This document summarizes the results of a study into factors that influence user trust in complex adaptive agents. The study involved users interacting with the CALO assistant system and then being interviewed. The interviews identified 8 major themes that impacted trust, including understandability, transparency, and explanation of an agent's reasoning. Providing explanations was found to address most user trust concerns for adaptive assistants. The document concludes that explanation capabilities are key to building user trust in complex systems with learned and changing behaviors.
The document provides an overview of several agent-oriented software engineering methodologies, including GAIA, INGENIAS, MaSE, PASSI, Prometheus, Tropos, and ADEM. It discusses the concepts and properties supported by each methodology, their modeling approaches and notations, development lifecycles, and their pragmatic considerations in terms of available resources and tooling. The methodologies generally support common multi-agent concepts but provide different levels of guidance, modeling support, and tooling throughout the development process.
The document discusses software engineering and provides definitions and classifications of software. It defines software as a set of programs and documentation that activate hardware to perform tasks. Software is classified as generic or customized and described in categories such as system software, business software, design software, embedded software, and artificial intelligence. The roles and skills of a system analyst/software engineer are also outlined, including technical skills like analysis, design, and project management as well as interpersonal skills. Finally, the document discusses the system development life cycle (SDLC) process.
Multi-agent systems can be viewed as a software architecture style consisting of autonomous components called agents. The agents interact through message passing according to a predefined protocol. There are different organizational styles for multi-agent systems including hierarchical, flat, subsumption, and modular organizations. Effective multi-agent systems require specially designed communication protocols that fit the agent architecture, organization, and tasks. Standard communication languages and protocols are increasingly used to facilitate conversations between agents from different systems.
IMPLEMENTATION OF DYNAMIC COUPLING MEASUREMENT OF DISTRIBUTED OBJECT ORIENTED...IJCSEA Journal
Software metrics are increasingly playing a central role in the planning and control of software development projects. Coupling measures have important applications in software development and maintenance. Existing literature on software metrics is mainly focused on centralized systems, while work in the area of distributed systems, particularly in service-oriented systems, is scarce. Distributed systems with service oriented components are even more heterogeneous networking and execution environment. Traditional coupling measures take into account only “static” couplings. They do not account for “dynamic” couplings due to polymorphism and may significantly underestimate the complexity of software and misjudge the need for code inspection, testing and debugging. This is expected to result in poor predictive accuracy of the quality models in distributed Object Oriented systems that utilize static coupling measurements. In order to overcome these issues, we propose a hybrid model in Distributed Object Oriented Software for measure the coupling dynamically. In the proposed method, there are three steps
such as Instrumentation process, Post processing and Coupling measurement. Initially the instrumentation process is done. In this process the instrumented JVM that has been modified to trace method calls. During this process, three trace files are created namely .prf, .clp, .svp. In the second step, the information in these file are merged. At the end of this step, the merged detailed trace of each JVM contains pointers to the merged trace files of the other JVM such that the path of every remote call from the client to the server can be uniquely identified. Finally, the coupling metrics are measured dynamically. The implementation results show that the proposed system will effectively measure the coupling metrics dynamically.
The document discusses detecting unknown insider threat scenarios. It proposes an ensemble-based, unsupervised technique to robustly detect potential insider threats, including scenarios not previously identified. The approach uses a variety of individual detectors combined using anomaly detection ensemble techniques. It explores factors like the number and variety of detectors, and incorporating existing knowledge from scenario-based detectors. The technique is evaluated on its ability to detect unknown scenarios in real data. Several new insider threat scenarios and solutions are presented, such as wearable technologies, outsourced systems, knowing detection methods, and activity outside work.
IRJET- Analysis of Brand Value Prediction based on Social Media DataIRJET Journal
This document presents a study that analyzes brand value prediction based on social media data using different sentiment analysis techniques. The study compares lexicon-based sentiment analysis tools SentiWordNet and TextBlob, and also evaluates supervised machine learning classifiers Naive Bayes and CNN. The CNN model achieved the highest accuracy of 94.4% when applied to a dataset of Amazon product reviews, outperforming the Naive Bayes model which achieved 82% accuracy. The study concludes that hybrid methods combining lexicon-based and machine learning approaches can effectively analyze sentiment from large social media datasets.
Multiagent Based Methodologies have become an
important subject of research in advance Software Engineering.
Several methodologies have been proposed as, a theoretical
approach, to facilitate and support the development of complex
distributed systems. An important question when facing the
construction of Agent Applications is deciding which
methodology to follow. Trying to answer this question, a
framework with several criteria is applied in this paper for the
comparative analysis of existing multiagent system
methodologies. The results of the comparative over two of them,
conclude that those methodologies have not reached a sufficient
maturity level to be used by the software industry. The
framework has also proved its utility for the evaluation of any
kind of Multiagent Based Software Engineering Methodology
System of Systems Engineering (SoSE),
System “ilities” (Reliability, Availability, Maintainability, and Changeability),
State Series,
System Evolution Analytics,
System Network Evolution Rules,
System Network Complexity,
System Evolution Recommender
Service Evolution Analytics
The document provides an overview of several agent-oriented software engineering methodologies, including GAIA, INGENIAS, MaSE, PASSI, Prometheus, Tropos, and ADEM. It discusses the concepts and properties supported by each methodology, their modeling approaches and notations, development lifecycles, and their pragmatic considerations in terms of available resources and tooling. The methodologies generally support common multi-agent concepts but provide different levels of guidance, modeling support, and tooling throughout the development process.
The document discusses software engineering and provides definitions and classifications of software. It defines software as a set of programs and documentation that activate hardware to perform tasks. Software is classified as generic or customized and described in categories such as system software, business software, design software, embedded software, and artificial intelligence. The roles and skills of a system analyst/software engineer are also outlined, including technical skills like analysis, design, and project management as well as interpersonal skills. Finally, the document discusses the system development life cycle (SDLC) process.
Multi-agent systems can be viewed as a software architecture style consisting of autonomous components called agents. The agents interact through message passing according to a predefined protocol. There are different organizational styles for multi-agent systems including hierarchical, flat, subsumption, and modular organizations. Effective multi-agent systems require specially designed communication protocols that fit the agent architecture, organization, and tasks. Standard communication languages and protocols are increasingly used to facilitate conversations between agents from different systems.
IMPLEMENTATION OF DYNAMIC COUPLING MEASUREMENT OF DISTRIBUTED OBJECT ORIENTED...IJCSEA Journal
Software metrics are increasingly playing a central role in the planning and control of software development projects. Coupling measures have important applications in software development and maintenance. Existing literature on software metrics is mainly focused on centralized systems, while work in the area of distributed systems, particularly in service-oriented systems, is scarce. Distributed systems with service oriented components are even more heterogeneous networking and execution environment. Traditional coupling measures take into account only “static” couplings. They do not account for “dynamic” couplings due to polymorphism and may significantly underestimate the complexity of software and misjudge the need for code inspection, testing and debugging. This is expected to result in poor predictive accuracy of the quality models in distributed Object Oriented systems that utilize static coupling measurements. In order to overcome these issues, we propose a hybrid model in Distributed Object Oriented Software for measure the coupling dynamically. In the proposed method, there are three steps
such as Instrumentation process, Post processing and Coupling measurement. Initially the instrumentation process is done. In this process the instrumented JVM that has been modified to trace method calls. During this process, three trace files are created namely .prf, .clp, .svp. In the second step, the information in these file are merged. At the end of this step, the merged detailed trace of each JVM contains pointers to the merged trace files of the other JVM such that the path of every remote call from the client to the server can be uniquely identified. Finally, the coupling metrics are measured dynamically. The implementation results show that the proposed system will effectively measure the coupling metrics dynamically.
The document discusses detecting unknown insider threat scenarios. It proposes an ensemble-based, unsupervised technique to robustly detect potential insider threats, including scenarios not previously identified. The approach uses a variety of individual detectors combined using anomaly detection ensemble techniques. It explores factors like the number and variety of detectors, and incorporating existing knowledge from scenario-based detectors. The technique is evaluated on its ability to detect unknown scenarios in real data. Several new insider threat scenarios and solutions are presented, such as wearable technologies, outsourced systems, knowing detection methods, and activity outside work.
IRJET- Analysis of Brand Value Prediction based on Social Media DataIRJET Journal
This document presents a study that analyzes brand value prediction based on social media data using different sentiment analysis techniques. The study compares lexicon-based sentiment analysis tools SentiWordNet and TextBlob, and also evaluates supervised machine learning classifiers Naive Bayes and CNN. The CNN model achieved the highest accuracy of 94.4% when applied to a dataset of Amazon product reviews, outperforming the Naive Bayes model which achieved 82% accuracy. The study concludes that hybrid methods combining lexicon-based and machine learning approaches can effectively analyze sentiment from large social media datasets.
Multiagent Based Methodologies have become an
important subject of research in advance Software Engineering.
Several methodologies have been proposed as, a theoretical
approach, to facilitate and support the development of complex
distributed systems. An important question when facing the
construction of Agent Applications is deciding which
methodology to follow. Trying to answer this question, a
framework with several criteria is applied in this paper for the
comparative analysis of existing multiagent system
methodologies. The results of the comparative over two of them,
conclude that those methodologies have not reached a sufficient
maturity level to be used by the software industry. The
framework has also proved its utility for the evaluation of any
kind of Multiagent Based Software Engineering Methodology
System of Systems Engineering (SoSE),
System “ilities” (Reliability, Availability, Maintainability, and Changeability),
State Series,
System Evolution Analytics,
System Network Evolution Rules,
System Network Complexity,
System Evolution Recommender
Service Evolution Analytics
Machine learning (ML) allows computer systems to learn from experience and improve their performance on tasks over time without being explicitly programmed. ML involves using algorithms to analyze large amounts of data to discover patterns that can help predict future behaviors and outcomes. Some key applications of ML include data mining, self-customizing programs, tasks too complex for explicit human programming like speech recognition and autonomous driving, and systems that can adapt to changing environments. Content-based image retrieval is an example ML application that allows users to search image databases by providing example images of what they are looking for, and the system learns to find similar images based on feedback.
This document discusses the role of consistency controlled future generating models in strategic management. It argues that applying principles of combinatorics can automate the process of searching for the best model to forecast the future. However, defining the goal function for what constitutes the "best" model raises philosophical issues. The document also examines how consistency controlled modeling can help improve strategic decision making at both the social and enterprise levels, and discusses the role of the CIO in collecting and organizing the internal and external data needed to build such models for agricultural enterprises.
This report summarizes Francisco Reinaldo's work in the first year of his PhD, including proposing a cognitive agent architecture called AFRANCI and developing a framework to implement it. AFRANCI is inspired by the mammalian brain and aims to enable agents to achieve goals, coordinate activities, and resolve conflicts through a hierarchical structure of cognitive processes. The framework will provide base classes for an artificial central nervous system to develop heterogeneous agents. Reinaldo plans to evaluate AFRANCI by implementing rescue agents in the RoboCup Rescue simulation system over the next years of his PhD research.
This document discusses the role of users in the decision tree data mining process. Some key points:
1. Building decision trees is often viewed as an automatic process, but the document argues that users play an important role at various steps, including data preparation, choosing attribute selection criteria and pruning methods, and interpreting results.
2. There are many options for attribute selection criteria and pruning methods, and the best choice depends on factors like the certainty of the data and desired interpretability. Users must make choices at these steps.
3. Associated tasks like data cleaning, attribute encoding, and analyzing results are also important but often overlooked. These tasks require significant user input and influence the final results. The document aims to emphasize
This document summarizes a request for proposal from the Missouri Office of Administration for janitorial services in various state-owned buildings in St. Louis. It provides information on submitting proposals, including revising the return date to April 14, 2010. It outlines amendments made to sections of the RFP related to the contract period, specifications, and pricing. A pre-proposal conference was scheduled for March 30, 2010 to discuss the RFP and allow for questions.
ATP Blog14 - Humichealth.Info- Medicinal Use of Humic Substances; series no.1atpcorporation
Dr. Richard Laub, a former university professor and current research scientist who is one of the leading experts in the world on Humic Acid, has been interviewed at his offices in Newport Beach, CA. The interview can be viewed by clicking a link and discusses Humic Acid's broad-spectrum anti-viral properties. The website provides information on Humic Acid's anti-viral power and other health benefits. It believes daily use of a purified Humic Acid supplement can provide health benefits and protections that are simply unobtainable from any other nutritional supplement.
This document discusses two machine learning techniques, supervised and unsupervised, for automatically marking up natural heritage literature to make it structured and machine-readable. It describes a prototype application that uses these techniques to convert free text documents to XML format in both batch and online modes. The supervised technique involves training on manually annotated examples, while the unsupervised technique derives structure solely from the regularities in the text without examples. The document compares the performance of these techniques on a real corpus.
This document provides an introduction to machine learning, including definitions, examples of tasks well-suited to machine learning, and different types of machine learning problems. It discusses how machine learning algorithms learn from examples to produce a program or model, and contrasts this with hand-coding programs. It also briefly covers supervised vs. unsupervised vs. reinforcement learning, hypothesis spaces, regularization, validation sets, Bayesian learning, and maximum likelihood learning.
The document summarizes activities undertaken during the summer of 2008 to expand knowledge of 3D modeling using CATIA V5. Key projects included creating instructional videos for a CAD course, developing a design table of mill cutters using Excel, and converting SolidWorks files to CATIA. Collaboration with Boeing included creating a CATIA training course and cutter database using design tables.
El documento describe cómo la convergencia tecnológica ha unido las tecnologías de la información, los contenidos audiovisuales y la comunicación en un espacio digital, y cómo esto se aplica en el diseño gráfico a través de herramientas computacionales como Photoshop e Illustrator. También explica que la convergencia tecnológica ha cambiado los ámbitos tecnológico, económico, social y de regulación al digitalizar la información y permitir nuevas formas de interacción y consumo.
Tiga kalimat ringkasan dokumen tersebut adalah:
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang kehidupan anak kos dari segi positif dan negatif, mulai dari mandirinya, masalah keuangan, pola makan, hingga kabar negatif seperti pergaulan bebas. Dokumen tersebut juga menyarankan solusi untuk menjaga diri sebagai anak kos.
It is the global level fact that „School working day‟ mean students „Face become shrink‟. „School holiday‟ means students „face become cheerful‟. Holiday means Jolly Day?...
The document provides information about the mission, structure, policies and procedures of St. Bernadette School. It outlines that the school serves grades K-8 as a Catholic elementary school. It details the school's mission of offering quality education in a Christian environment. The document also covers admission policies, tuition rates, parental volunteer requirements and daily operational procedures such as arrival/dismissal times.
Pmdc step 1 Review of CVS & Respiratory SystemDrSaeed Shafi
The document provides an overview of a course on reviewing CVS and respiratory systems. It includes:
1. A case study of a newborn with respiratory distress and gut sounds heard in the left chest, suggesting a congenital diaphragmatic hernia.
2. Learning objectives on comparing neonatal and adult chest anatomy, mediastinal shifts, and more.
3. Details on diaphragm development, anomalies, and positional changes.
4. Descriptions of the pleura, pericardium, mediastinum, and functional anatomy of related structures.
1. To be successful as an artist, you need to focus on visibility, networking, and identifying goals.
2. Developing an artist statement, CV, and elevator pitch can help with applications and opportunities.
3. Organizing paperwork like applications, correspondence, and tax documents is important for managing your career.
This document is a project report submitted by D.Surya Teja to fulfill requirements for the CS 361 Mini Project Lab at Acharya Nagarjuna University. The report describes the development of a Placement Management System to manage student and company information for university career services. It identifies key actors like students, recruiters, and administrators. Several use cases are defined including registration, validation, and other interactions between actors and the system. The document also covers analysis diagrams, class diagrams, relationships between classes, and system deployment.
Machine learning (ML) allows computer systems to learn from experience and improve their performance on tasks over time without being explicitly programmed. ML involves using algorithms to analyze large amounts of data to discover patterns that can help predict future behaviors and outcomes. Some key applications of ML include data mining, self-customizing programs, tasks too complex for explicit human programming like speech recognition and autonomous driving, and systems that can adapt to changing environments. Content-based image retrieval is an example ML application that allows users to search image databases by providing example images of what they are looking for, and the system learns to find similar images based on feedback.
This document discusses the role of consistency controlled future generating models in strategic management. It argues that applying principles of combinatorics can automate the process of searching for the best model to forecast the future. However, defining the goal function for what constitutes the "best" model raises philosophical issues. The document also examines how consistency controlled modeling can help improve strategic decision making at both the social and enterprise levels, and discusses the role of the CIO in collecting and organizing the internal and external data needed to build such models for agricultural enterprises.
This report summarizes Francisco Reinaldo's work in the first year of his PhD, including proposing a cognitive agent architecture called AFRANCI and developing a framework to implement it. AFRANCI is inspired by the mammalian brain and aims to enable agents to achieve goals, coordinate activities, and resolve conflicts through a hierarchical structure of cognitive processes. The framework will provide base classes for an artificial central nervous system to develop heterogeneous agents. Reinaldo plans to evaluate AFRANCI by implementing rescue agents in the RoboCup Rescue simulation system over the next years of his PhD research.
This document discusses the role of users in the decision tree data mining process. Some key points:
1. Building decision trees is often viewed as an automatic process, but the document argues that users play an important role at various steps, including data preparation, choosing attribute selection criteria and pruning methods, and interpreting results.
2. There are many options for attribute selection criteria and pruning methods, and the best choice depends on factors like the certainty of the data and desired interpretability. Users must make choices at these steps.
3. Associated tasks like data cleaning, attribute encoding, and analyzing results are also important but often overlooked. These tasks require significant user input and influence the final results. The document aims to emphasize
This document summarizes a request for proposal from the Missouri Office of Administration for janitorial services in various state-owned buildings in St. Louis. It provides information on submitting proposals, including revising the return date to April 14, 2010. It outlines amendments made to sections of the RFP related to the contract period, specifications, and pricing. A pre-proposal conference was scheduled for March 30, 2010 to discuss the RFP and allow for questions.
ATP Blog14 - Humichealth.Info- Medicinal Use of Humic Substances; series no.1atpcorporation
Dr. Richard Laub, a former university professor and current research scientist who is one of the leading experts in the world on Humic Acid, has been interviewed at his offices in Newport Beach, CA. The interview can be viewed by clicking a link and discusses Humic Acid's broad-spectrum anti-viral properties. The website provides information on Humic Acid's anti-viral power and other health benefits. It believes daily use of a purified Humic Acid supplement can provide health benefits and protections that are simply unobtainable from any other nutritional supplement.
This document discusses two machine learning techniques, supervised and unsupervised, for automatically marking up natural heritage literature to make it structured and machine-readable. It describes a prototype application that uses these techniques to convert free text documents to XML format in both batch and online modes. The supervised technique involves training on manually annotated examples, while the unsupervised technique derives structure solely from the regularities in the text without examples. The document compares the performance of these techniques on a real corpus.
This document provides an introduction to machine learning, including definitions, examples of tasks well-suited to machine learning, and different types of machine learning problems. It discusses how machine learning algorithms learn from examples to produce a program or model, and contrasts this with hand-coding programs. It also briefly covers supervised vs. unsupervised vs. reinforcement learning, hypothesis spaces, regularization, validation sets, Bayesian learning, and maximum likelihood learning.
The document summarizes activities undertaken during the summer of 2008 to expand knowledge of 3D modeling using CATIA V5. Key projects included creating instructional videos for a CAD course, developing a design table of mill cutters using Excel, and converting SolidWorks files to CATIA. Collaboration with Boeing included creating a CATIA training course and cutter database using design tables.
El documento describe cómo la convergencia tecnológica ha unido las tecnologías de la información, los contenidos audiovisuales y la comunicación en un espacio digital, y cómo esto se aplica en el diseño gráfico a través de herramientas computacionales como Photoshop e Illustrator. También explica que la convergencia tecnológica ha cambiado los ámbitos tecnológico, económico, social y de regulación al digitalizar la información y permitir nuevas formas de interacción y consumo.
Tiga kalimat ringkasan dokumen tersebut adalah:
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang kehidupan anak kos dari segi positif dan negatif, mulai dari mandirinya, masalah keuangan, pola makan, hingga kabar negatif seperti pergaulan bebas. Dokumen tersebut juga menyarankan solusi untuk menjaga diri sebagai anak kos.
It is the global level fact that „School working day‟ mean students „Face become shrink‟. „School holiday‟ means students „face become cheerful‟. Holiday means Jolly Day?...
The document provides information about the mission, structure, policies and procedures of St. Bernadette School. It outlines that the school serves grades K-8 as a Catholic elementary school. It details the school's mission of offering quality education in a Christian environment. The document also covers admission policies, tuition rates, parental volunteer requirements and daily operational procedures such as arrival/dismissal times.
Pmdc step 1 Review of CVS & Respiratory SystemDrSaeed Shafi
The document provides an overview of a course on reviewing CVS and respiratory systems. It includes:
1. A case study of a newborn with respiratory distress and gut sounds heard in the left chest, suggesting a congenital diaphragmatic hernia.
2. Learning objectives on comparing neonatal and adult chest anatomy, mediastinal shifts, and more.
3. Details on diaphragm development, anomalies, and positional changes.
4. Descriptions of the pleura, pericardium, mediastinum, and functional anatomy of related structures.
1. To be successful as an artist, you need to focus on visibility, networking, and identifying goals.
2. Developing an artist statement, CV, and elevator pitch can help with applications and opportunities.
3. Organizing paperwork like applications, correspondence, and tax documents is important for managing your career.
This document is a project report submitted by D.Surya Teja to fulfill requirements for the CS 361 Mini Project Lab at Acharya Nagarjuna University. The report describes the development of a Placement Management System to manage student and company information for university career services. It identifies key actors like students, recruiters, and administrators. Several use cases are defined including registration, validation, and other interactions between actors and the system. The document also covers analysis diagrams, class diagrams, relationships between classes, and system deployment.
Secret Lock – Anti Theft: Integration of App Locker & Detection of Theft Usin...IRJET Journal
This document proposes and evaluates a mobile application called "Secret Lock" that integrates app locking and mobile theft detection using user patterns. The application allows users to add apps for secure access and generates authentication questions during registration based on the user's mobile usage history and patterns. If the mobile is stolen, the app activates sensors like the camera, GPS, and voice recorder to take photos, track the location, and record audio of the thief. This data is then sent to the user via SMS and email to identify and track the stolen device. The system architecture uses support vector machines for user identification, GPS for location tracking, and SMS and email for alerting the user if their device is stolen. The application was tested and found to generate
Software requirement analysis enhancements by
prioritizing requirement attributes using rank
based Agents.
Ashok Kumar Vinay Goyal
Professor Assistant Professor
Department of Computer Science and Applications Department of MCA
Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India Panipat Institute of Engineering & Technology
Panipat, India
Abstract- This paper proposes a new technique in the
domain of Agent oriented software engineering. Agents
work in autonomous environments and can respond to
agent triggers. Agents can be very useful in requirement
analysis phase of software development process, where
they can react towards the requirement triggers and
result in aligned notations to identify the best possible
design solution from existing designs. Agent helps in
design generation process, which includes the use of
Artificial intelligence. The results produced clearly
shows the improvements over the conventional
reusability principles and ideas.
1. INTRODUCTION
Agent oriented software engineering is a new
emerging technique which is growing very
rapidly. Software development industries have
invested huge efforts in this domain and results
published by many of them are very exiting [1].
The autonomous and reactive nature of agents
makes it possible for the designers to visualize
in terms of real life problem solving scenarios
where socio-logical [2] characteristics of agents
automatically activate the timely checks for any
problem in domain and to solve the same using
agents.
Agents are very helpful in the software
development life cycle. Experiments carried out
in past have shown [2][9][10] the improvement
in the SDLC and conclusion is that agents can be
very helpful in cost and effort minimization; if
tuned properly. Fine-tuning of agents and SDLC
process-state-plug-in for two-way
communications results in agent based software
development process where intelligent agents
will take decisions for better time and resource
utilization.
Fine-tuning of agents and SDLC process-state-
plug-in for two-way communications results in
agent based software development process
where intelligent agents will take decisions for
better time and resource utilization. Agents are
capable of storing historic data, which helps in
decision-making using heuristic based approach.
This paper discusses the details of one such
experiment conducted to improve the
requirement analysis process with the help of
proactive agents. Agents automatically sense the
requirement environment and propose their own
set of important requirement checklist. This is
sort of intelligent assistance with domain
heuristic, which leads to cover all possible
requirement entities of the problem domain.
2. RELATED WORK
Michael Wooldridge, Nicholas R. Jennings &
David Kinny describe the analysis process using
agent-oriented approach [1]. They have
considered the GAIA notations. The analysis
stages of Gaia are:
1) Identify the agent’s roles in the system, which
typically correspond to identify ro ...
Recognizing and Organizing Opinions Expressed in the World ...butest
The document summarizes the MPQA project which investigated recognizing and organizing opinions expressed in text. The project developed a framework for annotating perspectives in documents, training machine learning models to identify perspectives, and using perspective information to cluster passages for question answering applications. Initial experiments found annotator agreement of 85% for direct opinions and 50% for indirect opinions. A simple classifier achieved 66.4% accuracy in identifying direct opinions, outperforming the baseline. Clustering results using perspective information were mixed, helping organize answers for some topics but not others.
The document discusses evaluation methods for human-computer interaction (HCI) systems. It defines evaluation as the determination of value through careful appraisal and study. Evaluation is important for providing feedback to improve system design through iterative development. Formative evaluation is conducted during development, while summative evaluation occurs after completion to ensure quality standards are met. Heuristic evaluation involves experts evaluating an interface according to usability principles. Other methods discussed include cognitive walkthroughs, pluralistic walkthroughs, surveys, interviews, and experiments.
The document provides a mid-semester report for a project on learning agents. It outlines the goals of building a general architecture model and implementing a simple distributed learning agent system to navigate a maze using reinforcement learning. It discusses key topics like the definition of agents and intelligent agents, machine learning approaches like reinforcement and Q-learning, and the JADE agent platform. It breaks down the project among group members to cover areas like machine learning, defining a maze problem, the agent platform, distributed computing, and implementing agents using UML, Java and JADE. It outlines the group's planned activities and progress to date in identifying existing code examples and platforms to build upon.
The document provides an overview of design process and factors that affect user experience in interface design. It discusses various principles and heuristics to support usability, including learnability, flexibility, and robustness. The document outlines principles that affect these factors, such as predictability, consistency and dialog initiative. It also discusses guidelines for improving usability through user testing and iterative design. The document emphasizes the importance of usability and provides several heuristics and guidelines to measure and improve usability in interface design.
Object-Oriented Analysis techniques covering requirements elicitation and object analysis model development delivered to post-graduate students of Object Oriented Software Engineering
The document discusses the background and rationale for developing a Java program system to automate the freshmen needs assessment process at Lipa City Colleges. It notes that the current manual system is inefficient, time-consuming and prone to errors. The proposed system aims to quickly and accurately assess student needs by automating the questionnaire, evaluation and reporting functions. It also aims to make the assessment more accessible to students. The document outlines the objectives, significance and scope of the study, and reviews related literature on guidance counseling in the Philippines to support the need for this type of system.
Creating a Use Case
Jennifer LeClair
CIS 510
Instructor Name: Dr. Austin Umezurike
10/27/2016
Assignment 2:
Creating a Use Case
Introduction
With this paper I will show how a use case diagram should be used. I base this paper from fig. 3
– 11 pages 78 – 80 in our textbook titled: System Analysis and Design in a Changing World, 6th
edition, by Satzinger, Jackson, and Burd. In the Use Case Diagram that I make, I will depict a
use case for a RMO CSMS subsystem. I will also be describing the overview of the diagram. I
will also provide an analysis of the characters.
Use Case Introduction
An activity that a system performs is known as a use case. It is mostly in response to the
user. Use case analysis is a technique that is used for identifying the functional requirements of
the software system. A use case is to designate the point of view from a client and customer, this
is a use cases main purpose. An analytical role in the development process is done by the
developer. The other definition of a use case is as an objective or as an actor. Actors are with a
particular system and they want to achieve. In the use case diagram that I create, I will show the
actors and use cases for the RMO CSMS subsystem for marketing.
Marketing Subsystem
RMO CSMS
Marketing Merchandising
Overview
The overview of this use case diagram has the following: It shows the system boundary,
the association and the actors. The one that does the interaction with the system by entering or
receiving data is called a group, actor, external agent or person. Another part of the whole system
are the system boundaries. System boundaries are the computerized part of the application along
with the users who operate it. When a customer places a relationship between certain things such
as a certain employee in a department and an order, this would be a logical association. In my
diagram I have included two actors, one is representing marketing and the other represents
merchandising.
Analysis
The events and actions that define the interactions with a system and the role in order to
be able to discover a goal is a list of actions or steps in an event in a use case. The elements that
make up a use case diagram and the connections that are between a use case and the actors is an
association. This lets us know that there is communication between the actors and the use case.
On the marketing side they need to be able to update / add promotions, production and business
partners. On the merchandising side they need to be able to update / add production information
and accessory packages.
Summary
The important part of a use case diagram is that you can identi ...
Text Summarization and Conversion of Speech to TextIRJET Journal
This document discusses text summarization and speech to text conversion using deep learning algorithms. It describes how recurrent neural networks can be used for text summarization by identifying key information and semantic meaning from text. Speech recognition uses similar deep learning methods to convert spoken audio to text. The document also provides an overview of the text summarization process, including segmentation, normalization, feature extraction, and modeling steps. It concludes that these models can generate summarized text from extensive documents and meetings.
IRJET- Analysis of Question and Answering Recommendation SystemIRJET Journal
This document discusses a literature review on question and answering recommendation systems. It analyzes various techniques used in QA systems including recommendation engines, identifying leading users, frequently asked question detection, and open information extraction. The review identifies the merits and limitations of different approaches to help develop an efficient QA system. Technologies considered for building the system are Flutter, machine learning, Flask, and Dart. The ideal process is identified to make the forum effective across devices.
RUNNING HEADER: Analytics Ecosystem 1
Analytics Ecosystem 4
Analytics Ecosystem
Lisa Garay
Rasmussen College
Authors Note
This paper is being submitted for Anastasia Rashtchian’s B288 Business Analytics Course.
This paper looks at the nine clusters of the ecosystem. Clustering refers to a system of grouping functions that are similar so as to set them out from others. It begins by highlighting them before proceeding to defining them. It then identifies clusters that represent technology developers and technology users. Peer reviewed materials are used in this endeavor.
They include executive sponsor cluster which contains information that concerns administrators for directing the system. Another one is end-user tools and dashboards cluster that is made of functions that facilitate ability of persons to ultimately engage the system. Data owners cluster is made up of programs that are related to persons who have data in the system. Business users’ cluster is made up of functions that are related to clients of the system. Business applications and systems cluster is made up programs related to features of a given system. Developers cluster is made of programs that are related to the development of programs in the system. Analyst cluster is made up of materials that are related to analysis of data in the system. SME cluster that is made up switches that run SME applications in the system. Lastly, operational data stores that are made up of programs that are concerned with storage of data in a system (Pitelis, 2012).
While developers cluster is made up of technology developers in the system, business users’ cluster is made up of technology users in the system. In conclusion, clustering serves to bring roles together as well as separating roles that are not related in a system (Cameron, Gelbach & Miller, 2012).
They can be represented as follows:-
References
Cameron, A. C., Gelbach, J. B., & Miller, D. L. (2012). Robust inference with multiway clustering. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics.
Pitelis, C. (2012). Clusters, entrepreneurial ecosystem co-creation, and appropriability: a conceptual framework. Industrial and Corporate Change, dts008.
Infrastructure
Executive Sponsor Cluster
End-user tools and dashboards cluster
operational data stores
Data Owners Cluster
Business users' cluster
Business systems and applications cluster
Developers Cluster
Analysts Cluster
SME cluster
4
Running head: Sentiment analysis
Sentiment Analysis
Lisa Garay
Rasmussen College
Authors Note
This paper is being submitted for Anastashia Rashtcian’s B288 Business Analytics course.
Sentiment analysis has played a significant role in the concurrent marketing field, specifically in product marketing. According to Somasundaran, Swapna, (2010), the process’ operational module is structured on a data mining sequence, whereby the end users of given particulars the feedback pertaining a used.
This document summarizes a study on developing an expert system called W-CAT (Witty Cat) to analyze educational data and generate rules to provide feedback to instructors. It describes collecting student survey data on exam preparation activities and results. Association rule learning was used to generate rules from the data, such as students who viewed review videos performed poorly on exams. The study found the rules provided useful insights for instructors. Further development of W-CAT is ongoing to automate rule generation and provide human-readable explanations of results.
This document describes a tool developed to measure continuous complexity in software. The tool measures complexity along three dimensions: number of steps, number of context shifts, and working memory load. It provides faster feedback to developers during the development process. While focused on continuous complexity, it also allows developers to document cases of discontinuous complexity, where usability is severely hindered. The goal is to provide a practical way for developers to quantify and reduce complexity throughout the development cycle.
Slides presenting preliminary overview of thesis work presented at the International Conference on Electronic Learning in the Workplace at Columbia University on June 11, 2010.
please just write the bulk of the paper with in text citations and.docxrandymartin91030
please just write the bulk of the paper with in text citations and a work cited page as well don’t worry about title page and header and footer I will edit that upon completion.
To access articles in the Library for this class and others, please refer to the instructions on the Syllabus and in Case 1.
For the session long project, choose one area within the health issue below as your research topic. You will focus on the same topic for your SLP throughout the session.
Traumatic brain injury
Before you begin, read the instructions and expectations carefully -- this is not a typical report-style assignment.
Narrow down the topic to a certain part of the population (i.e. an age group, gender, a certain race or ethnicity, or a particular geographic area). It will help to do some research before choosing your focus, so you can see what literature will be available to use throughout the session. Look at the SLP in Modules 2 - 5 so you can plan ahead as approporiate.
Use credible professional sources such as ProQuest or EBSCO articles, or Websites from a university, government, or nonprofit organization to search for information about the issue. Consumer sources such as e-magazines, newspapers, and .com sites are not appropriate.
1. Introduce the topic and write a brief background about the scope of the problem. What is the health effect? How many people does it affect? Is there a treatment or a cure? What kind of research is being conducted about the problem? This part of the paper should be approximately 1 page.
2. Now, based on what you learned about the topic, think about what the gaps in knowledge seem to be. They are often stated in the "conclusions" of research articles. Using that information, do the following:
State a properly phrased health-related research question that you would like to answer if you were a researcher. Review the information in the link provided on the Background Information page so you are clear as to what a research question is. This should not be a paragraph or an explanation, just a research question.
3. Now, formulate a specific hypothesis to investigate that research question. Again, this should not be a paragraph or an explanation, just a properly stated hypothesis. Review the information in the links provided on the Background Information page so you are clear as to what a hypothesis is.
ASSIGNMENT EXPECTATIONS: Please read before completing assignments.
· Copy the actual assignment from this page onto the cover page of your paper (do this for all papers in all courses).
· Assignment should be 2 pages in length (double-spaced).
· Please use major sections corresponding to the major points of the assignment, and where appropriate use sub-sections (with headings).
· Remember to write in a Scientific manner (try to avoid using the first person except when describing a relevant personal experience).
· Quoted material should not exceed 10% of the total paper (since the focus of these assignments is on independent t.
Este documento analiza el modelo de negocio de YouTube. Explica que YouTube y otros sitios de video online representan un nuevo modelo de negocio para contenidos audiovisuales debido al cambio en los hábitos de consumo causado por las nuevas tecnologías. Describe cómo YouTube aprovecha la participación de los usuarios para mejorar continuamente y atraer una audiencia diferente a la de los medios tradicionales.
The defense was successful in portraying Michael Jackson favorably to the jury in several ways:
1) They dressed Jackson in ornate costumes that conveyed images of purity, innocence, and humility.
2) Jackson was shown entering the courtroom as if on a red carpet, emphasizing his celebrity status.
3) Jackson appeared vulnerable, childlike, and in declining health during the trial, eliciting sympathy from jurors.
4) Defense attorney Tom Mesereau effectively presented a coherent narrative of Jackson as a victim and portrayed Neverland as a place of refuge, undermining the prosecution's arguments.
Michael Jackson was born in 1958 in Gary, Indiana and rose to fame in the 1960s as the lead singer of The Jackson 5, topping music charts in the 1970s. As a solo artist in the 1980s, his album Thriller broke music records. In the 1990s and 2000s, Jackson faced several legal issues related to child abuse allegations while continuing to release music. He married Lisa Marie Presley and Debbie Rowe and had two children before his death in 2009.
Popular Reading Last Updated April 1, 2010 Adams, Lorraine The ...butest
This document appears to be a list of popular books from various authors. It includes over 150 book titles across many genres such as fiction, non-fiction, memoirs, and novels. The books cover a wide range of topics from politics to cooking to autobiographies.
The prosecution lost the Michael Jackson trial due to several key mistakes and weaknesses in their case:
1) The lead prosecutor, Thomas Sneddon, was too personally invested in the case against Jackson, having pursued him for over a decade without success.
2) Sneddon's opening statement was disorganized and weak, failing to effectively outline the prosecution's case.
3) The accuser's mother was not credible and damaged the prosecution's case through her erratic testimony, history of lies and con artist behavior.
4) Many prosecution witnesses were not credible due to prior lawsuits against Jackson, debts owed to him, or having been fired by him. Several witnesses even took the Fifth Amendment.
Here are three examples of public relations from around the world:
1. The UK government's "Be Clear on Cancer" campaign which aims to raise awareness of cancer symptoms and encourage early diagnosis.
2. Samsung's global brand marketing and sponsorship activities which aim to increase brand awareness and favorability of Samsung products worldwide.
3. The Brazilian government's efforts to improve its international image and relations with other countries through strategic communication and diplomacy.
The three most important functions of public relations are:
1. Media relations because the media is how most organizations reach their key audiences. Strong media relationships are crucial.
2. Writing, because written communication is at the core of public relations and how most information is
Michael Jackson Please Wait... provides biographical information about Michael Jackson including his birthdate, birthplace, parents, height, interests, idols, favorite foods, films, and more. It discusses his background, career highlights including influential albums like Thriller, and films he appeared in such as The Wiz and Moonwalker. The document contains photos and details about Jackson's life and illustrious music career.
The MYnstrel Free Press Volume 2: Economic Struggles, Meet Jazzbutest
The document discusses the process of manufacturing celebrity and its negative byproducts. It argues that celebrities are rarely the best in their individual pursuits like singing, dancing, etc. but become famous due to being products of a system controlled by wealthy elites. This system stifles opportunities for worthy artists and creates feudalism. The document also asserts that manufactured celebrities should not be viewed as role models due to behaviors like drug abuse and narcissism that result from the celebrity-making process.
Michael Jackson was a child star who rose to fame with the Jackson 5 in the late 1960s and early 1970s. As a solo artist in the 1970s and 1980s, he had immense commercial success with albums like Off the Wall, Thriller, and Bad, which featured hit singles and groundbreaking music videos. However, his career and public image were plagued by controversies related to allegations of child sexual abuse in the 1990s and 2000s. He continued recording and performing but faced ongoing media scrutiny into his private life until his death in 2009.
Social Networks: Twitter Facebook SL - Slide 1butest
The document discusses using social networking tools like Twitter and Facebook in K-12 education. Twitter allows students and teachers to share short updates and can be used to give parents a window into classroom activities. Facebook allows targeted advertising that could be used to promote educational activities. Both tools could help facilitate communication between schools and communities if used properly while managing privacy and security concerns.
Facebook has over 300 million active users who log on daily, and allows brands to create public profile pages to interact with users. Pages are for brands and organizations only, while groups can be made by any user about any topic. Pages do not show admin names and have no limits on fans, while groups display admin names and are limited to 5,000 members. Content on pages should aim to provoke action from subscribers and establish a regular posting schedule using a conversational tone.
Executive Summary Hare Chevrolet is a General Motors dealership ...butest
Hare Chevrolet is a car dealership located in Noblesville, Indiana that has successfully used social media platforms like Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube to create a positive brand image. They invest significant time interacting directly with customers online to foster a sense of community rather than overtly advertising. As a result, Hare Chevrolet has built a large, engaged audience on social media and serves as a model for how brands can use online presences strategically.
Welcome to the Dougherty County Public Library's Facebook and ...butest
This document provides instructions for signing up for Facebook and Twitter accounts. It outlines the sign up process for both platforms, including filling out forms with name, email, password and other details. It describes how the platforms will then search for friends and suggest people to connect with. It also explains how to search for and follow the Dougherty County Public Library page on both Facebook and Twitter once signed up. The document concludes by thanking participants and providing a contact for any additional questions.
Paragon Software announces the release of Paragon NTFS for Mac OS X 8.0, which provides full read and write access to NTFS partitions on Macs. It is the fastest NTFS driver on the market, achieving speeds comparable to native Mac file systems. Paragon NTFS for Mac 8.0 fully supports the latest Mac OS X Snow Leopard operating system in 64-bit mode and allows easy transfer of files between Windows and Mac partitions without additional hardware or software.
This document provides compatibility information for Olympus digital products used with Macintosh OS X. It lists various digital cameras, photo printers, voice recorders, and accessories along with their connection type and any notes on compatibility. Some products require booting into OS 9.1 for software compatibility or do not support devices that need a serial port. Drivers and software are available for download from Olympus and other websites for many products to enable use with OS X.
To use printers managed by the university's Information Technology Services (ITS), students and faculty must install the ITS Remote Printing software on their Mac OS X computer. This allows them to add network printers, log in with their ITS account credentials, and print documents while being charged per page to funds in their pre-paid ITS account. The document provides step-by-step instructions for installing the software, adding a network printer, and printing to that printer from any internet connection on or off campus. It also explains the pay-in-advance printing payment system and how to check printing charges.
The document provides an overview of the Mac OS X user interface for beginners, including descriptions of the desktop, login screen, desktop elements like the dock and hard disk, and how to perform common tasks like opening files and folders. It also addresses frequently asked questions for Windows users switching to Mac OS X, such as where documents are stored, how to save or find documents, and what the equivalent of the C: drive is in Mac OS X. The document concludes with sections on file management tasks like creating and deleting folders, organizing files within applications, using Spotlight search, and an overview of the Dashboard feature.
This document provides a checklist for securing Mac OS X version 10.5, focusing on hardening the operating system, securing user accounts and administrator accounts, enabling file encryption and permissions, implementing intrusion detection, and maintaining password security. It describes the Unix infrastructure and security framework that Mac OS X is built on, leveraging open source software and following the Common Data Security Architecture model. The checklist can be used to audit a system or harden it against security threats.
This document summarizes a course on web design that was piloted in the summer of 2003. The course was a 3 credit course that met 4 times a week for lectures and labs. It covered topics such as XHTML, CSS, JavaScript, Photoshop, and building a basic website. 18 students from various majors enrolled. Student and instructor evaluations found the course to be very successful overall, though some improvements were suggested like ensuring proper software and pairing programming/non-programming students. The document also discusses implications of incorporating web design material into existing computer science curriculums.
1. Toward Establishing Trust in Adaptive Agents
Alyssa Glass Deborah L. McGuinness Michael Wolverton
Knowledge Systems, AI Lab Knowledge Systems, AI Lab SRI International
Stanford University Stanford University 333 Ravenswood Avenue
Stanford, CA 94305 USA Stanford, CA 94305 USA Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA
glass@ksl.stanford.edu dlm@ksl.stanford.edu mjw@ai.sri.com
ABSTRACT statistical techniques; and multiple heterogeneous,
As adaptive agents become more complex and take distributed information sources underlying the processing.
increasing autonomy in their user’s lives, it becomes more Despite the sophistication, however, they typically provide
important for users to trust and understand these agents. little transparency into the computation and reasoning being
Little work has been done, however, to study what factors performed.
influence the level of trust users are willing to place in these
agents. Without trust in the actions and results produced by At the same time as these systems are becoming more
these agents, their use and adoption as trusted assistants and complex, they are also taking more autonomous control.
partners will be severely limited. We present the results of They are being asked to assist user actions, but also to act
a study among test users of CALO, one such complex autonomously on behalf of their users. The DARPA
adaptive agent system, to investigate themes surrounding Personalized Assistant that Learns (PAL) program [20]
trust and understandability. We identify and discuss eight describes such agents as being able to “reason, learn from
major themes that significantly impact user trust in complex experience, be told what to do, explain what they are doing,
systems. We further provide guidelines for the design of reflect on their experience, and respond robustly to
trustable adaptive agents. Based on our analysis of these surprise.”
results, we conclude that the availability of explanation As researchers build these systems to plan for the
capabilities in these agents can address the majority of trust achievement of abstract objectives, execute tasks, anticipate
concerns identified by users. future needs, aggregate multiple sensors and information
sources, and adapt its behavior over time, there is an
Author Keywords underlying assumption that there will be a user in the loop
Trust, explanation, user study, automated assistants, whom the agent is serving. This user would need to
complex agents, adaptive agents, evaluation. understand the agent’s behavior and responses enough to
participate in the mixed-initiative execution process and to
ACM Classification Keywords adjust the autonomy inherent in such systems. The user
H.5.2 [Information Interfaces and Presentation]: User would also need to trust the reasoning and actions
Interfaces – Evaluation; Prototyping; Training, help, and performed by the agent. Few have considered, however,
documentation. I.2.1 [Artificial Intelligence]: Applications how the user would interact with the agent, and what
and Expert Systems – Office automation. H.4.1 requirements may exist in order for a user to trust and rely
[Information Systems Applications]: Office Automation. on such a complex system, particularly when the underlying
knowledge, behavior, and assumptions of the system are
INTRODUCTION constantly changing and adapting through the use of
Adaptive agents and intelligent assistant systems are machine learning.
becoming increasingly complex (for instance, [5, 6, 12, 19,
22]). They often include highly distributed reasoning To better understand the factors that influence the trust and
systems such as task processors, hybrid theorem provers, understanding of these adaptive agents, we conducted a
and probabilistic inference engines; multiple learning trust study among a set of users of one of these agents. We
components employing a wide range of logical and used as the basis of our study the Cognitive Assistant that
Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for Learns and Organizes (CALO) system [5], an adaptive
personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are personalized assistant that performs a wide range of office-
not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies related tasks involving calendars, address books, email,
bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for
components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. documents, and the Web. The system includes several
Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, to republish, to interlinked components providing a range of capabilities,
post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission the majority of which include various methods of machine
and/or a fee. learning. The CALO system used by the participants in our
IUI'08, January 13-16, 2008, Maspalomas, Gran Canaria, Spain.
Copyright 2008 ACM 978-1-59593-987-6/ 08/ 0001 $5.00 study was in an advanced research prototype phase, and the
participants were asked to be tolerant of typical prototype
2. issues like software bugs and system crashes. We further users were given detailed scripts outlining how to use the
asked participants to look beyond such problems to begin to agent to assist with the task. Participants were told that the
understand what it means for users to trust and rely on such primary purpose of their CALO usage during this time was
a system in their daily life. for the experimenters to collect data on the agent’s
behavior, and thus they were required to complete as many
Previous work investigating trust representation, reasoning,
tasks as they could during the test period. Participants
and presentation in complex systems [16, 28] has revealed
typically used the system for a full eight hour work day,
complexities related to understanding the notion of trust.
each day, for the entire duration of the test period.
This work also has shown how explanations of reasoning
can help users to establish and build trust. Our study — During the interview stage of our trust study, we
which consisted of structured interviews with a variety of interviewed each participant after the end of the usage
CALO users and analysis of their answers — shows that period. Thirteen participants were interviewed within two
explanation of adaptive agents, particularly in the presence days of the end of the test period; one participant was
of learned behaviors and information, can similarly be key interviewed one week later. The interviews were structured
to addressing user concerns about understandability, and to to follow a fixed script for all participants. The script
helping users to build trust in these complex assistants. contained 40 questions – eleven questions using a typical 5-
step Likert scale (from “hardly ever” to “extremely often”)
In this paper, we present the method and structure of a
and 29 open response questions. When individual
study for examining these issues; we describe the themes
participants provided detailed answers to particular portions
identified in the participant responses, and the implications
of the script, we adjusted the interview to follow up on
of these themes on the practical use of adaptive assistants;
these answers in more detail. The script was organized
and we discuss recommendations for how to build adaptive
around five main topics: failure, surprise, confusion,
agents that will be trusted and used by everyday users. Our
question-answering, and trust. Each interview was audio
study’s primary contribution is the identification of these
recorded. We used these recordings to make notes on the
trustability themes, and the resulting guidelines that these
interviews and to organize the responses into common
themes imply for designers of adaptive agents.
themes.
TRUST STUDY Participants were informed before the usage period that
We conducted a structured, qualitative trust study to do the they would be interviewed about system failures, confusion,
following: usability, and trust at the end of the usage period. A few of
the participants took notes on these issues during the test
• identify what factors users believe influence their trust
period, which they referred to during our interviews. Two
in complex adaptive agents;
sets of users participated in the study. The first, main set of
• identify which types of questions, if any, users would participants used CALO for approximately two weeks. A
like to be able to ask an adaptive assistant, to better second, smaller set of participants used CALO for
understand the assistant’s answers and behavior; approximately one day, using a similar usage format to the
• evaluate the general usability of adaptive agents. first set, but concentrating on a small subset of the total
system capabilities.
Procedure
Our study was conducted in two basic stages: the usage Agent Overview
stage and the interview stage. For the usage stage, we The CALO system used by the participants in our study
piggy-backed on a broad study aimed at testing the learning provided capabilities for a wide range of office-related tasks
capabilities within the CALO system. The broad study is [19], including maintaining calendars and schedules of
part of a long term effort involving a large set of testers and meetings [2]; managing contact information; scanning and
researchers, extensive participant training for the use of sorting email and other documents [7]; performing Web
various CALO components, and detailed analysis of searches; scraping information from the Web; helping to
complex data logs and learning algorithms. The focus of prepare new documents and presentations; managing tasks
the broad study is to gather quantitative data about [8]; purchasing new equipment; planning travel; and
capabilities and learning improvements in the complete learning new procedures for previously unknown tasks [1,
system and is done through intensive system use by 3].
dedicated users over approximately two weeks. Typical tasks the participants performed with the help of
During the usage stage, each study participant used an their agents included scheduling mutually convenient
individual CALO agent to assist in performing a variety of meetings with groups of people; planning detailed travel
office tasks. Participants were given tasks to accomplish arrangements to attend conferences; and teaching their
with their agents, such as scheduling meetings, preparing agents how to independently find and store contact
documents, or planning conference travel; for some tasks, information for colleagues using Web searches and
3. scraping. In many cases, participants were provided with Participant comments on the general usability of the system
guidance about how best to use CALO to perform the tasks. confirmed that there is a limit to how much cutting-edge
In other cases, participants were free to use any portion of systems are able to ignore usability issues while focusing
the CALO system that they felt would best enable them to on more advanced features. While the users we interviewed
accomplish specific goals. were aware that the system was at the prototype stage, and
they were generally sympathetic to its status as a research-
The main objective for the CALO project is to explore the
quality system, the underlying usability problems were still
use of machine learning techniques as applied in robust,
able to block the acceptance of cutting-edge capabilities.
complex assistant agents capable of reasoning, execution,
Even when the advanced features were able to provide
explanation, and self-reflection. Questions of usability,
functionality that the users desperately wanted to use, they
though important when building a deployed personal
were unable to accept the software because of the usability
assistant, were not central research questions for the project.
issues. One user commented about the usability problems,
“I can’t tell you how much I would love to have [the
Participants
system], but I also can’t tell you how much I can’t stand it.”
The longer, two-week study had ten participants, and the
Nonetheless, this first theme can be distinguished from the
shorter study had four participants. All participants from
remainder of the themes discussed in this paper by the
both studies were employees of SRI International, twelve
degree to which it is effected by the prototype-stage
men and two women. Participants spanned a wide range of
condition of the system.
ages, falling approximately evenly into five decade-long
age brackets. All participants had at least a bachelor’s Theme 2: Being Ignored. Many participants complained
degree, and just over one third (five participants) held about feeling ignored by the agent. After providing the
doctoral degrees. Most, but not all, had studied system with personal preferences, as well as suggestions
engineering-related fields. and feedback aimed at improving machine learning, many
users were left with the impression that their effort was
The participants’ prior experience with the CALO system
wasted and that the agent was ignoring them. Users
varied widely. Several had helped to develop individual
complained that the agent was “not paying attention” during
components of the system. Others were managers or
interactions. One user said, “You specify something, and
researchers contributing to individual aspects of the system.
[the system] comes up with something completely different,
A minority of participants had no development or research
and you’re like, it’s ignoring what I want!”
association with the system.
Additionally, several users commented that the behavior
STUDY FINDINGS exhibited by the system would have been fine for non-
After the interviews were completed, we grouped similar adaptive systems, but once they formed the expectation that
comments from multiple users into topics, and discarded the system was able to accept user guidance and obey
topics that only a few participants commented on. The preferences, they felt somehow betrayed when the system
remaining topic areas are discussed below clustered into failed to do so. We return to this theme in our discussion of
eight themes. While not all participants commented on all expectations.
themes, each of the themes were significant to a majority of
the participants. We further loosely categorize these Explanation Requirements
themes into discussions of usability, explanation Theme 3: Context-Sensitive Questions. To investigate the
requirements, and trust, though we maintain that these three value of different types of explanations to user needs, we
topics are often deeply intertwined with each other. asked our users to rate a list of question types according to
how often they would have utilized questions of that type if
Usability an answer to it had been available during the test.
Theme 1: High-Level Usability of Complex Prototypes. The
most common usability comments concerned system We used Silveira et al.’s “Taxonomy of Users’ Frequent
performance and processing time; and the inability to Doubts” [24], an enumeration of user information needs, as
“undo” or reverse actions. Other comments involved well- our list of candidate question types, and each was ranked by
understood principles of human-computer interaction (for each user on a Likert scale from 1 (“would never want to
example, [11, 23]). While we were aware that these ask”) to 5 (“would want to ask extremely often”). We
usability problems existed in the system, and addressing averaged the ratings to produce an overall score of
these issues was certainly not a central focus for the CALO usefulness for each question. The results are shown in
project, we were nevertheless interested to discover the Figure 1. The question types, along with sample questions
degree to which these research-oriented users were of each type, in preference order were:
overwhelmingly frustrated by usability concerns even when 1. Choice (What can I do right now?)
they admit that they had very low usability expectations for
a prototype-stage system. 2. Procedural (How do I do this?)
4. 3. Informative (What kinds of tasks can I accomplish?) In addition to rating the standard taxonomy of questions, we
also asked our users to identify on their own the questions
4. Interpretive (What is happening now? Why did it
they most wanted to ask.1 The most common questions
happen?)
identified by our users as being potentially helpful to them
5. Guidance (What should I do now?) during their use of the system were:
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
Likert scale average
0.5
0
Choice History
Guidance
Procedural Interpretive
Informative Descriptive Navigational
Investigative
Question Types
Figure 1: Average Likert scale responses for question types.
6. History (What have I already done?) 1. What are you doing right now?
7. Descriptive (What does this do?) 2. Why did you do that?
8. Investigative (Did I miss anything?) 3. When will you be finished?
9. Navigational (Where am I?) 4. What information sources did you use?
We note that questions can generally be divided into two Of the 34 questions mentioned by our participants, 16 of
categories. Context-independent questions have answers them (47%) were variations on these four questions.
that are not dependent on the context in which they are
We also note two final observations about the explanation
asked; these questions can generally be addressed by
requirements identified by the participants. First, we note
standard help systems or simple mouse-over pop-up text
that the questions most often identified by the participants
boxes. Context-sensitive questions have answers that
before being presented with the taxonomy of question types
require the system to consider what is currently happening
are entirely context-sensitive; the first three are Interpretive
(“task sensitivity”) or high-level goals inferred from the
questions, and the final question (about information
user (“user-intent sensitivity”).
provenance) does not easily fit into the taxonomy, perhaps
Of the question types presented, five of them had average because of the relative complexity of CALO as compared to
scores of 3.0 or higher. Of these five question types, the the systems discussed in [24]. We conclude that the
Choice, Procedural, and Informative questions are context- majority of the confusion encountered by the participants
independent and could be supported in a software system cannot be solved with the use of simple help availability or
through the use of easily-accessed documentation. The better documentation, but rather requires a deeper solution.
other two top question types, the Interpretive and Guidance
Second, we were surprised by the reaction of our
questions, are context-sensitive, and point to the need for
more complex explanation capabilities to address these user 1
In the study, users provided their free-form questions
needs. before being presented with the taxonomy, to prevent being
influenced by the standard question types.
5. participants when presented with the question types from Building Trust
the taxonomy. Common reactions included comments like Theme 5: Transparency. When asked what would help
“I would love to ask that!”, “That’s a cool [question]… I’d them to build trust in the system, the first thing most
use that if it existed!”, and “I was asking that [to myself] all participants (71%) mentioned was transparency, and every
day!” The majority of our participants expressed that these participant (100%) mentioned transparency as a major
were questions that they would definitely want to ask and factor affecting overall usability. Participants complained
receive answers to, but it would not generally occur to them that the system was “too opaque” and “needs to be more
to ask the questions of the system, because they do not comprehensible.” Several users noted that the components
expect computer systems to be able to provide useful of the system that they trusted the most were the ones that
answers. We contend, however, that these questions can be provided feedback about what they were doing, and that
solved by context-sensitive explanation systems, and when actions were taken by the system for which the
conclude that such systems would need to provide users underlying computational reasoning was not apparent, the
with initial questions, so that these doubtful users are made users mistrusted the results. One user commented that “the
aware of the supported question types. ability to check up on the system, ask it questions, get
transparency to verify what it is doing, is the number one
Theme 4: Granularity of Feedback. When the agent did thing that would make me want to use it.”
provide feedback to the participants, many of them
commented that the feedback was at the wrong level of Even when results appeared reasonable, they sought to
detail for their needs. Several of the agent components verify the results rather than trusting them outright, fearful
provided simple status messages indicating simply “Okay” that a result may be coincidental or based on inappropriate
or “Not Okay.” Participants found this type of feedback information. These users identified explanations of system
frustrating; when the status was “Not Okay,” they wanted behavior, providing transparency into its reasoning and
additional feedback to explore details about the cause of the execution, as a key way of understanding answers and thus
problem, and possible solutions. Participants commented, establishing trust.
“[The component]2 would say ‘I’m confused’ and there was We note as well that transparency is particularly useful in
no other feedback,” and “I definitely wanted to know building trust in a system for which a baseline of trust does
WHY!” Several participants in particular mentioned that, not already exist. In systems that are either widely used by
when the status was “Not Okay,” the lack of detail others, or in systems that have already been used by the
prevented them from identifying whether they themselves user without incident, the user may already have a base
had caused the error through their actions, or whether there level of trust, regardless of the transparency revealed by the
was a problem with the system. Lacking more detailed system. In contrast, system transparency can provide a
feedback, they were unable to fix the problem, nor to avoid building block on which to establish trust in systems for
it in the future. which no other basis already exists, as is often the case with
Equally frustrating to many participants were other system new systems or inexperienced users, as in our study.
components that provided an overwhelming amount of Theme 6: Provenance. Access to knowledge provenance
feedback. The constant stream of status information from (sources used to provide information, as well as meta-
these components was so frequent and cumbersome that information about those sources) was also mentioned by
most users found them to be unhelpful even when there was many participants. Many users commented that knowing
a problem. One participant noted that, despite the large what resources were being used to provide answers,
number of status messages from these components, he still particularly when the system was learning new information
“wasn’t getting answers,” and another said that he wanted based on these sources, would aid them in trusting the
to ask the system to just “explain to me what you think the system. Several users reported that explanations of
current state of things are” in a simple and straightforward knowledge provenance would enable them to trust results
manner. without the need for extensive further verification. One
We expect that context modeling, to identify when user commented that, “in general, I wanted information
additional detail would be useful, will help with the about the source,” and another user said that “[the system]
problem of identifying the proper level of granularity to use needs a better way to have a meta-conversation.”
in different situations. We also expect that user modeling We also found, somewhat surprisingly, that providing
will help to adapt the granularity of feedback to the needs access to knowledge provenance would increase trust not
of different users. only in the answers provided by the system, but also in the
reasoning of the entire system itself. Most participants,
2
The CALO system consists of a number of loosely when presented by the system with a perceived incorrect
integrated assistant technologies. Some user comments answer or conclusion, assumed that the cause of the error
referred specifically to one of these components, rather than was flawed reasoning or logic deep in the system. Because
CALO as a whole. these participants had an underlying assumption that
6. “fixing” a reasoning problem would be difficult, their trust accepted in) non-adaptive systems, the participants would
in the system was greatly eroded with even just one get increasingly upset that the system was not quickly
incorrect answer. For instance, one user complained, “You getting better.
can’t talk to it! You can’t say ‘Why didn’t you learn
Other mismatches occurred when participants attempted to
something?’ It’s just a big black hole.”
try something new, and discovered that they did not
These users, on the other hand, tended not to blame understand enough about what the system was doing to be
incorrect answers on errors in the data, or even a lack of able to complete their task. One user, on discovering that
sufficient data, as was often the case with statistical completing their goal was more complicated than expected,
machine learning components in the system. These “data- commented, “I was paralyzed with fear about what it would
driven” errors, however, are often easy to fix, and when understand and what it would not.” Another simply
errors could be properly identified as being data-driven concluded, “I had a misunderstanding of its capabilities.”
rather than logic-driven, the users’ trust in the system as a
Theme 8: Autonomy and Verification. Though not often
whole was better maintained.
stated directly, most participants adopted a “trust but
Theme 7: Managing Expectations. The majority of the verify” approach to using the system. When asked how
participants had prior notions of what should be easy or often they felt that they trusted the system, most
hard for the system to do. When describing their participants responded that they trusted the system 25 to 60
interactions with the system that were confusing or percent of the time. When these responses were further
frustrating, or times when they considered abandoning the investigated, however, it became clear that almost all
system, almost every participant mentioned expectation participants actually meant that they would trust the system
mismatches of some kind. this often, but only if they were given mechanisms to verify
the responses and override erroneous behavior when
Participants indicated that these times of expectation
necessary. Typical participants said that they trusted the
mismatches often directly led to a decrease in trust,
system when it “wasn’t too autonomous,” when the system
particularly when something that they felt should have been
performed “with supervision,” and when they could “check
easy suddenly appeared to be hard. One user commented,
up on” the system.
“Normal interactions with [office tools] don’t leave you
with a lot of expectations, so I was always sort of Participants also were extremely reluctant to trust the
wondering why [the test system] was spending so much system to perform any task that changed the world (for
time and seemed to be spinning its wheels.” instance, making a purchase with a credit card, as opposed
to simply looking up or calculating an answer). One user
Discussing these moments with the participants, it became
noted, “I trust [the system’s] accuracy, but not its
apparent that often the system was trying to do something
judgment.”
complex, like adapt to a changing situation on the fly, or
integrate many new sensory inputs into a large dataset, In addition to the difficulty of verifying correct behavior for
which were happening mostly in the background and thus these world-changing tasks, many participants noted that
were not apparent to the user. Because the goals of the they would only trust the system to perform these tasks
system centered on its ability to use learning in a variety of after closely observing the system perform small parts of
situations to assist with tasks, the system often tried to the task on its own, in a mixed-initiative manner.
perform tasks in an intelligent, adaptive way; however, Participants noted that “trust is an earned property” that the
because similar tasks could often be accomplished in a system would only earn when its behavior has been
basic, non-adaptive way by a “dumb” system, the verified.
participants expected these tasks to be easy.
DISCUSSION AND RELATED WORK
While the participants expected “easy” tasks to be For simplicity of discussion, we list the eight identified
accomplished quickly even by a complex, constantly themes here:
adapting agent, their expectations were not because the
participants did not understand the nature of the adaptation. T1: High-Level Usability of Complex Prototypes
To the contrary, their sometimes limited knowledge of what T2: Being Ignored
the agent was capable of learning led to expectation
T3: Context-Sensitive Questions
mismatches in the other direction as well; many complained
that, once given the expectation that the agent would adapt T4: Granularity of Feedback
to their desires, they became frustrated that the system was T5: Transparency
not adapting quickly enough. One participant said, “You T6: Provenance
would think that you could infer that something would
T7: Managing Expectations
work, but then that was not the case.” When the system
would behave in a way typically associated with (and T8: Autonomy and Verification
7. We are interested in how explanation systems can address more intelligent and adaptive, they must increasingly
issues of user trust in complex adaptive agents. We observe support the ability to have a “dialogue” or “conversation”
that an explanation system that provides context-sensitive with users, to provide them with reassurances about the
explanations of adaptive agents (for instance, as in [17]) is system’s understanding of the user and the world. Several
capable of addressing the concerns of five of these eight theoretical frameworks for modeling these dialogues have
themes: been suggested; Walton [26] compares several of these
models and suggests one such model that is particularly
T3: by providing the user with the ability to ask context-
useful for modeling explanation dialogues of the type that
sensitive questions.
would address the themes we identified here.
T4: by intelligently modulating the granularity of feedback
Recommendations for addressing each of the themes are
based on context- and user-modeling.
summarized in Figure 2. In this figure we identified a
T5: by supplying the user with access to information about technology as addressing a theme only if the theme is a core
the internal workings of the system. capability of that technology (as opposed to a rarely-
addressed side issue). The intention is not to minimize the
T6: by providing the user with the information provenance
importance of Traditional Help Systems or UI Design —
for sources used by the system.
those technologies address many additional issues that are
T8: by enabling the user to verify the autonomous steps beyond the scope of this paper — but rather to demonstrate
taken by the system. how explanation is central to the themes identified by the
users in our study. We believe that a combination of all
In addition, we note that the information provided by three technologies is necessary to fully address trust issues
explanation systems can help to partially address the in complex agents.
concerns of two more of these themes:
In the HCI community, some previous work (for example,
T2: by providing justifications for the actions taken by the [14]) has taken a high-level view of what it would take to
system, particularly when they are contrary to the make an intelligent system usable. The guidelines that we
expectations of the user. present here build on the broad themes of transparency and
T7: by explaining to the user the capabilities and trust mentioned in [14] and provide more grounded,
limitations of the system. concrete guidance for designing interfaces for adaptive
agents.
The final theme, T1, can only be addressed by diligent
design and attention to user interaction principles We also note that trust can be built in multiple ways. Some
throughout the prototype development stage. systems that do not follow these guidelines do eventually
earn user trust, generally through reputation-based methods
Even without the use of an integrated explanation system, such as trusted recommendations from others, or through
these themes suggest guidelines for the developers of all (often forced) personal usage over long periods of time. In
complex, adaptive agents. Computer users are increasingly many cases, however, an existing user base in not available
interacting with systems that they do not fully understand. to provide “references” for new software, and users are
As these systems become increasingly complex, and users often reluctant to spend long periods of time using systems
are expected to trust them with a wider range of that they do not already trust. Thus, these themes can be
responsibilities, the developers of these systems need to thought of as “short-cuts” to building trust. For new
become aware of the trust requirements they are placing on systems, or for systems as complex as CALO, providing
users. these trust short-cuts can establish a base level of trust that
Our findings show that users have specific requirements in keeps users involved until longer, reputation-based trust can
terms of transparency and verification that they expect from be established, or when these alternative sources of trust are
such systems before they are willing to trust the outputs and not available. Our study was focused on identifying these
actions of the system. In addition, as these systems become methods for building trust in the absence of long-term
methods. This approach is consistent with previous work,
Traditional Help System Complex Explanation UI Design
T1 High-Level Usability X
T2 Being Ignored X
T3 Context-Sensitive Questions X
T4 Granularity of Feedback X
T5 Transparency X X X
T6 Provenance X
T7 Managing Expectations X X
Figure 2: Summary of themes and possible solutions. X
T8 Autonomy & Verification X
8. such as [27], on building initial trust in on-line e-commerce vulnerable: the truster is willing to be vulnerable to that
recommendation agents. Longitudinal studies that consider belief in a specific context where the information is used or
how user trust changes over time are needed to understand the actions are applied.” Their definition is consistent with
how reputation-based trust can also contribute to overall our user interviews, and provides us with a framework in
user trust. which to evaluate when user trust has been achieved.
Though there is increasing interest in building complex Several issues remain open for investigation. We plan to
adaptive systems, and much has been written about the implement the recommendations identified in this study by
algorithms and components that comprise these systems, expanding ICEE (Integrated Cognitive Explanation
little work has been done to evaluate their user acceptance. Environment) [18], our complex explanation framework
Cortellessa & Cesta [9] discuss this lack of research on consistent with the model suggested in [26].
what they call the “quality of interaction,” and provide
We also recognize the value in two different types of user
results of an initial study focused on user trust and the use
studies: those aimed at guiding design and identifying
of explanation in mixed-initiative planning systems. In this
design recommendations (like the one reported in this
particular domain, they found that the use of explanations
paper), and those that focus on evaluating an existing
was highly correlated with the number of failures
implementation. Thus, we plan a follow-on evaluative user
experienced by users. They additionally found that novice
study of a complex agent with explanation capabilities, both
users were more hesitant to trust the system, employing
to investigate the effectiveness of the explanations and to
more mixed-initiative strategies than expert users, who
verify the ability of the explanations to address the themes
trusted the system to perform more completely automated
identified in this paper. In this way, we hope to measure
tasks.
both user satisfaction and user effectiveness in systems with
Other studies of mixed-initiative systems, such as [4, 10, and without explanation capabilities. We also plan to study
13] have looked specifically at the use of mixed-initiative how explanations can be used to direct learning in complex
adaptation for customizing GUI components, reporting on agents.
how the adaptation influences the performance time of
various tasks and overall satisfaction with the interface. CONCLUSIONS
While our study is less precise in measurement, it differs in We have studied issues governing the trust and usability of
scope. It attempts to evaluate overall user experience with complex adaptive agents. Without trust in the actions and
a focus on trust in systems answers, and to identify high- results produced by these agents, they will not be used and
level design principles for agents using adaptation not just widely adopted as assistants and partners. By interviewing
in the user interface, but for the underlying processing of users of these agents, we have identified several themes that
the agent itself. Most relevant for our study, Bunt et al. [4] describe the willingness of users to adopt and trust these
provides for, but does not evaluate, a mechanism for simple agents, particularly as the agents employ increased
explanations aimed at maintaining transparency. Our study autonomy to perform tasks and make decisions on behalf of
extends that work to further understand how such an their users.
explanation mechanism can influence user trust in a broader
Our study’s primary contribution is the identification of
range of adaptive systems.
these themes, and the resulting guidelines for designers of
User studies focused solely on understanding machine adaptive agents. With these guidelines in mind, we show
learning [21, 25] have looked at how explanations can how the use of complex explanation systems can address
increase acceptance and usability of these learning the majority of the trust concerns mentioned by users, and
algorithms in isolation, by testing user understanding of a thus can help to move adaptive assistants one step closer to
variety of machine learning algorithms when explanations use and acceptance by end users. These recommendations
of various forms are available. In this community as well, lay the groundwork for future work on evaluating how
however, we are not aware of studies that have looked at users interact with adaptive agents.
these issues when the machine learning is integrated into
larger hybrid systems. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This material is based upon work supported by the Defense
Turning purely to issues of trust as one important aspect of Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) under
acceptance and usability, Huang and Fox [15] provide a contract #55-300000680 to-2 R2. Any opinions, findings
detailed definition and study of trust. They define the and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this
concept as “the psychological state comprising (1) material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily
expectancy: the truster expects a specific behavior of the reflect the views of the DARPA or the Department of
trustee such as providing valid information or effectively Interior – National Business Center (DOI-NBC). We thank
performing cooperative actions; (2) belief: the truster Karen Myers and the anonymous reviewers for their helpful
believes that expectancy is true, based on evidence of the comments and suggestions on earlier versions of this paper.
trustee’s competence and goodwill; (3) willingness to be
9. We additionally thank Elizabeth Furtado and Aaron 14.Höök, K. Steps To Take Before Intelligent User
Spaulding for helpful suggestions on our structured Interfaces Become Real. Interacting with Computers,
interview format. Finally, we thank our study participants 12(4), 2000.
for their time and input. 15.Huang, J. and Fox, M.S. “An ontology of trust: formal
semantics and transitivity,” in ICEC ’06: Proceedings of
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