This document discusses integrated farming systems (IFS), which combine various agricultural enterprises like cropping, animal husbandry, fisheries, and forestry together. IFS aim to maximize production and income while efficiently utilizing resources through recycling waste from one component as inputs for others. Some benefits of IFS include increased profits and sustainability through waste recycling, stable income from multiple enterprises, and better utilization of labor and resources. Common IFS components include crop cultivation combined with livestock, poultry, aquaculture, horticulture, apiculture, or agroforestry systems.
This document provides an overview of a Master Seminar on Integrated Farming Systems presented by S. Sabarinathan. It discusses the current challenges facing agriculture like increasing population and food demand, soil degradation, and climate change. Integrated Farming Systems is presented as a solution to issues like declining agricultural growth and productivity. IFS aims to diversify production, increase income, improve nutrition, and conserve resources. The document outlines the components, objectives, and benefits of IFS, as well as factors that determine the appropriate systems. It provides examples of IFS models and concludes by emphasizing the role IFS can play in sustainable development.
This document discusses integrated farming systems (IFS), which aim to deliver more sustainable agriculture through a whole farm management approach. IFS combine different agricultural activities like crops, livestock, fisheries, apiculture etc in a synergistic way. The key principles are utilizing synergies between activities, considering no waste as misplaced resources, and achieving ecological sustainability and economic viability. Some examples discussed are integrated fish-livestock, crop-livestock, duck-fish, layer chicken-fish, broiler-fish, goat-fish, rice-fish, horticulture-fish, and pig-duck-fish-vegetable systems. IFS provide benefits like increased and stable incomes, maintaining productivity and reducing environmental impacts. Ch
This document provides an overview of integrated farming systems. It discusses that integrated farming systems aim to sustainably produce high quality food, feed, fiber and renewable energy using soil, water, air and natural resources with minimal pollution. It notes that integrating crops, animal husbandry, fisheries, forestry and other enterprises can supplement farmer income and employment while better recycling farm wastes. The document outlines objectives and advantages of integrated farming systems, including improved land productivity and income stability. It also lists potential system components and provides details on dairy farming and common cattle breeds in India.
This document provides information on protected cultivation using greenhouses. It discusses the benefits of protected cultivation including higher yields, year-round production, better quality, and protection from weather. Greenhouses allow full or partial control of the microclimate around plants. Vegetables and flowers are well-suited for greenhouses. The types of greenhouses described are attached (lean-to, even-span, window-mounted) and freestanding structures. Requirements for greenhouse covering materials and fertigation systems are also outlined. India has an area of 25,000 hectares under protected cultivation currently, compared to other leading countries. The costs for establishing one acre of greenhouse with irrigation and climate control systems to grow cucumbers are
Natural farming is a sustainable farming method that uses only natural inputs and respects the rights of crops and livestock. It heals soil degraded by chemicals while improving soil and water quality. Natural farming products are very healthy with high nutritional content and quality yields. The methods include using weeds for mulch rather than herbicides, earthworms for tilling rather than machines, and natural fertilizers like fish amino acid and eggshell calcium instead of chemical fertilizers. Farmers produce their own inputs from natural materials like indigenous microorganisms, fermented plant juice, and oriental herbs. Livestock are fed natural foods and their housing avoids pollution through decomposition by microorganisms.
This document discusses integrated farming systems (IFS), which combine various agricultural enterprises like cropping, animal husbandry, fisheries, and forestry together. IFS aim to maximize production and income while efficiently utilizing resources through recycling waste from one component as inputs for others. Some benefits of IFS include increased profits and sustainability through waste recycling, stable income from multiple enterprises, and better utilization of labor and resources. Common IFS components include crop cultivation combined with livestock, poultry, aquaculture, horticulture, apiculture, or agroforestry systems.
This document provides an overview of a Master Seminar on Integrated Farming Systems presented by S. Sabarinathan. It discusses the current challenges facing agriculture like increasing population and food demand, soil degradation, and climate change. Integrated Farming Systems is presented as a solution to issues like declining agricultural growth and productivity. IFS aims to diversify production, increase income, improve nutrition, and conserve resources. The document outlines the components, objectives, and benefits of IFS, as well as factors that determine the appropriate systems. It provides examples of IFS models and concludes by emphasizing the role IFS can play in sustainable development.
This document discusses integrated farming systems (IFS), which aim to deliver more sustainable agriculture through a whole farm management approach. IFS combine different agricultural activities like crops, livestock, fisheries, apiculture etc in a synergistic way. The key principles are utilizing synergies between activities, considering no waste as misplaced resources, and achieving ecological sustainability and economic viability. Some examples discussed are integrated fish-livestock, crop-livestock, duck-fish, layer chicken-fish, broiler-fish, goat-fish, rice-fish, horticulture-fish, and pig-duck-fish-vegetable systems. IFS provide benefits like increased and stable incomes, maintaining productivity and reducing environmental impacts. Ch
This document provides an overview of integrated farming systems. It discusses that integrated farming systems aim to sustainably produce high quality food, feed, fiber and renewable energy using soil, water, air and natural resources with minimal pollution. It notes that integrating crops, animal husbandry, fisheries, forestry and other enterprises can supplement farmer income and employment while better recycling farm wastes. The document outlines objectives and advantages of integrated farming systems, including improved land productivity and income stability. It also lists potential system components and provides details on dairy farming and common cattle breeds in India.
This document provides information on protected cultivation using greenhouses. It discusses the benefits of protected cultivation including higher yields, year-round production, better quality, and protection from weather. Greenhouses allow full or partial control of the microclimate around plants. Vegetables and flowers are well-suited for greenhouses. The types of greenhouses described are attached (lean-to, even-span, window-mounted) and freestanding structures. Requirements for greenhouse covering materials and fertigation systems are also outlined. India has an area of 25,000 hectares under protected cultivation currently, compared to other leading countries. The costs for establishing one acre of greenhouse with irrigation and climate control systems to grow cucumbers are
Natural farming is a sustainable farming method that uses only natural inputs and respects the rights of crops and livestock. It heals soil degraded by chemicals while improving soil and water quality. Natural farming products are very healthy with high nutritional content and quality yields. The methods include using weeds for mulch rather than herbicides, earthworms for tilling rather than machines, and natural fertilizers like fish amino acid and eggshell calcium instead of chemical fertilizers. Farmers produce their own inputs from natural materials like indigenous microorganisms, fermented plant juice, and oriental herbs. Livestock are fed natural foods and their housing avoids pollution through decomposition by microorganisms.
interaction of different IFS components on farm profitability,soil productivi...HARISH J
This document provides information on integrated farming systems (IFS) and municipal solid waste management in India. It defines IFS as a resource management strategy that integrates various agricultural components like crops, livestock, fisheries, etc. to improve economic and environmental sustainability. It discusses the goals and elements of IFS, as well as examples of IFS models for different agro-climatic zones. The document also defines municipal solid waste and its composition in Indian cities. It then discusses methods of recycling organic municipal waste through composting and waste-to-energy technologies.
Integrated farming system and sustainable agricultureShaheenPraveen1
Integrated Farming System (IFS) is a sustainable agricultural approach that improves productivity and reduces costs through effective recycling and reuse of resources. In IFS, different farm enterprises like crops, livestock, and fisheries interact synergistically by using the waste of one component as input for another. This reduces costs and improves production and income while maintaining ecological sustainability. The objectives of IFS include improving farmer livelihoods, reducing external inputs, providing year-round employment and income, enhancing biodiversity, and sustaining soil health and productivity through efficient recycling of farm waste and minimizing nutrient losses. IFS presents an alternative to conventional farming that is better for both the environment and long-term economic viability of small-scale farmers.
Report on RAWE and Agro-industrial attachment 2022Deependra Gupta
The document discusses Deependra Gupta's progressive report on the Rural Agricultural Work Experience (RAWE) and Agro-Industrial Attachment (AIA) program, which provides students hands-on experience in rural villages and agriculture industries. The report details the various activities Gupta participated in at KVK-II Katiya, including growing crops, celebrating soil day, vermicomposting, and interacting with farmers. The village attachment portion of the RAWE program exposed Gupta to the socioeconomic conditions and land use of Katiya village with 584 families and a population of 1260.
This document summarizes part III of a webinar series on pasture management for small ruminant producers. It discusses pasture and grazing management, including taking inventory of farm resources, using different fencing and grazing systems like rotational and mob grazing, and managing grazing year-round. Tips are provided on infrastructure like fences, water sources, and different options for extending the grazing season.
1. The document discusses different types of farming systems including specialized farming, diversified farming, mixed farming, dry farming, irrigated farming, extensive farming, intensive farming, and organic farming.
2. It also describes some indigenous Indian farming systems such as shifting cultivation, taungya cultivation, and zabo cultivation. Shifting cultivation involves clearing forests for crops and then leaving the land fallow.
3. The principles of farming systems discussed are risk minimization, recycling of wastes, integration of enterprises, optimal resource use, and ecological balance.
This document discusses sustainable agriculture, defining it as a farming system that can maintain productivity and usefulness to society indefinitely while preserving the environment and natural resources. The key principles of sustainable agriculture are enhancing long-term farm productivity, minimizing impacts on natural resources and ecosystems, reducing chemical residues, maximizing social benefits, and managing climate and market risks. Techniques to achieve sustainability include integrated pest management, crop rotation, organic fertilizers, conservation tillage, and indicators to measure sustainability. The challenges to sustainable agriculture are the need to increase food production while land availability decreases.
What is Rouging?
Rouging for quality seed production,
A major source of off-type plant,
Rouging in Certified Seed Production,
Rouging During rice seed production.
Fodder crops are crops that are primarily cultivated for animal feed. They include both temporary and permanent crops. Temporary crops include grasses, legumes, and root crops that are harvested green and can have multiple cuttings per year. Permanent crops relate to land used for at least five years for herbaceous forage crops and may include grazing land and parts of forest land. Examples of temporary fodder crops discussed are cowpea, desmanthus, fodder maize, and fodder sorghum. Permanent grass fodder crops mentioned are hybrid napier, guinea grass. Tree fodder includes subabul and glyricidia.
INITIATIVES TAKEN BY GOVERNMENT FOR PROMOTING ORGANIC FARMINGSmarak Das
The document outlines various initiatives taken by the Indian government to promote organic farming. It discusses schemes run by different government organizations that provide financial assistance for organic production units, certification, and adoption of organic practices. These include the National Horticulture Mission, Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana, and National Project on Organic Farming. The government also promotes the use of biofertilizers through various programs. NGOs have also supported organic farming in India through conferences, recommendations to policymakers, and promoting traditional knowledge.
This document discusses farm planning and budgeting. It provides information on:
- What a farm plan is and its objectives to maximize profits through efficient resource use.
- The process of farm planning which involves allocating resources, choosing crop combinations, and making adjustments.
- Components and steps of farm planning like preparing maps, recording farm history, and planning labor needs.
- Types of budgets including partial, enterprise, cash flow, and complete budgets. Budgets estimate costs, returns, and profits to evaluate plans and guide resource use.
This document discusses various aspects of indigenous technical knowledge (ITK) used in organic farming in India. It explains that ITK is traditional knowledge that has been passed down over generations and varies between communities. ITK practices can help organic farming by avoiding synthetic chemicals and maintaining soil health in a sustainable manner. Some specific ITK practices discussed include using fermented coconut milk or mixtures containing goat products as crop growth promoters, using mulches like tree leaves to conserve soil moisture, and using plants like tulsi or neem for pest and disease management. The document provides many examples of traditional practices for different stages of farming from pre-sowing to post-harvest management.
Integrated crop livestock system for sustainable crop productionShantu Duttarganvi
The document discusses various components of integrated crop-livestock farming systems. It describes the key benefits as maintaining sustainable production without damaging resources, providing full family employment, and improving standards of living. It outlines different livestock that can be integrated like dairy, poultry, sheep, and goats. The summary discusses how integrating crops, fish, and poultry can yield higher returns than crops alone. Integrated farming systems have been shown to improve productivity, incomes, and employment compared to traditional single crop systems.
1) Integration of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) into different cropping systems can help address issues of limited land availability for MAP cultivation and ensure optimal resource utilization. MAPs can be grown as intercrops or in multistorey, agroforestry, and crop rotation systems.
2) Intercropping MAPs provides benefits like increased total productivity, insurance against crop failure, and better use of resources. Examples of successful MAP intercropping include senna with chickpea, and various aromatic plants grown with coconut or oil palm.
3) MAPs are also suited to agroforestry systems, where they can be grown among timber trees or as components of multistore
The document provides information about the College of Agriculture in Bhawanipatna, Odisha. It details the establishment of the college in 2009 under Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology. It provides statistics about current student enrollment, staffing levels, and facilities available at the college including the library, nursery, and student plot. It also outlines some of the extension activities conducted by faculty members and achievements of the college and its students over the past year.
- Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) is a district level farm science centre that helps transfer technology from research institutes to farmers' fields. The first KVK was established in 1974 in Puducherry. There are currently 634 KVKs across India managed by ICAR.
- KVKs aim to empower farmers through learning, applying technologies, and improving livelihoods. Their mandates include on-farm testing, demonstrations, training programs, and vocational training.
- This specific KVK document outlines strategies adopted for sustainable agriculture development in Jharkhand, including remunerative, climate-smart, and diversified agricultural practices. It also provides a SWOT analysis of the Ramak
Off-season vegetable production involves growing vegetables outside of their normal season to supply the market during periods of low availability. This is done by adjusting planting times, selecting improved varieties suited to different conditions, and creating controlled environments using structures like plastic tunnels and greenhouses. Off-season production benefits farmers through better land use, higher profits from higher prices during lean seasons, and year-round employment and income. It also ensures consumers have access to fresh vegetables year-round and increases overall vegetable production and supply.
KVK (Krishi Vigyan Kendra ) :- Introducation of kvk ,
objectives of kvk ,
mandate and activities of kvk ,
organizational structure of kvk ,
Role and responsibility of the kvk ,
strategies for working in kvk
RAWE (Rural Agricultural Work Experience) is a program for imparting quality, practical & production oriented for Agriculture Graduates .
RAWE is an important tool in ensuring increased agricultural productivity, sustainability and environmental and ecological security, profitability, job security and equity. In India RANDHWA Committee (1992) recommended the rural agricultural work experience (RAWE) program for imparting quality, practical
and production oriented education for agriculture degree program.
The document discusses strategies for enhancing fodder productivity in India year-round. It notes that India faces significant deficits in green fodder, dry crop residues, and concentrate feeds. To meet growing demand, fodder production and productivity must increase through adopting high-yielding varieties, intensive cropping systems, optimal nutrient, weed, and pest management, and fodder preservation methods like silage and hay. Proper harvesting, residue utilization, and water and seed management are also important to enhance fodder availability throughout the year.
Rice is one of the most important crop in the world.
The main production countries are China, India, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Viet Nam. Becides the Asian countries, rice is also welcomed as staple food in South America and Africa countries.
Weed control is important in rice cultivation. Main weeds are grassy weed, broadleaf weed and sedges.
Usually, the emergence of grassy weed is ealier than other types of weeds and the damage is heavier. Echinochloa spp is a big problem as main grassy weed in rice field.
Here are some several herbicides suggested for weed control in rice field.
Control of grassy weeds: Oxaziclomefone, Bispyribac-sodium, Cyhalofop-butyl.
Control of broadleaf weed and sedges: Bentazon, Bentazon + MCPA.
Pre-emergence is a cost-effective way, here are several combinations: Bensulfuron-methyl + Metolachlor, Bensulfuron-methyl + Pretilachlor, Bensulfuron-methyl + Mefenacet.
If you are interested in any of these products or have some othe ideas about weed control in rice field, feel free to contact us.
Contact: Susan
E-mail: susan@profirst.biz ; agsale@profirst.biz
Website: www.profirst.cn
Skype: susan_hujiali@hotmail.com
This document provides an overview of precision farming and its key components. It explains that precision farming utilizes technologies like GPS, GIS, yield monitors, and variable rate equipment to more precisely manage farms. This allows farmers to customize their activities based on detailed data collection and analysis of field characteristics. The benefits of precision farming include more accurate production management, analysis of varietal performance in different areas, and evaluation of strategies over multiple years.
interaction of different IFS components on farm profitability,soil productivi...HARISH J
This document provides information on integrated farming systems (IFS) and municipal solid waste management in India. It defines IFS as a resource management strategy that integrates various agricultural components like crops, livestock, fisheries, etc. to improve economic and environmental sustainability. It discusses the goals and elements of IFS, as well as examples of IFS models for different agro-climatic zones. The document also defines municipal solid waste and its composition in Indian cities. It then discusses methods of recycling organic municipal waste through composting and waste-to-energy technologies.
Integrated farming system and sustainable agricultureShaheenPraveen1
Integrated Farming System (IFS) is a sustainable agricultural approach that improves productivity and reduces costs through effective recycling and reuse of resources. In IFS, different farm enterprises like crops, livestock, and fisheries interact synergistically by using the waste of one component as input for another. This reduces costs and improves production and income while maintaining ecological sustainability. The objectives of IFS include improving farmer livelihoods, reducing external inputs, providing year-round employment and income, enhancing biodiversity, and sustaining soil health and productivity through efficient recycling of farm waste and minimizing nutrient losses. IFS presents an alternative to conventional farming that is better for both the environment and long-term economic viability of small-scale farmers.
Report on RAWE and Agro-industrial attachment 2022Deependra Gupta
The document discusses Deependra Gupta's progressive report on the Rural Agricultural Work Experience (RAWE) and Agro-Industrial Attachment (AIA) program, which provides students hands-on experience in rural villages and agriculture industries. The report details the various activities Gupta participated in at KVK-II Katiya, including growing crops, celebrating soil day, vermicomposting, and interacting with farmers. The village attachment portion of the RAWE program exposed Gupta to the socioeconomic conditions and land use of Katiya village with 584 families and a population of 1260.
This document summarizes part III of a webinar series on pasture management for small ruminant producers. It discusses pasture and grazing management, including taking inventory of farm resources, using different fencing and grazing systems like rotational and mob grazing, and managing grazing year-round. Tips are provided on infrastructure like fences, water sources, and different options for extending the grazing season.
1. The document discusses different types of farming systems including specialized farming, diversified farming, mixed farming, dry farming, irrigated farming, extensive farming, intensive farming, and organic farming.
2. It also describes some indigenous Indian farming systems such as shifting cultivation, taungya cultivation, and zabo cultivation. Shifting cultivation involves clearing forests for crops and then leaving the land fallow.
3. The principles of farming systems discussed are risk minimization, recycling of wastes, integration of enterprises, optimal resource use, and ecological balance.
This document discusses sustainable agriculture, defining it as a farming system that can maintain productivity and usefulness to society indefinitely while preserving the environment and natural resources. The key principles of sustainable agriculture are enhancing long-term farm productivity, minimizing impacts on natural resources and ecosystems, reducing chemical residues, maximizing social benefits, and managing climate and market risks. Techniques to achieve sustainability include integrated pest management, crop rotation, organic fertilizers, conservation tillage, and indicators to measure sustainability. The challenges to sustainable agriculture are the need to increase food production while land availability decreases.
What is Rouging?
Rouging for quality seed production,
A major source of off-type plant,
Rouging in Certified Seed Production,
Rouging During rice seed production.
Fodder crops are crops that are primarily cultivated for animal feed. They include both temporary and permanent crops. Temporary crops include grasses, legumes, and root crops that are harvested green and can have multiple cuttings per year. Permanent crops relate to land used for at least five years for herbaceous forage crops and may include grazing land and parts of forest land. Examples of temporary fodder crops discussed are cowpea, desmanthus, fodder maize, and fodder sorghum. Permanent grass fodder crops mentioned are hybrid napier, guinea grass. Tree fodder includes subabul and glyricidia.
INITIATIVES TAKEN BY GOVERNMENT FOR PROMOTING ORGANIC FARMINGSmarak Das
The document outlines various initiatives taken by the Indian government to promote organic farming. It discusses schemes run by different government organizations that provide financial assistance for organic production units, certification, and adoption of organic practices. These include the National Horticulture Mission, Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana, and National Project on Organic Farming. The government also promotes the use of biofertilizers through various programs. NGOs have also supported organic farming in India through conferences, recommendations to policymakers, and promoting traditional knowledge.
This document discusses farm planning and budgeting. It provides information on:
- What a farm plan is and its objectives to maximize profits through efficient resource use.
- The process of farm planning which involves allocating resources, choosing crop combinations, and making adjustments.
- Components and steps of farm planning like preparing maps, recording farm history, and planning labor needs.
- Types of budgets including partial, enterprise, cash flow, and complete budgets. Budgets estimate costs, returns, and profits to evaluate plans and guide resource use.
This document discusses various aspects of indigenous technical knowledge (ITK) used in organic farming in India. It explains that ITK is traditional knowledge that has been passed down over generations and varies between communities. ITK practices can help organic farming by avoiding synthetic chemicals and maintaining soil health in a sustainable manner. Some specific ITK practices discussed include using fermented coconut milk or mixtures containing goat products as crop growth promoters, using mulches like tree leaves to conserve soil moisture, and using plants like tulsi or neem for pest and disease management. The document provides many examples of traditional practices for different stages of farming from pre-sowing to post-harvest management.
Integrated crop livestock system for sustainable crop productionShantu Duttarganvi
The document discusses various components of integrated crop-livestock farming systems. It describes the key benefits as maintaining sustainable production without damaging resources, providing full family employment, and improving standards of living. It outlines different livestock that can be integrated like dairy, poultry, sheep, and goats. The summary discusses how integrating crops, fish, and poultry can yield higher returns than crops alone. Integrated farming systems have been shown to improve productivity, incomes, and employment compared to traditional single crop systems.
1) Integration of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) into different cropping systems can help address issues of limited land availability for MAP cultivation and ensure optimal resource utilization. MAPs can be grown as intercrops or in multistorey, agroforestry, and crop rotation systems.
2) Intercropping MAPs provides benefits like increased total productivity, insurance against crop failure, and better use of resources. Examples of successful MAP intercropping include senna with chickpea, and various aromatic plants grown with coconut or oil palm.
3) MAPs are also suited to agroforestry systems, where they can be grown among timber trees or as components of multistore
The document provides information about the College of Agriculture in Bhawanipatna, Odisha. It details the establishment of the college in 2009 under Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology. It provides statistics about current student enrollment, staffing levels, and facilities available at the college including the library, nursery, and student plot. It also outlines some of the extension activities conducted by faculty members and achievements of the college and its students over the past year.
- Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) is a district level farm science centre that helps transfer technology from research institutes to farmers' fields. The first KVK was established in 1974 in Puducherry. There are currently 634 KVKs across India managed by ICAR.
- KVKs aim to empower farmers through learning, applying technologies, and improving livelihoods. Their mandates include on-farm testing, demonstrations, training programs, and vocational training.
- This specific KVK document outlines strategies adopted for sustainable agriculture development in Jharkhand, including remunerative, climate-smart, and diversified agricultural practices. It also provides a SWOT analysis of the Ramak
Off-season vegetable production involves growing vegetables outside of their normal season to supply the market during periods of low availability. This is done by adjusting planting times, selecting improved varieties suited to different conditions, and creating controlled environments using structures like plastic tunnels and greenhouses. Off-season production benefits farmers through better land use, higher profits from higher prices during lean seasons, and year-round employment and income. It also ensures consumers have access to fresh vegetables year-round and increases overall vegetable production and supply.
KVK (Krishi Vigyan Kendra ) :- Introducation of kvk ,
objectives of kvk ,
mandate and activities of kvk ,
organizational structure of kvk ,
Role and responsibility of the kvk ,
strategies for working in kvk
RAWE (Rural Agricultural Work Experience) is a program for imparting quality, practical & production oriented for Agriculture Graduates .
RAWE is an important tool in ensuring increased agricultural productivity, sustainability and environmental and ecological security, profitability, job security and equity. In India RANDHWA Committee (1992) recommended the rural agricultural work experience (RAWE) program for imparting quality, practical
and production oriented education for agriculture degree program.
The document discusses strategies for enhancing fodder productivity in India year-round. It notes that India faces significant deficits in green fodder, dry crop residues, and concentrate feeds. To meet growing demand, fodder production and productivity must increase through adopting high-yielding varieties, intensive cropping systems, optimal nutrient, weed, and pest management, and fodder preservation methods like silage and hay. Proper harvesting, residue utilization, and water and seed management are also important to enhance fodder availability throughout the year.
Rice is one of the most important crop in the world.
The main production countries are China, India, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Viet Nam. Becides the Asian countries, rice is also welcomed as staple food in South America and Africa countries.
Weed control is important in rice cultivation. Main weeds are grassy weed, broadleaf weed and sedges.
Usually, the emergence of grassy weed is ealier than other types of weeds and the damage is heavier. Echinochloa spp is a big problem as main grassy weed in rice field.
Here are some several herbicides suggested for weed control in rice field.
Control of grassy weeds: Oxaziclomefone, Bispyribac-sodium, Cyhalofop-butyl.
Control of broadleaf weed and sedges: Bentazon, Bentazon + MCPA.
Pre-emergence is a cost-effective way, here are several combinations: Bensulfuron-methyl + Metolachlor, Bensulfuron-methyl + Pretilachlor, Bensulfuron-methyl + Mefenacet.
If you are interested in any of these products or have some othe ideas about weed control in rice field, feel free to contact us.
Contact: Susan
E-mail: susan@profirst.biz ; agsale@profirst.biz
Website: www.profirst.cn
Skype: susan_hujiali@hotmail.com
This document provides an overview of precision farming and its key components. It explains that precision farming utilizes technologies like GPS, GIS, yield monitors, and variable rate equipment to more precisely manage farms. This allows farmers to customize their activities based on detailed data collection and analysis of field characteristics. The benefits of precision farming include more accurate production management, analysis of varietal performance in different areas, and evaluation of strategies over multiple years.
Precision farming involves managing spatial and temporal variability across all aspects of agricultural production using technologies and principles. It distinguishes from traditional farming by customizing management for small field areas rather than treating the whole field uniformly. The key aspects are taking care of each plant throughout the crop cycle using information-based and technology-enabled decision making. Precision farming can increase profits and sustainability while improving product quality and conserving natural resources like water, soil and energy. It includes components like micro irrigation, fertigation, plastic mulching, integrated pest management and protected cultivation.
Precision Agriculture; Past, present and futureNetNexusBrasil
This document provides an overview of the history and future of precision agriculture. It discusses early efforts using soil testing and yield monitors in the 1990s. Current technologies like crop canopy sensors that measure biomass and chlorophyll are highlighted. The document also reviews ongoing work optimizing in-season nitrogen management. International collaboration between USDA-ARS and Embrapa Brazil on precision agriculture research is summarized.
The document outlines the objectives of integrated farming systems as identifying existing systems and formulating models that optimize resource use, recycle farm residues, and improve overall farm profitability. It discusses factors that affect integrated farming systems like soil, climate, resources, and managerial skills. The document also covers the components of integrated farming systems, how enterprises can be integrated, and models of integrated farming. It concludes that integrated farming systems can increase food production, income, and farmer nutrition without harming the environment.
This document discusses integrated farming systems. It defines an integrated farming system as a set of agricultural activities that preserves land productivity, environmental quality, and biological diversity while maintaining ecological stability. An integrated farming system combines various enterprises like cropping, dairy, poultry, fishery, and beekeeping so their products and wastes are used as inputs for other enterprises. The objectives are to identify existing farming systems, formulate models for different situations, optimize resource use through recycling, maintain sustainable production without harming resources, and increase overall farm profitability. Factors that affect integrated farming systems include soil/climate, available resources, current resource use, economics, and managerial skills.
This document discusses precision agriculture and provides an overview of key concepts:
1. Precision agriculture aims to optimize field management to match crop needs, protect the environment, and boost farm economics through efficient practices.
2. It involves characterizing field variability, making decisions based on soil maps and sensor data, and implementing variable-rate technology.
3. Current trends include high-accuracy GPS, input management like variable-rate fertilizer application, and information management tools to aid decision-making.
4. The document describes technologies like guidance systems, drones, wireless sensors, and yield mapping that are part of precision agriculture approaches.
This document discusses weed management systems for field crops. It outlines different weed management systems including those for small grain crops and row crops. The key components of a weed management system are prevention, mechanical control, cultural control, biological control and chemical control. Prevention involves using weed-free seeds and equipment. Mechanical control involves tillage. Cultural control involves practices like crop rotation. Biological control uses organisms to control weeds. Chemical control can use herbicides that are broad spectrum, selective, contact or systemic. An integrated weed control system combines these different approaches.
Precision Farming helps findout nutrient and micro nutrient deficiency in minute areas of soils and enables application of nutrients/micro nutrients in the soil where deficiency exists. This saves money and helps soil improvement.
Precision agriculture is a farming system that uses information technology like GPS and GIS to increase farm production efficiency and profitability while minimizing environmental impacts. It involves tools like yield monitors, GPS, GIS software, and variable rate technology to collect and analyze field data to precisely vary inputs based on site-specific needs. Implementing precision agriculture can optimize production efficiency, quality, minimize risks and environmental impacts, and provide farmers with information to improve decision making.
Integrated farming system aims to deliver more sustainable agriculture through a whole farm management approach. It is based on the concept that "waste is only a misplaced resource" and integrates different farming components like crops, livestock, fisheries to maximize resource use efficiency. Some key problems with present agriculture include declining yields and incomes. Integrated farming system models combine different enterprises like agriculture with livestock, poultry, fisheries or horticulture to improve productivity, profitability and sustainability while addressing food and nutritional security of small farmers. Elements include watershed management, biogas, composting, and integrating crops with fish, ducks, pigs, goats or horticulture.
integrated farming system and its importnce.pptshivalika6
Recycling and utilization of other available resources in the farm
Maximum possible return and Profitability
Create adequate employment opportunities
Increased productivity
Potentiality or Sustainability
Balanced Food
Environmental Safety
Adoption of New Technology
Saving Energy
Meeting Fodder crisis
Solving Fuel and Timber Crisis
Agro – industries
Increasing Input Efficiency
1) The document discusses integrated farming systems and their importance for food security, sustained rural economies, and environmental protection. Integrated farming systems incorporate different agricultural activities like cropping, dairy, poultry, fisheries in an interconnected way.
2) Integrated farming systems increase productivity and income through efficient resource recycling and utilization of byproducts. They also generate more employment and minimize environmental pollution compared to traditional monoculture farming.
3) The document provides examples of integrated farming systems suitable for different agro-climatic zones in India and discusses their advantages in achieving policy goals like balanced nutrition, resource conservation, and rural livelihoods.
1. The document discusses farming systems and sustainable agriculture. It defines farming systems and lists their advantages.
2. Key components of sustainable agriculture are discussed, including soil conservation, crop diversity, nutrient management, and integrated pest management.
3. The three pillars of sustainability - economic, environmental, and social - are outlined. Benefits and disadvantages of sustainable agriculture are also provided.
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8+8+8 Rule Of Time Management For Better Productivity
Integrated farming
1. Integrated farming
Vishnu Vardhan Reddy.P
TVM/2015-029
Department of Animal nutrition
College of Veterinary Science, Tirupati
Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University
2. Concept of forming
• Farming system is an integrated set of activities that farmers perform in
their farms under their resources and circumstances to maximize the
productivity and net farm income on a sustainable basis.
• “ Farming System is defined as a complex inter related matrix of soil, plants,
animals, implements, power, labour capital and other inputs controlled in
part by farming families and influenced to varying degrees by political,
economic, institutional and social forces that operate at many levels. The
farming system therefore, refers to the farm as an entity of inter dependent
farming enterprises carried out on the farm”
3. Integrated Farming System
• Integrated farming system is a resource management strategy to achieve
economic and sustained agricultural production to meet diverse requirement
of the farm household while preserving the resource base and maintaining
high environmental quality (Itnal et al 1999)
4. Aims of Integrated forming system
• Integrated farming system aims at increased productivity, profitability,
sustainability, balanced food, clean environment, recycling of resources,
income round the year.
• An integrated crop farming system represents a key solution for enhancing
livestock production, minimizing the effects of intensive farming and
safeguarding the environment through efficient usage of resources.
5. Objectives of integrated forming
• Should be area specific, formulate models involving main and allied enterprises for
different farming situations.
• It should ensure optimal utilization and conservation of available resources with
efficient recycling within each system included.
• It should raise the net return of the farm household by complementing main activity
with allied enterprises.
• It should concentrate on developing institutional and market linkages by inclusions
of new interventional technologies.
• It should address the nutritional insecurity of resource poor farmers vulnerability
and poverty of landless laborers.
6. Benefits of Integrated Farming System
1. Improves the soil fertility & health
2. Increasing economic yield per unit area
3. Reduction in production costs
4. Decreases farm input requirements
5. Multiple income sources
6. Family income support
7. Efficient utilization of family labour
8. Reduction in animal feeding requirements
9. Minimize the use of chemical fertilizers
10. Provides balanced nutritious food for the
farmers
11. Solves the energy problems with biogas
12. Avoids degradation of forests
13. Enhance employment generation
14. Pollution free environment
15. Recycling of resources
16. Improves the status & livelihood of the
farmer
7. Integration of farm enterprises depends on
1. Soil and climatic features of the selected area.
2. Availability of the resources, land, labor & Capital.
3. Present level of utilization of resources.
4. Economics of proposed integrated farming system.
5. Managerial skill of farmer.
8. Why we need Integrated forming
• To ensure the income throughout the year, there is need to reorient the present
ways of agricultural practices and develop suitable multi-enterprise agriculture
system for farmers, as single crop production enterprises are subject to a high risk
of natural calamities and seasonal, irregular, and uncertain income and
employment of the farmers.
• Shifting from a crop, commodity and enterprise based agriculture to integrated
multi-enterprise system will help to conserve natural resources and restore the
farmer’s confidence in agriculture besides increasing income of the farmer per
unit land and water.
9. • To mitigate risks and uncertainties of income from crop enterprises and
reduce the time lag between investment and returns it is essential that
farmers should include multi- enterprises in their production system to
generate regular income throughout the year.
• The governing idea behind multi-enterprise agriculture system is that a
farmer can adopt enterprises such as dairy, horticulture, floriculture, bee
keeping, vegetable, poultry, duckery, piggery, mushroom, fisheries, gobar
gas plant and solar heater etc.
10. • The entire philosophy of multi-enterprise farming system revolves around
better utilization of time, money, resources, and family labor.
• The farm family gets scope for employment round the year thus ensuring
good income and decent standard of living.
• Grain Production component ensures household food security besides
income, fodder production component helps to generate regular income,
vegetable and horticulture based components, usually restricted to the
dykes of the farm pond, provide nutritional security to the farm family,
generate regular income throughout the year.
12. Characteristics of Integrated forming system
• An intensive integrated farming system addresses two issues,
1. Reduction in risk with the monoculture activities and promoting enterprise
diversification.
2. Development of alternative income sources with efficient utilization of farm
resources.
• And better management of important farm resources like land, labor and capital etc.
• Provides an opportunity for effective recycling of the product and by-products, helps
to generate flow of cash to the farmers round the year by way of disposal of milk,
fruits, fuel, manure etc., beside other agricultural output.
13. For meaningful execution of integrated farm-enterprises, the following
activities should be undertaken
• Thorough understanding of existing farming systems and their components.
• Assessment of resource availability in the farm environment and
identification of bio-physical, socio-economic, institutional, administrative
and technological constraints
• Developments of economic viable and efficient integrated farming systems
suitable for various domains
14. • Diffusion of improved technology and receiving ‘feed back’ for further
improvement of the system as a whole
• Continuous improvement in components technology to fit into a given
farming system
• Improvement in quality of farming system
• Research Extension linkage through “On farm Adaptive Research”
• Development of National and International linkages.
15. Constraints of Integrated forming system
• Major production constraints are labor and animal feed shortages
throughout the year.
• Long transition time may be required for implementation of multi-
enterprise agriculture model.
• High start-up costs may restrain farmers from switching to multi- enterprise
system and enjoy the benefits of resource integration.
• Disincentive from government subsidies in adopting multi enterprise
agriculture system, credits for fertilizers, and herbicides are the constraints.
16. The following farm enterprises could be combined
Agriculture alone with different crop combinations
Agriculture + Livestock
Agriculture + Livestock + poultry
Agriculture + Horticulture + Sericulture
Agro-forestry + Silvipasture
Agriculture (Rice) + Fish culture
Agriculture (Rice) + Fish + Mushroom cultivation
Floriculture + Apiary (beekeeping)
Fishery + Duckery + poultry
17. • Dairy cattle:
Important dairy breeds of buffalo cattle
are Murrah, Mehsana, Jafrabadi,
Godavari and Jersey, H.F, Sahiwal and
cross bred cattle, respectively.
Daily requirement @ 1 kg concentrate
per 3 kg milk produced by cattle and 2
kg milk produced by buffaloes, green
fodder (20- 30 kg), straw 5-7 kg & water
32 lit.
18. • Sheep Rearing:
Housing should not be expensive. 1-2 kg of leguminous hay per day. Protein
supplied through concentrate as groundnut cake.
• Goat Rearing:
Nutrients requirement to goat is low. Hence they are suitable for resources poor
small farmers with marginal grazing lands
• Piggery:
Pigs are fed largely on kitchen waste aquatic plants and crop wastes. The waste
excreted by the 30-35 kg pig equivalent to 1 tonne of ammonium sulphate. Exotic
pig breeds Large White Yorkshire, Landrace etc. are reared in pig sty near to the fish
pond.
19. • Rabbit Rearing:
Rabbit can be easily reared with relatively less concentrate feed with high
production rate
• Poultry:
Use of cheap and efficient ration will give maximum profit cereals- maize,
barley, oats, wheat, rice ± broken mineral/ salt ± limestone, salt
manganese.
• Turkey rearing:
Turkey is a robust bird and can be reared in humid tropics.
20. • Duck rearing:
They are popular in cereal and logged states like West Bengal. Orissa, A.P, T. Nadu,
they have production potential of about 130- 140 eggs/bird / year.
• Bee Keeping:
Bee keeping is one of the most important agro- based industries which do not
required any raw material like other industries. Nectar and pollen from flower are
the raw material, which available in plenty in nature.
• Sericulture:
It plays an important role in socio- economic development of rural poor in
some areas. Karnataka is the major silk producing state in India
21. • Moriculture:
Cultivation of mulberry plants is called as Moriculture. The crop
yield is well for 12 years. Yield of mulberry leaves is 30- 40 t/ ha/year.
• Mushroom Cultivation:
The popular varieties are Oyster mushroom, Paddy straw mushroom-
volvarilla volvacea and White button mushroom- Agaricus gisporus ( var, A-
11, Horst V3).
23. Introduction
• The high cost of feed is the major constraint to intensive fish production.
The raising cost of fish feed has brought interest in the utilization of animal
waste in pond culture.
• The cow dung and poultry dried droppings as a direct fish feed showed that
manure are poor substitutes for the components normally included in fish
feed pellets. The maximum 30 percent dried manure may be included in
the fish be feed to obtain equal growth with conventional fish feed pellets
(Schroeder, 1980).
• Generally, the value of the manure, in increasing order is: cattle, sheep and
goat, followed by pig, chicken and ducks.
24. • The highest planktonic bacterial production rates were measured in the pig
manured ponds, while the highest values of benthic production were
observed in the sheep manured system.
• In this system many species of animal are suitable for integration, for
example, duck, goose, sheep, hens, cattle, pigs, etc.
25. Structure of fish culture pond
• In the pool and pond fish production the common fishes are the Silver carp
(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), Bighead (Aristichthys Nobillis) Grass carp
(Ctenopharyngodon idella) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.).
• The silver carp and bighead are mainly herbivorous which like to stay at the higher
level of the pond, the grass carp is carnivorous which like to stay at the middle lower
or bottom part and common carp is omnivorous and stay at the bottom of the pond.
• 1acre pond is given as: grass carp 3000 – 4500, bighead carp 750 – 1500, silver carp
1500 – 3750, common amur 750 – 1500, black carp 300 – 450, congo tilapia 3000 –
6000. The number of ducks kept were 750 heads and pigs 15 – 30 heads per ha.
26. • The utilization of organic manure as the principal nutrient input to the pond is a
traditional management practice in freshwater fish farming in China and other parts of
Asia.
• The use of organic manure in fish farming is based on the assumption that the manure is
utilized through two pathways.
1. The manure organic matter provides dissolved and particulate substrates for bacteria
and the bacterial laden particles provide food to the filter feeding and detritus
consuming animals.
2. While the mineralized fraction of the manure stimulates phytoplankton productivity
similar to the action of inorganic fertilizers. The manure organic matter coated with
bacteria is considered a link in the food web and should be treated as a food (Hepher
and Pruginin, 1981).
27. • The main potential linkages between livestock and fish production
concern use of nutrients particularly reuse of livestock manure for fish
production.
• The term nutrients mainly refers to elements such as nitrogen (N) and
phosphorous (P) which function as fertilizers to stimulate natural food
webs rather than conventional livestock nutrition usage such as feed
ingredients.
• Integrated fish farming can be broadly classified into two:
Agriculture-fish and Livestock-fish systems.
28. Agri based systems include
Rice-fish integration, Horticulture-fish system, Mushroom-fish system and
Sericulture-fish system
Livestock-fish system includes
Cattle-fish system, Pig-fish system, Poultry-fish system, Duck-fish system,
Goat-fish system, Rabbit-fish system etc.
29. Four kinds of integrated livestock fish farming systems
were introduced, namely
1. Full water surface utilization
2. Pond side feeding of birds
3. Slotted floor design upon certain part of pond surface
4. Grass intermediate practice.
30. Full water surface utilization by waterfowl
In this kind the pond top is used by
pasturing the waterfowls, the lower
water part is stratified by varieties of
fishes. The fowl's droppings served
as food for fishes, showing the
symbiosis of these two species in
nature.
31. Pond side feeding of birds
In this kind the birds' house is set up at
the higher side of the pond. The free
range of bird keeping area reaches
down the slope, not very far from the
bank, where the water fowls are
stopped by the barrier, which allows the
feed being rinsed down the pool and
pond or allows the fishes going through
the lath screens.
32. Slatted floor design upon certain part of pond surface
This kind of practice is available for
duck, chicken and even pigs, the
droppings and wastes of which are
good feed for fish as well as other
zooplanktons. The slatted floor may
be built using different types of
building materials, including bamboo
sticks.
33. Grass intermediate practice
In this kind the grass used for feeding
the fish is fertilized by livestock
wastes intensively. The farmers raise
the cattle or pigs not necessarily
near the water pond. The livestock
and fish production is integrated
through the grass planting.
34. Types of Integrated livestock fish farming
• Agriculture Cum Fish Culture :
Culture of fish in rice fields and cultivation of vegetation, fruits and crops
along the dikes is prevalent in China and South East Asia countries.
35. • Rice cum shrimp culture :
It is being practiced in many
countries of Asia. Fish cultured in
trench or canal dug in paddy fields in
low lying areas yielded 700 kg/ha
fish along with 5.5 ton/ha of paddy.
36. • Cattle Fish Farming :
Cow manure particles sink at 2-6 cm/minute as against 4.3 cm/minute of pig manure
thereby providing sufficient time for fish to consume edible portion available in dung.
Furthermore, biological oxygen demand of cow manure is lower than that of other
livestock manures as it is already decomposed by microorganisms in rumen.
The normal requirement of fresh cattle dung for a fish pond of one hectare is 10,000-
15,000 kg so 5-8 cattle are sufficient to fertilize one hectare of fish pond In addition to
9,000 kg of milk, about 3000-4000 kg fish/hac/year can also be harvested with 5000-
8000 no of fish seed per hectare with ratio of 40:20:30:10 for
surface:column:bottom:macro-vegetation feeder 20,000-30,000 kg of biogas slurry is
recycled in 1 hectare water area to get over 4000 kg of fish without feed or any
fertilizer application.
37. • Poultry Fish Farming :
This system utilizes poultry droppings for fish culture. Production levels of
4500-5000 kg/fish/ha could be obtained by recycling poultry manure into
fishponds Deep litter is well suited for this type of farming.
Rhode Island Red or Leghorn birds are preferred in poultry-fish system for
their better growth and egg laying capacity.
Fertilization with poultry manure results in a production of 3000-4000 kg
fish, 90,000-100,000 eggs and over 2,500 kg meat/ year.
38. • Duck-cum-Fish farming:
This integrated farming has been followed in West Bengal, Assam, Kerala,
Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa, Tripura and Karnataka. Most
commonly used breed for this system in india is indian runner.
The fish rearing period is generally kept as one year and under a stocking
density of 20,000/ha, a fish production of 3,000-4,000 kg/ha/year has been
obtained in duck-fish culture. In addition to this, eggs and duck-meat are also
obtained in good quantity on an annual basis
39. • Livestock Poultry Fish Horticulture :
The manure collected from the buffaloes is flushed to the biogas plant, and
after it is fermented into the digester, methane gas is produced which can be
used as fuel for household use.
The slurry coming out from the biogas plant is collected, diluted with water,
and is fed to the fish ponds.
The phytoplankton and zooplankton growth is used by the fish as feed.
40.
41. • Pig-cum-Fish farming :
The distinguishing features of this system of farming are :
i) Fish utilizes both unutilized pig mash(ration) as well as fresh pig manure
(containing 70% digestible food for the fish) as its food
ii) Pig dung acts as an excellent fertilizer and raise the biological
productivity of the pond water,
iii) Drastically reduced the cost of inputs required for fish farming
iv) The expenditure incurred on raising of pigs is largely set off through the
sale proceeds of the pig meat.
42. • Pigs are reared in pens or sties built on the banks of the fish ponds (and
wastes are washed out) or constructed over the ponds on piles or wooden
stilts and have a lattice type of floor (allowing wastes to fall directly into
the pond).
• The number of pigs per ha of ponds area varies from 40 to 300, according
to the literature. However, the number of piglets recommended is
generally 100 per ha (or 1 piglet per 100 m2 of pond)
43.
44. • Fish Farming cum Horticulture :
Pond banks provide a suitable place which can be economically used for
raising fruit plants like banana, papaya and vegetables.
45. • Fish Farming cum Sericulture :
Mulberry plants are grown on and around pond dikes which are irrigated
with pond water. The system is commonly practiced in China and newly
introduced in other countries. Silk is extracted from the silkworms which
are reared on mulberry leaves while the remaining pupae (having very high
protein content) are fed back to the fish and excellent growth of fish feed
on pupae has been recorded.
46. • Edwards (1983) attempted to estimate the number of pigs, dairy cows and
buffaloes required to produce a mean yield of 174.7 kg of fish/200/m2
/yr
from the manure of 26.7 ducks, equivalent to an extrapolated yield of 8735
kg/ha/yr from 1335 ducks. The number of animals required to produce this
quantum of fish was 410 pigs, 40 dairy cows and 85 buffaloes.
47. Benefits of Integrated livestock fish farming
• The potential benefits are associated with increased efficiency in the use of
the existing crop and animal resources, reduced dependence on purchased
concentrates are used for feeding fish, and concurrent reduced cost of
feeding and production.
• The efficiency of nitrogen utilisation for fish biomass production is
relatively higher in systems where concentrates are used, however, the use
of nitrogenous manure from animals has less pollution capacity.
48. • The implications for research are directly concerned with the development
of more fully integrated systems in animal fish mixed farming that are
distinctly more sustainable, provide for efficient resource use, are
economically beneficial, and can promote environmental integrity.
49. The special features of this type of integrated system
are as follows
Complementary of ruminants to utilise nonmarketable crop residues in situ, the manure production
from which can be used by fish;
Availability of water plants which can also be simultaneously utilised by ruminants;
Reduced cost of feeding and production due to more intensive use of available indigenous feeds.
The use of purchased concentrate supplements is restricted to dairy cattle;
Demonstrable benefits in terms of significant income generation from the sale of crops, animals,
fish and some byproducts like rice bran in rice based systems;
Development of sustainable integrated systems combining fish and animals;
With small farms, the meagre resources are put to more effective.
50. Economics of integrated livestock fish production
system
• Physical Factors
• Stocking Rate
• Economic Analysis
• Marketing
51. Cost of production
• Fixed costs:
Construction of animal houses and purchase of equipment, the former
being the largest cost item.
• Variable costs:
Purchase of animals and feed, and from labour payments and transport
costs.
52. Present status of integrated farming of fish and
livestock.
• It is clear that integrated livestock fish farming systems are mainly concentrated in Asia.
• In recent years however, some of these systems have been successfully applied in other
developing countries and impressive fish yields have been obtained.
• Except in the state owned farms and cooperatives in Eastern Europe, China and Vietnam,
integrated livestock fish farming is practiced mostly on a small scale level, by rural
communities.
• The aims of the farmers are to make use of their land at the lowest cost and to increase
their income.
53. • In Asia, the integrated production systems have been developed empirically by the
farmers themselves and are still largely aimed at fulfilling only their own food
requirements (Rajbanshi and Shrestha, 1980).
• In the social and economic conditions prevailing in developing countries, integration of
livestock may be the only source of fertilizers available, at low cost, to make fish culture
economically feasible.
• In South America, experiments have shown the technical feasibility and the expansion
potential of integrated livestock fish farming in Panama and Ecuador. The technical and
economic feasibility of some integrated systems has been demonstrated in several
African countries and is now practiced.
• In Western Europe and in the USA, only sporadic and limited trials on integrated fish
farming have been conducted.
54. Future development of livestock cum fish production
• The potential for integrated aquaculture exists in many developing countries but more
research is needed if the development of integrated livestock fish farming systems is to
be enhanced.
• Sociocultural factors should be given due consideration together with the economic and
technical feasibility studies.
• Successful trials and demonstrations have been carried out in developing countries, but
more comparative feasibility studies on the economics of the different livestock fish
farming systems have to be conducted, analyzed and published.
• On farm tests are of particular interest and should be planned and implemented to
generate the information that is now lacking.