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This document summarizes techniques for organizing and presenting numerical and categorical data in tables, charts, and graphs. It covers organizing numerical data using ordered arrays and stem-and-leaf displays. It also discusses tabulating and graphing numerical data using frequency distributions, histograms, polygons, and cumulative distributions like tables and ogives. For categorical data, it describes organizing univariate data with summary tables and graphing it with pie charts, bar charts, and Pareto diagrams. Finally, it addresses tabulating bivariate categorical data using contingency tables and side-by-side charts.

EducationTechnology
1 of 28
Statistics for Management Lesson 2 Presenting Data in Tables and Charts
Lesson Topics ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
2 144677 3 028 4 1 1. Organizing Numerical Data Numerical Data Ordered Array Stem and Leaf Display Frequency Distributions Cumulative Distributions Histograms Polygons Ogive Tables 41, 24, 32, 26, 27, 27, 30, 24, 38, 21 21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32, 38, 41
2 1 4 4 6 7 7 Organizing Numerical Data: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],3 0 2 8 4 1
2 144677 3 028 4 1 Organizing Numerical Data Numerical Data Ordered Array Stem and Leaf Display Histograms Ogive Tables 41, 24, 32, 26, 27, 27, 30, 24, 38, 21 21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32, 38, 41 Frequency Distributions Cumulative Distributions Polygons
2.Tabulating Numerical Data: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Tabulating Numerical Data: Frequency Distributions Data in ordered array: 12, 13, 17, 21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32, 35, 37, 38, 41, 43, 44, 46, 53, 58 Class Frequency 10 but under 20 3 .15 15 20 but under 30 6 .30 30 30 but under 40 5 .25 25 40 but under 50 4 .20 20 50 but under 60 2 .10 10 Total 20 1 100 Relative Frequency Percentage
Graphing Numerical Data: The Histogram Data in ordered array: 12, 13, 17, 21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32, 35, 37, 38, 41, 43, 44, 46, 53, 58 Class Midpoints No Gaps Between Bars
Graphing Numerical Data: The Frequency Polygon Data in ordered array: 12, 13, 17, 21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32, 35, 37, 38, 41, 43, 44, 46, 53, 58 Class Midpoints
Cumulative Cumulative Class Frequency % Frequency 10 but under 20 3 15 20 but under 30 9 45 30 but under 40 14 70 40 but under 50 18 90 50 but under 60 20 100 Tabulating Numerical Data: Cumulative Frequency Data in ordered array: 12, 13, 17, 21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32, 35, 37, 38, 41, 43, 44, 46, 53, 58
Graphing Numerical Data: The Ogive (Cumulative % Polygon) Data in ordered array: 12, 13, 17, 21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32, 35, 37, 38, 41, 43, 44, 46, 53, 58 Class Boundaries
3.Organizing Categorical Data Univariate Data: Categorical Data Tabulating Data The Summary Table Graphing Data Pie Charts Pareto Diagram Bar Charts
Summary Table (for an investor’s portfolio) Investment Category Amount Percentage (in thousands $) Stocks 46.5 42.27 Bonds 32 29.09 CD 15.5 14.09 Savings 16 14.55 Total 110 100 Variables are Categorical.
4.Organizing Categorical Data Univariate Data: Categorical Data Tabulating Data The Summary Table Graphing Data Pie Charts Pareto Diagram Bar Charts
Bar Chart (for an investor’s portfolio)
Pie Chart (for an investor’s portfolio) Percentages are rounded to the nearest percent. Amount Invested in K$ Savings 15% CD 14% Bonds 29% Stocks 42%
Pareto Diagram Axis for bar chart shows % invested in each category. Axis for line graph shows cumulative % invested .
5. Organizing Bivariate Categorical Data ,[object Object],[object Object]
Organizing Categorical Data Bivariate Data: Contingency Table: Investment in Thousands of Dollars Investment Investor A Investor B Investor C Total Category Stocks 46.5 55 27.5 129 Bonds 32 44 19 95 CD 15.5 20 13.5 49 Savings 16 28 7 51 Total 110 147 67 324
Organizing Categorical Data Bivariate Data: Side by Side Chart
Principals of Graphical excellence ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Errors in Presenting Data
‘ Chart Junk’ Good Presentation 1960: $1.00 1970: $1.60 1980: $3.10 1990: $3.80 Minimum Wage Minimum Wage 0 2 4 1960 1970 1980 1990 $ Bad Presentation 
No Relative Basis Good Presentation A’s received by students. A’s received by students. Bad Presentation 0  200 300 FR SO JR SR Freq.  10%  30% FR SO JR SR % FR = Freshmen, SO = Sophomore, JR = Junior, SR = Senior 
Compressing Vertical Axis Good Presentation Quarterly Sales Quarterly Sales Bad Presentation 0 25 50 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 $ 0 100 200 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 $ 
No Zero Point on Vertical Axis Good Presentation Monthly Sales Monthly Sales Bad Presentation 0 39 42 45 J F M A M J $ 36 39 42 45 J F M A M J $ Graphing the first six months of sales. 36 
No Zero Point on Vertical Axis Good Presentation Monthly Sales Monthly Sales Bad Presentation 0 20 40 60 J F M A M J $ 36 39 42 45 J F M A M J $ Graphing the first six months of sales. 
Lesson Summary ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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Lesson02_new

  • 1. Statistics for Management Lesson 2 Presenting Data in Tables and Charts
  • 2.
  • 3. 2 144677 3 028 4 1 1. Organizing Numerical Data Numerical Data Ordered Array Stem and Leaf Display Frequency Distributions Cumulative Distributions Histograms Polygons Ogive Tables 41, 24, 32, 26, 27, 27, 30, 24, 38, 21 21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32, 38, 41
  • 4.
  • 5. 2 144677 3 028 4 1 Organizing Numerical Data Numerical Data Ordered Array Stem and Leaf Display Histograms Ogive Tables 41, 24, 32, 26, 27, 27, 30, 24, 38, 21 21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32, 38, 41 Frequency Distributions Cumulative Distributions Polygons
  • 6.
  • 7. Tabulating Numerical Data: Frequency Distributions Data in ordered array: 12, 13, 17, 21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32, 35, 37, 38, 41, 43, 44, 46, 53, 58 Class Frequency 10 but under 20 3 .15 15 20 but under 30 6 .30 30 30 but under 40 5 .25 25 40 but under 50 4 .20 20 50 but under 60 2 .10 10 Total 20 1 100 Relative Frequency Percentage
  • 8. Graphing Numerical Data: The Histogram Data in ordered array: 12, 13, 17, 21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32, 35, 37, 38, 41, 43, 44, 46, 53, 58 Class Midpoints No Gaps Between Bars
  • 9. Graphing Numerical Data: The Frequency Polygon Data in ordered array: 12, 13, 17, 21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32, 35, 37, 38, 41, 43, 44, 46, 53, 58 Class Midpoints
  • 10. Cumulative Cumulative Class Frequency % Frequency 10 but under 20 3 15 20 but under 30 9 45 30 but under 40 14 70 40 but under 50 18 90 50 but under 60 20 100 Tabulating Numerical Data: Cumulative Frequency Data in ordered array: 12, 13, 17, 21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32, 35, 37, 38, 41, 43, 44, 46, 53, 58
  • 11. Graphing Numerical Data: The Ogive (Cumulative % Polygon) Data in ordered array: 12, 13, 17, 21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32, 35, 37, 38, 41, 43, 44, 46, 53, 58 Class Boundaries
  • 12. 3.Organizing Categorical Data Univariate Data: Categorical Data Tabulating Data The Summary Table Graphing Data Pie Charts Pareto Diagram Bar Charts
  • 13. Summary Table (for an investor’s portfolio) Investment Category Amount Percentage (in thousands $) Stocks 46.5 42.27 Bonds 32 29.09 CD 15.5 14.09 Savings 16 14.55 Total 110 100 Variables are Categorical.
  • 14. 4.Organizing Categorical Data Univariate Data: Categorical Data Tabulating Data The Summary Table Graphing Data Pie Charts Pareto Diagram Bar Charts
  • 15. Bar Chart (for an investor’s portfolio)
  • 16. Pie Chart (for an investor’s portfolio) Percentages are rounded to the nearest percent. Amount Invested in K$ Savings 15% CD 14% Bonds 29% Stocks 42%
  • 17. Pareto Diagram Axis for bar chart shows % invested in each category. Axis for line graph shows cumulative % invested .
  • 18.
  • 19. Organizing Categorical Data Bivariate Data: Contingency Table: Investment in Thousands of Dollars Investment Investor A Investor B Investor C Total Category Stocks 46.5 55 27.5 129 Bonds 32 44 19 95 CD 15.5 20 13.5 49 Savings 16 28 7 51 Total 110 147 67 324
  • 20. Organizing Categorical Data Bivariate Data: Side by Side Chart
  • 21.
  • 22.
  • 23. ‘ Chart Junk’ Good Presentation 1960: $1.00 1970: $1.60 1980: $3.10 1990: $3.80 Minimum Wage Minimum Wage 0 2 4 1960 1970 1980 1990 $ Bad Presentation 
  • 24. No Relative Basis Good Presentation A’s received by students. A’s received by students. Bad Presentation 0  200 300 FR SO JR SR Freq.  10%  30% FR SO JR SR % FR = Freshmen, SO = Sophomore, JR = Junior, SR = Senior 
  • 25. Compressing Vertical Axis Good Presentation Quarterly Sales Quarterly Sales Bad Presentation 0 25 50 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 $ 0 100 200 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 $ 
  • 26. No Zero Point on Vertical Axis Good Presentation Monthly Sales Monthly Sales Bad Presentation 0 39 42 45 J F M A M J $ 36 39 42 45 J F M A M J $ Graphing the first six months of sales. 36 
  • 27. No Zero Point on Vertical Axis Good Presentation Monthly Sales Monthly Sales Bad Presentation 0 20 40 60 J F M A M J $ 36 39 42 45 J F M A M J $ Graphing the first six months of sales. 
  • 28.
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