ICT 101

ENA ALODIA A. YANGA- BLIS 2
INFORMATION AND
COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY
ICT 101

NETWORK CONNECTIVITY
Describes the extensive process of
connecting various parts of a
network to one another, for
example, through the use of
routers, switches and gateways,

A kind of metric to
discuss how well parts of
the network connect to
one another.

The first step toward identifying and
diagnosing Active Directory problems
is to verify network connectivity. This
section discusses diagnostic tools and
gives examples of possible network
connectivity problems, along with

DIAL-UP
A dial-up is a connection that is established
using a modem. To make the dial-up connection
the modem must be connected to an active
phone line that is not in use. When connecting
the modem will pick up the phone and dial a
number that is attached to another computer.
After the connection has been made the
computer can check e-mail, browse the Internet,

WHAT DOES A DIAL-UP
CONNECTION SOUND LIKE?

DIAL-UP HISTORY
• The first dial-up connection was made in 1965 by
Lawrence G. Roberts with MIT with a TX-2 computer in
Massachusetts and Tom Marill with a Q-32 at SDC in
California.
The dial-up connection today
• Today, with multimedia and bigger web pages on the
Internet most users have an un-enjoyable time
browsing the Internet using a dial-up connection and
try to use other options. Most users who have the

BROADBAND
Alternatively referred to as high-speed
Internet or wideband
transmission,broadband (bb) is
telecommunications that provide a variety of
channels of data over a single communication
medium (wire). Today, there are a wide variety of
broadband technologies available in most areas,
below is a short listing of some of these services
and companies that provide it. Keep in mind, the

Type Carriers
Cable Usually the same companies
who provide you with Cable TV.
Comcast
Time Warner (Road Runner)
DSL Usually the same companies
who provide you with a land
line phone.
AT&T
Verizon
Fiber and FiOS Google Fiber
Verizon
Satellite An option for those who can't
use the above solutions, but
want some type of broadband
connection.
HughesNet
WildBlueDish
Skyway
Starband

BROADBAND
A user with a broadband Internet
connection has a much faster and more
enjoyable experience while on the Internet
when compared to someone with a dial-up
connection. Broadband users can also
purchase a network router and share their
broadband connection between multiple

LEASED LINES
• A leased line, also known as a dedicated line, connects
two locations for private voice and/or data
telecommunication service. A leased line is not a
dedicated cable; a leased line is actually a reserved
circuit between two points.
• Leased lines can span short or long distances. They
maintain a single open circuit at all times, as opposed
to traditional telephone services that reuse the same

WHAT ARE LEASED LINES FOR?
• Leased lines are most commonly rented by businesses
to connect branch offices of the organization. Leased
lines guarantee bandwidth for network traffic between
locations. For example, T1 leased lines are common
and offer the same data rate as symmetric DSL (1.544
Mbps).
• Individuals can theoretically also rent leased lines for
high-speed Internet access, but their high cost deters
most, and there are far more affordable home options
available higher bandwidth than a simple dial-up

WHAT ARE LEASED LINES FOR?
•Fractional T1 lines, starting at 128 Kbps,
reduce this cost somewhat and can be found in
some apartment buildings and hotels.
•Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) are an
alternative technology to leased lines, allowing
an organization to create a virtual and secure
connection between locations, and even
between locations and remote clients like

PROTOCOL
• Sometimes referred to as an access method,
a protocolis a standard used to define a method of
exchanging data over a computer network such
as local area network, Internet, Intranet, etc. Each
protocol has its own method of how data is formatted
when sent and what to do with it once received, how
that data is compressed or how to check for errors in
data.
• One of the most common and known protocols

IP (INTERNET PROTOCOL)
• 1. Short for Internet Protocol address, an IP or IP address is a
number (example shown right) used to indicate the location of
a computer or other device on a network using TCP/IP. These
addresses are similar to those of your house; they allow data to
reach the appropriate destination on a network and the
Internet.
• IPv4 vs. IPv6
• As the Internet and technology evolve, there has been an
increasing demand for IP addresses. To help meet the demand
for IP addresses, there are two types of addresses used
today, IPv4 and IPv6. Although you may only deal with an IPv4

IP ADDRESS BREAKDOWN
Every IP address is broken down
into four sets of octets and
translated into binary to
represent the actual IP address.

AUTOMATICALLY ASSIGNED ADDRESSES
There are IP addresses that are
automatically assigned (dynamic
allocation) when you set up a home
network. These default addresses are
what allow your computer and other
network devices to communicate and

GETTING AN IP ADDRESS
By default the router you use will assign each of
your computers their own IP address, often
using NAT to forward the data coming from
those computers to outside networks such as
the Internet. If you need to register an IP address
that can be seen on the Internet, you must
register through InterNIC or use a web host that
can assign you addresses.

GETTING AN IP ADDRESS
Anyone who connects to the Internet is assigned an IP address by
their Internet Service Provider (ISP), which has registered a range
of IP addresses. For example, let's assume your ISP is given 100
addresses, 109.145.93.150-250. In this range, the ISP owns
addresses 109.145.93.150 to 109.145.93.250 and can assign
any address in that range to its customers. So, all these
addresses belong to your ISP until they are assigned to a
customers computer. In the case of a dial-up connection, you are
given a new IP address each time you dial into your ISP. With
most broadband Internet service providers, you are always

WIRELESS
• Wireless transmission is a form of unguided media.
• Wireless communication involves no physical link
established between two or more devices,
communicating wirelessly.
• Wireless signals are spread over in the air and are
received and interpreted by appropriate antennas.
• Wireless communication is the transfer of information
between two or more points that are not connected by
an electrical conductor. The most
common wireless technologies use radio.
• x

ICT 101

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