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INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS

โ€ข
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PEC University Chandigarh
PEC University Chandigarh

The document discusses key performance parameters of engines including thermal efficiencies, power outputs, specific fuel consumption, air-fuel ratios, and volumetric efficiency. It defines indicated thermal efficiency as the ratio of indicated power to fuel energy, and brake thermal efficiency as the ratio of brake power to fuel energy. Mechanical efficiency is the ratio of brake power to indicated power. Volumetric efficiency is the ratio of actual to theoretical air intake. Mean effective pressures and specific power input are also discussed.

Engineering
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ENGINE PERFORMANCE PARAMETRS
Energy Flow in engine
IndicatedThermal Efficiency โ–  ฦž๐’Š๐’•๐’‰ = ๐‘ฐ๐’๐’…๐’Š๐’‚๐’„๐’•๐’†๐’… ๐‘ท๐’๐’˜๐’†๐’“ (๐‘ฒ๐‘พ) ๐‘ฌ๐’๐’†๐’“๐’ˆ๐’š ๐’๐’‡ ๐’‡๐’–๐’†๐’ ๐’‘๐’†๐’“ ๐’”๐’†๐’„๐’๐’๐’… โ–  Indicated Power (IP) โ€“ power produced in cylinder โ–  IP (KW) = ๐‘ท ๐’Š๐’Ž๐’†๐’‘ร—๐‘ณร—๐‘จร—๐’ร—๐’Œ ๐Ÿ”๐ŸŽร—๐Ÿ๐ŸŽ๐ŸŽ๐ŸŽ n = ๐‘ต ๐Ÿ k= no. of cylinders โ–  ๐‘ฌ๐’๐’†๐’“๐’ˆ๐’š ๐’๐’‡ ๐’‡๐’–๐’†๐’ ๐’‘๐’†๐’“ ๐’”๐’†๐’„๐’๐’๐’… = ๐’Ž ร— ๐‘ช๐’‚๐’๐’๐’“๐’Š๐’‡๐’Š๐’„ ๐’—๐’‚๐’๐’–๐’† ๐’๐’‡ ๐’‡๐’–๐’†๐’ ๐’Š๐’ ๐‘ฒ๐‘ฑ/๐‘ฒ๐’ˆ
BrakeThermal Efficiency โ–  ฦž๐‘–๐‘กโ„Ž = ๐‘ฉ๐’“๐’‚๐’Œ๐’† ๐‘ท๐’๐’˜๐’†๐’“ (๐‘ฒ๐‘พ) ๐‘ฌ๐’๐’†๐’“๐’ˆ๐’š ๐’๐’‡ ๐’‡๐’–๐’†๐’ ๐’‘๐’†๐’“ ๐’”๐’†๐’„๐’๐’๐’… โ–  Brake Power (BP) - power available at crankshaft โ–  IP (KW) = ๐‘ƒ ๐‘๐‘š๐‘’๐‘ร—๐ฟร—๐ดร—๐‘›ร—๐‘˜ 60ร—1000 n = ๐‘ 2 k= no. of cylinders โ–  BP (KW) = 2๐œ‹๐‘๐‘‡ 60ร—1000 โ–  ๐ธ๐‘›๐‘’๐‘Ÿ๐‘”๐‘ฆ ๐‘œ๐‘“ ๐‘“๐‘ข๐‘’๐‘™ ๐‘๐‘’๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ ๐‘’๐‘๐‘œ๐‘›๐‘‘ = ๐‘š ร— ๐ถ๐‘Ž๐‘™๐‘œ๐‘Ÿ๐‘–๐‘“๐‘–๐‘ ๐‘ฃ๐‘Ž๐‘™๐‘ข๐‘’ ๐‘œ๐‘“ ๐‘“๐‘ข๐‘’๐‘™ ๐‘–๐‘› ๐พ๐ฝ/๐พ๐‘”
Mechanical efficiency โ– ฦž ๐‘š๐‘’๐‘โ„Ž = ๐‘ฉ๐’“๐’‚๐’Œ๐’† ๐‘ท๐’๐’˜๐’†๐’“ (๐‘ฒ๐‘พ) ๐‘ฐ๐’๐’…๐’Š๐’„๐’‚๐’•๐’†๐’… ๐‘ท๐’๐’˜๐’†๐’“ (๐‘ฒ๐‘พ) = โ–  Friction Power (FP) = Indicated power โ€“ Brake power
Volumetric Efficiency โ–  ฦž ๐‘‰๐‘œ๐‘™๐‘ข๐‘š๐‘’๐‘ก๐‘Ÿ๐‘–๐‘ = ๐ด๐‘๐‘ก๐‘ข๐‘Ž๐‘™ ๐‘ฃ๐‘œ๐‘™๐‘ข๐‘š๐‘’ ๐‘“๐‘™๐‘œ๐‘ค ๐‘Ÿ๐‘Ž๐‘ก๐‘’ ๐‘œ๐‘“ ๐‘Ž๐‘–๐‘Ÿ ๐‘–๐‘›๐‘ก๐‘œ ๐‘–๐‘›๐‘ก๐‘Ž๐‘˜๐‘’ ๐‘ ๐‘ฆ๐‘ ๐‘ก๐‘’๐‘š ๐‘‰๐‘œ๐‘™๐‘ข๐‘š๐‘’ ๐‘‘๐‘–๐‘ ๐‘๐‘™๐‘Ž๐‘๐‘’๐‘‘ ร—( ๐‘ 2 ) โ–  ๐ด๐‘๐‘ก๐‘ข๐‘Ž๐‘™ ๐‘ฃ๐‘œ๐‘™๐‘ข๐‘š๐‘’ ๐‘“๐‘™๐‘œ๐‘ค ๐‘Ÿ๐‘Ž๐‘ก๐‘’ ๐‘œ๐‘“ ๐‘Ž๐‘–๐‘Ÿ ๐‘–๐‘›๐‘ก๐‘œ ๐‘–๐‘›๐‘ก๐‘Ž๐‘˜๐‘’ ๐‘ ๐‘ฆ๐‘ ๐‘ก๐‘’๐‘š = ๐‘š ฯ โ–  ๐‘š = mass flow rate in kg/sec โ–  ฯ = Density of air
Mean effective pressure โ–  Average pressure inside cylinder based on measured or calculated power output. โ–  Imep โ€“ indicated mean effective pressure โ–  Bmep โ€“ brake mean effective pressure โ–  Used for comparing different engines
Mean speed of piston โ–  ๐‘‰๐‘ = Piston Speed (m/sec) โ–  ๐‘‰๐‘ = 2ร— ๐ฟ ร— ๐‘ โ–  L= Length of stroke โ–  N= revolution per second โ–  8 to 15 m/sec
Specific power input โ–  SPI = ๐ต๐‘Ÿ๐‘Ž๐‘˜๐‘’ ๐‘ƒ๐‘œ๐‘ค๐‘’๐‘Ÿ ๐ด๐‘Ÿ๐‘’๐‘Ž ๐‘œ๐‘“ ๐‘ƒ๐ผ๐‘ ๐‘ก๐‘œ๐‘› โ–  SPI = constantร— ๐‘๐‘š๐‘’๐‘ ร— ๐‘‰๐‘ƒ โ–  Effect of bmep and piston speed
Specific fuel consumption โ–  Fuel characteristics of engine โ€“ KG/KWH โ–  Sfc = ๐‘ญ๐’–๐’†๐’ ๐’„๐’๐’๐’”๐’–๐’Ž๐’†๐’… ๐’‘๐’†๐’“ ๐’–๐’๐’Š๐’• ๐’•๐’Š๐’Ž๐’† ๐‘ท๐’๐’˜๐’†๐’“ = ๐’Œ๐’ˆ/๐’‰๐’“ ๐‘ฒ๐‘พ = ๐’Œ๐’ˆ ๐‘ฒ๐‘พ๐‘ฏ โ–  Depending upon power โ–  Bsfc โ€“ brake specific fuel consumption โ–  Isfc โ€“ Indicated specific fuel consumption โ–  It is inversely proportional to thermal efficiency
Air- fuel ratio โ–  Chemical correct or Stoichiometric air fuel ratio (15:1) โ–  Just enough air for complete combustion of fuel โ–  Equivalence ratio = ฯ† = ๐ด๐‘๐‘ก๐‘ข๐‘Ž๐‘™ ๐‘Ž๐‘–๐‘Ÿ ๐‘“๐‘ข๐‘’๐‘™ ๐‘Ÿ๐‘Ž๐‘ก๐‘–๐‘œ ๐‘†๐‘ก๐‘–๐‘œ๐‘โ„Ž๐‘–๐‘œ๐‘š๐‘’๐‘ก๐‘Ÿ๐‘–๐‘ ๐‘Ž๐‘–๐‘Ÿ ๐‘“๐‘ข๐‘’๐‘™ ๐‘Ÿ๐‘Ž๐‘ก๐‘–๐‘œ โ–  ฯ† < 1 --- Lean mixture โ–  ฯ† > 1 --- Rich mixture โ–  SI (Petrol) - 11:1 to 20:1 โ–  CI (Diesel) - 18:1 to 80:1
Calorific value โ–  Thermal energy released per unit quantity of fuel. โ–  HCV-Water vapors present are condensed โ–  LCV- Water vapors present are not condensed
Inlet value Mach index โ–  ๐‘ข๐‘– = ๐ด ๐‘ร—๐‘‰๐‘ ๐ถ ๐‘– ร—๐ด ๐‘– ๐‘ข ๐‘– ๐›ผ = Z = ๐ด ๐‘ร—๐‘‰๐‘ ๐ถ ๐‘– ร—๐ด ๐‘– ร— ๐›ผ โ–  ๐‘ข๐‘– = gas velocity at inlet value at smallest flow area โ–  ๐ด ๐‘ = Area of Piston โ–  ๐‘‰๐‘ =Velocity of piston โ–  ๐ถ๐‘– = Inlet value flow coefficient โ–  ๐ด๐‘– = Nominal intake value opening area โ–  ๐›ผ = sonic velocity โ–  Z = Mach number
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1 1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2 1.25 1.3 Volumetricefficiency InletValue Mach Number (Z)

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  • 2. Energy Flow in engine
  • 3. IndicatedThermal Efficiency โ–  ฦž๐’Š๐’•๐’‰ = ๐‘ฐ๐’๐’…๐’Š๐’‚๐’„๐’•๐’†๐’… ๐‘ท๐’๐’˜๐’†๐’“ (๐‘ฒ๐‘พ) ๐‘ฌ๐’๐’†๐’“๐’ˆ๐’š ๐’๐’‡ ๐’‡๐’–๐’†๐’ ๐’‘๐’†๐’“ ๐’”๐’†๐’„๐’๐’๐’… โ–  Indicated Power (IP) โ€“ power produced in cylinder โ–  IP (KW) = ๐‘ท ๐’Š๐’Ž๐’†๐’‘ร—๐‘ณร—๐‘จร—๐’ร—๐’Œ ๐Ÿ”๐ŸŽร—๐Ÿ๐ŸŽ๐ŸŽ๐ŸŽ n = ๐‘ต ๐Ÿ k= no. of cylinders โ–  ๐‘ฌ๐’๐’†๐’“๐’ˆ๐’š ๐’๐’‡ ๐’‡๐’–๐’†๐’ ๐’‘๐’†๐’“ ๐’”๐’†๐’„๐’๐’๐’… = ๐’Ž ร— ๐‘ช๐’‚๐’๐’๐’“๐’Š๐’‡๐’Š๐’„ ๐’—๐’‚๐’๐’–๐’† ๐’๐’‡ ๐’‡๐’–๐’†๐’ ๐’Š๐’ ๐‘ฒ๐‘ฑ/๐‘ฒ๐’ˆ
  • 4. BrakeThermal Efficiency โ–  ฦž๐‘–๐‘กโ„Ž = ๐‘ฉ๐’“๐’‚๐’Œ๐’† ๐‘ท๐’๐’˜๐’†๐’“ (๐‘ฒ๐‘พ) ๐‘ฌ๐’๐’†๐’“๐’ˆ๐’š ๐’๐’‡ ๐’‡๐’–๐’†๐’ ๐’‘๐’†๐’“ ๐’”๐’†๐’„๐’๐’๐’… โ–  Brake Power (BP) - power available at crankshaft โ–  IP (KW) = ๐‘ƒ ๐‘๐‘š๐‘’๐‘ร—๐ฟร—๐ดร—๐‘›ร—๐‘˜ 60ร—1000 n = ๐‘ 2 k= no. of cylinders โ–  BP (KW) = 2๐œ‹๐‘๐‘‡ 60ร—1000 โ–  ๐ธ๐‘›๐‘’๐‘Ÿ๐‘”๐‘ฆ ๐‘œ๐‘“ ๐‘“๐‘ข๐‘’๐‘™ ๐‘๐‘’๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ ๐‘’๐‘๐‘œ๐‘›๐‘‘ = ๐‘š ร— ๐ถ๐‘Ž๐‘™๐‘œ๐‘Ÿ๐‘–๐‘“๐‘–๐‘ ๐‘ฃ๐‘Ž๐‘™๐‘ข๐‘’ ๐‘œ๐‘“ ๐‘“๐‘ข๐‘’๐‘™ ๐‘–๐‘› ๐พ๐ฝ/๐พ๐‘”
  • 5. Mechanical efficiency โ– ฦž ๐‘š๐‘’๐‘โ„Ž = ๐‘ฉ๐’“๐’‚๐’Œ๐’† ๐‘ท๐’๐’˜๐’†๐’“ (๐‘ฒ๐‘พ) ๐‘ฐ๐’๐’…๐’Š๐’„๐’‚๐’•๐’†๐’… ๐‘ท๐’๐’˜๐’†๐’“ (๐‘ฒ๐‘พ) = โ–  Friction Power (FP) = Indicated power โ€“ Brake power
  • 6. Volumetric Efficiency โ–  ฦž ๐‘‰๐‘œ๐‘™๐‘ข๐‘š๐‘’๐‘ก๐‘Ÿ๐‘–๐‘ = ๐ด๐‘๐‘ก๐‘ข๐‘Ž๐‘™ ๐‘ฃ๐‘œ๐‘™๐‘ข๐‘š๐‘’ ๐‘“๐‘™๐‘œ๐‘ค ๐‘Ÿ๐‘Ž๐‘ก๐‘’ ๐‘œ๐‘“ ๐‘Ž๐‘–๐‘Ÿ ๐‘–๐‘›๐‘ก๐‘œ ๐‘–๐‘›๐‘ก๐‘Ž๐‘˜๐‘’ ๐‘ ๐‘ฆ๐‘ ๐‘ก๐‘’๐‘š ๐‘‰๐‘œ๐‘™๐‘ข๐‘š๐‘’ ๐‘‘๐‘–๐‘ ๐‘๐‘™๐‘Ž๐‘๐‘’๐‘‘ ร—( ๐‘ 2 ) โ–  ๐ด๐‘๐‘ก๐‘ข๐‘Ž๐‘™ ๐‘ฃ๐‘œ๐‘™๐‘ข๐‘š๐‘’ ๐‘“๐‘™๐‘œ๐‘ค ๐‘Ÿ๐‘Ž๐‘ก๐‘’ ๐‘œ๐‘“ ๐‘Ž๐‘–๐‘Ÿ ๐‘–๐‘›๐‘ก๐‘œ ๐‘–๐‘›๐‘ก๐‘Ž๐‘˜๐‘’ ๐‘ ๐‘ฆ๐‘ ๐‘ก๐‘’๐‘š = ๐‘š ฯ โ–  ๐‘š = mass flow rate in kg/sec โ–  ฯ = Density of air
  • 7. Mean effective pressure โ–  Average pressure inside cylinder based on measured or calculated power output. โ–  Imep โ€“ indicated mean effective pressure โ–  Bmep โ€“ brake mean effective pressure โ–  Used for comparing different engines
  • 8. Mean speed of piston โ–  ๐‘‰๐‘ = Piston Speed (m/sec) โ–  ๐‘‰๐‘ = 2ร— ๐ฟ ร— ๐‘ โ–  L= Length of stroke โ–  N= revolution per second โ–  8 to 15 m/sec
  • 9. Specific power input โ–  SPI = ๐ต๐‘Ÿ๐‘Ž๐‘˜๐‘’ ๐‘ƒ๐‘œ๐‘ค๐‘’๐‘Ÿ ๐ด๐‘Ÿ๐‘’๐‘Ž ๐‘œ๐‘“ ๐‘ƒ๐ผ๐‘ ๐‘ก๐‘œ๐‘› โ–  SPI = constantร— ๐‘๐‘š๐‘’๐‘ ร— ๐‘‰๐‘ƒ โ–  Effect of bmep and piston speed
  • 10. Specific fuel consumption โ–  Fuel characteristics of engine โ€“ KG/KWH โ–  Sfc = ๐‘ญ๐’–๐’†๐’ ๐’„๐’๐’๐’”๐’–๐’Ž๐’†๐’… ๐’‘๐’†๐’“ ๐’–๐’๐’Š๐’• ๐’•๐’Š๐’Ž๐’† ๐‘ท๐’๐’˜๐’†๐’“ = ๐’Œ๐’ˆ/๐’‰๐’“ ๐‘ฒ๐‘พ = ๐’Œ๐’ˆ ๐‘ฒ๐‘พ๐‘ฏ โ–  Depending upon power โ–  Bsfc โ€“ brake specific fuel consumption โ–  Isfc โ€“ Indicated specific fuel consumption โ–  It is inversely proportional to thermal efficiency
  • 11. Air- fuel ratio โ–  Chemical correct or Stoichiometric air fuel ratio (15:1) โ–  Just enough air for complete combustion of fuel โ–  Equivalence ratio = ฯ† = ๐ด๐‘๐‘ก๐‘ข๐‘Ž๐‘™ ๐‘Ž๐‘–๐‘Ÿ ๐‘“๐‘ข๐‘’๐‘™ ๐‘Ÿ๐‘Ž๐‘ก๐‘–๐‘œ ๐‘†๐‘ก๐‘–๐‘œ๐‘โ„Ž๐‘–๐‘œ๐‘š๐‘’๐‘ก๐‘Ÿ๐‘–๐‘ ๐‘Ž๐‘–๐‘Ÿ ๐‘“๐‘ข๐‘’๐‘™ ๐‘Ÿ๐‘Ž๐‘ก๐‘–๐‘œ โ–  ฯ† < 1 --- Lean mixture โ–  ฯ† > 1 --- Rich mixture โ–  SI (Petrol) - 11:1 to 20:1 โ–  CI (Diesel) - 18:1 to 80:1
  • 12. Calorific value โ–  Thermal energy released per unit quantity of fuel. โ–  HCV-Water vapors present are condensed โ–  LCV- Water vapors present are not condensed
  • 13. Inlet value Mach index โ–  ๐‘ข๐‘– = ๐ด ๐‘ร—๐‘‰๐‘ ๐ถ ๐‘– ร—๐ด ๐‘– ๐‘ข ๐‘– ๐›ผ = Z = ๐ด ๐‘ร—๐‘‰๐‘ ๐ถ ๐‘– ร—๐ด ๐‘– ร— ๐›ผ โ–  ๐‘ข๐‘– = gas velocity at inlet value at smallest flow area โ–  ๐ด ๐‘ = Area of Piston โ–  ๐‘‰๐‘ =Velocity of piston โ–  ๐ถ๐‘– = Inlet value flow coefficient โ–  ๐ด๐‘– = Nominal intake value opening area โ–  ๐›ผ = sonic velocity โ–  Z = Mach number
  • 14. 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1 1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2 1.25 1.3 Volumetricefficiency InletValue Mach Number (Z)
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