The project Remote Web Desk deals with remote control of computer over some form of network usually a LAN or the Internet. It allows friend or an administrator to fix problem on your computer or you can use it to show your desk top to somebody at a remote location
Netfilter: Making large iptables rulesets scalebrouer
Howto make large iptables firewall rulesets scale under Linux.
Presentation given at OpenSourceDays 2008 (and similar at Netfilter Developers Workshop 2008).
Wpa_supplicant is a widely used implementation of an IEEE 802.11i supplicant for Linux and other platforms. It implements WPA and WPA2 security protocols as well as RSN, PMKSA caching, pre-authentication, 802.11r, 802.11w, and Wi-Fi Protected Setup (WPS). Wpa_supplicant initializes interfaces by reading configuration files, setting up drivers via cfg80211 and libnl, and starting an event loop to monitor network events. It can access layer 2 packets using l2_packet to support functions like TDLS.
A dynamic virtual private network (DVPN) allows secure connections between remote users and private networks through virtual connections over public networks like the internet. It provides enhanced security, can accommodate changing user communities dynamically, and maintains integrity over user access rights and data security over time regardless of technological changes. Key features include distributed access control, application independence, access control based on authenticated user identities, and support for user groups. DVPNs establish trust in open network environments through flexible yet finely-controlled security.
This document contains answers to interview questions about virtual private networks (VPNs). It discusses the differences between trusted and untrusted networks, market penetration of VPN products, authentication methods used in VPNs such as EAP, whether VPNs are a long-term solution, types of VPNs including remote access and site-to-site, major players in the VPN market, and performance issues raised by encryption in VPNs.
Netfilter: Making large iptables rulesets scalebrouer
Howto make large iptables firewall rulesets scale under Linux.
Presentation given at OpenSourceDays 2008 (and similar at Netfilter Developers Workshop 2008).
Wpa_supplicant is a widely used implementation of an IEEE 802.11i supplicant for Linux and other platforms. It implements WPA and WPA2 security protocols as well as RSN, PMKSA caching, pre-authentication, 802.11r, 802.11w, and Wi-Fi Protected Setup (WPS). Wpa_supplicant initializes interfaces by reading configuration files, setting up drivers via cfg80211 and libnl, and starting an event loop to monitor network events. It can access layer 2 packets using l2_packet to support functions like TDLS.
A dynamic virtual private network (DVPN) allows secure connections between remote users and private networks through virtual connections over public networks like the internet. It provides enhanced security, can accommodate changing user communities dynamically, and maintains integrity over user access rights and data security over time regardless of technological changes. Key features include distributed access control, application independence, access control based on authenticated user identities, and support for user groups. DVPNs establish trust in open network environments through flexible yet finely-controlled security.
This document contains answers to interview questions about virtual private networks (VPNs). It discusses the differences between trusted and untrusted networks, market penetration of VPN products, authentication methods used in VPNs such as EAP, whether VPNs are a long-term solution, types of VPNs including remote access and site-to-site, major players in the VPN market, and performance issues raised by encryption in VPNs.
This document discusses advanced topics related to BGP routing protocols. It covers scaling iBGP to large networks using techniques like route reflectors and confederations. Route reflectors allow a network to be divided into clusters with designated routers reflecting routes between clusters, reducing the full iBGP mesh. This improves scaling by lowering configuration and resource overhead on each router. The document also examines how iBGP and the BGP decision process interact with the IGP to determine optimal routes and influence traffic flow.
Segment Routing provides simplified packet forwarding by encoding forwarding instructions as segments rather than per-flow state. This document compares different encodings of segments: 32-bit segments encoded directly in MPLS or UDP over IPv4/IPv6 (SRoMPLS, SRoUDP); and 128-bit segments encoded in a new IPv6 extension header (SRv6). SRoMPLS and SRoUDP are well-suited for brownfield networks as they can reuse existing MPLS and IP infrastructure with minimal overhead. SRv6 is designed for native IPv6 but has higher overhead. All approaches simplify operations but have different performance implications depending on the network environment.
Software defined networking (SDN) decouples the network control and forwarding functions, allowing the control to be centralized and the underlying network to be abstracted from applications. This provides benefits like centralized management, rapid innovation, and increased network programmability. SDN uses protocols like OpenFlow that define messages between a controller and switches to build flow tables for packet forwarding using matches and actions. SDN is well suited for data center networks where it allows for network virtualization and easier configuration changes.
Fun with PRB, VRFs and NetNS on Linux - What is it, how does it work, what ca...Maximilan Wilhelm
Linux has become a 1st class Network Citizen for many years and doesn't fall short compared to commercial solutions. It in fact is the very essence many of those are build on and is used as the foundation for nearly all cloud solutions out there.
This talk will touch on methods and features to set up Layer3 network separation and will walk through and show case
* Policy-based routing
* VRFs (with and without MPLS)
* Network Namespaces
We will compare features and options and go through a number of use cases, covering Linux as a router, VPN server, load balancer, etc.
A basic understanding of networking, routing and how the Internet works certainly help, some aha moments will be there in any way.
A VPN (Virtual Private Network) extends a private network across a public network, such as the
Internet.
A VPN is a network that uses a public telecommunication infrastructure, such as the Internet, to provide
remote offices or individual users with secure access to their organization's network. A VPN ensures
privacy through security procedures and tunneling protocols such as the Layer Two Tunneling Protocol
(L2TP). Data is encrypted at the sending end and decrypted at the receiving end.
MPLS SDN 2016 - Microloop avoidance with segment routingStephane Litkowski
The document discusses micro-loops in networks and how segment routing can be used to avoid them. Micro-loops are a natural phenomenon in hop-by-hop routed networks caused by transient disagreements between routers during convergence. Segment routing allows building a temporary loop-free path using a two-stage convergence - first using a precomputed loop-free label stack, then switching to the standard path once convergence is complete. This approach could help address issues caused by micro-loops like broken fast reroute and traffic loss.
This document provides an overview of common GNU/Linux server applications including Apache HTTP server, Squid proxy and cache server, Samba file sharing server, vsftpd FTP server, PostgreSQL and MySQL database servers, sendmail and postfix email servers, firewalls, and more. It describes features and basic usage of these open source server applications that can be used to deploy core network services on GNU/Linux servers.
introduction to linux kernel tcp/ip ptocotol stack monad bobo
This document provides an introduction and overview of the networking code in the Linux kernel source tree. It discusses the different layers including link (L2), network (L3), and transport (L4) layers. It describes the input and output processing, device interfaces, traffic directions, and major developers for each layer. Config and benchmark tools are also mentioned. Resources for further learning about the Linux kernel networking code are provided at the end.
The document discusses traffic engineering with MPLS. It provides an introduction to traffic engineering including a brief history of how overlay networks using ATM switches were initially used for traffic engineering before MPLS. It then covers MPLS fundamentals including the MPLS header, label switching, and how traffic can be engineered through a network using MPLS label switched paths without relying on IGP shortest path calculations. The document outlines some of the key requirements for traffic engineering with MPLS such as mapping traffic to LSPs, monitoring traffic, specifying explicit paths, and characterizing LSP properties.
Arista Networks - Building the Next Generation Workplace and Data Center Using SDN Architectures
Topics Include:
Enterprise Workplace and Data Center Networking Trend
Arista Networks Introduction
Arista Datacenter Solution
Arista and Aruba joint SDN Solution
This document provides an overview and agenda for deploying Cisco ASA VPN solutions. It discusses the CCNP Security VPN exam, VPN technologies including site-to-site IPSec VPN, remote access IPSec and clientless SSL VPN. It also covers ASA VPN architecture, fundamentals of VPN configurations including group policies and connection profiles. Key topics are IPSec protocols, IKE, AAA and PKI.
The document discusses Networking as a Service (NaaS), a new business model where network operators provide networking infrastructure and services as a service. It outlines NaaS and its relationship to cloud computing. It then describes several potential solutions to implementing NaaS, including using a single router, deploying "NaaS boxes", and an SDN-based CloudNaaS approach. It concludes by discussing opportunities and open challenges for the future of NaaS.
Cacti is a front-end GUI for RRDtool that provides graphing and monitoring of data gathered by various plugins. It stores configuration and user data in MySQL and stores monitored device data in RRD files. Cacti includes polling capabilities via PHP or C-based plugins, and allows additional applications and data sources to be monitored through an extensible framework. It also has alerting functionality via the thold plugin. The MySQL plugin provides predefined monitoring templates for databases, servers, and applications.
This document describes setting up network slicing on a Mininet testbed using FlowVisor. It outlines creating an upper and lower network slice managed by separate SDN controllers. Flow spaces are configured on switches to delegate traffic on certain ports to each slice. Connectivity tests show the slices isolate hosts from each other while intra-slice communication is maintained.
Ccnp enterprise workbook v1.0 bgp zero to heroSagarR24
The document contains instructions for configuring a basic BGP lab on routers ATTR26, VODAFONER27, and VODAFONER28. It provides the configuration commands to enable interfaces, BGP neighbor relationships, and network advertisements on each router. It also includes output from show commands to verify the basic BGP neighbor status and routing tables. Debug commands are included to capture BGP packet details during the session establishment between VODAFONER28 and its neighbor.
DPDK greatly improves packet processing performance and throughput by allowing applications to directly access hardware and bypass kernel involvement. It can improve performance by up to 10 times, allowing over 80 Mbps throughput on a single CPU or double that with two CPUs. This enables telecom and networking equipment manufacturers to develop products faster and with lower costs. DPDK achieves these gains through techniques like dedicated core affinity, userspace drivers, polling instead of interrupts, and lockless synchronization.
The document describes the configuration of a Dynamic Multipoint Virtual Private Network (DMVPN) using three phases. Phase 1 establishes IPsec and IKE tunnels between the hub router and spoke routers using EIGRP routing. Phase 2 optimizes the configuration by removing split horizon and enabling next hop self. Phase 3 enables features like NHRP redirect and shortcut to optimize network traffic flow.
1. DPDK achieves high throughput packet processing on commodity hardware by reducing kernel overhead through techniques like polling, huge pages, and userspace drivers.
2. In Linux, packet processing involves expensive operations like system calls, interrupts, and data copying between kernel and userspace. DPDK avoids these by doing all packet processing in userspace.
3. DPDK uses techniques like isolating cores for packet I/O threads, lockless ring buffers, and NUMA awareness to further optimize performance. It can achieve throughput of over 14 million packets per second on 10GbE interfaces.
Remote Desktop Application--by Shivam Tripathi and Hemant Kumar of JIIT , NOIDAShivam Tripathi
*The basic idea is to create a remote control which can be controlled by a regular cell phone assuming it has Bluetooth capabilities. The focus is towards mobile communication with PC.
*This Project uses the J2ME platform and combines with Bluetooth technology to draw up wireless mouse control software for a cell phone.Our Project deals with creation of wireless mouse for Desktops/Laptops.
*The mobile terminal software will let the users to convert their mobile into wireless mouse.
* The mobile terminal software will let the users to use keyboard Java via phone keypad.
* To access files and folders.
*Using Network Programming Techniques , Our Project enables the phone to control a computer mouse, and then achieve the function of wireless mouse.
*The cellular user can see and manipulate the laptop/desktop’s display screen.
*To control other devices of remote computer using mobile.
*Establishing Client-Server relationship.
This document discusses controlling a remote PC using a mobile phone. The objectives are to start and stop applications, boot a remote server, access files, and control the mouse, keyboard, and other devices of the remote computer using a mobile phone. The requirements are a P4 computer, GSM modem, 6600 series mobile phone, and an internet connection. The development tools used are Java and Netbeans 6.0. The methodology allows various administrative works on the server through a GUI on the client application, which connects to and serves requests from different clients. Limitations include getting connection through firewalls and bandwidth limitations of up to 30kbps for GPRS connections.
This document discusses advanced topics related to BGP routing protocols. It covers scaling iBGP to large networks using techniques like route reflectors and confederations. Route reflectors allow a network to be divided into clusters with designated routers reflecting routes between clusters, reducing the full iBGP mesh. This improves scaling by lowering configuration and resource overhead on each router. The document also examines how iBGP and the BGP decision process interact with the IGP to determine optimal routes and influence traffic flow.
Segment Routing provides simplified packet forwarding by encoding forwarding instructions as segments rather than per-flow state. This document compares different encodings of segments: 32-bit segments encoded directly in MPLS or UDP over IPv4/IPv6 (SRoMPLS, SRoUDP); and 128-bit segments encoded in a new IPv6 extension header (SRv6). SRoMPLS and SRoUDP are well-suited for brownfield networks as they can reuse existing MPLS and IP infrastructure with minimal overhead. SRv6 is designed for native IPv6 but has higher overhead. All approaches simplify operations but have different performance implications depending on the network environment.
Software defined networking (SDN) decouples the network control and forwarding functions, allowing the control to be centralized and the underlying network to be abstracted from applications. This provides benefits like centralized management, rapid innovation, and increased network programmability. SDN uses protocols like OpenFlow that define messages between a controller and switches to build flow tables for packet forwarding using matches and actions. SDN is well suited for data center networks where it allows for network virtualization and easier configuration changes.
Fun with PRB, VRFs and NetNS on Linux - What is it, how does it work, what ca...Maximilan Wilhelm
Linux has become a 1st class Network Citizen for many years and doesn't fall short compared to commercial solutions. It in fact is the very essence many of those are build on and is used as the foundation for nearly all cloud solutions out there.
This talk will touch on methods and features to set up Layer3 network separation and will walk through and show case
* Policy-based routing
* VRFs (with and without MPLS)
* Network Namespaces
We will compare features and options and go through a number of use cases, covering Linux as a router, VPN server, load balancer, etc.
A basic understanding of networking, routing and how the Internet works certainly help, some aha moments will be there in any way.
A VPN (Virtual Private Network) extends a private network across a public network, such as the
Internet.
A VPN is a network that uses a public telecommunication infrastructure, such as the Internet, to provide
remote offices or individual users with secure access to their organization's network. A VPN ensures
privacy through security procedures and tunneling protocols such as the Layer Two Tunneling Protocol
(L2TP). Data is encrypted at the sending end and decrypted at the receiving end.
MPLS SDN 2016 - Microloop avoidance with segment routingStephane Litkowski
The document discusses micro-loops in networks and how segment routing can be used to avoid them. Micro-loops are a natural phenomenon in hop-by-hop routed networks caused by transient disagreements between routers during convergence. Segment routing allows building a temporary loop-free path using a two-stage convergence - first using a precomputed loop-free label stack, then switching to the standard path once convergence is complete. This approach could help address issues caused by micro-loops like broken fast reroute and traffic loss.
This document provides an overview of common GNU/Linux server applications including Apache HTTP server, Squid proxy and cache server, Samba file sharing server, vsftpd FTP server, PostgreSQL and MySQL database servers, sendmail and postfix email servers, firewalls, and more. It describes features and basic usage of these open source server applications that can be used to deploy core network services on GNU/Linux servers.
introduction to linux kernel tcp/ip ptocotol stack monad bobo
This document provides an introduction and overview of the networking code in the Linux kernel source tree. It discusses the different layers including link (L2), network (L3), and transport (L4) layers. It describes the input and output processing, device interfaces, traffic directions, and major developers for each layer. Config and benchmark tools are also mentioned. Resources for further learning about the Linux kernel networking code are provided at the end.
The document discusses traffic engineering with MPLS. It provides an introduction to traffic engineering including a brief history of how overlay networks using ATM switches were initially used for traffic engineering before MPLS. It then covers MPLS fundamentals including the MPLS header, label switching, and how traffic can be engineered through a network using MPLS label switched paths without relying on IGP shortest path calculations. The document outlines some of the key requirements for traffic engineering with MPLS such as mapping traffic to LSPs, monitoring traffic, specifying explicit paths, and characterizing LSP properties.
Arista Networks - Building the Next Generation Workplace and Data Center Using SDN Architectures
Topics Include:
Enterprise Workplace and Data Center Networking Trend
Arista Networks Introduction
Arista Datacenter Solution
Arista and Aruba joint SDN Solution
This document provides an overview and agenda for deploying Cisco ASA VPN solutions. It discusses the CCNP Security VPN exam, VPN technologies including site-to-site IPSec VPN, remote access IPSec and clientless SSL VPN. It also covers ASA VPN architecture, fundamentals of VPN configurations including group policies and connection profiles. Key topics are IPSec protocols, IKE, AAA and PKI.
The document discusses Networking as a Service (NaaS), a new business model where network operators provide networking infrastructure and services as a service. It outlines NaaS and its relationship to cloud computing. It then describes several potential solutions to implementing NaaS, including using a single router, deploying "NaaS boxes", and an SDN-based CloudNaaS approach. It concludes by discussing opportunities and open challenges for the future of NaaS.
Cacti is a front-end GUI for RRDtool that provides graphing and monitoring of data gathered by various plugins. It stores configuration and user data in MySQL and stores monitored device data in RRD files. Cacti includes polling capabilities via PHP or C-based plugins, and allows additional applications and data sources to be monitored through an extensible framework. It also has alerting functionality via the thold plugin. The MySQL plugin provides predefined monitoring templates for databases, servers, and applications.
This document describes setting up network slicing on a Mininet testbed using FlowVisor. It outlines creating an upper and lower network slice managed by separate SDN controllers. Flow spaces are configured on switches to delegate traffic on certain ports to each slice. Connectivity tests show the slices isolate hosts from each other while intra-slice communication is maintained.
Ccnp enterprise workbook v1.0 bgp zero to heroSagarR24
The document contains instructions for configuring a basic BGP lab on routers ATTR26, VODAFONER27, and VODAFONER28. It provides the configuration commands to enable interfaces, BGP neighbor relationships, and network advertisements on each router. It also includes output from show commands to verify the basic BGP neighbor status and routing tables. Debug commands are included to capture BGP packet details during the session establishment between VODAFONER28 and its neighbor.
DPDK greatly improves packet processing performance and throughput by allowing applications to directly access hardware and bypass kernel involvement. It can improve performance by up to 10 times, allowing over 80 Mbps throughput on a single CPU or double that with two CPUs. This enables telecom and networking equipment manufacturers to develop products faster and with lower costs. DPDK achieves these gains through techniques like dedicated core affinity, userspace drivers, polling instead of interrupts, and lockless synchronization.
The document describes the configuration of a Dynamic Multipoint Virtual Private Network (DMVPN) using three phases. Phase 1 establishes IPsec and IKE tunnels between the hub router and spoke routers using EIGRP routing. Phase 2 optimizes the configuration by removing split horizon and enabling next hop self. Phase 3 enables features like NHRP redirect and shortcut to optimize network traffic flow.
1. DPDK achieves high throughput packet processing on commodity hardware by reducing kernel overhead through techniques like polling, huge pages, and userspace drivers.
2. In Linux, packet processing involves expensive operations like system calls, interrupts, and data copying between kernel and userspace. DPDK avoids these by doing all packet processing in userspace.
3. DPDK uses techniques like isolating cores for packet I/O threads, lockless ring buffers, and NUMA awareness to further optimize performance. It can achieve throughput of over 14 million packets per second on 10GbE interfaces.
Remote Desktop Application--by Shivam Tripathi and Hemant Kumar of JIIT , NOIDAShivam Tripathi
*The basic idea is to create a remote control which can be controlled by a regular cell phone assuming it has Bluetooth capabilities. The focus is towards mobile communication with PC.
*This Project uses the J2ME platform and combines with Bluetooth technology to draw up wireless mouse control software for a cell phone.Our Project deals with creation of wireless mouse for Desktops/Laptops.
*The mobile terminal software will let the users to convert their mobile into wireless mouse.
* The mobile terminal software will let the users to use keyboard Java via phone keypad.
* To access files and folders.
*Using Network Programming Techniques , Our Project enables the phone to control a computer mouse, and then achieve the function of wireless mouse.
*The cellular user can see and manipulate the laptop/desktop’s display screen.
*To control other devices of remote computer using mobile.
*Establishing Client-Server relationship.
This document discusses controlling a remote PC using a mobile phone. The objectives are to start and stop applications, boot a remote server, access files, and control the mouse, keyboard, and other devices of the remote computer using a mobile phone. The requirements are a P4 computer, GSM modem, 6600 series mobile phone, and an internet connection. The development tools used are Java and Netbeans 6.0. The methodology allows various administrative works on the server through a GUI on the client application, which connects to and serves requests from different clients. Limitations include getting connection through firewalls and bandwidth limitations of up to 30kbps for GPRS connections.
This document provides an overview of remote access and screen sharing using TeamViewer software. It defines screen sharing as allowing multiple users to view and interact with a PC's screen remotely. TeamViewer is described as proprietary software that allows remote control, screen sharing, file transfer, and online meetings between devices including computers, smartphones and tablets using various operating systems. The document outlines how to use TeamViewer, its security features, and advantages like remote troubleshooting while also noting disadvantages like internet dependence and the need for permissions.
This document provides an overview of remote access service (RAS) including its types, components, supported clients, connection types, protocols, and how it works. RAS allows remote users to securely access a corporate network through a remote access server. It describes two main types of RAS - dial-up, which uses analog phone lines, and VPN access, which creates a secure connection over the internet. The document also outlines the various protocols and components involved in establishing and maintaining remote connections.
The document describes an i-Class application project that was developed by a team of summer interns at IIT Bombay to enhance classroom communication between professors and students. The i-Class application consists of an Android client app, a server, and an online forum. The client app allows students to send audio or text questions to the professor in real-time. The server receives questions and the professor can respond. The online forum archives questions for later viewing. The project aims to facilitate interaction for large classes of up to 200 students.
Cross platform or native: how to decide?Jad Salhani
This document compares native mobile app development versus cross-platform development. Native apps are developed separately for each platform and offer the fastest performance but take longer to develop. Cross-platform apps are developed using a single codebase but may encounter issues with varying hardware. The document recommends evaluating your resources and requirements to determine whether a native or cross-platform approach is best for your project.
To publish information for global distribution, one needs a universally understood language, a kind of publishing mother tongue that all computers may potentially understand. The publishing language used by the World Wide Web is HTML (from HyperText Markup Language).
Data transmission through visible light communication (li fi)Omkar Omkar
The document is a project report for a Digital Communication course that explores data transmission through visible light communication (VLC). It discusses two prototypes created by the students:
1. A VLC transceiver circuit that was able to transmit and receive data through an LED and photodiode. This demonstrated basic VLC functionality.
2. An audio transmission system using VLC that sent a song from a computer to a speaker using an LED and solar panel receiver.
The report also covers the characteristics of LEDs for VLC, modulation schemes like OFDM that could be used, challenges in implementing the hardware, and techniques for mitigating nonlinear distortion in LEDs. The overall goal was to research and prototype basic V
The document proposes developing a social networking website called www.planetF.com. It will allow users to create profiles, connect with friends, share photos and messages. The objectives are to provide a secure login system and allow users to easily search for friends, send friend requests, edit profiles and share content. It will be created using HTML, Java servlets, JSP, and connect to an Oracle database using JDBC. Data flow diagrams show how users, guests and the admin will interact with the system and manage user data.
This document describes a chat application project that allows users to communicate in real-time. It includes a client application that runs on users' PCs and a server application. The client connects to the server to chat. The document outlines the hardware requirements, software specifications including Java, HTML, Oracle 10g, and Netbeans. It provides diagrams of the database design and data flow. Screenshots illustrate the login process, registration, and messaging interfaces. Future enhancements could include file sharing and voice chat capabilities.
Home automation using android phones-Project 2nd phase pptthrishma reddy
This presentation will be useful for the Information science and Computer science students. It contains Use case diagrams, Activity diagrams and data flow diagrams along with details of other sensors.
HelioSpec uses multiple drones (a "swarm") equipped with cameras and sensors to efficiently inspect large photovoltaic (PV) solar sites. The drones can autonomously follow pre-programmed flight paths, communicate with each other, and capture high-resolution imagery and data. Operators can control multiple drones simultaneously and processed data is transferred to the cloud. HelioSpec also manages drone pilot training, regulatory compliance, and provides inspection services on a pay-per-use basis to reduce capital costs for customers. UAV inspection allows sites to be scanned quickly from optimal angles to diagnose various PV system errors and potential problems.
This document provides a project report for a chat application. It includes sections on certificates, acknowledgements, table of contents, introduction, system analysis, system specification, software architecture, system design details, and testing. The project aims to develop a chat application that allows users connected over a network to communicate via text in both public and private chat modes, with security measures for private chats. It provides specifications for the hardware, software, modules, and testing objectives of the chat application.
This document provides an overview of the project plan for developing an online hotel room booking system. It discusses the scope, objectives, and problems with the current manual system. It then describes the proposed computerized solution and outlines the tasks involved in project planning and control, including quality assurance plans, documentation standards, programming standards, and project management. It also discusses scheduling, risk management, requirements analysis, process and data modeling, testing approaches, and references. The overall aim is to develop a system that can efficiently manage all hotel activities and operations.
This circuit allows remote control of home appliances like lamps or fans using an IR TSOP1738 sensor and CD4017 decade counter IC. The IR signal from the remote is received by the TSOP1738 and amplified by a transistor before being fed to the CD4017 IC. The CD4017 switches between red and green LEDs to indicate appliance power state and uses another transistor to drive a relay that physically turns the appliance on or off by connecting it to the main power supply. The circuit can be operated remotely from up to 10 meters away.
In this system we will make extensive use of files system in C++.
We will have a login id system initially. In this system we will be having separate functions for
• Getting the information
• Getting customer information who are lodged in
• Allocating a room to the customer
• Checking the availability
• Displaying the features of the rooms.
• Preparing a billing function for the customer according to his room no.
In the software developed separate functions will be there for each of the above points so that there is ample scope for adding more features in the near future.
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Top Technology Tools To Streamline Your Law PracticeNicole Black
This document discusses top technology tools that can streamline a law practice. It provides examples of tools that can help with billing time, collaboration, secure communication, document storage, document scanning, PDF annotation, legal research, and wearable technology. These include apps, software, and cloud-based services that allow lawyers to work more efficiently on desktops, mobile devices, and in the field using technology like smartwatches and Google Glass. The document emphasizes how the convergence of mobile, cloud, and other technologies has transformed legal practice.
Lawyers made the list of the top 10 most stressful jobs, but what are they so stressed about? Learn about the Top 10 Fears of Lawyers in this MyCase infographic.
The document describes data flow diagrams (DFDs), including how they differ from flowcharts by showing the flow of data rather than control flow. It then provides steps for creating DFDs using an example of a lemonade stand: 1) List activities, 2) Create a context-level DFD identifying sources and sinks, 3) Create a level 0 DFD identifying subprocesses, and 4) Create level 1 DFDs decomposing subprocesses and identifying data stores.
This document compares and reviews three online legal services - LegalZoom, Rocket Lawyer, and Docracy. It summarizes their prices and features for business formation services, legal forms, membership costs, attorney assistance, form quality, customization options, and customer support. Based on its analysis, the document concludes that LegalZoom is the best overall due to its more affordable prices for forms and membership, better quality forms, and best customer service, though both it and Rocket Lawyer are good services.
This document discusses fraud detection in online auctions. It begins with an introduction that describes how online auctions work and the types of fraud that can occur, such as sellers not delivering purchased items or posting fake listings. It then outlines the hardware and software requirements for developing a fraud detection system, including using Java, Tomcat web server, and MySQL database. The document provides literature reviews on these technologies and describes the existing system, proposed improved system, and system design modules.
Synopsis on online shopping by sudeep singhSudeep Singh
This document provides an overview of an online shopping project developed using Java. It discusses the aims of improving customer and vendor services. It maintains customer payment and product details. The key features are high accuracy, flexibility and easy availability. It uses database tables to represent entities and relationships. The project allows customers to shop online and buy items which are then shipped to the submitted address. It has modules for customers and stores.
This document provides an introduction to Java programming, covering topics such as its origins, key features like being simple, object-oriented, distributed, interpreted, robust, secure, architecture-neutral, portable, high-performance, and dynamic. It also discusses how to program in Java, including the Java platform which consists of the Java Virtual Machine and Java Application Programming Interface, and different types of programs like applets, applications, and servlets.
The document discusses software requirements specification and various technologies used in web development including HTML, Java, Java Server Pages (JSP), JavaScript, and Apache Tomcat server. It provides an overview of each technology, their features and advantages. For software requirements specification, it states that the representation format and contained information should be related to the problem, nested, and revisable. It also notes that the requirements specification produced is helpful at the end of analysis to establish a complete functional representation.
The document discusses the history and features of the .NET framework. It describes the core components of the CLR (Common Language Runtime) and class library. It then summarizes the changes and new features introduced in versions 1.0, 1.1, 2.0, 3.0, 3.5, and previews some of the new parallel processing capabilities in .NET 4.0.
The document outlines the key sections and features of a voice based web browser system. It includes an introduction describing the purpose and scope, definitions, technologies and tools used. It also provides overall descriptions of the product perspective, interfaces, functions, constraints and models including use case, class, sequence, activity and E-R diagrams. Requirements cover the user interaction, resource uploading/downloading, assumptions, and supplementary items like safety, security, and non-functional needs. The system allows users to access websites and information using voice commands and speech synthesis/recognition over the phone.
The document discusses the implementation of a project, including:
- The selection of Windows 7 and a platform-independent J2EE platform for development
- The selection of Java as the programming language due to its object-oriented capabilities, rich APIs, powerful development tools, open source libraries, and platform independence
- The use of Oracle Database for its reliability and ability to ensure data integrity through ACID properties
- Requirements including Java/J2EE, HTML, JavaScript, JSON, and Tomcat as the web server
- Guidelines for programming including naming conventions and handling exceptions
- The implementation procedure including creating a dynamic web project in Eclipse and exporting a WAR file
The main objective of this project is to build a website which will help farmers from Indian villages to sell their products. Here if suppose some village farmers want to use this facility and want to learn how is it possible and how they can use e-farming to sell their products
This document provides an overview of the Programming in Java (CSE4308) course. The course modules cover Java programming fundamentals, data types, control statements, classes and methods, inheritance, packages, interfaces, exception handling, multithreading, input/output, and GUI programming with JavaFX. The course objectives are to understand object-oriented programming concepts in Java like classes, objects, abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism, and to create packages and GUI applications. The textbook for the course is also listed.
This document discusses the evolution of Java programming language. It begins with an introduction to Java, describing it as an object-oriented language suited for internet programming. The document then covers Java's history, key features, environment including development tools and runtime components. It describes Java's portability, security, object-oriented nature and use in a variety of platforms from mobile to servers.
Open Programmable Architecture for Java-enabled Network DevicesTal Lavian Ph.D.
Current network devices enable connectivity between end systems given a set of protocol software bundled with vendor hardware. It is impossible for customers to add software functionality running locally on top of network devices to augment vendor software. Our vision is to open network devices so that customized software can be downloaded, allowing for more flexibility and with a focus on industry and customer specific solutions. This brings considerable value to the customer. We have chosen to use Java because we can reuse its security mechanism and
dynamically download software. We can isolate the Java VM and downloaded Java programs from the core router functionality. We implemented Java Virtual Machines (JVMs) on a family of network devices,
implemented an Open Services framework, and developed an SNMP MIB API and a Network API upon which we can demonstate the value of openness and programmability of network devices.
this is a power point presentation on chat applicationmdprince1262
this is a power point presentation on chat application it was a minor academic project in my college in order to exchange sessional or mid exams by making some small/ minor project and present through the presentation and on the basis of performance of presentation students are getting marks, its a great approach to motivate students to do projects
This document provides an overview of the Topic-Chat project, which aims to develop a chat application for students to discuss different topics and subjects. It includes sections on system analysis, software requirements, selected technologies, system design, and outputs. The key technologies used are Google Cloud Messaging for push notifications, PHP for the server, MySQL for the database, and Android for the client. Diagrams are provided showing the entity relationship, use cases, and system architecture. The outputs demonstrated include admin and student interfaces for registration, login, viewing topics and messages.
This document provides an overview of a Live Cricket Score App project created by students as part of their six-month industrial training. The app uses the CricBuzz API to retrieve cricket match data in XML format and display live scores and information. The front end was developed using Java for its simplicity and object-oriented features. The back end uses MySQL, an open-source relational database, to store and retrieve data for the app. Tools like JDK and IDEs were utilized to build the project.
Selenium is a program mechanization instrument, normally utilized for composing end-to-end trial of web applications.
A program mechanization apparatus does precisely what you would expect: robotize the control of a program so dreary errands can be computerized. It sounds like a straightforward issue to comprehend, however as we will see, a great deal needs to occur off camera to influence it to work.
Before portraying the engineering of Selenium it sees how the different related bits of the venture fit together. At an abnormal state, Selenium is a suite of three apparatuses. The first of these apparatuses, Selenium IDE, is an expansion for Firefox that enables clients to record and playback tests.
The last device, Selenium Grid, makes it conceivable to utilize the Selenium APIs to control program examples circulated over a framework of machines, enabling more tests to keep running in parallel. selenium training in Bangalore - Inside the undertaking, they are alluded to as "IDE", "WebDriver" and "Lattice". This part investigates the engineering of Selenium WebDriver.
Selenium is a program mechanization instrument, normally utilized for composing end-to-end trial of web applications. A program mechanization apparatus does precisely what you would expect: robotize the control of a program so dreary errands can be computerized. It sounds like a straightforward issue to comprehend, however as we will see, a great deal needs to occur off camera to influence it to work. Before portraying the engineering of Selenium it sees how the different related bits of the venture fit together. At an abnormal state, Selenium is a suite of three apparatuses. The first of these apparatuses, Selenium IDE, is an expansion for Firefox that enables clients to record and playback tests. The last device, Selenium Grid, makes it conceivable to utilize the Selenium APIs to control program examples circulated over a framework of machines, enabling more tests to keep running in parallel. selenium training in Bangalore - Inside the undertaking, they are alluded to as "IDE", "WebDriver" and "Lattice". This part investigates the engineering of Selenium WebDriver.
Selenium is a program mechanization instrument, normally utilized for composing end-to-end trial of web applications.
A program mechanization apparatus does precisely what you would expect: robotize the control of a program so dreary errands can be computerized. It sounds like a straightforward issue to comprehend, however as we will see, a great deal needs to occur off camera to influence it to work.
Before portraying the engineering of Selenium it sees how the different related bits of the venture fit together. At an abnormal state, Selenium is a suite of three apparatuses. The first of these apparatuses, Selenium IDE, is an expansion for Firefox that enables clients to record and playback tests.
The last device, Selenium Grid, makes it conceivable to utilize the Selenium APIs to control program examples circulated over a framework of machines, enabling more tests to keep running in parallel. selenium training in Bangalore - Inside the undertaking, they are alluded to as "IDE", "WebDriver" and "Lattice". This part investigates the engineering of Selenium WebDriver.
Selenium is a program mechanization instrument, normally utilized for composing end-to-end trial of web applications.
A program mechanization apparatus does precisely what you would expect: robotize the control of a program so dreary errands can be computerized. It sounds like a straightforward issue to comprehend, however as we will see, a great deal needs to occur off camera to influence it to work.
Before portraying the engineering of Selenium it sees how the different related bits of the venture fit together. At an abnormal state, Selenium is a suite of three apparatuses. The first of these apparatuses, Selenium IDE, is an expansion for Firefox that enables clients to record and playback tests.
The last device, Selenium Grid, makes it conceivable to utilize the Selenium APIs to control program examples circulated over a framework of machines, enabling more tests to keep running in parallel. selenium training in Bangalore - Inside the undertaking, they are alluded to as "IDE", "WebDriver" and "Lattice". This part investigates the engineering of Selenium WebDriver.
Decentralized Justice in Gaming and EsportsFederico Ast
Discover how Kleros is transforming the landscape of dispute resolution in the gaming and eSports industry through the power of decentralized justice.
This presentation, delivered by Federico Ast, CEO of Kleros, explores the innovative application of blockchain technology, crowdsourcing, and incentivized mechanisms to create fair and efficient arbitration processes.
Key Highlights:
- Introduction to Decentralized Justice: Learn about the foundational principles of Kleros and how it combines blockchain with crowdsourcing to develop a novel justice system.
- Challenges in Traditional Arbitration: Understand the limitations of conventional arbitration methods, such as high costs and long resolution times, particularly for small claims in the gaming sector.
- How Kleros Works: A step-by-step guide on the functioning of Kleros, from the initiation of a smart contract to the final decision by a jury of peers.
- Case Studies in eSports: Explore real-world scenarios where Kleros has been applied to resolve disputes in eSports, including issues like cheating, governance, player behavior, and contractual disagreements.
- Practical Implementation: Detailed walkthroughs of how disputes are handled in eSports tournaments, emphasizing speed, cost-efficiency, and fairness.
- Enhanced Transparency: The role of blockchain in providing an immutable and transparent record of proceedings, ensuring trust in the resolution process.
- Future Prospects: The potential expansion of decentralized justice mechanisms across various sectors within the gaming industry.
For more information, visit kleros.io or follow Federico Ast and Kleros on social media:
• Twitter: @federicoast
• Twitter: @kleros_io
10 Conversion Rate Optimization (CRO) Techniques to Boost Your Website’s Perf...Web Inspire
What is CRO?
Conversion Rate Optimization, or CRO, is the process of enhancing your website to increase the percentage of visitors who take a desired action. This could be anything from purchasing a product to signing up for a newsletter. Essentially, CRO is about making your website more effective in turning visitors into customers.
Why is CRO Important?
CRO is crucial because it directly impacts your bottom line. A higher conversion rate means more customers and revenue without needing to increase your website traffic. Plus, a well-optimized site improves user experience, which can lead to higher customer satisfaction and loyalty.
Enhancing Security with Multi-Factor Authentication in Privileged Access Mana...Bert Blevins
In the ever-evolving landscape of cybersecurity, safeguarding sensitive data and critical systems has become paramount. As cyber threats grow in sophistication, organizations are constantly seeking innovative methods to fortify their defenses. Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) stands out as a potent tool within the security arsenal, particularly when integrated with Privileged Access Management (PAM).
Privileged access management encompasses the methods, protocols, and tools employed to regulate and monitor access to privileged accounts within an organization. These accounts wield elevated privileges, enabling users to execute vital operations such as system configuration, access to sensitive data, and management of network infrastructure. However, if these privileges fall into the wrong hands, they pose a significant security risk. MFA adds an additional layer of protection by requiring users to provide multiple forms of verification before gaining access to a system or application. Key components of MFA in PAM include biometric verification, passwords, security tokens, and one-time passcodes. Deploying MFA within a PAM environment necessitates meticulous planning and consideration of various factors to ensure robust security.
2. CONTENTS
CHAPTERS PAGE NO
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i
ABSTRACT ii
LIST OF FIGURES iii
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 OBJECTIVE 1
1.2 PROBLEM IN EXISTING SYSTEM 1
1.3 SOLUTION OF THESE PROBLEMS 1
1.4 HARDWARE & SOFTWARE SPECIFICATIONS 2
2. PROJECT ANALYSIS
2.1 STUDY OF THE SYSTEM 3
2.2 NEED FOR COMPUTERIZATION 3
2.3 MODULES 4
2.4 PROJECT FEATURES 4
3. TECHNOLOGIES
3.1 JAVA 5
3.2 NETWORKING 7
3.3 REMOTE FRAME BUFFER 8
4. PROJECT DESIGN
4.1 UML DIAGRAMS 17
4.2 DATA FLOW DIAGRAMS 28
4.3 SOFTWARE FLOW DIAGRAMS 33
5. ARCHITECTURE 35
6. PROJECT TESTING
6.1 INTRODUCTION OF TESTING 38
6.2 TESTING OBJECTIVES
6.3 TYPES OF TESTING 38
7. OUTPUT SCREENS 41
8. CONCLUSION 50
9. BIBLOGRAPHY 51
3. 1
1.INTRODUCTION
1.1. OBJECTIVE
The project Remote Web Desk deals with remote control of computer over some
form of network usually a LAN or the Internet. It allows friend or an administrator to fix
problem on your computer or you can use it to show your desk top to somebody at a
remote location.
1.2.PROBLEMS IN EXISTING SYSTEM
In the present scenario of distributing information using a client-server
environment Telnet is being implemented for communication with a remote login
user.
There are no graphics in Telnet.
These are only character based in nature and do not provide an
easy way for “communication across network”.
The communication is not platform independent
1.3. SOLUTION OF THESE PROBLEMS
The RFB protocol is based around a single graphics primitive: “put a rectangle
of pixel data at a given x, y position”. The RFB relies on sending encoded pixels to
the client that contains the information of the server desktop. The client then decodes
the pixels and draws them on a graphical application running on its machine. Events
occurring at the client side are trapped and send to the server where the changes are
reflected. For this purpose the RFB protocol suggest the use of a frame buffer.
The Frame Buffer actually contains the desktop information, which is updated
when the client generates an event. This updated buffer must send to the server, which
updates its own desktop accordingly. Similarly when the server generates event that
affect the desktop, the updated buffer is redrawn at the client. This provides a
synchronized desktop sharing facility.
4. 2
1.4. HARDWARE & SOFTWARE SPECIFICATIONS
1.4.1 Software Requirement Specification
Language : Java, Applets, AWT, Networking,RFB protocol
Version : JDK 1.5
Operating System : Windows XP
1.4.2 Hardware Requirement Specification
Processor : Intel P-III based system
Processor Speed : 250 MHz
RAM : 64MB
Hard Disk : 2GB to 30GB
Key Board : 104 keys
5. 3
2.PROJECT ANALYSIS
2.1. STUDY OF THE SYSTEM
Remote web desk consists mainly of “Remote Frame Buffer” protocol which
is implemented by a server on the controlled host and a client on controlling host.
Since it makes no assumptions About the content of frame buffer, it is highly portable
and very light weight, being applicable even to embedded systems.RFB provides
facilities to transfer the screen image (or frame buffers) rectangles and transfer these
rectangles containing pixel values to remote user allowing the available participants to
share the view and control of session simultaneously. On the other hand, it also
accepts the user interaction events (e.g. key press, mouse button click etc) from real-
time conferees and forwards the events to the remote session.
The distributed users can access the remote session with heterogeneous
windowing systems such as X11, Windows9x / NT and Macintosh.RFB protocol
enables remote users to share the desktop of the server either exclusively or on a
sharing basis. RFB is a simple protocol for remote access to GUI.Because it works at
a frame buffer level it is applicable to all windowing systems such as X11,
Windows9x / NT and Macintosh. The remote end The remote endpoint where the user
sits (i.e. the display plus keyboard and/or pointer) is called web pad. The endpoint
where changes to the frame buffer originate (i.e. the windowing system and
applications) is known as the RFB server. Web pad truly a “thin client” protocol. The
emphasis in the design of the RFB protocol is to make very few requirements of the
client. In this way, client can run on the widest range of hardware, and task of
implementing a client is made as simple as possible.
. 2.2.NEED FOR DEVELOPMENT
We need a protocol that can well support GUI based client-server interaction and
allow multiple clients to share the desktop of the server
6. 4
2.3. MODULES
Client
Server
Client:- The remote end point where the user sits that is the display plus keyboard and/or
pointer.
Server:- The end point where changes to the frame buffer originates (i.e. windowing
system and applications).
2.4 . PROJECT FEATURES
The features that can be implemented are:
To provide the most robust solution.
Share the view and control of the server desktop.
Low total cost of ownership.
Zero administration.
Independent of hardware platform, operating system, windowing system.
RFB client should be adaptive to its computing environment
7. 5
3.TECHNOLOGIES
3.1. JAVA OVERVIEW :
James and others conceived java in 1981.the original impetus for java was not
the Internet! Instead, the primary motivation was the need for a platform-independent
that could create software to be embedded in various devices. Java in an object
oriented and multithreaded programming language. Java derives much of its
characters from C and C++. This is by intent. The java designers knew that using the
familiar syntax of C and echoing the object-oriented features of C++ would make
their language appealing to the legions of experienced C/C++.
In addition to the surface similarities, java shares some of the other attributes that
helped make C and c++ successful. First, java was designed, tested and refined by
real, working programmers. It is a language grounded in the needs of and experiences
of the people who devised it.
CHARACTERSTICS:
SECURITY:
Java compatible browser provides safe downloading of java applets without the
fear of viral infection or malicious intent. Java achieves this protection by confining a
Java program to the java execution environment and by making it inaccessible to
other parts of the computer.
PORTABLE:
In java the same mechanism that gives security also helps in portability. Many
types of computers and operating systems are in use throughout the world and are
connected to the Internet. For downloading programs through platforms connected to
the Internet. Some portable, executable code is needed. Java’s answer to these
problems is its well-designed architecture.
8. 6
OBJECT-ORIENTED:
Java was not designed to be source-code compatible with any other language.
Java team gave a clean, usable, realistic approach to objects. The object model in Java
is simple and easy to extend, while simple types, such as integers, are kept as high-
performance non-objects.
ROBUST:
Java virtually rectifies the problem of memory management by managing
memory allocation and automatic memory deallocation by providing garbage
collection for unused objects. Java also handles exceptional conditions by providing
object-oriented exception handling. In a well-written java program, all run-time errors
can – and should be managed by the program itself.
MULTITHREADED:
Java was designed to meet the real world requirements of creative, interactive,
networked programs. To achieve this, java supports, multithreaded programming,
which allows the user to write programs that perform many functions simultaneously.
The java run-time system enables the user to construct smoothly running
interactive systems; java’s easy-to-use approach to multithreading allows the user to
think about the specific behavior of their programs, not the multitasking subsystem.
DISTRIBUTED:
Java is designed for the distributed environment of the Internet, because it
handles TCP/IP protocols, In fact, accessing a resource using URL is not entirely
different from accessing a file. The original version of Java(OAK) included
DYNAMIC:
Java programs carry with three extensive amounts of run time information’s that
is used to verify and resolve accesses to objects at run time. Using this concept it is
possible to dynamically link code. Dynamic property of java adds strength to the
applet environment, in which small fragments of byte code may be dynamically
updated on a running system.
9. 7
3.2.NETWORKING BASICS:
Java networking allows communication between client and server by enabling
logical sockets using socket-programming interface. Once the socket is enabled
TCP/IP packets can be transferred. Internet protocol (IP) is a low level routing
protocol that breaks data into small packets and sends them to an address across a
network, which does not guarantee to deliver said packets to the destination.
Transmission Control Protocol is a higher-level protocol that manages to robustly
string together these packets, sorting and retransmitting them as necessary to reliably
transmit your data. A third protocol, user data gram protocol (UDP), sits next to TCP
and can be used directly to support fast, connectionless, unreliable transport of
packets.
UNIFORM RESOURCE LOCATER:
The URL provides reasonable intelligible form to uniquely identify or address
information on the Internet. URLs are uniquely identified or address information on
the Internet. URL is ubiquitous; every browser uses them to identify information on
the web. In fact, the web is really just that same old Internet with all of its resources
addressed URLs plus HTML. Within java network class library, the class provides a
simple concise API to access information across the Internet using URLs.
SPECIFICATION:
A URL specification is based on four components. The first is the protocol to
use, common protocols are http. Ftp gopher etc., second component is the host name
or IP address of the host to use; this is delimited on the left by double slashes. The
third component, the port number, is an optional parameter the fourth part is actual
file path.
Java URL class has several constructors, and each can throw a malformed
URL exception. One commonly used form species the URL with a string that is
identical to what we see displayed in a browser.
10. 8
URL CONNECTION:
URL connection is a general-purpose class for accessing the attributes of a
remote resource. Once we make a connection to a remote server, we can use URL
connection to inspect the properties of the remote object before actually transporting it
locally. These attributes are exposed by the remote actually transporting it locally.
These attributes are exposed by the HTTP protocol specification.
INPUT OUTPUT BASICS:
STREAMS:
Java programs perform I/O through streams. A stream is an abstraction that
either produces or consumes information. A stream is linked to a physical device by
the java I/O system. All streams behave in the same manner, even if the actual
physical devices to which they are linked differ. Thus the same I/O classes and
methods can abstract many different kinds of inputs java implements streams within
class hierarchies in the java.io.package.
Java provides two types of streams; byte and character. Byte streams provide a
convenient means for handling input and output of bytes. Byte streams are used for
example, when reading and writing binary data character streams provide a
convenient means for handling input and output of characters. They use Unicode and,
therefore, can be internationalized also, in some cases; characters are more efficient
than byte streams.
3.3.REMOTE FRAME BUFFER:
This is a protocol which is used for VNC; this is a frame relay Buffer which is
used to send the information like frames to the client from the server.
To create a connection between the server and the client there are few methods
that we should follow:
Protocol Version
Security
Authentication
Server Initialization
11. 9
Client Initialization
Introduction
RFB (.remote framebuffer.) is a simple protocol
for remote access to graphical user interfaces. Because it works at the
framebuffer level it is applicable to all windowing systems and applications, including
X11, Windows and Macintosh. RFB is the protocol used in VNC (Virtual Network
Computing).
The remote endpoint where the user sits (i.e. the display plus keyboard and/or pointer)
is called the RFB client or viewer. The endpoint where changes to the framebuffer
originate (i.e. the windowing system and applications) is known as the RFB server.
RFB Protocol
RFB is truly a .thin client protocol. The emphasis in the design of the RFB
protocol is to make very few requirements of the client. In this way, clients can run on
the widest range of hardware, and the task of implementing a client is made as simple
as possible.
The protocol also makes the client stateless. If a client disconnects from a
given server and subsequently reconnects to that same server, the state of the user
interface is preserved. Furthermore, a different client endpoint can be used to connect
to the same RFB server. At the new endpoint, the user will see exactly the same
graphical user interface as at the original endpoint. In effect, the interface to the user's
applications becomes completely mobile. Wherever suitable network connectivity
exists, the user can access their own personal applications, and the state of these
applications is preserved between accesses from different locations. This provides the
user with a familiar, uniform view of the computing infrastructure wherever they go.
PROTOCOL MESSAGES
The protocol proceeds to the normal interaction stage after the
ServerInitialisation message. At this stage, the client can send whichever messages it
12. 10
wants, and may receive messages from the server as a result. All these messages begin
with a messagetype byte, followed by any message-speci_c data.
The following descriptions of protocol messages use the basic types U8, U16,
U32, S8, S16, S32. These represent respectively 8, 16 and 32-bit unsigned integers
and 8, 16 and 32-bit signed integers. All multiple byte integers (other than pixel
values themselves) are in big endian order (most signi_cant byte _rst).The type
PIXEL is taken to mean a pixel value of bytesPerPixel bytes, where 8 _bytesPerPixel
is the number of bits-per-pixel as agreed by the client and server .either in the
ServerInitialisation message (section 6.1.5) or aSetPixelFormat message
Initial Handshaking Messages
ProtocolVersion
Handshaking begins by the server sending the client a ProtocolVersion
message. This lets the client know which is the highest RFB protocol version number
supported by the server. The client then replies with a similar message giving the
version number of the protocol which should actually be used (which may be different
to that quoted by the server). A client should never request a protocol version higher
than that offered by the server. It is intended that both clients and servers may provide
some level of backwards compatibility by this mechanism.
The only published protocol versions at this time are 3.3, 3.7, 3.8 (version 3.5
was wrongly reported by some clients, but this should be interpreted by all servers as
3.3). Addition of a new encoding or pseudo-encoding type does not require a change
in protocol version, since a server can simply ignore encodings it does not understand.
The ProtocolVersion message consists of 12 bytes interpreted as a string of
ASCII characters in the format "RFB xxx.yyyn" where xxx and yyy are the major
and minor version numbers, padded with zeros.
No. of bytes Value
12 "RFB 003.003n" (hex 52 46 42 20 30 30 33 2e 30 30 33 0a)
Or
13. 11
No. of bytes Value
12 "RFB 003.007n" (hex 52 46 42 20 30 30 33 2e 30 30 37 0a)
Or
No. of bytes Value
12 "RFB 003.008n" (hex 52 46 42 20 30 30 33 2e 30 30 38 0a)
Security
Once the protocol version has been decided, the server and client must agree
on the type of security to be used on the connection.
Version 3.7 onwards
The server lists the security types which it supports:
No. of bytes Type [Value] Description
1 U8 number-of-security-types
number-of-security-types U8 array security-types
If the server listed at least one valid security type supported by the client, the
client sends back a single byte indicating which security type is to be used on
the connection:
No. of bytes Type [Value] Description
1 U8 security-type
If number-of-security-types is zero, then for some reason the connection failed
(e.g. the server cannot support the desired protocol version). This is followed by a
14. 12
string describing the reason (where a string is specified as a length followed by that
many ASCII characters):
No. of bytes Type [Value] Description
4 U32 reason-length
reason-length U8 array reason-string
The server closes the connection after sending the reason-string.
Version 3.3 The server decides the security type and sends a single word:
No. of bytes Type [Value] Description
4 U32 security-type
The security-type may only take the value 0, 1 or 2. A value of 0 means that
the connection has failed and is followed by a string giving the reason, as described
above.
The security types they_need in this document are:
Number Name
0 Invalid
1 None
2 VNC Authentication
Other registered security types are:
15. 13
Number Name
5 RA2
6 RA2ne
16 Tight
17 Ultra
18 TLS
Once the security-type has been decided, data speci_c to that security-type follows At
the end of the security handshaking phase, the protocol normally continues with the
SecurityResult message.
Note that after the security handshaking phase, it is possible that further
protocol data is over an encrypted or otherwise altered channel.
SecurityResult
The server sends a word to inform the client whether the security handshaking
was successful.
No. of bytes Type [Value] Description
4 U32 status:
0 OK
1 failed
If successful, the protocol continues with the ClientInitialisation message.
Version 3.8 onwards If unsuccessful, the server sends a string describing the reason
for the failure, and then closes the connection:
16. 14
No. of bytes Type [Value] Description
4 U32 reason-length
reason-length U8 array reason-string
Version 3.3 and 3.7 If unsuccessful, the server closes the connection.
ClientInitialisation
Once the client and server are sure that they're happy to talk to one another
using the agreed security type, the client sends an initialisation message:
No. of bytes Type [Value] Description
1 U8 shared-flag
Shared-flag is non-zero (true) if the server should try to share the desktop by
leaving other clients connected, zero (false) if it should give exclusive access to this
client by disconnecting all other clients.
ServerInitialisation
After receiving the ClientInitialisation message, the server sends a
ServerInitialistion message. This tells the client the width and height of the server's
framebuffer, its pixel format and the name associated with the desktop:
No. of bytes Type [Value] Description
2 U16 framebuffer-width
2 U16 framebuffer-height
16 PIXEL_FORMAT server-pixel-format
4 U32 name-length
name-length U8 array name-string
17. 15
where PIXEL_FORMAT is
No. of bytes Type [Value] Description
1 U8 bits-per-pixel
1 U8 depth
1 U8 big-endian-flag
1 U8 true-colour-flag
2 U16 red-max
2 U16 green-max
2 U16 blue-max
1 U8 red-shift
1 U8 green-shift
1 U8 blue-shift
3 padding
Server-pixel-format speci_es the server's natural pixel format. This pixel
format will be used unless the client requests a different format using the
SetPixelFormat message
Bits-per-pixel is the number of bits used for each pixel value on the wire. This
must be greater than or equal to the depth which is the number of useful bits in the
pixel value. Currently bits-per-pixel must be 8, 16 or 32. less than 8-bit pixels are not
yet supported. Big-endian-flag is non-zero (true) if multi-byte pixels are interpreted as
big endian. Of course this is meaningless for 8 bits-per-pixel.
If true-colour-flag is non-zero (true) then the last six items specify how to
extract the red, green and blue intensities from the pixel value. Red-max is the
maximum red value (= 2n � 1 where n is the number of bits used for red). Note this
value is always in big endian order. Red-shift is the number of shifts needed to get the
red value in a pixel to the least signi_cant bit. Green-max, green-shift and blue-max,
18. 16
blue-shift are similar for green and blue. For example, to _nd the red value (between 0
and red-max) from a given pixel, do the following:
Swap the pixel value according to big-endian-flag (e.g. if big-endian-flag is
zero (false) and host byte order is big endian, then swap).
Shift right by red-shift.
AND with red-max (in host byte order).
If true-colour-flag is zero (false) then the server uses pixel values which are not
directly composed from the red, green and blue intensities, but which serve as indices
into a colour map. Entries in the colour map are set by the server using the
SetColourMapEntries message.
Security Types
None
No authentication is needed and protocol data is to be sent unencryptyed.
VNC Authentication
VNC authentication is to be used and protocol data is to be sent unencryptyed.
The server sends a random 16-byte challenge:
No. of bytes Type [Value] Description
16 U8 challenge
The client encrypts the challenge with DES, using a password supplied by the
user as the key, and sends the resulting 16-byte response:
No. of bytes Type [Value] Description
16 U8 response
The protocol continues with the SecurityResult message.
19. 17
4.PROJECT DESIGN
4.1 UML DIAGRAMS
A Diagram is the graphical presentation of a set of elements, most often
rendered as a connected graph of vertices (things) and arcs (relationships).For this
reason, and the UML includes nine such diagrams.
The Unified Modelling Language (UML) is probably the most widely known and
used notation for object-oriented analysis and design. It is the result of the merger of
several early contributions to object-oriented methods. The Unified Modelling
Language (UML) is a standard language for writing software blueprints? The UML
may be used to visualize, specify, construct, and document the artefacts. A Modelling
language is a language whose vocabulary and rules focus on the conceptual and
physical representation of a system. Modelling is the designing of software
applications before coding. Modelling is an Essential Part of large software projects,
and helpful to medium and even small projects as well. A model plays the analogous
role in software development that blueprints and other plans (site maps, elevations,
physical models) play in the building of a skyscraper. Using a model, those
responsible for a software development project's success can assure themselves that
business functionality is complete and correct, end-user needs are met, and program
design supports requirements for scalability, robustness, security, extendibility, and
other characteristics, before implementation in code renders changes difficult and
expensive to make.
The underlying premise of UML is that no one diagram can capture the different
elements of a system in its entirety. Hence, UML is made up of nine diagrams that can
be used to model a system at different points of time in the software life cycle of a
system. The nine UML diagrams are:
20. 18
Use case diagram
The use case diagram is used to identify the primary elements and processes
that form the system. The primary elements are termed as "actors" and the processes
are called "use cases." The use case diagram shows which actors interact with each
use case.
Class diagram
The class diagram is used to refine the use case diagram and define a detailed
design of the system. The class diagram classifies the actors defined in the use case
diagram into a set of interrelated classes. The relationship or association between the
classes can be either an "is-a" or "has-a" relationship. Each class in the class diagram
may be capable of providing certain functionalities. These functionalities provided by
the class are termed "methods" of the class. Apart from this, each class may have
certain "attributes" that uniquely identify the class.
Object diagram
The object diagram is a special kind of class diagram. An object is an instance
of a class. This essentially means that an object represents the state of a class at a
given point of time while the system is running. The object diagram captures the state
of different classes in the system and their relationships or associations at a given
point of time.
State diagram
A state diagram, as the name suggests, represents the different states that
objects in the system undergo during their life cycle. Objects in the system change
states in response to events. In addition to this, a state diagram also captures the
transition of the object's state from an initial state to a final state in response to events
affecting the system.
21. 19
Activity diagram
The process flows in the system are captured in the activity diagram. Similar
to a state diagram, an activity diagram also consists of activities, actions, transitions,
initial and final states, and guard conditions.
Sequence diagram
A sequence diagram represents the interaction between different objects in the
system. The important aspect of a sequence diagram is that it is time-ordered. This
means that the exact sequence of the interactions between the objects is represented
step by step. Different objects in the sequence diagram interact with each other by
passing "messages".
Collaboration diagram
A collaboration diagram groups together the interactions between different
objects. The interactions are listed as numbered interactions that help to trace the
sequence of the interactions. The collaboration diagram helps to identify all the
possible interactions that each object has with other objects.
Component diagram
The component diagram represents the high-level parts that make up the
system. This diagram depicts, at a high level, what components form part of the
system and how they are interrelated. A component diagram depicts the components
culled after the system has undergone the development or construction phase.
Deployment diagram
The deployment diagram captures the configuration of the runtime elements
of the application. This diagram is by far most useful when a system is built and ready
to be deployed. Now that we have an idea of the different UML diagrams, let us see if
we can somehow group together these diagrams to enable us to further understand
how to use them.
22. 20
4.1.1.Usecase diagram
receives ip address & port no
checks the validity of clent
allows client to capture desktop
screens stored in the form of frames
server
data transfered in encrypted form
23. 21
send ip address & port no
connection established
receives desktop server in frames
client
decrypts the received data
24. 22
4.1.2.Sequence diagram
s:VNCservers:VNCserverc:VNCclientc:VNCclient
1: sends ip address & port no
2: receives ip address & port no
3: checks the validity of client
4: connection established
5: capture the desktop in the form of frames
6: data stored in encrypted format
7: allows the client to access the frames
8: decrypts the data
25. 23
4.1.3.Collaboration diagram
c:VNCcli
ent
s:VNCse
rver
1: sends ip address & port no
2: receives ip address & port no
3: checks the validity of client
4: connection established
5: capture the desktop in the form of frames
6: data stored in encrypted format
7: allows the client to access the frames
8: decrypts the data
27. 25
4.1.5.State chart
Idle
Active
Client enters
ip,port
connect
with server server stores
content in frames
frames in
encrypted format
client decrypts
the content can view the
server desktop
Client enters
ip,port
connect
with server
valid
invalid
server stores
content in frames
frames in
encrypted format
client decrypts
the content can view the
server desktop
29. 27
server
Receives Ipaddress
& port no
checks validity of client
allows client to
capture desktop
screens are stored
in form of frames
stored data transfered
in encrypted form
yes
no
server-pcclient-pc
sends
ip&port
connect
with server
receives desktop
server in frames
decrypts the
received data
receives
ip&port
allows client
to capture
screens stored
in frames
store data in
encrypt format
30. 28
4.2. Data Flow Diagrams:
A data flow diagram (DFD) shows how data moves through an information system
but does not show program logic or processing steps. DFDs represent a logical model that
shows what the system does, not how it does it.
DFD Symbols:
DFDs use four basic symbols that represent processes, data flows, data stores, and
external entities.
Process symbol.
Data flow symbol.
Data store symbol.
External entity symbol.
Process symbol:
A process receives input data and produces output that has a different content, form,
or both.
The symbol for a process is a rectangle with rounded corners. The name of the
process appears inside the rectangle.
Process
Data Flow symbol:
A data flow is a path for data to move from one part of the information system to
another. A data flow in a DFD represents one or more data items or it could represent a set
of data.
31. 29
The symbol for a data flow is a line with a single or double arrowhead. The data
flow name appears above, below, or alongside the line.
Dataflow
Data Store symbol:
A data store, or a data repository, is used in a DFD to represent a situation in which
the system must retain data because one or more processes need to use the stored data at a
later time.
The symbol for a data store is a flat rectangle that is open on the right side and
closed on the left side the name of the data appears between the lines and identifies the data
it contains.
Data store
External entity:
An external entity is a person, department, outside organization, or other
information system that provides data to the system or receives output from the system.
External entities also are called terminators, because they are data origins or final
destinations.
External Entity
32. 30
LEVELS OF ABSTRACTION:
Level 0
The Highest level DFD is Level 0.It shows the entire application as a single
process surrounded by its data stores and is sometimes known as context diagram.
Level 1
It shows the whole application again but with the main processes, the data
flows between them and their I individual links the data stores.
Level 2
Each process from level 1 is expanded into its own level 2 diagram and then
into lower level diagram to show further detail. Process no 1 at level 1 would be
expanded into processes 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, etc... At level 2.
Data stores remain the same at all levels of abstraction but new stores may be
introduced at any level. These are usually temporary stores such as views and cursors
which are required in lower level processes.
Level 0:-
Remote processing
Client Server
35. 33
4.3. Software flow diagrams
FLOWCHART CLIENT SIDE:
START
IF VALID
CONNECTION
IS
ESTABLISHED
SEND IPADDRESS &
PORT NUMBER
po
PORT NUMBER
RECEIVES THE DESKTOP OF SERVER
IN FORM OF FRAMES
STOP
YES
NO
DECRYPTS THE RECEIVED
DATA BY USING DES ALG
36. 34
`
FLOWCHART SERVERSIDE:
START
RECEIVES IP ADDRESS &
PORT NUMBER
PORT NUMBER OF CLIENT
CHECKS
VALIDITY OF
CLIENT
ALLOWS CLIENT TO CAPTURE
DESKTOP
SCREENS ARE STORED IN THE
FORM OF FRAMES USING RFB
THE STORED DATA IS TRANAFERRED
IN ENCRYPTED FORM
STOP
YES
NO
37. 35
5. ARCHITECTURE
Client/server architecture:-
The term client/server architecture generally refers to system that divide processing
between one or more networked clients and a central server. In a typical client/server
system, the client handles the entire user interface, including data entry, data query, and
screen presentation logic. The server stores the data and provides data access and database
management functions.
In a client/server interaction, the client submits a request for information from the
server, which carries out the operation and responds to the client.
Characteristics of client/server architecture
Basic architecture : Very flexible
Application : Flexible, Fast, Object oriented
Development
User environment : PC based, GUI, Empowers the user
Improves productivity
Security and control : Decentralized
Features Difficult to control
Processing option : can be shared and configured
In any form desired
Client Server
Client sends a request
Server process the request
38. 36
Data store options : Can be distributed to place data to closer to users
Hardware/Software : very flexible multivendor model
Integration
In regard with project:
Mainly the project requires two modules i.e, client and server. So that we require client-
server architecture in which client will capture the desktop of server.
The client/server Architecture
Client message
Server message
Client
AuthenticationClient unit
Processing Server unit
processing
Server
39. 37
5.3. Algorithm for client & Server:-
STEP 1:- START
STEP 2:-LAN connection is set up by using two system i.e, client and server.
STEP 3:-Client login by sending IP Address and port number to the server
STEP 4:-Validity of client is checked by server
STEP 5:-IF valid GOTO step 6 else step 15.
STEP 6:-server allows the client to capture the desktop.
STEP 7:-client captures the desktop in the form of frames by using RFB protocol.
STEP 8:- GOTO step13
STEP 9:-Changes at the server/client desktop are stored in the frame buffer
STEP 10:-the updated frame buffer is sent to the client/server to redrawn the desktop.
STEP 11:-the captured data is encrypted and the data is sent by using TCP/IP
protocol.
STEP 12:- the client receives the data in encrypted form.
STEP 13:- if any changes at the client/server side, GOTO step 9.
STEP 14:- the client decrypts the data by using DES algorithm.
STEP 15:- stop
40. 38
6.PROJECT TESTING
6.1 INTRODUCTION OF TESTING
Testing is the process of detecting errors. Testing performs a very critical role
for quality assurance and for ensuring the reliability of software. The results of testing
are used later on during maintenance also.
Psychology of Testing
The aim of testing is often to demonstrate that a program works by showing that it has
no errors. The basic purpose of testing phase is to detect the errors that may be present
in the program. Hence one should not start testing with the intent of showing that a
program works, but the intent should be to show that a program doesn’t work. Testing
is the process of executing a program with the intent of finding errors.
6.2 TESTING OBJECTIVES
The main objective of testing is to uncover a host of errors, systematically and
with minimum effort and time. Stating formally, we can say,
Testing is a process of executing a program with the intent of finding an
error.
A successful test is one that uncovers an as yet undiscovered error.
A good test case is one that has a high probability of finding error, if it
exists.
The tests are inadequate to detect possibly present errors.
The software more or less confirms to the quality and reliable standards.
6.3 Types of Testing:
There are various types of testing.
Unit Testing
System Testing
41. 39
Acceptance Testing
Integration testing
Unit Testing:
In unit testing the analyst‘s tests the programs making up a system. The
software units in the system are the modules and routines that are assembled and
integrated to perform a specific function. In large system, many modules at different
levels are needed.
Unit Testing individually focuses on the modules. This enables the tester to
detect errors in coding and logic that are contained within the module alone. The
errors resulting from the interaction between the modules are initially ignored.
Unit testing can be performed in bottom-up approach, starting with
smallest/lowest module and processing one at a time. For each module in bottom-up
testing, a short program executes the module and provides the needed data, so that the
module is asked to perform the way it will be embedded within the larger system.
When bottom level modules are tested, attention turns to those on next level that uses
these lower level ones. They are tested individually and then linked with the
previously examined lower level modules.
Top-down testing, as the name implies, begins with the upper-level modules.
However, since the detailed activities are usually performed in lower-level routines,
that are not provided, studs are written. A stud is module shell that can be called by
the upper-level module and that, when reach properly, will return a message to calling
module, indicating the correctness of lower-level module.
Often top-down testing are combined with bottom-up testing, that is, some
lower-level module are unit tested and integrated into top-down testing program.
System Testing:
Systems testing do not test the software per se but rather the integration of
each module in the system. It also tests to find discrepancies between the system and
its original objectives, current sections and system documentation. The primary
concern is the compatibility of individual modules. Analysts are trying to find areas
42. 40
where modules have been designed with different specifications for data length, type
and data element name.
Acceptance Testing:
The software has been tested with the realistic data given by the
client and produced fruitful results. The client satisfying all the requirements specified
by them has also developed the software within the time limitation specified. A
demonstration has been given to the client and the end-user giving all the operational
features.
Integration Testing:
Integration testing is a systematic technique for constructing
the program structure while conducting tests to uncover errors associated with
interfacing. The objective is to take unit tested modules and build a program structure
that has been dictated by design.
Code Testing:
This strategy examines the logic of the program. To follow this
method we developed some test data that resulted in executing every instruction in the
program and module i.e. every path is tested. Systems are not designed as entire nor
are they tested as single systems. To ensure that the coding is perfect two types of
testing is performed or for that matter is performed or that matter is performed or for
that matter is performed on all systems.
43. 41
OUTPUT SCREENS
Client side screens:
Connection Setup:-
Connecting to the server while setting up we have to give the IP address of the server
and port number of the server.
44. 42
Login page:
login page to connect to the server, in the password box we have to give the password
of the vnc server.
45. 43
Options:
By option window we can adjust the setting of the pixel,quality,color,mouse buttons
can be adjusted and change the encoding options.
52. 50
CONCLUSION
The project goal is to provide simultaneous, collaborative, remote control of the
server in GSS. A network based solution eliminates the need for the clients to travel to
the server.
It is used for presentations with in a Local Area Network. On the system,
which desktop user requires, the server should be started. On the client we develop an
application using which the user can view the desktop of that system.
53. 51
BIBILOGRAPHY
Web sites:
www.java2s.com
www.sun.java.com
www.realvncserver.com
Text books referred:
Java The Complete Reference by Herbert Schildt.
Systems Analysis and Design by Shelly/Cashman/Rosenblatt.
Software Engineering by S.Rogers Pressmen.