Pratiharas. The dynasty reached its peak under the rule of Vidyadhara in the early 11th century, but later declined with the Muslim invasions of North India. The document draws on various inscriptions and historical texts to reconstruct the dynasty's history
This document provides a historical overview of the kingdom of Pragjyotisha from pre-historic times through approximately 600 AD. It discusses the various dynasties that ruled the region, including the Danava, Gopala, Kirata, Naraka/Bhauma, and Sonitpura dynasties. Key details include the first rulers from each dynasty, the regions they ruled, and references from Hindu texts like the Ramayana and Mahabharata that describe the different time periods and rulers.
The Vakataka dynasty ruled in central India from the 3rd to the 6th century CE. Pravarasena I was the most powerful king who extended the empire through conquests and alliances. His kingdom extended from Narmada River in the north to Kuntal region in the south. The empire was divided after his death among his four sons. Rudrasena I faced challenges from the Gupta emperor Samudragupta. Prithvisena I maintained good relations with the Guptas and shifted the capital to Nandivardhan. Pravarasena II was a liberal ruler and patron of art and literature who composed works in Sanskrit and Prakrit.
The Kushan Dynasty ruled between 30-375 CE in areas of modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan, and northern India. The dynasty was formed by the Yuezhi, an Indo-European people who migrated from northwest China and settled in the Bactrian territory. The Kushan Empire reached its peak under the rule of Kanishka in the 2nd century CE, stretching from modern Pakistan to central India. The Kushans were great patrons of Buddhism and played a key role in spreading it to Central Asia and China. Their territories fragmented in the 4th century due to invasions from the Hephthalites and Kidarites, marking the decline of the once-powerful Kushan Empire.
The document provides a history of Andhra Pradesh from ancient to modern times. It discusses several ruling dynasties that controlled parts of the Andhra region at different periods, including the Satavahanas in the ancient period who ruled a large empire from the 2nd century BC to the 2nd century AD. It also describes the rule of the Eastern Chalukyas from the 7th to 11th centuries AD, who originated as a branch of the Chalukyas of Badami and played an important role in the development of the Telugu language and culture in Andhra. The history outlines the political changes and transitions between rulers up until the modern period.
The document provides information on the Pallava Dynasty of South India. It discusses the various sources used to study the Pallavas such as inscriptions, literature, and foreign accounts. It outlines the origin of the Pallavas which remains unclear, and discusses early Pallava rulers. It then focuses on the rise of the Imperial Pallavas beginning with Simhavishnu who expanded the empire. Mahendravarman I and Narsimhavarman I were two of the greatest rulers who expanded the empire through military conquests and engaged in conflicts with the Chalukyas. They also patronized art, architecture, and literature. Narsimhavarman I in particular defeated the Chalukyas and captured Vatapi, establishing
SOURCE: ANDHRADESA THROUGH AGES: Ruler's Perspective & Social Status
https://www.amazon.in/ANDHRADESA-THROUGH-AGES-Rulers-Perspective-ebook/dp/B07BF6BYCG
ANDHRADESA THROUGH AGES is the concise history of the Andhradesa from the pre-historic period to the end of British rule. Along with the history, it also deals with the major changes happening in the society and the ruling tribes. Telugu castes like Kamma, Kapu, Reddy & Velama have their warrior history well preserved in the modern books since the time of Kakatiyas (12th century CE). But no book exactly deals with the origin and history of these castes pre medieval period. This book attempts to provide the unbiased accurate history of these castes after going through lots of research and collecting points from various sources of respective periods. This book also gives a brief history of the kingdoms ruling over the Deccan. The book also focuses on the religious aspects of Hinduism like Varna and Gotra, which will help us to understand their importance in tracing the ancestry and history.
The Chalukya dynasty ruled parts of southern and central India between the 6th and 12th centuries CE as three related dynasties. The earliest Badami Chalukya dynasty ruled from Vatapi (modern Badami) in the 6th century. They were followed by the Eastern Chalukyas who ruled from Vengi until the 11th century. The Western Chalukyas revived the dynasty and ruled from Kalyani until the 12th century. The Chalukyas were powerful rulers who promoted architecture, literature, trade and an efficient administration.
Mahmud of Ghazni ruled the Ghaznavid dynasty from 997 to 1030 CE. He conquered extensive lands from modern-day Afghanistan through Iran and into northern India, establishing Ghazni as the wealthy capital of his empire. The Mamluk or slave dynasty ruled the Delhi Sultanate from 1206 to 1290 CE, during which time they built the Qutub Minar and extended their rule further into India before declining. The Tughlaq dynasty ruled from 1320 to 1414 CE, establishing a new capital at Daulatabad before control slipped away from the emperor.
Rajputs are members of warrior clans in parts of northern India and Pakistan who claim descent from royal Hindu lineages. They rose to prominence between the 6th-12th centuries when they ruled many princely states. Under the British Raj in the late 18th-early 19th centuries, the Rajput states became princely states under indirect British control. Rajputs trace their lineages to solar, lunar and fire deities and emphasize martial traditions, kinship and pride in their royal heritage.
The Indo-Scythian Kingdom was established in northern India and Pakistan between 200 BCE to 400 CE by Saka tribes who migrated from Central Asia. They established five branches throughout the region, including the Shakas of Taxila centered in modern-day Pakistan. Prominent Indo-Scythian rulers included Maues, Azes I, and Azes II of Taxila, as well as the Western Satraps such as Nahapana who ruled from Gujarat. The Indo-Scythians had a significant influence on the art, architecture, and coinage of the period before their decline due to wars with neighboring powers like the Kushans and Guptas.
This document provides an overview of medieval India from the 13th to 16th centuries. It discusses:
1) How terms like "India" and "Hindustan" were used politically and geographically during this time period to describe different regions.
2) Sources that historians use to understand medieval India, including manuscripts, miniature paintings, and chronicles from authors like Ziyauddin Barani.
3) The emergence of new social and political groups like the Rajputs and the expansion and decline of regional empires and dynasties across India, including the Delhi Sultanate.
4) The rise of new religions like Islam while Hinduism continued to change and develop new aspects like bhak
Get Success with the Latest UiPath UIPATH-ADPV1 Exam Dumps (V11.02) 2024yarusun
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How to Create User Notification in Odoo 17Celine George
This slide will represent how to create user notification in Odoo 17. Odoo allows us to create and send custom notifications on some events or actions. We have different types of notification such as sticky notification, rainbow man effect, alert and raise exception warning or validation.
8+8+8 Rule Of Time Management For Better ProductivityRuchiRathor2
This is a great way to be more productive but a few things to
Keep in mind:
- The 8+8+8 rule offers a general guideline. You may need to adjust the schedule depending on your individual needs and commitments.
- Some days may require more work or less sleep, demanding flexibility in your approach.
- The key is to be mindful of your time allocation and strive for a healthy balance across the three categories.
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 3)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
Lesson Outcomes:
- students will be able to identify and name various types of ornamental plants commonly used in landscaping and decoration, classifying them based on their characteristics such as foliage, flowering, and growth habits. They will understand the ecological, aesthetic, and economic benefits of ornamental plants, including their roles in improving air quality, providing habitats for wildlife, and enhancing the visual appeal of environments. Additionally, students will demonstrate knowledge of the basic requirements for growing ornamental plants, ensuring they can effectively cultivate and maintain these plants in various settings.
Creativity for Innovation and SpeechmakingMattVassar1
Tapping into the creative side of your brain to come up with truly innovative approaches. These strategies are based on original research from Stanford University lecturer Matt Vassar, where he discusses how you can use them to come up with truly innovative solutions, regardless of whether you're using to come up with a creative and memorable angle for a business pitch--or if you're coming up with business or technical innovations.
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Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
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Keynote presentation to the Educational Leaders hui Kōkiritia Marautanga held in Auckland on 26 June 2024. Provides a high level overview of the history and development of the science of learning, and implications for the design of learning in our modern schools and classrooms.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has revolutionized the creation of images and videos, enabling the generation of highly realistic and imaginative visual content. Utilizing advanced techniques like Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) and neural style transfer, AI can transform simple sketches into detailed artwork or blend various styles into unique visual masterpieces. GANs, in particular, function by pitting two neural networks against each other, resulting in the production of remarkably lifelike images. AI's ability to analyze and learn from vast datasets allows it to create visuals that not only mimic human creativity but also push the boundaries of artistic expression, making it a powerful tool in digital media and entertainment industries.
How to stay relevant as a cyber professional: Skills, trends and career paths...Infosec
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As a cybersecurity professional, you need to constantly learn, but what new skills are employers asking for — both now and in the coming years? Join this webinar to learn how to position your career to stay ahead of the latest technology trends, from AI to cloud security to the latest security controls. Then, start future-proofing your career for long-term success.
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Decolonizing Universal Design for LearningFrederic Fovet
UDL has gained in popularity over the last decade both in the K-12 and the post-secondary sectors. The usefulness of UDL to create inclusive learning experiences for the full array of diverse learners has been well documented in the literature, and there is now increasing scholarship examining the process of integrating UDL strategically across organisations. One concern, however, remains under-reported and under-researched. Much of the scholarship on UDL ironically remains while and Eurocentric. Even if UDL, as a discourse, considers the decolonization of the curriculum, it is abundantly clear that the research and advocacy related to UDL originates almost exclusively from the Global North and from a Euro-Caucasian authorship. It is argued that it is high time for the way UDL has been monopolized by Global North scholars and practitioners to be challenged. Voices discussing and framing UDL, from the Global South and Indigenous communities, must be amplified and showcased in order to rectify this glaring imbalance and contradiction.
This session represents an opportunity for the author to reflect on a volume he has just finished editing entitled Decolonizing UDL and to highlight and share insights into the key innovations, promising practices, and calls for change, originating from the Global South and Indigenous Communities, that have woven the canvas of this book. The session seeks to create a space for critical dialogue, for the challenging of existing power dynamics within the UDL scholarship, and for the emergence of transformative voices from underrepresented communities. The workshop will use the UDL principles scrupulously to engage participants in diverse ways (challenging single story approaches to the narrative that surrounds UDL implementation) , as well as offer multiple means of action and expression for them to gain ownership over the key themes and concerns of the session (by encouraging a broad range of interventions, contributions, and stances).
3. Reign c. 335–c. 375 CE
Predecessor Chandragupta I
Successor Ramagupta
Spouse Dattadevi
Issue Ramagupta
House Gupta dynasty
Father Chandragupta I
Mother Kumaradevi
Religion Hinduism
4. .
Samudragupta, ruler of the
Gupta Empire (c. 335 – c. 375
CE), and successor to
Chandragupta I, is considered
to be one of the greatest
military geniuses in Indian
history. He was the third ruler
of the Gupta Dynasty, who
ushered in the Golden Age of
India. He was perhaps the
5. The beginning of Samudragupta's reign was marked by
the defeat of his immediate neighbours, Achyuta, ruler
of Ahichchhatra, and Nagasena. Following this
Samudragupta began a campaign against the kingdoms
to the south. This southern campaign took him south
along the bay of Bengal. He passed through the forest
tracts of Madhya Pradesh, crossed the Odisha coast,
marched through Ganjam, Vishakapatnam, Godavari,
Krishna and Nellore districts and may have reached as
far as Kancheepuram. Here however he did not attempt
to maintain direct control. After capturing his enemies
6. Chandragupta I, a Magadha king, and was the first ruler of
Gupta Dynasty married a Lichhavi princess, Kumardevi which
enabled him to gain a hold over the Ganges river-basin, the
main source of North Indian commerce. He ruled for about ten
years in the north-central India with son as an apprentice in
the capital of Pataliputra, near the modern day Patna in Bihar
state of India.
After his death his son, Samudragupta started to rule the
kingdom and did not rest until he conquered almost the whole
of India. His reigning period may be described as a vast
military campaign. To begin with he attacked the neighboring
kingdoms of Ahichchhatra (Rohilkhand) and Padmavati (in
Central India). He conquered the whole of Bengal, some
Kingdoms in Nepal and he made Assam pay him tribute. He
absorbed some tribal states like the Malvas, the Yaudheyas,
7. Samudragupta ruled for 51 years and was
succeeded by one of his sons who was
selected as the most worthy of the crown.
This ruler is known as Chandragupta II who
had the title of Vikramaditya.
8.
9.
10. Harishena, , was a 4th-century Sanskrit poet,
panegyrist, and government minister He was
an important figure in the court of Gupta
Emperor Samudragupta His most famous
poem, written c. 345 AD, describes the
bravery of Samudragupta and is inscribed on
the Allahabad Pillar. At least one of his known
inscriptions was written as a panegyric.
Harisena was an early writer of Kāvya poetry;
Arthur Berriedale Keith says of it,
"Harisena's poem bears expressly the title
Kavya, though it consists both of prose and
verse. Its structure is similar to the
delineation of kings adopted in the prose
romances of Subandhu and Bana".[4] Other
works attributed to either this author
include Apabramsa Dharmapariksa,
Karpuraprakara (Suktavall), the medical
11. The Allahabad Pillar inscription or Allahabad
Prasasti is one of the most important epigraphic
evidences of the Imperial Guptas. Composed by
Harishena, Allahabad Pillar inscription
delineates the reign of the Guptas in ancient
India. Achievements of different rulers of the
Gupta lineage are also mentioned in the
Allahabad Pillar Inscription. Harishena, who
composed the Allahabad Prasasti, was the court
poet and minister of Samudragupta. Parts of
Allahabad Prasasti were composed in verse and
other parts, in prose. The verse portion
contained eight stanzas, which is followed by
the prose portion. The Allahabad Prasasti
composed during Samudragupta's reign,
delineates a vivid description of the reign and
12.
13. Harshavardhana, commonly
called Harsha, was an Indian
emperor who ruled northern
India from 606 to 647 from
his capital Kanauj. He
belonged to Pushyabhuti
Dynasty.The Banskhera, Nalanda and
Sonepat inscriptions of
Harsha describe him as a
worshipper of Siva. The
Nausasi Copper plates give us
information about Harsha’s
successful expedition against
14. Harsha died in the year 647. He ruled for 41 years. After
Harsha's death, his empire died with him. The kingdom
disintegrated rapidly into small states. The succeeding
period is very obscure and badly documented, but it marks
the culmination of a process that had begun with the
invasion of the Huns in the last years of the Gupta Empire.
In 648, Tang Taizong sent wang xuance to India in response
to Harshavardhana sending an ambassador to China. However
once in India he discovered Harshavardhana had died and
the new king attacked Wang and his 30 mounted
subordinatesThis led to Wang Xuance escaping to Tibet and
then mounting a joint of over 7,000 Nepalese mounted
infantry and 1,200 Tibetan infantry and attack on the Indian
state on June 16. The success of this attack won Xuance the
prestigious title of the "Grand Master for the Closing
CourtHe also secured a reported Buddhist relic for China
Neither Bana's nor Xuanzang's account gives any details of
this period. Harsha had two sons named Vagyavardhana and
17. The Pallavas dynasty existed between
the 3rd and 9th centuries CE, ruling a
portion of what is today southern India.
They gained prominence after the eclipse
of the Satavahana dynasty, whom the
Pallavas served as feudatories. A number
of legends are associated with their
origin.Pallavas were considered to be
migrated from their home
town Palnadu (Andhra Pradesh)
to Kanchipuram.
Pallava territories during
Narasimhavarman I c. 645 CE.
This includes the Chalukya
territories occupied by the
Pallavas
18. Pulikeshi 2(Immadi Pulikeshi,
610–642 CE) is the most
famous ruler of the Chalukya
dynasty. In his reign the
Chalukyas of Badami saw their
kingdom extend over most of
the Deccan.
19. Xuanzang was a Chinese traveler who visited India in the
7th century. Xuanzang praised the Chalukya king Pulakesi
II as a "man of farsighted resource and astuteness who
extends kindness to all". His subjects obey him with
perfect submission. The people of the Chalukya kingdom
left a strong impression on him. He stated:The people
preferred death to disloyalty"They were tall and sturdy
in stature and proud and carefree by nature, grateful for
kindness and revengeful for injustice." If they or their
family were insulted they would call for a duel."Xuanzang
vividly described the Chalukya army of Pulakesi II, which
had hundreds of well-trained and armed warriors as well
as numerous elephants which were given alcohol before
letting loose on the battlefieldAlthough Pulakesi II was a
Hindu ruler Xuanzang mentioned that there were one
20.
21.
22. Q.) Who was the famous ruler of the
Gupta dynasty?
Q.)
What was the dynasty to which Pulakeshin II
belonged?
Q.) Who is the father of samudragupta?
Q.) Kumaradevi belong to which group?
Q.) Who is harishena?
Q.) What is mean by samudra ?
Q.) Which is the capital of chalukyas?
??
23. 1) Samudragupta
2) Chalukyas dynasty
3) Chandragupta
4) Kumaradevi belongs to lichchhavi group
5) Harishena is a court poet to samudragupta
6) Samudra means big ocean
7) Aihole is a capital of chalukyas
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