This document provides an introduction to mobile computing. It defines mobile computing as using a computer while on the move, involving mobility, computing, and network connectivity. The key aspects of mobile computing are discussed, including mobile communication infrastructure, software, hardware, and devices. Common network types that enable mobile computing like WLAN, MAN, WAN, and wireless networks are also summarized. The relationship between mobile computing and wireless networking is described, with wireless networking providing the basic communication capabilities. Examples of mobile computing applications are given for various fields.
Installing and Troubleshooting MeshDynamics Wireless Mesh Networks. Guidelines on network deployment, antenna selection, range calculations etc. See also MeshDynamics Layout Design and Best Practices Presentations.
The document discusses the benefits of a private voice-data telecom network (PVDTN) system. It outlines how PVDTN can save organizations up to 75% of present telecom costs, improve decision making and security, and virtually convert multi-location organizations into single offices. The document provides diagrams illustrating sample network configurations and topologies that can be implemented using PVDTN to integrate voice, fax and data communications across locations.
A review study of handover performance in mobile ipIJCNCJournal
The Mobile Internet Protocol (Mobile IP) is an extension to the Internet Protocol proposed by the Internet
Engineering Task Force (IETF) that addresses the mobility issues. In order to support un-interrupted
services and seamless mobility of nodes across the networks (and/or sub-networks) with permanent IP
addresses, handover is performed in mobile IP enabled networks. Handover in mobile IP is source cause of
performance degradation as it results in increased latency and packet loss during handover. Other issues
like scalability issues, ordered packet delivery issues, control plane management issues etc are also
adversely affected by it. The paper provides a constructive survey by classifying, discussing and comparing
different handover techniques that have been proposed so far, for enhancing the performance during
handovers. Finally some general solutions that have been used to solve handover related problems are
briefly discussed.
This chapter discusses IP addressing and subnetting. It explains the TCP/IP protocol stack, which has four layers - application, transport, internet and network interface layers. It describes IP addressing, where every device has a unique 32-bit IP address represented as four octets. The chapter also covers subnet masks, which identify the network and host bits in an IP address, and how to calculate the number of subnets and hosts using subnetting.
The chapter discusses different networking devices used to connect networks and their functions. It explains that hubs connect multiple network segments but only one device can transmit at a time. Switches improve on hubs by examining address information and reducing collision domains. Routers forward data between networks by maintaining routing tables. WAN devices like switches, modems and CSUs are used to connect networks over long distances.
This document contains exam questions for the mobile computing course IT6601 covering topics related to mobile internet protocol and the transport layer. It includes short answer questions worth 2 marks, short note questions worth 8 marks, and longer explanation questions worth 16 marks on topics such as mobile IP, TCP, congestion control, and adapting TCP for mobile wireless networks. Sample questions address agent discovery, mobile IP tunneling and encapsulation, care-of address discovery, TCP slow start, problems using TCP in mobile networks, and approaches like indirect TCP, snooping TCP, and freeze TCP.
This document provides an introduction to mobile computing. It defines mobile computing as using a computer while on the move, involving mobility, computing, and network connectivity. The key aspects of mobile computing are discussed, including mobile communication infrastructure, software, hardware, and devices. Common network types that enable mobile computing like WLAN, MAN, WAN, and wireless networks are also summarized. The relationship between mobile computing and wireless networking is described, with wireless networking providing the basic communication capabilities. Examples of mobile computing applications are given for various fields.
Installing and Troubleshooting MeshDynamics Wireless Mesh Networks. Guidelines on network deployment, antenna selection, range calculations etc. See also MeshDynamics Layout Design and Best Practices Presentations.
The document discusses the benefits of a private voice-data telecom network (PVDTN) system. It outlines how PVDTN can save organizations up to 75% of present telecom costs, improve decision making and security, and virtually convert multi-location organizations into single offices. The document provides diagrams illustrating sample network configurations and topologies that can be implemented using PVDTN to integrate voice, fax and data communications across locations.
A review study of handover performance in mobile ipIJCNCJournal
The Mobile Internet Protocol (Mobile IP) is an extension to the Internet Protocol proposed by the Internet
Engineering Task Force (IETF) that addresses the mobility issues. In order to support un-interrupted
services and seamless mobility of nodes across the networks (and/or sub-networks) with permanent IP
addresses, handover is performed in mobile IP enabled networks. Handover in mobile IP is source cause of
performance degradation as it results in increased latency and packet loss during handover. Other issues
like scalability issues, ordered packet delivery issues, control plane management issues etc are also
adversely affected by it. The paper provides a constructive survey by classifying, discussing and comparing
different handover techniques that have been proposed so far, for enhancing the performance during
handovers. Finally some general solutions that have been used to solve handover related problems are
briefly discussed.
This chapter discusses IP addressing and subnetting. It explains the TCP/IP protocol stack, which has four layers - application, transport, internet and network interface layers. It describes IP addressing, where every device has a unique 32-bit IP address represented as four octets. The chapter also covers subnet masks, which identify the network and host bits in an IP address, and how to calculate the number of subnets and hosts using subnetting.
The chapter discusses different networking devices used to connect networks and their functions. It explains that hubs connect multiple network segments but only one device can transmit at a time. Switches improve on hubs by examining address information and reducing collision domains. Routers forward data between networks by maintaining routing tables. WAN devices like switches, modems and CSUs are used to connect networks over long distances.
This document contains exam questions for the mobile computing course IT6601 covering topics related to mobile internet protocol and the transport layer. It includes short answer questions worth 2 marks, short note questions worth 8 marks, and longer explanation questions worth 16 marks on topics such as mobile IP, TCP, congestion control, and adapting TCP for mobile wireless networks. Sample questions address agent discovery, mobile IP tunneling and encapsulation, care-of address discovery, TCP slow start, problems using TCP in mobile networks, and approaches like indirect TCP, snooping TCP, and freeze TCP.
This document provides an overview of Mobile IP, including its key requirements, terminology, and technical processes. Mobile IP allows devices to change networks without losing connectivity by updating their location through registration with a home agent. It aims to remain compatible with existing IP standards while providing transparency to higher-level applications and efficiency at scale. The document explains concepts such as home and foreign networks, care-of addresses, agents, registration, tunneling, and optimization techniques.
The document discusses various ways to connect to the internet including using telephone lines, cable modems, DSL, satellite, and connecting a local area network to the internet. It also discusses how large networks can be physically and logically divided using bridges, switches, and subnetting to improve performance and reduce congestion. Key components required for an internet connection include a modem, TCP/IP protocol, and ISP account information.
1. The document discusses various aspects of mobile internet protocol and transport layer protocols.
2. It provides an overview of Mobile IP including its key components like mobile node, home agent, foreign agent and correspondent node. It also describes how Mobile IP works through agent discovery, registration and tunneling.
3. The document also discusses TCP/IP architecture including its four layers and compares it to the OSI model. It describes various techniques to improve TCP performance over mobile networks like indirect TCP, snooping TCP and mobile TCP.
Cisco discovery d homesb module 10 final exam - v.4 in english.igede tirtanata
The document contains a final exam with 30 multiple choice questions about networking concepts like local and network applications, wireless connectivity issues, DHCP configuration, network addressing, protocols, and common network devices. It tests knowledge of topics such as IP addressing, default gateways, wireless encryption, private IP ranges, and physical layer troubleshooting.
This document discusses Mobile Internet Protocol (Mobile IP) and how it allows mobile devices to stay connected to the internet without changing their IP address as they move between different networks. It covers key topics such as:
- The basics of Mobile IP including definitions of terms like home agent, foreign agent, and care-of-address.
- How Mobile IP works including the process of discovering the care-of-address, registering with foreign agents, and tunneling packets to the mobile node's current location.
- Adaptations made to transport protocols like TCP to improve performance over wireless networks.
The document is a training report submitted by Sagar Shashank summarizing his CCNA training completed at CETPA INFOTECH PVT. LTD. from June 20 to July 31, 2018. It includes an introduction to networking concepts and protocols like IP, ICMP, routing protocols, switching technologies and OSI model. The report contains detailed explanations of topics covered during the training along with declarations and acknowledgements.
The document discusses different types of wireless networks and their characteristics. It summarizes wireless networks as being classified based on their coverage area, from personal area networks (PANs) covering a single room up to wide area networks (WANs) spanning countries. It then provides details on various wireless data network standards and technologies, including local area networks (LANs), Bluetooth, wireless metropolitan area networks, and wide area networks. It also discusses early wireless data services like cellular digital packet data (CDPD), ARDIS, and RAM mobile data that used packet switching for mobile data connectivity.
This document provides an overview of a project report on Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) submitted by two students, Amardeep Singh and Jaswinder Singh, at Chandigarh Engineering College in partial fulfillment of their B-Tech degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering. The report introduces VoIP technology, discusses software and hardware used in the project including Cisco routers and switches, and provides details on configuring an IP phone network with Cisco Call Manager Express including assigning IP addresses via DHCP and configuring phone directory numbers. Future enhancements discussed include integrating VoIP with wireless networks.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF CDMAROUTER FOR NETWORK - ON - CHIPVLSICS Design
This paper presents the performance evaluation of router based on code division multiple access technique (CDMA) for Network-on-Chip (NoC). The design is synthesized using Xilinx Virtex4 XC4VLX200 device. The functional behavior is verified using Modelsim XE III 6.2 C. The delay and throughput values are obtained for variable payload sizes. Throughput-Power and Delay-Power characteristics are also verified for NoC.
MOBILE INTERNET PROTOCOL AND TRANSPORT LAYER
Overview of Mobile IP – Features of Mobile IP – Key Mechanism in Mobile IP – route Optimization. Overview of TCP/IP – Architecture of TCP/IP- Adaptation of TCP Window – Improvement in TCP Performance.
Mobile IP allows mobile nodes to change their point of attachment between networks while maintaining ongoing connections. When attached to a foreign network, the mobile node's traffic is tunneled through its home network via its home agent. This introduces overheads from tunneling, fragmentation if packets exceed MTU size, and longer "dogleg" routes. FTP tests between scenarios show throughput is reduced by nearly 50% when all three overheads are present compared to no overheads.
This document provides an introduction to data communications and computer networks. It discusses key topics such as data communication components like data representation and data flow. It also defines networks and describes different network topologies including point-to-point, star, bus, ring and hybrid configurations. The document then provides an overview of the Internet, including its history and role of Internet Service Providers. It concludes with definitions of protocols and standards, which are sets of agreed upon rules, and discusses standards organizations and their role in establishing Internet standards.
summer training report on Computer network and Cisco packet tracer Dheeraj Giri
This document provides an overview of a project on computer network designing completed as part of a six-week industrial training. It discusses the basics of computer network design, including determining network structure and providing communication links between users in different places. The project covers local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), virtual private networks (VPNs), virtual LANs (VLANs), the VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP), and the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP). The aim is to design effective computer networks with minimal complexity and optimal communication capabilities.
Mobile IP allows mobile devices to stay connected to the internet as they move between networks. It extends standard IP to support mobility. There are three key mechanisms:
1) Mobile nodes discover their current location through agent advertisements from foreign agents.
2) They register their care-of address with their home agent to update their location.
3) Tunnelling encapsulates and redirects packets to the mobile node's current location.
The document is a 40 question objective test covering topics in internet services. It includes questions about equipment co-location, network utilities like tracert, points of presence, incident management procedures, logical network topologies, IPv4 addressing including classes and subnetting, routing protocols, switch configuration, and network security issues.
IMS is an IP-based architecture that enables the delivery of multimedia services over both fixed and wireless networks. It provides a common service delivery platform for various access networks and allows for convergence of services. Key benefits of IMS include enabling a user-centric network, reducing costs through network resource sharing, and providing a consistent user experience across multiple devices and access networks through a single user identity and profile.
The document discusses the architecture of Common Channel Signaling System #7 (CCSS #7). It covers the history and components of CCSS #7, including the Message Transfer Part (MTP layers), Signaling Connection Control Part (SCCP), Transaction Capabilities Application Part (TCAP), and other layers. It also discusses the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) architecture and how wireless networks connect to the PSTN using the CCSS #7 infrastructure.
Common channel Signalling System No 7 pptSrashti Vyas
SS7 is an architecture that supports call establishment, billing, routing, and information exchange on the public switched telephone network through out-of-band signaling. It uses separate dedicated signaling links rather than voice trunks to set up connections. The SS7 network consists of signaling points including service switching points, signaling transfer points, and service control points that interface with databases to route signaling messages and provide services like prepaid calling and local number portability.
This document describes a private voice-data telecom network (PVDTN) that can provide substantial benefits to organizations, including saving up to 75% of present telecom costs, speeding up decision making, and ensuring 100% security of internal databases. It outlines the key components of a PVDTN, including voice/fax cards, data cards, trunk line cards, and a channel splitter. It also provides examples of PVDTN network topologies for single or multi-tier configurations that allow for integrated voice, fax, and data communications across locations with 100% alternate routing and redundancy.
This document summarizes a private voice-data telecom network with secure transfer system. It describes how the system isolates an organization's intranet from public internet access through separate local and wide area networks. It also details a secure transfer system that allows information exchange between the intranet and internet through an intermediate server and secure switch, preventing simultaneous access from both networks. The system aims to ensure 100% security of internal databases while allowing internet presence and access for authorized users.
This report summarizes the key components of networking, including different types of cables, IP addresses, network protocols, topologies, standards, and cabling categories. It discusses the basic elements used to establish a network, such as switches, routers, and client computers. It also explains concepts like TCP/IP, UDP, DHCP, LANs, WANs, the OSI model and more. Tables and diagrams are provided to illustrate networking concepts and components.
This document provides an overview of Mobile IP, including its key requirements, terminology, and technical processes. Mobile IP allows devices to change networks without losing connectivity by updating their location through registration with a home agent. It aims to remain compatible with existing IP standards while providing transparency to higher-level applications and efficiency at scale. The document explains concepts such as home and foreign networks, care-of addresses, agents, registration, tunneling, and optimization techniques.
The document discusses various ways to connect to the internet including using telephone lines, cable modems, DSL, satellite, and connecting a local area network to the internet. It also discusses how large networks can be physically and logically divided using bridges, switches, and subnetting to improve performance and reduce congestion. Key components required for an internet connection include a modem, TCP/IP protocol, and ISP account information.
1. The document discusses various aspects of mobile internet protocol and transport layer protocols.
2. It provides an overview of Mobile IP including its key components like mobile node, home agent, foreign agent and correspondent node. It also describes how Mobile IP works through agent discovery, registration and tunneling.
3. The document also discusses TCP/IP architecture including its four layers and compares it to the OSI model. It describes various techniques to improve TCP performance over mobile networks like indirect TCP, snooping TCP and mobile TCP.
Cisco discovery d homesb module 10 final exam - v.4 in english.igede tirtanata
The document contains a final exam with 30 multiple choice questions about networking concepts like local and network applications, wireless connectivity issues, DHCP configuration, network addressing, protocols, and common network devices. It tests knowledge of topics such as IP addressing, default gateways, wireless encryption, private IP ranges, and physical layer troubleshooting.
This document discusses Mobile Internet Protocol (Mobile IP) and how it allows mobile devices to stay connected to the internet without changing their IP address as they move between different networks. It covers key topics such as:
- The basics of Mobile IP including definitions of terms like home agent, foreign agent, and care-of-address.
- How Mobile IP works including the process of discovering the care-of-address, registering with foreign agents, and tunneling packets to the mobile node's current location.
- Adaptations made to transport protocols like TCP to improve performance over wireless networks.
The document is a training report submitted by Sagar Shashank summarizing his CCNA training completed at CETPA INFOTECH PVT. LTD. from June 20 to July 31, 2018. It includes an introduction to networking concepts and protocols like IP, ICMP, routing protocols, switching technologies and OSI model. The report contains detailed explanations of topics covered during the training along with declarations and acknowledgements.
The document discusses different types of wireless networks and their characteristics. It summarizes wireless networks as being classified based on their coverage area, from personal area networks (PANs) covering a single room up to wide area networks (WANs) spanning countries. It then provides details on various wireless data network standards and technologies, including local area networks (LANs), Bluetooth, wireless metropolitan area networks, and wide area networks. It also discusses early wireless data services like cellular digital packet data (CDPD), ARDIS, and RAM mobile data that used packet switching for mobile data connectivity.
This document provides an overview of a project report on Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) submitted by two students, Amardeep Singh and Jaswinder Singh, at Chandigarh Engineering College in partial fulfillment of their B-Tech degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering. The report introduces VoIP technology, discusses software and hardware used in the project including Cisco routers and switches, and provides details on configuring an IP phone network with Cisco Call Manager Express including assigning IP addresses via DHCP and configuring phone directory numbers. Future enhancements discussed include integrating VoIP with wireless networks.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF CDMAROUTER FOR NETWORK - ON - CHIPVLSICS Design
This paper presents the performance evaluation of router based on code division multiple access technique (CDMA) for Network-on-Chip (NoC). The design is synthesized using Xilinx Virtex4 XC4VLX200 device. The functional behavior is verified using Modelsim XE III 6.2 C. The delay and throughput values are obtained for variable payload sizes. Throughput-Power and Delay-Power characteristics are also verified for NoC.
MOBILE INTERNET PROTOCOL AND TRANSPORT LAYER
Overview of Mobile IP – Features of Mobile IP – Key Mechanism in Mobile IP – route Optimization. Overview of TCP/IP – Architecture of TCP/IP- Adaptation of TCP Window – Improvement in TCP Performance.
Mobile IP allows mobile nodes to change their point of attachment between networks while maintaining ongoing connections. When attached to a foreign network, the mobile node's traffic is tunneled through its home network via its home agent. This introduces overheads from tunneling, fragmentation if packets exceed MTU size, and longer "dogleg" routes. FTP tests between scenarios show throughput is reduced by nearly 50% when all three overheads are present compared to no overheads.
This document provides an introduction to data communications and computer networks. It discusses key topics such as data communication components like data representation and data flow. It also defines networks and describes different network topologies including point-to-point, star, bus, ring and hybrid configurations. The document then provides an overview of the Internet, including its history and role of Internet Service Providers. It concludes with definitions of protocols and standards, which are sets of agreed upon rules, and discusses standards organizations and their role in establishing Internet standards.
summer training report on Computer network and Cisco packet tracer Dheeraj Giri
This document provides an overview of a project on computer network designing completed as part of a six-week industrial training. It discusses the basics of computer network design, including determining network structure and providing communication links between users in different places. The project covers local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), virtual private networks (VPNs), virtual LANs (VLANs), the VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP), and the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP). The aim is to design effective computer networks with minimal complexity and optimal communication capabilities.
Mobile IP allows mobile devices to stay connected to the internet as they move between networks. It extends standard IP to support mobility. There are three key mechanisms:
1) Mobile nodes discover their current location through agent advertisements from foreign agents.
2) They register their care-of address with their home agent to update their location.
3) Tunnelling encapsulates and redirects packets to the mobile node's current location.
The document is a 40 question objective test covering topics in internet services. It includes questions about equipment co-location, network utilities like tracert, points of presence, incident management procedures, logical network topologies, IPv4 addressing including classes and subnetting, routing protocols, switch configuration, and network security issues.
IMS is an IP-based architecture that enables the delivery of multimedia services over both fixed and wireless networks. It provides a common service delivery platform for various access networks and allows for convergence of services. Key benefits of IMS include enabling a user-centric network, reducing costs through network resource sharing, and providing a consistent user experience across multiple devices and access networks through a single user identity and profile.
The document discusses the architecture of Common Channel Signaling System #7 (CCSS #7). It covers the history and components of CCSS #7, including the Message Transfer Part (MTP layers), Signaling Connection Control Part (SCCP), Transaction Capabilities Application Part (TCAP), and other layers. It also discusses the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) architecture and how wireless networks connect to the PSTN using the CCSS #7 infrastructure.
Common channel Signalling System No 7 pptSrashti Vyas
SS7 is an architecture that supports call establishment, billing, routing, and information exchange on the public switched telephone network through out-of-band signaling. It uses separate dedicated signaling links rather than voice trunks to set up connections. The SS7 network consists of signaling points including service switching points, signaling transfer points, and service control points that interface with databases to route signaling messages and provide services like prepaid calling and local number portability.
This document describes a private voice-data telecom network (PVDTN) that can provide substantial benefits to organizations, including saving up to 75% of present telecom costs, speeding up decision making, and ensuring 100% security of internal databases. It outlines the key components of a PVDTN, including voice/fax cards, data cards, trunk line cards, and a channel splitter. It also provides examples of PVDTN network topologies for single or multi-tier configurations that allow for integrated voice, fax, and data communications across locations with 100% alternate routing and redundancy.
This document summarizes a private voice-data telecom network with secure transfer system. It describes how the system isolates an organization's intranet from public internet access through separate local and wide area networks. It also details a secure transfer system that allows information exchange between the intranet and internet through an intermediate server and secure switch, preventing simultaneous access from both networks. The system aims to ensure 100% security of internal databases while allowing internet presence and access for authorized users.
This report summarizes the key components of networking, including different types of cables, IP addresses, network protocols, topologies, standards, and cabling categories. It discusses the basic elements used to establish a network, such as switches, routers, and client computers. It also explains concepts like TCP/IP, UDP, DHCP, LANs, WANs, the OSI model and more. Tables and diagrams are provided to illustrate networking concepts and components.
Network system on Ahsanullah University of Science & TechnologyManas Saha
This document provides an overview of the network system at Ahsanullah University of Science & Technology (AUST) in Bangladesh. It describes the types of networks, topologies, hardware, and media used. The university uses both wired and wireless networks to connect computers. The wired network uses UTP and fiber optic cables in a star topology. Routers, switches, and servers connect the departments and buildings. The wireless network provides internet access across campus. In total, the network system at AUST effectively connects computers to share resources while managing bandwidth usage.
This 3 sentence summary provides the high level information about the document:
The document discusses Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), India's state-owned telecommunications company. It covers the basic workings of a telecommunications network, components of BSNL exchanges like the main distribution frame, and mobile communication technologies used by BSNL like GSM, GPRS, CDMA. The document also discusses internet services provided by BSNL including broadband, WiMAX, FTTH and provides an overview of optical fiber transmission systems.
The Internet Revolution has come.The Internet is getting back to its's origin i.e. connecting networks.This Presentation is a small effort to contribute towards the Internet of Things community and hence to the people who are going to make this world a better and a smart planet.In short I'm Enabling Everything to Talk!
EFFICIENTLY SECURE BROADCASTING IN 5G WIRELESS FOG-BASED-FRONTHAUL NETWORKSijwmn
Enhanced Diversity and Network Coding (eDC-NC), the synergistic combination of Diversity and modified Triangular Network Coding, was introduced recently to provide efficient and ultra-reliable networking with near-instantaneous fault recovery. In this paper it is shown that eDC-NC technology can efficiently and securely broadcast messages in 5G wireless fog-computing-based Radio Access Networks (F-RAN). In particular, this work is directed towards demonstrating the ability of eDC-NC technology to more efficiently provide secure messages broadcasting than standardized methods such as Secure Multicasting using Secret (Shared) Key Cryptography, such that the adversary has no ability to acquire information
even if they wiretap the entire F-RAN network (except of course the source and destination nodes). Our results show that using secure eDC-NC technology in F-RAN fronthaul network will enhance secure broadcasting and provide ultra-reliability networking, near-instantaneous fault recovery, and retain the
throughput benefits of Network Coding
EFFICIENTLY SECURE BROADCASTING IN 5G WIRELESS FOG-BASED-FRONTHAUL NETWORKSijwmn
Enhanced Diversity and Network Coding (eDC-NC), the synergistic combination of Diversity and modified Triangular Network Coding, was introduced recently to provide efficient and ultra-reliable networking with near-instantaneous fault recovery. In this paper it is shown that eDC-NC technology can efficiently and securely broadcast messages in 5G wireless fog-computing-based Radio Access Networks (F-RAN). In particular, this work is directed towards demonstrating the ability of eDC-NC technology to more efficiently provide secure messages broadcasting than standardized methods such as Secure Multicasting
using Secret (Shared) Key Cryptography, such that the adversary has no ability to acquire information even if they wiretap the entire F-RAN network (except of course the source and destination nodes). Our results show that using secure eDC-NC technology in F-RAN fronthaul network will enhance secure broadcasting and provide ultra-reliability networking, near-instantaneous fault recovery, and retain the throughput benefits of Network Coding.
This 3 sentence summary provides the high level information about the document:
The document is an industrial training seminar report submitted to G.L.A. University about Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) that details the basic components and functioning of a telecommunication network including exchanges, fiber optics transmission, mobile communication technologies like GSM, GPRS and CDMA, and the various internet and broadband services provided by BSNL. It covers topics ranging from basic call setup and switching to newer technologies like WiMAX, FTTH, and an overview of the OSI networking model and standards.
ISDN is a set of standards for digital transmission over telephone wires that requires adapters at both ends. It provides two channels for carrying data and one for control/signaling. TCP/IP was developed by DOD to connect different networks and provides routing from local to global networks. Circuit switching establishes a fixed bandwidth connection between nodes before communication, unlike packet switching which can have varying delay.
ISDN is a set of standards for digital transmission over telephone wires that requires adapters at both ends. It provides two channels for carrying data and one for control and signaling. A BRI line consists of two 64 kbps B channels and one 16 kbps D channel. A PRI has 23 B channels and one 64 kbps D channel.
TCP/IP was developed by DOD to connect different computer networks. It provides basic services across many systems and allows routing from local to enterprise to regional to global networks. It was designed to automatically recover from failures to allow very large, decentralized networks.
In circuit switching, a fixed bandwidth channel is established between nodes before communication, providing constant bit delay unlike packet switching
The document provides instructions for interpreting debug output on routers. It describes 8 steps to configure interfaces and verify routing table updates using the debug ip routing command on routers R1, R2, and R3. The steps have R1 configure its serial and LAN interfaces, and verify routing table updates are shown in the debug output. It also suggests establishing a separate session for R2 to observe debug output changes made on R1. The goal is to observe how the routing tables are updated as interfaces are configured on both routers.
The document discusses several key telecommunications technologies:
1. The Internet backbone connects ISPs to web servers through packet switches, routers, and fiber networks.
2. Common access technologies include DSL, cable modems, and cellular networks. DSL uses phone lines to access the internet while cellular uses radio signals between towers and phones.
3. Early network standards included X.25 for packet switching and Frame Relay for more efficient data transmission. Newer standards like ATM and wireless technologies increased speeds.
Automation and Robotics 20ME51I Week 3 Theory Notes.pdfGandhibabu8
PLC systems use point-to-point and network communication links to exchange data. Point-to-point links use serial communication between two devices, while network links connect multiple devices over a local area network (LAN). Common serial communication standards are RS-232, RS-485, and protocols like UART, SPI, and I2C. Parallel communication transfers multiple bits simultaneously but is generally slower than serial. The OSI model defines seven layers for network communication, including the physical, data link, network, and transport layers. TCP/IP is a common networking protocol that uses IP for routing and TCP for reliable data transmission. Networking devices like routers, switches, and gateways connect PLCs and allow communication over different network
Structured cabling is a standardized telecommunications infrastructure that consists of subsystems including demarcation points, equipment rooms, vertical cabling, horizontal wiring, and work area components. It integrates voice, data, video, and management systems throughout a building in a device-independent way. Network planning involves business planning, long-term planning, short-term planning, sourcing assets, and operations/maintenance to design a network that meets subscriber and operator needs.
This document provides details on network design for a commercial company with four sites across a city. It summarizes the key findings of the network design, which includes provision of connectivity between the four sites and to the internet. It then discusses various aspects of the network design such as collision domains, broadcast domains, physical media, VPN configuration, and suitable network topologies. Star topology is identified as most suitable for the VPN configuration, with a centralized VPN concentrator creating secure tunnels to remote hosts.
This document provides an overview of wide area network (WAN) concepts and technologies. It discusses the purpose of WANs in connecting local area networks, common WAN topologies, and how WANs relate to the OSI model. The document also examines various WAN technologies including dedicated circuits, Frame Relay, ATM, Ethernet, MPLS, and broadband options. Key considerations for selecting a WAN technology include whether to use a private WAN infrastructure with a service provider or a public WAN over the internet using VPNs.
The document discusses wide area network connectivity options provided by carriers. It defines circuit switching and describes circuit-switched carrier services like ISDN and T-carrier circuits. It also defines packet switching and lists packet-switched services like X.25, Frame Relay, and ATM. Finally, it describes other high-speed options provided over existing telephone lines, cable TV networks, metro Ethernet, wireless networks, and passive optical networks.
The eesntial guide_to_telecommunications_and_data_communications_cj.1pdfPankaj Mitra
Methods of communication have evolved dramatically from physical mail to modern digital technologies like email, SMS, and video conferencing. The development of the Internet and World Wide Web further accelerated communication abilities. Newer communication options have made exchanging information much simpler and more affordable globally. The book aims to provide individuals and organizations an understanding of current communication tools and technologies to help them effectively meet their needs. It covers topics like telephony, networking, security, bandwidth calculation, and cloud computing.
A book which covers all available telecom systems, shows inter-relationships, and also covers aspects of data communications and some aspects of IT Infrastructure. Useful guide to practising professionals and to students wishing to build a career in these fields in industry.l
List of citiwise dealers with whom the book God Loves the Communists is available. If you are abroad, place your order with with your local book shop and give them the contact coordinates of the Publisher in Delhi, India - Global Vision Publishing House
This chapter discusses man's search for God throughout history and the different beliefs that have emerged. It notes that early man believed in gods and goddesses out of a need for safety and protection. As man settled into agriculture, questions arose about God's nature and existence. Different religions influenced societies to believe God and religion were intertwined. Great thinkers occasionally questioned God, but most people had faith. The chapter explores how Buddha established a religion without God, leaving open questions. It concludes that over time, God became firmly established in man's mind, though the true form of God remains elusive.
The document proposes forming a voluntary society called ONE to work towards building a united, strife-free Earth. It outlines steps for ONE to coordinate with existing organizations, inform governments and citizens, and establish local chapters to alleviate suffering and promote spiritual upliftment through non-sectarian teachings. The goal is for individuals to move beyond ego and work selflessly for human good, ensuring all people's basic needs are met on a sustainable planet.
ScyllaDB Leaps Forward with Dor Laor, CEO of ScyllaDBScyllaDB
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2. B. THE TECHNOLOGY ON OFFER
1. PVDTN-STS is a path-breaking patented,
integrated, inter-locational connectivity
solution which ensures
a. 100% security of an organisation’s
internal databases and WAN
computing against external (hacker)
and internal (mole) threats. It is the
only such solution in the world today
b. Save 50 to 75% of the organisation’s
present telecom costs
c. Save a substantial portion of the
organisations travelling costs, through
multiple simultaneous net meetings for
different work groups with their officers
from their respective work places
spread across the country and the
world
d. The savings in these costs would
generally pay back the network re-
engineering or new set-up cost in 1 to
3 years. The more the inter-locational
communications, the quicker the
payback.
3. c. The system would improve the
organisation’s operational efficiency.
2. PVDTN – STS system is covered by the
following letters of patent and pending
applications.
a. For PVDTN
i. Letter of Patent 202674
ii. Fresh application 1156 / KOL /
2014 DATED 11.11.2014
covering the enhancements.
b. For STS
i. Letter of patent 262590
ii. Fresh application 1158 / KOL /
2014 dated 11.11.2014 covering
improvements
3. To understand this path breaking
technology it is necessary to first
understand the present method of Inter-
locational and Internet connectivity.
Kindly see Fig 1 which shows this
connectivity.
4. INTERNET
INTRANET
P2P LL
NETWORK
OR
MPLS VPN
FIREWALL
DB1 DB2
LAN Nodes
PS
Fig. 1
PRESENT METHOD OF
INTERNET CONNECTIVITY
DB1, DB2, Internal databases of organisation
MS Company mail server
PS Public Server of Company
Single LAN DBs and MS are placed inside the Firewall
PS is placed outside the Firewall or in the DMZ
However, since all Firewalls are breakable the
internal data bases are vulnerable to hacker
attacks
MS
5. INTERNETPVDTN WAN
IBN
2IBN
1
INTRANET LAN INTERNET LAN
STS
SS
OD
2
SS
OD
1
SSA
Fig. 2
PROPOSED METHOD OF
INTERNET CONNECTIVITY
LAN Nodes
VDS
DB2 CS
IS
PSDB1
VDS
CS – Company Communications Server
PS – Company Web or Public Server
IS – Intermediate Server which relays
information / data / mail back and forth
Between CS & PS.
SSA – Automatic Secure Switch which
connects IS to INTRANET and Internet
LAN buses alternately in preset
(adjustable) time.
DB1, DB2 – Company’s internal
databases.
IBN1, IBN2 – Internet Browsing Nodes
SSOD1, SSOD2 – On-demand Secure
Switch.
STS – Total Secure transfer system
comprising of CS, IS, PS and SSA
6. Normally
closed relay
contact
Normally
open relay
contact
R2
R1
MC2
RJ45
socket for
connecting
to Internet
LAN Switch
RJ45
socket
for
connecti
ng to
Interme
diate
Server
LAN
Card
RJ45
socket for
connecting
to Company
secure
LAN Switch
MICRO CONTROLLER LOGIC
MC1
12V DC
Serial Port
9 Pin D Type
R1
R2
Normally
closed relay
contact
Normally
open relay
contact
R2
R1
MC2
RJ45
socket for
connecting
to Internet
LAN Switch
RJ45
socket
for
connecti
ng to
Interme
diate
Server
LAN
Card
RJ45
socket for
connecting
to Company
secure
LAN Switch
MICRO CONTROLLER LOGIC
MC1
12V DC
Serial Port
9 Pin D Type
R1
R2
Fig 3
Schematic Diagram of Secure Switch (SS)
3-Position, Electromechanical, Micro-controller
driven RJ45 switch
8. 4. As may be seen from Fig.1 in the present
method of connectivity, there is a single LAN
switch with a Firewall. The internal databases
and the network are kept within the firewall
domain. The public or company server PS is
kept outside the Firewall or the Demilitarised
Zone (or DMZ).
5. However, as it is now widely accepted all
Firewalls are breakable. Thus in the
arrangement shown in Fig. 1 hackers /
crackers coming in from the Internet can
snoop and spoof through the Firewall system
and access the Internal Databases, which are
vulnerable to hacking.
6. Information from the internal network is
passed on to the Web server (PS) and the
reverse is also true, observing the rules of the
Firewall. So there is free flow of information
back and forth between the internal and
external network.
7. The connectivity arrangement of this new
technology is shown in Fig. 2. In this case
there is a physical separation between the
private (INTRANET) and the public (Internet)
networks
9. 8. The exchange of information between the
public and private networks, i.e. between
the organisation’s communication server
(CS) connected to the INTRANET LAN,
and its public or Web server (PS)
connected to the Internet LAN takes place
through the Intermediate Server (IS) which
is connected to the Automatic Secure
Switch (SSA). SSA alternately connects IS
to INTRANET LAN and Internet LAN, never
to both together, at a settable frequency.
9. Hence there is no direct connection
between the two LANs. Hence hackers /
crackers coming through the Internet will be
confined to the Internet LAN only and will
have access to the PS only like the rest of
the public and gain access to all the
publishable information of the organisation,
and nothing more than that.
10. All LAN nodes on the INTRANET LAN will
be able to transact internal mail through
their Company Mail Server on the same
LAN, and external mail through the STS
system and the Internet Mail Gateway
available on the PS connected to the
Internet LAN.
10. 11. However, there will be some people in the
organisation who will need to browse the
Internet for information and for viewing vendor
and competitor Web sites and other search
engines. For such people Internet Browsing
Nodes (IBNs) will be provided.
12. This network segregation has been made
possible by the secure switch which is a three
position, electromechanical, microcontroller
driven RJ45 switch the schematic diagram of
which is shown in Fig. 3, and the pictorial
views in Fig. 4. This product is covered by the
STS patent No.262590 held by Pankaj Kumar
Mitra, and developed, and owned by
MIDAUTEL
13. Fig. 5 shows how a PVDTN WAN is
configured with point-to-point (p2p) leased
lines between peripheral locations and the
central location with cross linking between
adjacent locations for alternate routing in a tri-
node configuration.
14. Fig. 6 shows the principle of a PVDTN WAN.
Each p2p line has a channel splitter at either
end which split the total bandwidth and create
two parallel networks – a circuit switched
network routed by EPAXs with E&M trunks,
and an IP packet switched network routed by
data routers at each location.
11. 15. Fig.7 shows a typical PVDTN NODE
structure at each company location.
16. Fig.8 shows the MAN network structure of
large multi-office organisations in the same
city, such as Govt. Offices, and Banks. This
forms part of the enhanced PVDTN system
covered by the new patent application dated
11.11.2014.
17. Fig. 9 shows a typical multi-tier PVDTN
WAN configuration, following the principle
explained in Fig.6 and note B 14 above.
18. Fig. 10 shows a typical single-tier PVDTN
WAN using the same principle.
19. Fig. 11 shows the concept of the tri-node
configuration followed in all WAN design.
20. Fig. 12 shows the IP Core schematic of a
TSP (telephone service provider).
21. Fig. 13 shows how all services at a location
are connected to this IP Core through the
Tier 1 switch at the location.
22. It also shows that all public domain networks
have a continuous physical access to each
other, and also to the routers of the VPN
routers supported by this common IP Core.
12. X
Y
X+Y
X+Y
MAX (X,Y)
PVDTN WAN
IPPN
SPLITTER
pSTN
IPPN
SPLITTER
pSTN
+
+PVDTN =
NODE 2
NODE 1
PVDTN Principle
p2p leased line
Circuit Switched pSTN (private switched telephone network routed by EPAXs
at each location
Packet Switched IPPN (IP private network) routed by data routers
at each location
Fig. 6
Fig. 5
13. From Delhi
From Nagpur
From Mumbai
From Chennai
V
D
P
S
Digital n x 64 KBPS
Leased Lines
Analogue
Leased Lines
From locations in same city
or outstation location
Trunk line cards KDI
Voice / fax cards KVF.8
Data cards KHS.2 / KLS.1
Tel
Modem
LCE 2W E&M
Fax
LAN BUS
Server
LAN Nodes
IP RouterCircuit switch router
LINE SPLITTER – KM2100
Residential Connection
Fig. 7
PVDTN NODE ARCHITECTURE AT KOLKATA
NOTE: In Kolkata there are no 4WE&M analogue lines terminating on the VDPS
trunk cards. However, these have been shown so that the analogue
connection at Mumbai from Ahmedabad and at Delhi from the CG Cell may
be understood.
2WE&M lines shown will be present in all locations for residential
connections.
14. S1
S4 S5
S3 S2
LAN BUS
LAN Nodes
Redundant dark
fibre connections
OFC / UTP
Converters
L1
L2L3
L4 L5
UNIFYING SWITCHES AND LANS
USING DARK FIBRE CONNECTIONS
AT KOLKATA
TO FACILITATE SINGLE ROUTING POINT
FOR IP AND CIRCUIT SWITCHED WANS
Modem
LCE 2W E&M
Residential Connection /
Gram Panchayat Connection
Fig 8
17. KOLKATA
3
3
3 3 33
2 2
2
2
2 11
1
1
1
1
4
4
4 4
4
4
4
4
4 4 4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
TYPICAL STATE WAN CONFIG
USING PVDTN
FOR INTEGRATED VOICE, FAX, DATA COMMUNICATIONS
UP TO GRAM PANCHAYAT
WITH 100% ALTERNATE ROUTING / REDUNDANCY
4 MBPS
2 MBPS
768 KBPS
384 KBPS
2 X 128 KBPS
2 X 2WE&M
1
11
62.42 KBPS
6.22 KBPS
320.7 KBPS
1958.6 KBPS 4 MBPS
2 MBPS
8
8
8
8
8 8
8 8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
NOTE : Total number of trunks emanating from Kolkata is 144 (8 x 18). Using the Erlang loading
norm this can serve 1152 extensions in Kolkata. Thus 1158 officers may be provided NET
telephones and they may be spread across Writers’ Building, New Secretariat, and the Secretariats
at Salt Lake
6
3
6 6
6
6
3
3
Fig. 9
7
3
4
3
3
6
3
2
Chandigarh
Delhi
Gurgaon
Mumbai
Hyderabad
Kolkata
IHC
Bangalore
227.2
KBPS
140.64
KBPS
300.40
KBPS
118.48
KBPS
120.96
KBPS
120.96
KBPS
110.64
KBPS
103.76
KBPS
192 KBPS
256 KBPS
128 KBPS
512 KBPS
320 KBPS
Fig. 10
CII – PVDTN
WIDE AREA NETWORK TOPOLOGY
6
6
5
6
3
3
3
9
9 4
6
X
Y
X + Y
X + Y
A
B
C
MAX (X,Y)
Fig 4Fig.11
TRITRI--NODE FORMATIONNODE FORMATION
IN PVDTNIN PVDTN
USED FOR SINGLE AND MULTIUSED FOR SINGLE AND MULTI --TIER NETWORKSTIER NETWORKS
1. X and Y are the total bandwidth impinged on the WAN at each location
at A and B respectively. This includes bandwidth for data, speech, and
fax communications.
2. The derivation of X and Y at each location is shown inTable Iof our
draft proposal presentation.
3. The link bandwidth calculations are shown inTable IIof draft proposal
presentation. As shown above the main links AC and BC will havea
total bandwidth of X + Y. This is to take care of 100% alternaterouting
in case of failure of either AC or BC links.
4. The cross link AB will have the larger of the two bandwidths X,Y.
5. We hope this will help you to understand the basis of derivationof
location and link bandwidths shown in our draft proposal presentation.
X
Y
X + Y
X + Y
A
B
C
MAX (X,Y)
FigFi
TRITRI--NODE FORMATIONNODE FORMATION
IN PVDTNIN PVDTN
USED FOR SINGLE AND MULTIUSED FOR SINGLE AND MULTI --TIER NETWORKSTIER NETWORKS
1. X and Y are the total bandwidth impinged on the WAN at each location
at A and B respectively. This includes bandwidth for data, speech, and
fax communications.
2. The derivation of X and Y at each location is shown inTable Iof our
draft proposal presentation.
3. The link bandwidth calculations are shown inTable IIof draft proposal
presentation. As shown above the main links AC and BC will havea
total bandwidth of X + Y. This is to take care of 100% alternaterouting
in case of failure of either AC or BC links.
4. The cross link AB will have the larger of the two bandwidths X,Y.
5. We hope this will help you to understand the basis of derivationof
location and link bandwidths shown in our draft proposal presentation.
18. Pune
NIB – II
TOPOLOGY
Kolkata
Guwahati
Lucknow
Chattisgarh
Bhopal
Jaipur
Gandhinagar / Ahmedabad
Chandigarh
Shimla
Srinagar
Kolkata
Delhi
IGW
IGW
IGW
IGW
IGW
IGW
IGW
IGW
Mumbai
BRAS
H-bad
BRAS
Pondicherry
Chennai
Thiruvanthapuram
Ernakulam
Mumbai
Chennai
Bangalore
Bangalore
Noida
CORE Router
BRAS
STM16
STM1
EDGE Router
Goa
Noida
Patna
Bhubaneshwar
Back Office facilities – Web hosting,
Customer servers, Messaging, Caching,
Billing, etc.
Fig.12
19. NIB – II
ARCHITECTURE
CORE ROUTER
TIER I
EDGE ROUTERS EDGE ROUTERS
EDGE ROUTERS
EDGE ROUTERS
TIER II TIER II
TIER II TIER II
TIER IITIER II TIER II
TIER II TIER II
TIER II
DSLAMs
DSLAMs
BRAS BRAS BRAS BRAS
EDGE ROUTERS
Leased Lines from VPN Subscriber Premises
MPLS VPN
EDGE ROUTER
EDGE ROUTERS
NATIONAL INTERNET
EXCHANGE
TO CONNECT
ALL ISPs AND PROVIDE
COMMON
INTERNATIONAL
GATEWAY
NIEX
EDGE ROUTER
Fig. 13
EDGE ROUTERS
RAS
PSTN NETWORK
TO OTHER CORE ROUTERS
DIAL – UP
CONNECTIONS
DIAL – UP
SERVICE
EDGE
ROUTER
20. Explanatory Motes on VPN Vulnerability
Fig.12 shows the topology of a typical ISP’s IP network over which
both Internet and VPN services are laid out. This is the topology of
BSNL’s NIB – ii. Five cities are connected in a full mesh
connectivity to form the core IP back-bone across India. Other
cities are connected through tri-node rings from the nodes of the
core network through the Tier-1 switch at these nodes.
Fig. 13 shows the architecture of each of these nodes. The core router
at the node sits on the Tier 1 switch. From these switches are
taken the router connections for all the services – VPN, Internet
through Broadband and PSTN. Thus you will note that there is
continuous physical connectivity between all the routers in this IP
network through the Tier 1 switch at each IP Node (POP). Thus
there is continuous public domain access to the VPN routers.
1. In any IP network, public or private, the WAN ports of all routers in
the network have continuous physical access to each other. Thus
while a router port is engaged in communication with another in the
network, a third port can have simultaneous communications with
it. If the IP network is in the public domain (Internet) or has access
from the public domain (VPN), this third port could be that of a
hacker.
2. Thus while the various security protocols like IP Sec, etc., can
transport the data from one computer to another securely, the LAN
and the data bases residing on it are exposed to public domain
through a VPN which has public domain access for reasons
explained in 1 above.
3. For secure WAN computing it is necessary to have a real private
network (at least for data communications). Once this is there then
inter-locational voice / fax can be run over this network at marginal
increase in the operating cost, using the patented PVDTN
system.
4. You should not expose your company data bases to the public
domain through Internet, ISDN back-up, or VPN (which has public
domain access) for reasons explained earlier in 1 above.
5. The MPLS networks currently in vogue are another form of VPN
network and are subject to the comments in 1 to 4 above.
We do hope the above notes will explain the security vulnerability of
your data bases when these are on LANs connected to VPN
(MPLS or other wise) of any service provider.
If you wish to secure your data bases 100% then use point-to-
point leased lines for inter-locational computer connectivity.
21. ADDITIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE FOR PVDTN
AT CENTRAL LOCATION
EPABX
LAN
INTERNET
LAN
VDPS
LAN
INTRANET
LAN
PSTN
INTERNET
PVDTN
WAN
CS
IBN
PS
Secure Switch
Channel
splitter
Existing infrastructure
Additional infrastructure
IS
SS
SS
22. ADDITIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE FOR PVDTN
AT OTHER LOCATION
EPABX
LAN
INTERNET
LAN
VDPS
LAN
INTRANET
LAN
PSTN
INTERNET
PVDTN
WAN
IBN
Channel
splitter
Existing infrastructure
Additional infrastructure
SS
IBN
SS
23. The voice to non-voice (fax and data)
communications cost ratio varies as under
based on statistics collected for various MLOs
(multi-locational organisations across the
world.
80:20 for the most developed countries
95:5 for developing countries
97:3 for less developed countries
Since for the same unit of time 60 times more
information can be transported as data the
Volume ratio would look like
80:1200 for the most developed countries
95:300 for developing countries
97:180 for less developed countries
There is one other ratio the inter-locational (or
intra-company) communications costs to total
communication costs. This could vary from
about 40% for small and less inter-active
MLOs (multi-locational organisations) to
80 to 90% for large and highly inter-active
MLOs.
FAQ 1
How are savings made in PVDTN?
24. Thus if the total communication (voice and data)
costs of a company like yours is X the cost of
voice communications will be around 95% and
that of data around 5%. The integrated voice-
data intra-net will carry only the inter-locational
voice traffic and the total data traffic which is
mostly internal. Even external email will be
passed through this network to be conveyed to
the internet gateway through the STS system.
The total cost of inter-locational communication
of a company is = T + D, where T is the inter-
locational telephony and fax cost and D is the
data communications cost. In this case T will be
say 0.8 x 0.95 X = 0.76 X ; and data com cost
will be 0.05 X.
What PVDTN does is that it eliminates T, by
adding a percentage of D to D. Thus in place
of T+D as you have now, for inter-locational
communications costs, you will have D + d ( a
percentage of D) for total inter-locational
communications costs with PVDTN. Further
presently T varies with increased usage and
consequently (T + D) increases year by year
with increased usage. (D + d) on the other
hand will be a fixed per annum cost for
unlimited usage. There are no usage charges.
FAQ1(Contd.)
25. In PVDTN over the same point-to-point leased
line backbone we have two separate and
distinct networks running.
A circuit switched network for voice and fax
communications through the VDPS (EPAX
with E&M trunk cards).
A packet switched IP network through the
data routers sitting on the computer LAN at
each location.
The bandwidths for each network are provided
by the channels splitter at each location.
The above are clearly explained in Slide 2, of
PVDTN Presentation.
Thus your present voice communication team
will look after the circuit switched voice and fax
network for inter-locational communications and
the PSTN infrastructure already in place.
The IT / data communications team will
administer the packet switched IP data network
through the data routers and the PVDTN WAN,
and also the Internet connectivity
Thus there is no conflict of roles or interest of
either group of people.
In our company the voice and fax
services are looked after by one group,
and the data services are looked after by
another group. Since PVDTN is an
integrated voice / fax / data network what
will happen to this arrangement?
FAQ 2
26. In VOIP (voice over IP) the actual bandwidth
required per each call through the WAN is 90 to
100 kbps. In the circuit switched network the
bandwidth required for each call through the circuit
switched WAN is either 12.8 kbps or 24 kbps
depending on the multiplexers (channel splitter)
being used.
Thus considerably larger link bandwidth is required
for VOIP leading to higher operating costs. Use of
PVDTN integration will reduce the link
bandwidth and hence the operating cost.
Irrespective of VOIP or PVDTN integration the
number of simultaneous calls to be provided in any
WAN link is determined by Erlang loading, which is
the number of extensions to be served by each
trunk (WAN call). This could vary from 1:6 (for very
busy locations), to 1:10 (for normal locations as in a
standard PSTN network). For most multi-locational
organisations (MLOs) 1:8 is a good Erlang loading
ratio.
Thus if there are 96 users of NET telephones in a
location based on Erlang loading of 1:8, there
should be 12 simultaneous WAN calls or trunks
provided for. These may be distributed over all the
lines terminating at the location.
We have already implemented voice
integration over our existing data network
using VOIP (voice over IP). How can PVDTN
improve on this?
FAQ 3
27. The total bandwidth required for evacuating
these simultaneous WAN calls will be 1200
kbps for VOIP and 154 or 288 kbps for PVDTN.
If the appropriate bandwidths are not provided
in VOIP it will amount to bandwidth jamming
and resulting unsatisfactory speech quality.
And in PVDTN it could cause blocking of
communications.
Provision of the appropriate bandwidth ensures
unblocked communications in PVDTN and
satisfactory speech quality in VOIP.
In most VOIP implementations this aspect is
overlooked resulting in bandwidth jamming and
unsatisfactory speech quality.
This is what prompts the NET phone users to
fall back on their PSTN phones to speak to
their colleagues in other organisation locations,
increasing telephony costs.
In PVDTN bandwidth provision is always
optimum resulting in unblocked toll quality
(normal telephone like) speech. Thus PSTN
calls to other company locations are totally
eliminated.
FAQ 3 (Contd.)
28. FAQ 4
How do we run our Web based collaboration tools on
PVDTN?
♦ PVDTN is a combination of two parallel
networks.
♦ A circuit switched network for normal
telephony and fax communications
(synchronous communications)
♦ An IP packet switching network for data and
and other IP communications (asynchronous
communications).
♦ All collaboration tools and software will run on
the IP network for collaboration within the
organisation, with the software residing in a
server housed within the Intranet. This may be
done using Novell Teaming and Conferencing ,
Microsoft Share Point, etc.
♦ For collaborative work with the outside world –
clients, vendors, consultants, the Internet would
be used through the IBN (Internet Browsing
Nodes). For this there are two options.
♦ Use Web based meeting portals like
Mediatone Networks Webex (there are
several other similar shared collaboration
solutions portals).
♦ Set up your own Web based collaboration
server in the Company’s Web based Public
server and carry out collaborative activity
with the Company’s clients ,vendors,
consultants, business partners. This may be
done using Novell Teaming and
Conferencing, Microsoft Share Point, etc.