The document provides an overview of 5 software development models: Waterfall, Prototyping, Incremental, Concurrent, and Spiral. For each model, it describes the key aspects, advantages, disadvantages, example uses, and real-life applications. The Waterfall model involves sequential phases from requirements to maintenance. Prototyping involves building prototypes to understand requirements. Incremental involves dividing work into modules. Concurrent involves overlapping phases. Spiral involves risk identification and prototype evaluation in loops.
This document provides an overview of various software engineering process models, including:
- Waterfall model which divides the software development life cycle into sequential phases like requirements, design, implementation, testing and maintenance.
- Iterative waterfall model which allows for feedback loops between phases to catch errors earlier.
- Prototyping model which involves building prototypes to refine requirements before development.
- Incremental/evolutionary model which develops the system in modules through successive versions.
- Spiral model which represents the software process as iterative loops to progressively develop and test the product.
- Agile models like Scrum and XP which emphasize adaptive planning, evolutionary development, team collaboration and frequent delivery of working software.
JIMS Vasant KunjII is the Top institute for BCA. JIMS is one of the Best BCA Colleges in Delhi which offers best placements in Top IT Companies in Delhi NCR. It is amongst the top A+ Category highest ranked colleges in Delhi, provides 3 years Regular Degree from UGC Approved University.
This unit of Software Testing is a part of BCA 5th sem syllabi.
Enterprise software needs to be faster than the competition.
In this presentation we will explore what is performance testing, why it is important and when should you implement these tests.
The document provides an introduction and overview of performance testing. It discusses what performance testing, tuning, and engineering are and why they are important. It outlines the typical performance test cycle and common types of performance tests. Finally, it discusses some myths about performance testing and gives an overview of common performance testing tools and architectures.
Black-box testing is a method of software testing that examines the functionality of an application without peering into its internal structures or workings
RTM is a tool that helps maintain a project's scope, requirements, and deliverables by tracing each requirement from initiation through final implementation. It enhances scope management and assists with process control and quality management by documenting connections between initial requirements and the final product. An RTM should be created at the beginning of a project and contain unique, clearly defined requirements including an ID, use case ID, use requirement, and testing details to ease control and tracing.
Non-functional requirements describe how a system will operate rather than what it will do. They include qualities like usability, reliability, performance, and supportability. Usability measures how easy a system is to use, learn, and adapt to user needs. Reliability refers to the likelihood of failures and is measured by metrics like mean time between failures. Performance requirements specify the system's efficiency and response times. Supportability involves how easily a system can be maintained, internationalized, and adapted to changes.
This document provides an overview of various software engineering process models, including:
- Waterfall model which divides the software development life cycle into sequential phases like requirements, design, implementation, testing and maintenance.
- Iterative waterfall model which allows for feedback loops between phases to catch errors earlier.
- Prototyping model which involves building prototypes to refine requirements before development.
- Incremental/evolutionary model which develops the system in modules through successive versions.
- Spiral model which represents the software process as iterative loops to progressively develop and test the product.
- Agile models like Scrum and XP which emphasize adaptive planning, evolutionary development, team collaboration and frequent delivery of working software.
JIMS Vasant KunjII is the Top institute for BCA. JIMS is one of the Best BCA Colleges in Delhi which offers best placements in Top IT Companies in Delhi NCR. It is amongst the top A+ Category highest ranked colleges in Delhi, provides 3 years Regular Degree from UGC Approved University.
This unit of Software Testing is a part of BCA 5th sem syllabi.
Enterprise software needs to be faster than the competition.
In this presentation we will explore what is performance testing, why it is important and when should you implement these tests.
The document provides an introduction and overview of performance testing. It discusses what performance testing, tuning, and engineering are and why they are important. It outlines the typical performance test cycle and common types of performance tests. Finally, it discusses some myths about performance testing and gives an overview of common performance testing tools and architectures.
Black-box testing is a method of software testing that examines the functionality of an application without peering into its internal structures or workings
RTM is a tool that helps maintain a project's scope, requirements, and deliverables by tracing each requirement from initiation through final implementation. It enhances scope management and assists with process control and quality management by documenting connections between initial requirements and the final product. An RTM should be created at the beginning of a project and contain unique, clearly defined requirements including an ID, use case ID, use requirement, and testing details to ease control and tracing.
Non-functional requirements describe how a system will operate rather than what it will do. They include qualities like usability, reliability, performance, and supportability. Usability measures how easy a system is to use, learn, and adapt to user needs. Reliability refers to the likelihood of failures and is measured by metrics like mean time between failures. Performance requirements specify the system's efficiency and response times. Supportability involves how easily a system can be maintained, internationalized, and adapted to changes.
This document discusses techniques for requirements elicitation including preparing for elicitation, conducting elicitation activities, documenting the results, and confirming the results. It describes various elicitation techniques such as brainstorming, existing document analysis, interviews, observation, prototyping, requirements workshops, and surveys/questionnaires. For each technique, it provides high-level details about the objectives, process, and considerations for use.
This document discusses considerations for defining and quantifying non-functional requirements (NFRs) such as performance, availability, and security for a software system. It recommends speaking to stakeholders to understand priorities, explaining tradeoffs in cost and schedule to agree on specific, measurable NFRs. It also provides examples of how to quantify NFRs related to response time, availability, security, and other quality attributes.
This document provides an overview of design patterns including their definition, utility, essential elements, and examples. It discusses creational patterns like singleton, factory, and builder. Structural patterns covered include adapter, proxy, and composite. Behavioral patterns like command and iterator are also introduced. The document is presented as a slideshow by Dr. Lilia Sfaxi on design patterns for software engineering.
Whether you are developing a greenfield data project or migrating a legacy system,
there are many critical design decisions to be made. Often, it is advantageous to not only
consider immediate requirements, but also the future requirements and technologies you may
want to support. Your project may start out supporting batch analytics with the vision of adding
realtime support. Or your data pipeline may feed data to one technology today, but tomorrow
an entirely new system needs to be integrated. Apache Kafka can help decouple these
decisions and provide a flexible core to your data architecture. This talk will show how building
Kafka into your pipeline can provide the flexibility to experiment, evolve and grow. It will also
cover a brief overview of Kafka, its architecture, and terminology.
How to fit Performance Testing in Devops environment.pptx.pdfKnoldus Inc.
n this session we will learn about the performance testing and how to fit the performance testing in devops environment, process of performance testing in devops CI/CD pipeline and how we can integrate CI/CD pipeline with performance testing tool like Jmeter.
An RTM (requirements traceability matrix) is a table, usually a spreadsheet, that links test cases to requirements and vice versa. It is useful for large, complex projects with many requirements to help organize testing. The level of detail in an RTM depends on factors like schedule and the needs of the project manager. Various tools can be used to create an RTM, depending on company policies, including Microsoft Access, HP Test Director, and combinations of tools like Rational ClearQuest and Lotus Notes.
Presentation Use Case Diagram and Use Case Specification.pptxazida3
The use case diagram models the interactions between a Customer and an ATM machine. The Customer can perform the use cases of Logging In, Making a Withdrawal, Checking Balance, and Depositing Funds. The ATM machine facilitates these use cases.
Software architectural patterns - A Quick Understanding GuideMohammed Fazuluddin
This document discusses various software architectural patterns. It begins by defining architectural patterns as general and reusable solutions to common software architecture problems within a given context. It then outlines 10 common patterns: layered, client-server, master-slave, pipe-filter, broker, peer-to-peer, event-bus, model-view-controller, blackboard, and interpreter. For each pattern, it briefly describes the pattern and provides examples of its usage. The document aims to provide a quick understanding of architectural patterns.
The document summarizes the results of performance testing on a system. It provides throughput and scalability numbers from tests, graphs of metrics, and recommendations for developers to improve performance based on issues identified. The performance testing process and approach are also outlined. The resultant deliverable is a performance and scalability document containing the test results but not intended as a formal system sizing guide.
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This document summarizes Matteo Merli's talk on moving Apache Pulsar to a ZooKeeper-less metadata model. It discusses how Pulsar currently uses ZooKeeper for metadata storage but faces scalability issues. The talk outlines PIP-45, a plan to introduce a pluggable metadata backend into Pulsar to replace the direct ZooKeeper usage. This would allow alternative storage options like Etcd and improve scalability. It also discusses successes already achieved in Pulsar 2.10 by abstracting the metadata access and future goals around scaling to support millions of topics.
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The document discusses use case diagrams and use case modeling. It provides an overview of use case diagrams, including their purpose and components. Key points include:
- Use case diagrams show interactions between actors and the system/software being modeled through use cases. They are used early in development to capture requirements and later to specify system behavior.
- Components of a use case diagram include actors, use cases, and relationships between them like generalization, include, and extend. Actors represent roles that interact with the system while use cases represent system functions/processes.
- Examples of a use case diagram for a vehicle sales system are provided to demonstrate how actors, use cases, and relationships can be modeled visually. Guidance is
BugRaptors Perform performance testing using different types of tools helps determining how fast some aspect of a system performs under a particular workload. It can help different purposes like it demonstrates that the system meets performance criteria in any condition.
Requirements engineering is the discipline that involves establishing and documenting requirements. The various activities associated with requirements engineering are elicitation, specification, analysis, verification and validation, and management.
The document outlines a test strategy for an agile software project. It discusses testing at each stage: release planning, sprints, a hardening sprint, and release. Key points include writing test cases during planning and sprints, different types of testing done during each phase including unit, integration, feature and system testing, retrospectives to improve, and using metrics like burn downs and defect tracking to enhance predictability. The overall strategy emphasizes testing early and often throughout development in short iterations.
The most important aspect to release any product or application in the market is to deliver a satisfying user experience. And this can only be achieved when the application performs impeccably. To help understand the ways and means to ensure the same, this PPT will shed light on the essential elements under performance testing. To know more on software performance testing, performance testing, app performance testing, web performance testing, website load testing and performance tuning, go through this presentation and gear up for the upcoming ones.
The document summarizes a quality attribute workshop (QAW) method used by NASA and West Virginia University to systematically elicit software requirements from stakeholders. A QAW has eight steps: introductions, presentations on business/mission and architecture, identifying drivers, brainstorming scenarios, consolidating, prioritizing, and refining scenarios. The goal is to gather stakeholders to discuss desired system features, create scenarios around quality attributes, and document requirements.
This document discusses performance monitoring and testing in the Salesforce cloud. It describes how Salesforce uses a scalable, multi-tenant architecture to support over 60 billion transactions per quarter with an average response time of under 275ms. It also outlines how Salesforce's performance engineering team conducts internal testing to benchmark and monitor the platform, using both playback of production logs and synthetic workloads. The document provides guidance for customers on when and how to conduct their own performance tests, including identifying key transactions to test, using tools to capture metrics, and engaging Salesforce support for assistance.
The iterative model breaks a project into small modules that can be delivered incrementally. A working version is produced in the first module, with each subsequent release adding additional functionality until the full system is complete. It allows for quick releases during development and makes it easier to develop and test in smaller iterations while incorporating customer feedback at each stage. However, it requires more resources than traditional models and skilled management to avoid increased costs over time.
Lecture 19,20 Software Development Process Models.pptxSeniorUsama
The document discusses three software development process models: the Waterfall model, Prototyping model, and Rapid Application Development (RAD) model. The Waterfall model involves dividing the development process into separate sequential phases. The Prototyping model involves iteratively developing prototypes based on customer feedback. The RAD model involves developing components in parallel on a time-boxed basis and assembling them into a working prototype.
The document discusses several software development process models:
- The waterfall model is a sequential process with distinct phases from conception to maintenance. It works well for small, stable projects.
- The prototype model develops throwaway prototypes for user feedback to refine requirements. It is useful for complex systems with significant user interaction.
- The incremental model produces working software in modules, with each release adding functionality until complete. It allows for flexibility and early delivery.
- The spiral model is iterative like the incremental model but emphasizes risk analysis in each phase. It is well-suited for large, critical projects.
- The agile model delivers working software frequently through rapid, incremental cycles with user collaboration, valuing interaction over process.
This document discusses techniques for requirements elicitation including preparing for elicitation, conducting elicitation activities, documenting the results, and confirming the results. It describes various elicitation techniques such as brainstorming, existing document analysis, interviews, observation, prototyping, requirements workshops, and surveys/questionnaires. For each technique, it provides high-level details about the objectives, process, and considerations for use.
This document discusses considerations for defining and quantifying non-functional requirements (NFRs) such as performance, availability, and security for a software system. It recommends speaking to stakeholders to understand priorities, explaining tradeoffs in cost and schedule to agree on specific, measurable NFRs. It also provides examples of how to quantify NFRs related to response time, availability, security, and other quality attributes.
This document provides an overview of design patterns including their definition, utility, essential elements, and examples. It discusses creational patterns like singleton, factory, and builder. Structural patterns covered include adapter, proxy, and composite. Behavioral patterns like command and iterator are also introduced. The document is presented as a slideshow by Dr. Lilia Sfaxi on design patterns for software engineering.
Whether you are developing a greenfield data project or migrating a legacy system,
there are many critical design decisions to be made. Often, it is advantageous to not only
consider immediate requirements, but also the future requirements and technologies you may
want to support. Your project may start out supporting batch analytics with the vision of adding
realtime support. Or your data pipeline may feed data to one technology today, but tomorrow
an entirely new system needs to be integrated. Apache Kafka can help decouple these
decisions and provide a flexible core to your data architecture. This talk will show how building
Kafka into your pipeline can provide the flexibility to experiment, evolve and grow. It will also
cover a brief overview of Kafka, its architecture, and terminology.
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n this session we will learn about the performance testing and how to fit the performance testing in devops environment, process of performance testing in devops CI/CD pipeline and how we can integrate CI/CD pipeline with performance testing tool like Jmeter.
An RTM (requirements traceability matrix) is a table, usually a spreadsheet, that links test cases to requirements and vice versa. It is useful for large, complex projects with many requirements to help organize testing. The level of detail in an RTM depends on factors like schedule and the needs of the project manager. Various tools can be used to create an RTM, depending on company policies, including Microsoft Access, HP Test Director, and combinations of tools like Rational ClearQuest and Lotus Notes.
Presentation Use Case Diagram and Use Case Specification.pptxazida3
The use case diagram models the interactions between a Customer and an ATM machine. The Customer can perform the use cases of Logging In, Making a Withdrawal, Checking Balance, and Depositing Funds. The ATM machine facilitates these use cases.
Software architectural patterns - A Quick Understanding GuideMohammed Fazuluddin
This document discusses various software architectural patterns. It begins by defining architectural patterns as general and reusable solutions to common software architecture problems within a given context. It then outlines 10 common patterns: layered, client-server, master-slave, pipe-filter, broker, peer-to-peer, event-bus, model-view-controller, blackboard, and interpreter. For each pattern, it briefly describes the pattern and provides examples of its usage. The document aims to provide a quick understanding of architectural patterns.
The document summarizes the results of performance testing on a system. It provides throughput and scalability numbers from tests, graphs of metrics, and recommendations for developers to improve performance based on issues identified. The performance testing process and approach are also outlined. The resultant deliverable is a performance and scalability document containing the test results but not intended as a formal system sizing guide.
Towards a ZooKeeper-less Pulsar, etcd, etcd, etcd. - Pulsar Summit SF 2022StreamNative
This document summarizes Matteo Merli's talk on moving Apache Pulsar to a ZooKeeper-less metadata model. It discusses how Pulsar currently uses ZooKeeper for metadata storage but faces scalability issues. The talk outlines PIP-45, a plan to introduce a pluggable metadata backend into Pulsar to replace the direct ZooKeeper usage. This would allow alternative storage options like Etcd and improve scalability. It also discusses successes already achieved in Pulsar 2.10 by abstracting the metadata access and future goals around scaling to support millions of topics.
Lab 3 Introduction to the UML - how to create a use case diagramFarah Ahmed
The document discusses use case diagrams and use case modeling. It provides an overview of use case diagrams, including their purpose and components. Key points include:
- Use case diagrams show interactions between actors and the system/software being modeled through use cases. They are used early in development to capture requirements and later to specify system behavior.
- Components of a use case diagram include actors, use cases, and relationships between them like generalization, include, and extend. Actors represent roles that interact with the system while use cases represent system functions/processes.
- Examples of a use case diagram for a vehicle sales system are provided to demonstrate how actors, use cases, and relationships can be modeled visually. Guidance is
BugRaptors Perform performance testing using different types of tools helps determining how fast some aspect of a system performs under a particular workload. It can help different purposes like it demonstrates that the system meets performance criteria in any condition.
Requirements engineering is the discipline that involves establishing and documenting requirements. The various activities associated with requirements engineering are elicitation, specification, analysis, verification and validation, and management.
The document outlines a test strategy for an agile software project. It discusses testing at each stage: release planning, sprints, a hardening sprint, and release. Key points include writing test cases during planning and sprints, different types of testing done during each phase including unit, integration, feature and system testing, retrospectives to improve, and using metrics like burn downs and defect tracking to enhance predictability. The overall strategy emphasizes testing early and often throughout development in short iterations.
The most important aspect to release any product or application in the market is to deliver a satisfying user experience. And this can only be achieved when the application performs impeccably. To help understand the ways and means to ensure the same, this PPT will shed light on the essential elements under performance testing. To know more on software performance testing, performance testing, app performance testing, web performance testing, website load testing and performance tuning, go through this presentation and gear up for the upcoming ones.
The document summarizes a quality attribute workshop (QAW) method used by NASA and West Virginia University to systematically elicit software requirements from stakeholders. A QAW has eight steps: introductions, presentations on business/mission and architecture, identifying drivers, brainstorming scenarios, consolidating, prioritizing, and refining scenarios. The goal is to gather stakeholders to discuss desired system features, create scenarios around quality attributes, and document requirements.
This document discusses performance monitoring and testing in the Salesforce cloud. It describes how Salesforce uses a scalable, multi-tenant architecture to support over 60 billion transactions per quarter with an average response time of under 275ms. It also outlines how Salesforce's performance engineering team conducts internal testing to benchmark and monitor the platform, using both playback of production logs and synthetic workloads. The document provides guidance for customers on when and how to conduct their own performance tests, including identifying key transactions to test, using tools to capture metrics, and engaging Salesforce support for assistance.
The iterative model breaks a project into small modules that can be delivered incrementally. A working version is produced in the first module, with each subsequent release adding additional functionality until the full system is complete. It allows for quick releases during development and makes it easier to develop and test in smaller iterations while incorporating customer feedback at each stage. However, it requires more resources than traditional models and skilled management to avoid increased costs over time.
Lecture 19,20 Software Development Process Models.pptxSeniorUsama
The document discusses three software development process models: the Waterfall model, Prototyping model, and Rapid Application Development (RAD) model. The Waterfall model involves dividing the development process into separate sequential phases. The Prototyping model involves iteratively developing prototypes based on customer feedback. The RAD model involves developing components in parallel on a time-boxed basis and assembling them into a working prototype.
The document discusses several software development process models:
- The waterfall model is a sequential process with distinct phases from conception to maintenance. It works well for small, stable projects.
- The prototype model develops throwaway prototypes for user feedback to refine requirements. It is useful for complex systems with significant user interaction.
- The incremental model produces working software in modules, with each release adding functionality until complete. It allows for flexibility and early delivery.
- The spiral model is iterative like the incremental model but emphasizes risk analysis in each phase. It is well-suited for large, critical projects.
- The agile model delivers working software frequently through rapid, incremental cycles with user collaboration, valuing interaction over process.
Evolutionary process models are iterative models that allow software to develop through more complete versions. The main evolutionary models discussed are prototyping, spiral, and concurrent development models. Prototyping model quickly produces initial programs and gets user feedback to refine the prototype until requirements are met. Spiral model is risk-driven and provides alternatives if risks are found. Concurrent model has activities moving between states to allow immediate feedback.
Process models are not perfect, but provide road map for software engineering work. Software models provide stability, control, and organization to a process that if not managed can easily get out of control
Software process models are adapted to meet the needs of software engineers and managers for a specific project.
Software Lifecycle Models / Software Development Models
Types of Software development models
Waterfall Model
Features of Waterfall Model
Phase of Waterfall Model
Prototype Model
Advantages of Prototype Model
Disadvantages of Prototype model
V Model
Advantages of V-model
Disadvantages of V-model
When to use the V-model
Incremental Model
ITERATIVE AND INCREMENTAL DEVELOPMENT
INCREMENTAL MODEL LIFE CYCLE
When to use the Incremental model
Rapid Application Development RAD Model
phases in the rapid application development (RAD) model
Advantages of the RAD model
Disadvantages of RAD model
When to use RAD model
Agile Model
Advantages of Agile model
Disadvantages of Agile model
When to use Agile model
This document provides an overview of different software process models. It discusses the build and fix model, why models are needed to address issues like schedule and cost overruns. It covers process models as a "black box" and "white box" approach. Prescriptive models advocate an orderly approach and include activities like communication, planning, modeling etc. The waterfall model is described as having sequential phases of requirements, design, implementation, testing and maintenance. Limitations are noted. Incremental process models deliver software in increments. RAD aims for a very short development cycle through reuse. Evolutionary models produce increasingly complete versions through iterations, such as with prototyping, the spiral model and concurrent development.
Process Models in Software EngineeringGohAr_MaLiik
The document discusses and compares different models of project development: Waterfall model, Incremental model, and Spiral model. The Waterfall model involves completing each phase fully before starting the next in a linear sequence, while the Incremental model divides the project into modules developed iteratively and the Spiral model similarly iterates in risk analysis, engineering, and evaluation spirals.
This document provides an overview of different software process models. It discusses the build and fix model, why models are needed to address issues like schedule and cost overruns. It covers process models as a "black box" and "white box" approach. Prescriptive models advocate an orderly approach and include activities like communication, planning, modeling etc. The waterfall model is described as having sequential phases of requirements, design, implementation, testing and maintenance. Limitations are noted. Incremental process models deliver software in increments that build on each other. RAD aims for a very short development cycle through reuse. Evolutionary models produce increasingly complete versions through iterations like prototyping, the spiral model and concurrent development.
The Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a structured process for developing software that consists of multiple stages. The Waterfall model was the first process model introduced and consists of sequential phases where each phase must be completed before moving to the next. Iterative models develop software through repeated cycles, implementing portions of requirements at a time and incorporating feedback between cycles.
The document discusses various software development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, prototyping, spiral, and agile models. It provides details on the phases and processes involved in each model. Specifically, it describes the spiral model in detail, noting that it consists of multiple phases or loops with each phase divided into four quadrants focusing on requirements, risk analysis, prototyping, and evaluation. The spiral model allows for frequent risk analysis and release of prototypes to help manage risks on large, complex projects.
This document discusses several software development models and practices. It describes the waterfall model which involves sequential stages of requirement analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. It also covers prototyping, rapid application development (RAD), and component assembly models which are more iterative in nature. The prototyping model involves creating prototypes to help define requirements, RAD emphasizes reuse and short development cycles, and component assembly focuses on reusing existing software components.
Process models describe the life cycle of software development from requirements gathering to maintenance. The main process models discussed are waterfall, incremental, RAD, prototype, spiral and concurrent development. Each model represents the phases and flow of activities in the software development process in a different way. Process models help develop software in a systematic manner and ensure all team members understand responsibilities and timelines.
Evolutionary process models allow developers to iteratively create increasingly complete versions of software. Examples include the prototyping paradigm, spiral model, and concurrent development model. The prototyping paradigm uses prototypes to elicit requirements from customers. The spiral model couples iterative prototyping with controlled development, dividing the project into framework activities. The concurrent development model concurrently develops components with defined interfaces to enable integration. These evolutionary models allow flexibility and accommodate changes but require strong communication and updated requirements.
The Waterfall Model is a linear sequential software development process where each phase must be completed before the next can begin. It has six phases: requirements, analysis, design, coding, testing, and maintenance. The advantages are that it is simple, easy to manage each phase, and works well for small projects with fixed requirements. The disadvantages are that it is inflexible, does not allow for overlapping phases, and changes later in the process are costly. The Waterfall Model is best for projects with stable requirements, clear specifications, and available expertise throughout the process.
The incremental model divides a software project into smaller modules that each pass through requirements, design, implementation, and testing phases to produce working portions of the software early in the development cycle. Each subsequent release adds new functionality to the previous version until the full system is complete. This allows for working software to be developed in cycles and for customer feedback on each build. The incremental model has advantages like early delivery of working software, flexibility, and lower risk, but also has disadvantages like higher overall costs than the waterfall model and needing a clear definition of the overall system first. It is best used when requirements are well-defined, some details may change, early product delivery is important, new technologies are involved, or high-risk areas exist.
This document discusses different software life cycle models, including the classical waterfall model, iterative waterfall model, evolutionary model, prototyping model, and spiral model. It describes the phases and advantages and disadvantages of each. The classical waterfall model is considered theoretical while the iterative model is more practical but rigid. The evolutionary and prototyping models are useful when requirements are unclear. The spiral model subsumes other models but is complex. The appropriate model depends on the project's risks and understanding. Adhering to a model helps produce quality software systematically.
This document discusses different software development life cycle models, focusing on the evolutionary and spiral models.
The evolutionary model develops a software system incrementally, releasing versions with additional features over time. Each version is developed using an iterative waterfall approach. The spiral model combines prototyping and waterfall approaches. It consists of four phases - planning, risk analysis, engineering, and evaluation - completed in iterative cycles or "spirals" to progressively develop the software. The spiral model manages risk better than the waterfall model and can continue indefinitely, while the waterfall model has more risk and uncertainty.
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2. WATERFALL MODEL
> It Is Also Called As Linear Sequential Model In This Model
Whole Application Is Developed.
In A Sequential Approach.
In This Model Each Phase Must Be Completed.
Fully Before The Next Phase Begin.
> Provides Structure To Inexperienced Staff.
4. Requirement Gathering -In this phase business analyst will collect the requirements with an
interaction of client and collected requirements will be documented.
Requirement Analysis-In this phase system analyst will study the client requirements and
prepare the system requirement specification.
Design-In this phase design architecture is the responsible to decide architecture of an
application in order to full fill the client requirements
Coding-In this phase developers will write the program using programming languages or
scripting languages in order to develop the application.
Testing-Initially developers will perform unit testing and integration testing using of white
box testing, After that separate team will be perform system testing using black box testing
Release-After the testing client satisfied on work product then we deliver application to the
customer to use at live environment.
Maintenance-While using this application client identify can some defects in existing s/m
then he will send to the CR to CCB.
5. Advantages of waterfall model
This Model Is Simple And Easy To Understand And Use.
It Is Easy To Manage Due To The Rigidity Of The Model –
Each Phase Has Specific Deliverables And A Review
Process.
In This Model Phases Are Processed And Completed One At
A Time. Phases Do Not Overlap.
Waterfall Model Works Well For Smaller Projects Where
Requirements Are Clearly Defined And Very Well
Understood.
6. Disadvantages of waterfall model
Once an application is in the testing stage, it is very difficult to go
back and change something that was not well-thought out in the
concept stage.
No working software is produced until late during the life cycle.
High amounts of risk and uncertainty.
Not a good model for complex and object-oriented projects.
Poor model for long and ongoing projects.
Not suitable for the projects where requirements are at a moderate to
high risk of changing.
7. When to use the waterfall model
This Model Is Used Only When The Requirements Are Very Well
Known, Clear And Fixed.
Product Definition Is Stable.
Technology Is Understood.
There Are No Ambiguous Requirements
Ample Resources With Required Expertise Are Available Freely
The Project Is Short.
8. Examples of Waterfall Model
In The Olden Days, Waterfall Model Was Used To Develop
Enterprise Applications Like Customer Relationship Management
(CRM) Systems, Human Resource Management Systems (HRMS) ,
Supply Chain Management Systems, Inventory Management
Systems, Point Of Sales (POS) Systems For Retail Chains Etc.
Defense (Dod), Military And Aircraft Programs Followed Waterfall
Model In Many Organizations.
Waterfall Model Was Also Used In Banking, Healthcare, Control
System For Nuclear Facilities, Space Shuttles Etc
9. Prototype model
The Basic Idea In Prototype Model Is That Instead Of Freezing The
Requirements Before A Design Or Coding Can Proceed, A
Throwaway Prototype Is Built To Understand The Requirements.
This Prototype Is Developed Based On The Currently Known
Requirements. Prototype Model Is A Software Development
Model. By Using This Prototype, The Client Can Get An “Actual
Feel” Of The System, Since The Interactions With Prototype Can
Enable The Client To Better Understand The Requirements Of The
Desired System. Prototyping Is An Attractive Idea For
Complicated And Large Systems For Which There Is No Manual
Process Or Existing System To Help Determining The
Requirements.
The Prototype Are Usually Not Complete Systems And Many Of
The Details Are Not Built In The Prototype. The Goal Is To Provide
A System With Overall Functionality.
11. Advantages of Prototype model:
Users are actively involved in the development
Since in this methodology a working model of the system is provided,
the users get a better understanding of the system being developed.
Errors can be detected much earlier.
Quicker user feedback is available leading to better solutions.
Missing functionality can be identified easily
Confusing or difficult functions can be identified
Requirements validation, Quick implementation of, incomplete, but
functional, application.
12. Disadvantages of Prototype model:
Leads To Implementing And Then Repairing Way Of Building
Systems.
Practically, This Methodology May Increase The Complexity Of
The System As Scope Of The System May Expand Beyond Original
Plans.
Incomplete Application May Cause Application Not To Be Used As
The
Full System Was Designed
Incomplete Or Inadequate Problem Analysis.
13. When to use Prototype model:
Prototype model should be used when the desired system
needs to have a lot of interaction with the end users.
Typically, online systems, web interfaces have a very high
amount of interaction with end users, are best suited for
Prototype model. It might take a while for a system to be
built that allows ease of use and needs minimal training
for the end user.
Prototyping ensures that the end users constantly work
with the system and provide a feedback which is
incorporated in the prototype to result in a useable
system. They are excellent for designing good human
computer interface systems.
14. Real life application
In prototype model we take user requirements.
Prototypes are build. User feedback is available
.Prototype model is like making E-COMMERCE websites.
Other applications for which prototyping is applicable are
certain classes of mathematical algorithms, subset of
command driven systems and other applications where
results can be easily examined without real-time
interaction.
However this model is not suitable for large heavy
requirements or complex embedded system.
15. Incremental model
In Incremental Model The Whole Requirement Is Divided
Into Various Builds. Multiple Development Cycles Take
Place Here, Making The Life Cycle A “Multi-waterfall”
Cycle. Cycles Are Divided Up Into Smaller, More Easily
Managed Modules. Incremental Model Is A Type Of
Software Development Model Like V-model, Agile Model
Etc.
In This Model, Each Module Passes Through The
Requirements, Design, Implementation And Testing Phases.
A Working Version Of Software Is Produced During The First
Module, So You Have Working Software Early On During
The Software Life Cycle. Each Subsequent Release Of The
Module Adds Function To The Previous Release. The
Process Continues Till The Complete System Is Achieved
16. Example
In the diagram above when we work incrementally we are adding piece
by piece but expect that each piece is fully finished. Thus keep on adding
the pieces until it’s complete. As in the image above a person has
thought of the application.
Then he started building it and in the first iteration the first module of
the application or product is totally ready and can be demoed to the
customers.
Likewise in the second iteration the other module is ready and integrated
with the first module. Similarly, in the third iteration the whole product
is ready and integrated. Hence, the product got ready step by step.
18. Advantages Of Incremental Model:
Generates working software quickly and early during the software life
cycle.
This model is more flexible – less costly to change scope and
requirements.
It is easier to test and debug during a smaller iteration.
In this model customer can respond to each built.
Lowers initial delivery cost.
Easier to manage risk because risky pieces are identified and handled
during it’d iteration.
19. Disadvantages of Incremental model:
Needs Good Planning And Design.
Needs A Clear And Complete Definition Of The
Whole System Before It Can Be Broken Down And
Built Incrementally.
Total Cost Is Higher Than Waterfall.
20. When To Use The Incremental
Model:
This Model Can Be Used When The Requirements Of
The Complete System Are Clearly Defined And
Understood.
Major Requirements Must Be Defined; However, Some
Details Can Evolve With Time.
There Is A Need To Get A Product To The Market
Early.
A New Technology Is Being Used
Resources With Needed Skill Set Are Not Available
There Are Some High Risk Features And Goals.
21. Real life application
This kind of methodologies are mainly
followed by-product based companies as
the defects risk in the developed software
are quite minimum and also used in
developing software in web applications.
This model is also preferred when the
project has lengthy development
schedules.
22. Concurrent Model
The concurrent development model is called as
concurrent model.
The communication activity has completed in the first
iteration and exits in the awaiting changes state.
The modeling activity completed its initial communication
and then go to the under development state.
If the customer specifies the change in the requirement,
then the modeling activity moves from the under
development state into the awaiting change state.
The concurrent process model activities moving from one
state to another state.
24. Advantages of the concurrent
development model
This model is applicable to all types of
software development processes.
It is easy for understanding and use.
It gives immediate feedback from
testing.
It provides an accurate picture of the
current state of a project
25. Disadvantages of the concurrent development
model
It Needs Better Communication Between The
Team Members. This May Not Be Achieved Allthe
Time.
It Requires To Remember The Status Of The
Different Activities.
Application:
• The Concurrent Process Model Is Often
Used As The Paradigm For The
Development Of Client/Server
Applications.
26. Spiral model
This process model look like a spiral with many loops. The number of
loops in the spiral model is not fixed or limited, we can add as many as
required. Each of the loop is a phase in spiral model(e.g., A loop can be
feasibility study , another loop could be requirement analysis).
Each of these phases is divided into 4 quadrants: Determine objectives,
Identify and resolve risks, Prototype evaluation and Develop next level of
product.
27. Phases of Spiral Model
The phases of spiral model are the quadrants. Each quadrant has specific goals in the spiral
model, given in point form below.
(A) First Quadrant (Goal or Objective Settings)
First quadrant, objective of phase is set.
Then all the risk associated with the objective is identified.
(B) Second Quadrant ( Risk Assessment and Reduction)
Risks are analyzed for each project.
Appropriate steps to resolve those risk is taken.
If risks are unclear a prototype is build to get clarity on the technical or functional issues.
T
(C) Third Quadrant (Development and Validation)
After removing all risks, develop the product and validate the next level of the product.
(D) Fourth Quadrant (Review and Planning)
Review results with customer and plan the next iteration.
In this way a more complete version of software is built.
28. Advantages of the Spiral Model
Best for a high-risk project
Good for large and mission-critical projects
Strong approval and documentation control
Continuous or repeated development helps in risk management
Development is fast and features are added in a systematic approach
Additional functionality or change can be done at a later stage.
Cost estimation becomes easy as the prototype building happens in
small fragments.
29. Disadvantages of Spiral Model
Time-consuming and costly
Risk of not meeting the budget or schedule
very hard to properly monitor and maintain
works for large products only, Not suitable for small scale projects
Risk analysis expert is required and could be costly
For its smooth operation, the Spiral Model’s protocols need to be
followed strictly
30. When to use Spiral model:
When Costs And Risk Evaluation Is Important
For Medium To High-risk Projects
Long-term Project Commitment Unwise Because Of
Potential Changes To Economic Priorities
Users Are Unsure Of Their Needs
Requirements Are Complex
New Product Line
Significant Changes Are Expected (Research And
Exploration)
31. Example:
Real Project Example. How GanttPRO Was Made
To provide some example we can consider :-
Gantt chart software – GanttPRO a tool for simple task
handling.
Evolution of Microsoft Windows operating system
Applications:
• For a typical shrink-wrap application, the spiral model might mean that you
have a rough-cut of user elements (without the polished / pretty graphics) as
an operable application, add features in phases, and, at some point, add the
final graphics.
• The spiral model is used most often in large projects (by companies such as
IBM, Microsoft, Patni Computer Systems and Tata Consultancy Services ) and
needs constant review to stay on target. For smaller projects, the concept of
agile software development is becoming a viable alternative. The US military
has adopted the spiral model for its Future Combat Systems program.