Due to the benefits of center pivot irrigation system into the other techniques, especially surface irrigation, more accurate design of these systems for saving in water resources, increasing irrigation efficiency, and finally encourage farmers to use of this system (when using this method is economical), recognition of effective parameters on center pivot have a great importance. In this study, using PipeLoss software, amounts of pressure loss, friction slope, inflow velocity, velocity head, and Reynolds number in center pivot systems survived. The results showed that: Pipe inside diameter was more effective than other parameters. Changes of pressure loss, in all cases (except Qs), were the maximum. Changes of velocity head were the maximum in scenarios related to the changes of system discharge. In center pivot system design, should be noted to pipe inside diameter and system discharge as input and pressure loss as output, more than other inputs and outputs parameters.
Comparative Analysis Fully Developed Turbulent Flow in Various Arbitrary Cros...IRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of fully developed turbulent flow in circular, triangular, and rectangular cross-section pipes using the finite volume method. The study examines the flow of water at high Reynolds numbers using the k-ε turbulence model. Contour plots show that triangular duct has the highest dynamic pressure at the outlet, while rectangular duct has higher dynamic pressure than circular duct at the center and outlet. Turbulent intensity graphs indicate intensity increases more significantly after certain distances in circular and triangular ducts, but continuously increases along the rectangular duct length due to less variation in boundary layer and viscous sublayer.
This document summarizes a study that used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to simulate and predict the velocity and pressure distribution inside a hydrocyclone. The study used commercial CFD software (FLUENT) to model the turbulent swirling flow. The results showed contours and diagrams of pressure and velocity inside the hydrocyclone, with lower pressure observed at the center and an average velocity of 7.173 m/s that agreed with theoretical calculations. Prior studies that also used CFD to model hydrocyclone flow fields and particle trajectories were discussed. The objective of this study was to better understand hydrocyclone flow behavior and separation mechanisms to improve hydrocyclone design and performance.
Numerical Analysis of Header Configuration of the Plate-Fin Heat ExchangerIJMER
Numerical analysis of a plate fin heat exchanger accounting for the effect of fluid flow
maldistribution onthe inlet header configuration of the heat exchanger is investigated. In this analysis , it
was found that flow maldistribution has effect on the flow perpendicular to its velocity direction. The peak
velocity occurs in the central zone of the header while the velocityalong the perpendicular direction of the
inlet flow diminishes more and more. By this investigation,the results of the flow maldistribution are
presented for a plate fin heat exchangerwhich is reduced as compare to theexisting configuration of the
plate fin heat exchanger.
Analysis of Water Quality Characteristics in Distribution NetworksAI Publications
In this study, a model was developed by Epanet2.0 software to analyze water quality for parameters of hydraulic and water quality model (chlorine concentration and water age model) for a segment of Erbil city WDS by using observed and documented data. Controlling free residual chlorine properly is important to ensure meeting regulatory requirements and satisfying customer needs. For the calibration process and collecting field data digital pressure loggers for recording pressure in a WDS was installed. For discharge measurements, ultrasonic flow meters were used. To assure the reliability of the model a calibration process was carried out for extended period analysis and several alternatives had been studied as a solution to overcome negative pressure zones by the calculated Hazen William C-factor. This kind of study can be used to predict so many infrastructure projects.
NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF LAMINAR NANOFLUID FLOW IN MICRO CHANNEL HEAT SINKS IAEME Publication
The effect of using nanofluids on heat transfer and aerodynamics characteristics in rectangular shaped micro channel heat sink (MCHS) is numerically investigated for Reynolds number range of (100-400 ) and different value of heat flux (50 , 100, 150 ) / . In this study,the MCHS performance using tow type of nanofluid with volume
fraction 10% was used as a coolant is examined. The three-dimensional steady, laminar flow and heat transfer governing equations are solved using The computational fluid dynamics code (FLUENT). The MCHS performance is evaluated in terms of temperature profile, heat transfer,velocity profile, pressure drop and friction factor.
This document reviews research on using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to analyze coal/air flow in power plant pipelines in order to maintain uniform fuel feed rates at burners. Several studies are summarized that use CFD to simulate coal/air flow and model the effects of orifice flow restrictors placed in pipes. Correlations developed from CFD results relate pressure drop to factors like geometry, coal/gas loading ratio, and mass flux. CFD is shown to be an effective method for determining the optimal geometry and sizing of orifice flow restrictors to balance flow rates across burners.
A Computational Investigation of Flow Structure Within a Sinuous DuctIJERA Editor
In the present investigation the distribution of mean velocity are experimentally studied on three constant area
rectangular curved ducts with an aspect ratio of 2.4. First one is C-shape, second one is S-shape and third one
is a DS-shape duct. The experiment is carried out at mass averaged mean velocity of 40m/s for all the ducts.
The velocity distribution shows for C-duct, the bulk flow shifting from outer wall to the inner wall along the
flow passage and for S-duct, the bulk flow shifting from outer wall to the inner wall in the first half and from
inner wall to the outer wall in the second half along the flow passage of curved ducts are very instinct. Due to
the imbalance of centrifugal force and radial pressure gradient, secondary motions in the forms of counter
rotating vortices have been generated within both the curved duct. For DS-duct the velocity distributions shows
the Bulk of flow shifting from inner watt to outer wall in the first bend and third bend of the duct and outer wall
to inner wall in the second bend and forth bend of the duct along the flow passage is very instinct. Flow at end
of the DS-duct is purely uniform in nature due to non existence of secondary motion. The experimental results
then were numerically validated with the help of Fluent, which shows a good agreement between the
experimental and predicted results for all the ducts
- The document discusses how patient room design can impact airborne transmission of infections through its effect on airflow patterns. It uses computational fluid dynamics modeling to simulate airflow in different patient room layouts.
- The modeling shows that an "outboard" room design, with the bathroom located along the exterior wall, results in "dead zones" with older, more stagnant air in the back of the room. This increases the risk of airborne infection transmission compared to an "inboard" design.
- Risk assessments using the Wells-Riley and Gammaitoni-Nucci equations indicate that the "outboard" design could result in a 4-fold increase in infection risk in the areas of poorer circulation compared to the
Comparative Analysis Fully Developed Turbulent Flow in Various Arbitrary Cros...IRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of fully developed turbulent flow in circular, triangular, and rectangular cross-section pipes using the finite volume method. The study examines the flow of water at high Reynolds numbers using the k-ε turbulence model. Contour plots show that triangular duct has the highest dynamic pressure at the outlet, while rectangular duct has higher dynamic pressure than circular duct at the center and outlet. Turbulent intensity graphs indicate intensity increases more significantly after certain distances in circular and triangular ducts, but continuously increases along the rectangular duct length due to less variation in boundary layer and viscous sublayer.
This document summarizes a study that used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to simulate and predict the velocity and pressure distribution inside a hydrocyclone. The study used commercial CFD software (FLUENT) to model the turbulent swirling flow. The results showed contours and diagrams of pressure and velocity inside the hydrocyclone, with lower pressure observed at the center and an average velocity of 7.173 m/s that agreed with theoretical calculations. Prior studies that also used CFD to model hydrocyclone flow fields and particle trajectories were discussed. The objective of this study was to better understand hydrocyclone flow behavior and separation mechanisms to improve hydrocyclone design and performance.
Numerical Analysis of Header Configuration of the Plate-Fin Heat ExchangerIJMER
Numerical analysis of a plate fin heat exchanger accounting for the effect of fluid flow
maldistribution onthe inlet header configuration of the heat exchanger is investigated. In this analysis , it
was found that flow maldistribution has effect on the flow perpendicular to its velocity direction. The peak
velocity occurs in the central zone of the header while the velocityalong the perpendicular direction of the
inlet flow diminishes more and more. By this investigation,the results of the flow maldistribution are
presented for a plate fin heat exchangerwhich is reduced as compare to theexisting configuration of the
plate fin heat exchanger.
Analysis of Water Quality Characteristics in Distribution NetworksAI Publications
In this study, a model was developed by Epanet2.0 software to analyze water quality for parameters of hydraulic and water quality model (chlorine concentration and water age model) for a segment of Erbil city WDS by using observed and documented data. Controlling free residual chlorine properly is important to ensure meeting regulatory requirements and satisfying customer needs. For the calibration process and collecting field data digital pressure loggers for recording pressure in a WDS was installed. For discharge measurements, ultrasonic flow meters were used. To assure the reliability of the model a calibration process was carried out for extended period analysis and several alternatives had been studied as a solution to overcome negative pressure zones by the calculated Hazen William C-factor. This kind of study can be used to predict so many infrastructure projects.
NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF LAMINAR NANOFLUID FLOW IN MICRO CHANNEL HEAT SINKS IAEME Publication
The effect of using nanofluids on heat transfer and aerodynamics characteristics in rectangular shaped micro channel heat sink (MCHS) is numerically investigated for Reynolds number range of (100-400 ) and different value of heat flux (50 , 100, 150 ) / . In this study,the MCHS performance using tow type of nanofluid with volume
fraction 10% was used as a coolant is examined. The three-dimensional steady, laminar flow and heat transfer governing equations are solved using The computational fluid dynamics code (FLUENT). The MCHS performance is evaluated in terms of temperature profile, heat transfer,velocity profile, pressure drop and friction factor.
This document reviews research on using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to analyze coal/air flow in power plant pipelines in order to maintain uniform fuel feed rates at burners. Several studies are summarized that use CFD to simulate coal/air flow and model the effects of orifice flow restrictors placed in pipes. Correlations developed from CFD results relate pressure drop to factors like geometry, coal/gas loading ratio, and mass flux. CFD is shown to be an effective method for determining the optimal geometry and sizing of orifice flow restrictors to balance flow rates across burners.
A Computational Investigation of Flow Structure Within a Sinuous DuctIJERA Editor
In the present investigation the distribution of mean velocity are experimentally studied on three constant area
rectangular curved ducts with an aspect ratio of 2.4. First one is C-shape, second one is S-shape and third one
is a DS-shape duct. The experiment is carried out at mass averaged mean velocity of 40m/s for all the ducts.
The velocity distribution shows for C-duct, the bulk flow shifting from outer wall to the inner wall along the
flow passage and for S-duct, the bulk flow shifting from outer wall to the inner wall in the first half and from
inner wall to the outer wall in the second half along the flow passage of curved ducts are very instinct. Due to
the imbalance of centrifugal force and radial pressure gradient, secondary motions in the forms of counter
rotating vortices have been generated within both the curved duct. For DS-duct the velocity distributions shows
the Bulk of flow shifting from inner watt to outer wall in the first bend and third bend of the duct and outer wall
to inner wall in the second bend and forth bend of the duct along the flow passage is very instinct. Flow at end
of the DS-duct is purely uniform in nature due to non existence of secondary motion. The experimental results
then were numerically validated with the help of Fluent, which shows a good agreement between the
experimental and predicted results for all the ducts
- The document discusses how patient room design can impact airborne transmission of infections through its effect on airflow patterns. It uses computational fluid dynamics modeling to simulate airflow in different patient room layouts.
- The modeling shows that an "outboard" room design, with the bathroom located along the exterior wall, results in "dead zones" with older, more stagnant air in the back of the room. This increases the risk of airborne infection transmission compared to an "inboard" design.
- Risk assessments using the Wells-Riley and Gammaitoni-Nucci equations indicate that the "outboard" design could result in a 4-fold increase in infection risk in the areas of poorer circulation compared to the
IRJET- Experimental Study on Flow through VenturimeterIRJET Journal
1. The document describes an experimental study and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of flow through a venturi meter. The venturi meter geometry was modeled in NX and meshed in ANSYS. CFD analysis was conducted using ANSYS Fluent to simulate flow and calculate pressure changes.
2. Experimental data was collected for different flow rates and used to calculate the discharge coefficient. CFD results for discharge coefficient were also calculated and found to be within 15% of experimental values.
3. The study demonstrated that CFD can be an efficient and accurate method for calibrating flow meters like the venturi meter, providing a alternative to costly experimental calibration methods.
Suspended Sediment Rating Curve for Tigris River Upstream Al- Betera RegulatorIJRES Journal
This document presents a study that establishes suspended sediment rating curves for a section of the Tigris River located upstream of the Al-Betera regulator in Maysan province, Iraq. Thirty-five data points measuring river discharge and calculated suspended sediment concentration using an ADCP were collected. A power function relationship between discharge and suspended sediment concentration was determined, with high correlation. The rating curves can be used to estimate suspended sediment loads transported in the river reach and improved with additional data.
HEAT TRANSFER STUDIES IN WAVY CORRUGATED PLATE HEAT EXCHANGERSIAEME Publication
In the present investigations heat transfer studies are made in three different types of corrugated plate heat exchangers having corrugation angles 300, 400 and 500. Water and Glycerol (40%, 50% and 60%) are taken as test fluid and water as the heating medium. The wall temperatures are measured along the length of the heat exchanger at seven different locations by means of thermocouples. The inlet and outlet temperatures of the test fluid and hot fluid are measured by means of four more thermocouples. Nusselt number is calculated from the experimental observations by calculating film heat transfer coefficient. These values are compared with different Reynolds numbers as well as corrugation angles. It is found from the experimental investigations that increase in corrugation angle has resulted in higher Nusselt’s number for a given Reynolds number and hence higher heat transfer rates. It is also found that 60% glycerol has higher heat transfer compared to 50%, 40% and water.
The document discusses preliminary studies evaluating oscillatory flow technology (OFT) in miniaturized channels with diameters around 1mm. Theoretical analysis predicts increased Nusselt numbers, a measure of heat transfer, for OFT in minichannels compared to smooth pipes at equivalent energy dissipation. Experimental testing of a newly constructed system will evaluate momentum, heat, and mass transfer performance of OFT in minichannels relative to both smooth pipes and other minifluidic devices. Future work will design mini-fluidic channels optimized for oscillatory flow and test them experimentally.
Hydrodynamics Studies on Oscillatory Flow Technology in MinichannelsKirubanandan Shanmugam
This document summarizes preliminary work investigating oscillatory flow technology in mini-channels. The researchers were able to generate oscillatory flow at 1.17 Hz and 2.93 Hz frequencies using a rotating valve assembly in their experimental system. However, the current valve design had packing issues and the flow signal was noisy, presenting challenges for further characterization. Overall, the work demonstrated the potential of an oscillatory pressure field to induce flow in the low energy dissipation region, but improvements are still needed to avoid leaks and characterize flow at higher frequencies.
The document presents an analytical solution for modeling groundwater flow in a multi-aquifer system considering vertical flow in the wellbore and well loss due to friction. It extends a previous single aquifer solution to consider two interconnected aquifers separated by an aquiclude. Simultaneous equations are formulated using Bernoulli's theorem under hydrostatic conditions to compute water flow between the two aquifers and well for both steady and unsteady well water level conditions. The solution technique aims to more scientifically and economically characterize parameters in multi-aquifer systems compared to previous approaches that treated interconnected aquifers as isolated.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
This document summarizes a study that used multivariate statistical analysis to assess water quality in the Chamera-I reservoir in India over a two-year period from 2010-2012. Water quality parameters were measured seasonally and subjected to cluster analysis, principal component analysis, and correlation and regression analysis. Cluster analysis identified two major clusters separating the rainy season from the other three seasons. Principal component analysis selected three variables accounting for 100% of the total variance in water quality over time. Correlation analysis identified significant linear relationships between various water quality parameters.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
This document outlines preliminary studies on an Oscillatory Flow Reactor in a mini fluidic channel. The objective was to evaluate how Oscillatory flow technology can increase heat transfer coefficients and pressure drop in miniaturized channels. Studies showed that oscillation and pulsation in the reactor enhanced convection currents, increasing heat transfer. Pressure drop was also increased with oscillatory flow.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This computational fluid dynamics study used simulations to analyze the effect of bend radius on erosion magnitude and location in an S-bend pipe carrying gas-solid or liquid-solid flows. Simulations were run for air velocities of 15.24-45.72 m/s and water velocities of 0.1-10 m/s, with particle sizes of 50-300 microns and bend radius to pipe diameter ratios (r/D) of 1.5, 2.5, and 3.5. Maximum erosion was found at certain velocity-particle size combinations and occurred at specific angle locations within each bend. The simulations aim to provide insight on erosion behavior to inform pipe design and operating conditions.
IRJET- Numerical Analysis of Slurry Flow Characteristics Through Horizontal P...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a numerical study of slurry flow characteristics in a horizontal pipeline using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The study models the flow of particles 0.125 mm in size and 2.47 specific gravity through a 4m long, 54.9 mm diameter pipe. Simulations were conducted at velocities of 2 m/s and 5 m/s and particle concentrations of 30% and 40% to analyze solid concentration distribution, velocity distribution, and pressure drop. An Eulerian two-phase model with RNG k-epsilon turbulence modeling was used to simulate the solid-liquid flow and solve the governing equations throughout the computational domain.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Use of hydraulic phenomena in enhancement of dissolved oxygen concentrationeSAT Journals
Abstract
The dissolved oxygen (DO) content of water bodies is an indicator of water quality and hence a measure of ability of water to sustain aquatic life. Hydraulic phenomena such as hydraulic drops and hydraulic jumps can increase the amount of DO in the water by creating turbulent conditions. The main reason for this oxygen transfer is the air entrainment into the flow through large number of air bubbles that helps in air-water transfer. The present study investigates the effect of different weir types and hydraulic jump on their aeration efficiency. Two types of weirs namely rectangular and triangular weirs were used in the study. Also, the hydraulic jump was studied as an aeration agent. From the experimental results, it was found that the triangular weir provides greater aeration efficiency of 0.1948 as compared with rectangular weir that had aeration efficiency of 0.1012. On the other hand, the hydraulic jump showed aeration efficiency of 0.14285. As the weirs are more efficient than hydraulic jump, they are most applicable in the field. Also, weir structures are less expensive when compared with the structural arrangement required for the formation of hydraulic jump.
Keywords: Dissolved oxygen, Aeration efficiency, Weir, Hydraulic jump
IRJET- Thermal Analysis of Corrugated Plate Heat Exchanger by using Ansys...IRJET Journal
This document discusses thermal analysis of a corrugated plate heat exchanger using ANSYS software through finite element analysis. It summarizes previous research on using nanofluids like Al2O3 in water to improve heat transfer in these types of heat exchangers. The document then outlines the methodology that will be used, which involves studying the corrugated plate heat exchanger with counterflow configuration and varying parameters like volume flow rate and corrugation angle to determine the optimal heat transfer results.
This document discusses numerical simulations of heat transfer in an annulus tube with internal fins. The simulations solve the governing equations for mass, momentum, energy and turbulence using a k-ε model. Various fin configurations are analyzed by varying the number, shape and size of fins. The results show that heat transfer increases with fin number and height. Trapezoidal fins have higher heat transfer than other shapes. The study aims to determine the optimal fin design for maximum thermal performance in the annulus tube.
The document presents the results of calculations of parameters of turbulent fluid flow in a pipe with a circular cross-section. Graphs and mathematical functions show how total pressure, velocity, vorticity, turbulent length, dissipation, viscosity, energy, and time change along the length of the pipe for different mass flow rates. A transition from laminar to turbulent flow occurs at around 2/5 the length of the pipe from the inlet. Parameters generally increase with mass flow rate and distance along the pipe, while turbulent time decreases. Functions are given to describe the variation of each parameter within different sections of the pipe.
An experimental study on the airlift packed column with adjustable heightIAEME Publication
This document presents an experimental study on an airlift packed column with adjustable height and multiple air injection points. The study aims to improve liquid flow rate and total head of the system. Experiments were conducted by varying submersion ratio, air flow rate, and number of air injection nozzles. Results show that liquid flow rate increases with higher submersion ratio, air flow rate, and number of nozzles. Using multiple nozzles distributed along the column maintains both high liquid flow rate due to increased gas holdup and total head. The system offers applications in heat and mass transfer operations with adjustable packed bed height and efficient liquid distribution.
The objective of the study is to find a relation for the predicting convective and evaporative
heat transfer coefficient and distillate output for 200 mm and 160 mm water depth. In this present
work an attempt is to be made to use inner glass cover temperature instead of outer glass temperature
as done by other researchers. The sides of the wall of the condensing cover are made up of FRP sheet
to avoid heat losses from sides and to provide the desired inclination to the cover to the bath. It is
exposed to room condition to increase the difference between water temperature and the condensing
cover temperature to increase the heat transfer rate and thus the condensate output.
The operating temperature range for the experiment is to be maintained at steady state from
50oC to 90oC by using a constant temperature bath. The yield obtained for a 1/2 hour intervals were
used to determine the values of constant C and n and consequently convective and evaporative heat
transfer coefficient. It is therefore expected that higher yield is to be obtained at higher temperature
and at minimum depth of water
The International Journal of Engineering and Sciencetheijes
This document analyzes different scenarios to determine optimal values for parameters in the design of linear traveling irrigation systems using software. It examines how required flow rate, nozzle diameter, and wetted area are affected by changing the system gross capacity, travel distance, nozzle length, nozzle pressure, and nozzle spacing. The results show that required flow is most sensitive to changes in system gross capacity (56% change) and nozzle spacing (43% change), wetted area is most sensitive to changes in nozzle length (49% change), and nozzle diameter is the only parameter that does not remain constant when design factors are altered.
FLOW DISTRIBUTION NETWORK ANALYSIS FOR DISCHARGE SIDE OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPijiert bestjournal
A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis has been conducted to f ind the pressure losses for dividing and combining fluid flow through a junction of discharge system. Si mulations are performed for a range of flow ratios and equations are developed for pressure loss coeff icients at junctions. A mathematical model based on successive approximations then would be employed to estim ate the pressure losses. The proposed CFD based strategy can be used for the analysis of all the thr ee pipe branches of some diameter are selected along with equal length so that only the effect of bend angle can be studied. The effect of bend angle,pipe diameter,pipe length,Reynolds number on the resistance coeffi cient is studied. The software used is CATIA for modeling and ANSYS fluent for analysis purpose.
IRJET- Experimental Study on Flow through VenturimeterIRJET Journal
1. The document describes an experimental study and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of flow through a venturi meter. The venturi meter geometry was modeled in NX and meshed in ANSYS. CFD analysis was conducted using ANSYS Fluent to simulate flow and calculate pressure changes.
2. Experimental data was collected for different flow rates and used to calculate the discharge coefficient. CFD results for discharge coefficient were also calculated and found to be within 15% of experimental values.
3. The study demonstrated that CFD can be an efficient and accurate method for calibrating flow meters like the venturi meter, providing a alternative to costly experimental calibration methods.
Suspended Sediment Rating Curve for Tigris River Upstream Al- Betera RegulatorIJRES Journal
This document presents a study that establishes suspended sediment rating curves for a section of the Tigris River located upstream of the Al-Betera regulator in Maysan province, Iraq. Thirty-five data points measuring river discharge and calculated suspended sediment concentration using an ADCP were collected. A power function relationship between discharge and suspended sediment concentration was determined, with high correlation. The rating curves can be used to estimate suspended sediment loads transported in the river reach and improved with additional data.
HEAT TRANSFER STUDIES IN WAVY CORRUGATED PLATE HEAT EXCHANGERSIAEME Publication
In the present investigations heat transfer studies are made in three different types of corrugated plate heat exchangers having corrugation angles 300, 400 and 500. Water and Glycerol (40%, 50% and 60%) are taken as test fluid and water as the heating medium. The wall temperatures are measured along the length of the heat exchanger at seven different locations by means of thermocouples. The inlet and outlet temperatures of the test fluid and hot fluid are measured by means of four more thermocouples. Nusselt number is calculated from the experimental observations by calculating film heat transfer coefficient. These values are compared with different Reynolds numbers as well as corrugation angles. It is found from the experimental investigations that increase in corrugation angle has resulted in higher Nusselt’s number for a given Reynolds number and hence higher heat transfer rates. It is also found that 60% glycerol has higher heat transfer compared to 50%, 40% and water.
The document discusses preliminary studies evaluating oscillatory flow technology (OFT) in miniaturized channels with diameters around 1mm. Theoretical analysis predicts increased Nusselt numbers, a measure of heat transfer, for OFT in minichannels compared to smooth pipes at equivalent energy dissipation. Experimental testing of a newly constructed system will evaluate momentum, heat, and mass transfer performance of OFT in minichannels relative to both smooth pipes and other minifluidic devices. Future work will design mini-fluidic channels optimized for oscillatory flow and test them experimentally.
Hydrodynamics Studies on Oscillatory Flow Technology in MinichannelsKirubanandan Shanmugam
This document summarizes preliminary work investigating oscillatory flow technology in mini-channels. The researchers were able to generate oscillatory flow at 1.17 Hz and 2.93 Hz frequencies using a rotating valve assembly in their experimental system. However, the current valve design had packing issues and the flow signal was noisy, presenting challenges for further characterization. Overall, the work demonstrated the potential of an oscillatory pressure field to induce flow in the low energy dissipation region, but improvements are still needed to avoid leaks and characterize flow at higher frequencies.
The document presents an analytical solution for modeling groundwater flow in a multi-aquifer system considering vertical flow in the wellbore and well loss due to friction. It extends a previous single aquifer solution to consider two interconnected aquifers separated by an aquiclude. Simultaneous equations are formulated using Bernoulli's theorem under hydrostatic conditions to compute water flow between the two aquifers and well for both steady and unsteady well water level conditions. The solution technique aims to more scientifically and economically characterize parameters in multi-aquifer systems compared to previous approaches that treated interconnected aquifers as isolated.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
This document summarizes a study that used multivariate statistical analysis to assess water quality in the Chamera-I reservoir in India over a two-year period from 2010-2012. Water quality parameters were measured seasonally and subjected to cluster analysis, principal component analysis, and correlation and regression analysis. Cluster analysis identified two major clusters separating the rainy season from the other three seasons. Principal component analysis selected three variables accounting for 100% of the total variance in water quality over time. Correlation analysis identified significant linear relationships between various water quality parameters.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
This document outlines preliminary studies on an Oscillatory Flow Reactor in a mini fluidic channel. The objective was to evaluate how Oscillatory flow technology can increase heat transfer coefficients and pressure drop in miniaturized channels. Studies showed that oscillation and pulsation in the reactor enhanced convection currents, increasing heat transfer. Pressure drop was also increased with oscillatory flow.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This computational fluid dynamics study used simulations to analyze the effect of bend radius on erosion magnitude and location in an S-bend pipe carrying gas-solid or liquid-solid flows. Simulations were run for air velocities of 15.24-45.72 m/s and water velocities of 0.1-10 m/s, with particle sizes of 50-300 microns and bend radius to pipe diameter ratios (r/D) of 1.5, 2.5, and 3.5. Maximum erosion was found at certain velocity-particle size combinations and occurred at specific angle locations within each bend. The simulations aim to provide insight on erosion behavior to inform pipe design and operating conditions.
IRJET- Numerical Analysis of Slurry Flow Characteristics Through Horizontal P...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a numerical study of slurry flow characteristics in a horizontal pipeline using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The study models the flow of particles 0.125 mm in size and 2.47 specific gravity through a 4m long, 54.9 mm diameter pipe. Simulations were conducted at velocities of 2 m/s and 5 m/s and particle concentrations of 30% and 40% to analyze solid concentration distribution, velocity distribution, and pressure drop. An Eulerian two-phase model with RNG k-epsilon turbulence modeling was used to simulate the solid-liquid flow and solve the governing equations throughout the computational domain.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Use of hydraulic phenomena in enhancement of dissolved oxygen concentrationeSAT Journals
Abstract
The dissolved oxygen (DO) content of water bodies is an indicator of water quality and hence a measure of ability of water to sustain aquatic life. Hydraulic phenomena such as hydraulic drops and hydraulic jumps can increase the amount of DO in the water by creating turbulent conditions. The main reason for this oxygen transfer is the air entrainment into the flow through large number of air bubbles that helps in air-water transfer. The present study investigates the effect of different weir types and hydraulic jump on their aeration efficiency. Two types of weirs namely rectangular and triangular weirs were used in the study. Also, the hydraulic jump was studied as an aeration agent. From the experimental results, it was found that the triangular weir provides greater aeration efficiency of 0.1948 as compared with rectangular weir that had aeration efficiency of 0.1012. On the other hand, the hydraulic jump showed aeration efficiency of 0.14285. As the weirs are more efficient than hydraulic jump, they are most applicable in the field. Also, weir structures are less expensive when compared with the structural arrangement required for the formation of hydraulic jump.
Keywords: Dissolved oxygen, Aeration efficiency, Weir, Hydraulic jump
IRJET- Thermal Analysis of Corrugated Plate Heat Exchanger by using Ansys...IRJET Journal
This document discusses thermal analysis of a corrugated plate heat exchanger using ANSYS software through finite element analysis. It summarizes previous research on using nanofluids like Al2O3 in water to improve heat transfer in these types of heat exchangers. The document then outlines the methodology that will be used, which involves studying the corrugated plate heat exchanger with counterflow configuration and varying parameters like volume flow rate and corrugation angle to determine the optimal heat transfer results.
This document discusses numerical simulations of heat transfer in an annulus tube with internal fins. The simulations solve the governing equations for mass, momentum, energy and turbulence using a k-ε model. Various fin configurations are analyzed by varying the number, shape and size of fins. The results show that heat transfer increases with fin number and height. Trapezoidal fins have higher heat transfer than other shapes. The study aims to determine the optimal fin design for maximum thermal performance in the annulus tube.
The document presents the results of calculations of parameters of turbulent fluid flow in a pipe with a circular cross-section. Graphs and mathematical functions show how total pressure, velocity, vorticity, turbulent length, dissipation, viscosity, energy, and time change along the length of the pipe for different mass flow rates. A transition from laminar to turbulent flow occurs at around 2/5 the length of the pipe from the inlet. Parameters generally increase with mass flow rate and distance along the pipe, while turbulent time decreases. Functions are given to describe the variation of each parameter within different sections of the pipe.
An experimental study on the airlift packed column with adjustable heightIAEME Publication
This document presents an experimental study on an airlift packed column with adjustable height and multiple air injection points. The study aims to improve liquid flow rate and total head of the system. Experiments were conducted by varying submersion ratio, air flow rate, and number of air injection nozzles. Results show that liquid flow rate increases with higher submersion ratio, air flow rate, and number of nozzles. Using multiple nozzles distributed along the column maintains both high liquid flow rate due to increased gas holdup and total head. The system offers applications in heat and mass transfer operations with adjustable packed bed height and efficient liquid distribution.
The objective of the study is to find a relation for the predicting convective and evaporative
heat transfer coefficient and distillate output for 200 mm and 160 mm water depth. In this present
work an attempt is to be made to use inner glass cover temperature instead of outer glass temperature
as done by other researchers. The sides of the wall of the condensing cover are made up of FRP sheet
to avoid heat losses from sides and to provide the desired inclination to the cover to the bath. It is
exposed to room condition to increase the difference between water temperature and the condensing
cover temperature to increase the heat transfer rate and thus the condensate output.
The operating temperature range for the experiment is to be maintained at steady state from
50oC to 90oC by using a constant temperature bath. The yield obtained for a 1/2 hour intervals were
used to determine the values of constant C and n and consequently convective and evaporative heat
transfer coefficient. It is therefore expected that higher yield is to be obtained at higher temperature
and at minimum depth of water
The International Journal of Engineering and Sciencetheijes
This document analyzes different scenarios to determine optimal values for parameters in the design of linear traveling irrigation systems using software. It examines how required flow rate, nozzle diameter, and wetted area are affected by changing the system gross capacity, travel distance, nozzle length, nozzle pressure, and nozzle spacing. The results show that required flow is most sensitive to changes in system gross capacity (56% change) and nozzle spacing (43% change), wetted area is most sensitive to changes in nozzle length (49% change), and nozzle diameter is the only parameter that does not remain constant when design factors are altered.
FLOW DISTRIBUTION NETWORK ANALYSIS FOR DISCHARGE SIDE OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPijiert bestjournal
A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis has been conducted to f ind the pressure losses for dividing and combining fluid flow through a junction of discharge system. Si mulations are performed for a range of flow ratios and equations are developed for pressure loss coeff icients at junctions. A mathematical model based on successive approximations then would be employed to estim ate the pressure losses. The proposed CFD based strategy can be used for the analysis of all the thr ee pipe branches of some diameter are selected along with equal length so that only the effect of bend angle can be studied. The effect of bend angle,pipe diameter,pipe length,Reynolds number on the resistance coeffi cient is studied. The software used is CATIA for modeling and ANSYS fluent for analysis purpose.
REVIEW OF FLOW DISTRIBUTION NETWORK ANALYSIS FOR DISCHARGE SIDE OF CENTRIFUGA...ijiert bestjournal
A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis has been conducted to find the pressure losses for dividing and combining fluid flow through a junction of discharge system. Simulations are performed for a range of flow ratios and equations are developed for pressure loss coefficients at junctions. A mathematical model based on s uccessive approximations then would be employed to estimate the pressure losses. The proposed CFD based strategy can be used for the analysis of all the three pipe branches of s ome diameter are selected along with equal length so that only the effect of bend angle can be st udied. The effect of bend angle,pipe diameter,pipe length,reynolds number on the resistan ce coefficient is studied. The software used is CATIA for modeling and ANSYS fluent for analysis purpose.
Head Loss Estimation for Water Jets from Flip Bucketstheijes
Water jet issued from flip bucket at the end of the spillway of a dam can be a threat for the stability and safety of the dam body due to subsequent scour at the impingement point. However, a strong jet from the flip bucket interacts with the surrounding air and develops into an aerated turbulent jet while the jet impact and scouring effect is reduced significantly. Aeration of the jet, at the same time, cause head losses along the trajectory. An experimental study is conducted to measure the trajectory lengths and investigate the effect of water depth in the river on the dynamic pressures acted on the river bed. The trajectory lengths with and without air entrainment are calculated using empirical equations and compared with the measurements. Head losses due to air entrainment are determined using the difference of the trajectory lengths with and without aeration, based on the projectile motion theory. Numerical simulation of the flow over the spillway, along the flip bucket and the jet trajectory is made and the results are compared with the experimental data. It is observed that trajectory lengths obtained from experiments, numerical simulation and empirical formulas are comparable with negligible differences. This allows us to combine alternate approaches to determine the trajectory lengths with and without air entrainment and estimate the head losses accordingly.
Numerical analysis for two phase flow distribution headers in heat exchangerseSAT Journals
Abstract A flow header having number of multiple small branch pipes are commonly used in heat exchangers and boilers. In beginning the headers were designed based on the assumption that the fluid distribute equally to all lateral pipes. In practical situation the flow is not uniform and equal in all lateral pipes. Mal distribution of flow in heat exchangers significantly affects their performance. Non-uniform flow distribution from header to the branch pipes in a flow system will lead to 25% decrease in effectiveness of a cross flow heat exchanger. Mal distribution of flow in the header is influenced by the geometric parameters and operating conditions of the header. In this work the flow distribution among the branch pipes of dividing flow header system is analyzed for two phase flow condition. In the two phase flow condition, the effect of change in geometric cross sectional shape of the header (circular, square), inlet flow velocities are varied to find the flow mal distribution through the lateral pipes are investigated with the use of Computational Fluid Dynamics software. Keywords: circular, square headers and Computational Fluid Dynamics software. (CFD)
Experimental and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Analysis of Additively Ma...IRJET Journal
This document discusses an experimental study and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of additively manufactured weirs. Four different weir designs - empty and ramped catenary, labyrinth, and piano key - were 3D printed and tested in a 2.5 meter open channel flow experiment. Flow rates, water levels, velocities, and discharge coefficients were measured and compared for each weir design. CFD modeling was also used to simulate the flow and validate the experimental results. The ramped catenary weir design generally performed best across testing parameters for both maximum and minimum flow rates. The study demonstrated the feasibility of using additive manufacturing to create complex weir geometries for experimental fluid mechanics research.
ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE ON ORIFICE PLATE AND FLOW...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes and evaluates the coefficient of discharge of orifice plates and flow nozzles through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. Orifice plates and flow nozzles are differential pressure devices used to measure fluid flow rates. The study models orifice plates and flow nozzles in CATIA and analyzes them in ANSYS to predict flow characteristics like velocity and pressure. The CFD results are used to calculate the coefficient of discharge for different orifice and nozzle diameters. The coefficient of discharge increases with increasing diameter and flow nozzles have a higher coefficient than orifice plates. The theoretical coefficient of discharge values also closely match the analytical values obtained from the CFD simulations.
flow_through_linear_weir in analysis of the huamrajak
1) The document discusses a numerical study using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to simulate flow over a linear weir.
2) The CFD simulation results for head-discharge relationships and flow patterns are compared to experimental data from literature and show close agreement.
3) The maximum error between the CFD and experimental results for discharge is within 3% indicating CFD can accurately predict flows over hydraulic structures like weirs.
This document summarizes a numerical investigation of a jet pump with twisted tapes. A 3D numerical model was developed using ANSYS Fluent to simulate flow through a jet pump with variations in nozzle profile and the addition of single or double twisted tapes in the primary nozzle. Results showed that a double twisted tape increased jet pump efficiency the most, by around 10%, compared to a nozzle without tape. Higher velocities, turbulent kinetic energy, and vorticity were observed with twisted tapes, enhancing entrainment of the secondary flow and improving performance.
IRJET- A Modified Stilling Basin with Flow-Guide Pipes to Improve Hydraul...IRJET Journal
The document presents research on modifying a stilling basin downstream of vertical gates to improve hydraulic jump parameters. Experiments were conducted on models with one, two, or three rows of flow-guide pipes, and with varying length between pipe nozzles. Results showed that a model with three rows of pipes and a length between nozzles of 4.3 times the initial flow depth had the best performance. This modified basin reduced jump length by 31% and increased energy loss by 4% compared to the case without pipes.
The simultaneous loop flow correction analysis in the water feed network of M...IJERA Editor
With increasing population growth and industrial development, water flow rates and other hydraulic
requirements associated with water distribution systems have been estimated to increase both national and local
scale. Water shortage will cause inconvenience to people’s life and it will impact city function and industrial
production. Hence to overcome this problem design and analysis of water distribution system is necessary to get
optimal discharge. In this paper a water pipeline network analysis with a case study of a small city (MinkokEdjombo)
in the southern Cameroon system has been undertaken. What prompted this study is that the case
study has a lot of fluctuations in its head loss. Also, the discharge is not proportional to the pipe diameter. The
study therefore adopted simultaneous loop flow correction method because it computes simultaneous flows
corrections for all loops, hence, the best since computational procedures takes into account the iterative
influence of flow corrections between loops which have common pipes. After applying the simultaneous loop
flow correction analyze in a twenty-four sampled pipeline network, a drastic reduction in head loss and regular
line along the axis was observed.
Besides, the rate at which the water flows was observed to be proportional to the pipe diameter. Hence, the
method is a useful aid in planning, designing and operating of reticulated pipeline network for higher efficiency
and improved economy.
The document presents a thesis submitted by Hadji Mohammed Salah on optimizing the hydraulic performance of center pivot irrigation systems. It discusses conducting field experiments on existing center pivot systems in Algeria to evaluate their performance and optimize sprinkler spacing and sizing using a genetic algorithm model. The objectives are to identify configurations that improve irrigation uniformity, which increases crop productivity and quality. Results show the optimized configurations significantly improved the uniformity coefficient compared to traditional systems.
IRJET- Review Study on Analysis of Venturimeter using Computational Fluid Dyn...IRJET Journal
This document presents a literature review on the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to analyze venturimeters. It summarizes 5 previous studies that used CFD to model venturimeter flow and compare results to theoretical calculations and experimental data. The studies found that CFD can be used to efficiently calibrate venturimeters, predict performance under non-standard conditions, and provide detailed flow information that is difficult to obtain experimentally. CFD results from the studies showed discharge coefficients decreasing with Reynolds number and generally agreed with analytical equations and experimental measurements. The literature review concludes that CFD provides an effective alternative to costly experiments for venturimeter calibration and analysis.
Artificial Neural Network Modelling for Pressure Drop Estimation of Oil-Water...IRJET Journal
This document describes the development of artificial neural network (ANN) models to estimate pressure drop for the flow of oil-water mixtures in pipes.
Three ANN models were developed using experimental data from 175 runs of varying pipe diameter, oil/water composition, flow rate, and pipe inclination. Model CFDP estimates pressure using pipe diameter, composition, flow rate, and inlet pressure. Model CFEP uses composition, flow rate, pipe inclination, and inlet pressure. Model CFDEP includes all variables.
The models were trained and tested, showing good accuracy within 5-20% relative error. Comparison of actual and predicted output values for training data demonstrated the models' ability to estimate pressure drop for oil-water flow in pipes
2018 - CFD simulation of fluid dynamic and biokinetic processes within activa...WALEBUBLÉ
This document describes a CFD simulation of fluid dynamics and biokinetic processes within an activated sludge reactor (ASR) operating under intermittent aeration. The CFD model considers fluid dynamics, oxygen transfer, and biological processes described by Activated Sludge Model No. 1 (ASM1). The model is used to evaluate two different aeration system configurations for an ASR in terms of their ability to satisfy effluent requirements with minimum energy consumption. Results show that modifying the air diffuser layout can improve energy consumption by 2.8%, and reducing the air flow rate per diffuser improves energy consumption by 14.5%. The model provides insight into aeration inefficiencies within ASRs.
Influence of number of impeller and diffuser blades on the pressure recovery ...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes a numerical analysis that investigated the influence of the number of impeller and diffuser blades on the pressure recovery of a centrifugal fan. The analysis found that higher numbers of impeller blades (up to 14 blades) resulted in better pressure recovery due to improved blade loading. Additionally, a smaller number of diffuser blades (12 blades) produced higher pressure recovery by avoiding flow separation and stall near the blades. In general, the analysis showed that configurations with more impeller blades and fewer diffuser blades achieved better static pressure recovery and lower total pressure losses across the fan.
This document discusses pressure loss in duct fittings like elbows through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling. It validates a CFD tool by modeling a 90-degree round elbow and comparing results to published pressure loss coefficient data. The study finds that pressure loss coefficient decreases with increasing Reynolds number. CFD can accurately predict pressure loss in duct fittings and help with preliminary ductwork design in applications with complex geometries.
Impact of the Hydrographic Changing in the Open Drains Cross Sections on the ...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
IRJET-Helical Screw-Tape Influence on Swirl Flow Profile in a Diffuser.IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a numerical study that models airflow behavior in an annular diffuser with a helical screw-tape swirl generator. Three swirl numbers (2.8, 3.9 and 5.8) were analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software. The results indicated that the highest swirl number of 5.8 enhanced the velocity distribution in the diffuser better than the lower swirl numbers, demonstrating the influence of swirl intensity on flow characteristics.
A comparatively analysis of plate type H.E. and helical type H.E. using ANOVA...IRJET Journal
This document compares plate type and helical type heat exchangers using ANOVA analysis. It first describes the design and operation of each type of heat exchanger. It then outlines the methodology used, including equations for heat transfer coefficients and an overview of ANOVA analysis. The results section describes the design of each heat exchanger in CATIA software and presents graphs comparing their pressure drops and R2 regression factors. Finally, it concludes the plate heat exchanger offers advantages in terms of space, heat transfer efficiency, turbulence, flexibility and lifespan.
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Viral hepatitis is an infection that causes liver inflammation and damage. Several different viruses cause hepatitis, including hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. The hepatitis A and E viruses typically cause acute infections. The hepatitis B, C, and D viruses can cause acute and chronic infections. Hepatitis A causes only acute infection and typically gets better without treatment after a few weeks. The hepatitis A virus spreads through contact with an infected person’s stool. Protection by getting the hepatitis A vaccine. Hepatitis E is typically an acute infection that gets better without treatment after several weeks. Some types of hepatitis E virus are spread by drinking water contaminated by an infected person’s stool. Other types are spread by eating undercooked pork or wild game. Hepatitis B can cause acute or chronic infection. Recommendation for screening for hepatitis B in pregnant women or in those with a high chance of being infected. Protection from hepatitis B by getting the hepatitis B vaccine. Hepatitis C can cause acute or chronic infection. Doctors usually recommend one-time screening of all adults ages 18 to 79 for hepatitis C. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent liver damage. The hepatitis D virus is unusual because it can only infect those who have a hepatitis B virus infection. A coinfection occurs when both hepatitis D and hepatitis B infections at the same time. A superinfection occurs already have chronic hepatitis B and then become infected with hepatitis D. The aim of this study is to find the effect of each type of viral hepatitis on the bilirubin (TB , DSB) , and liver enzymes; AST, ALT, ALP,GGT among viral hepatitis patients. 200 patients were selected from the viral hepatitis units in the central public health laboratory in Baghdad city, all the chosen cases were confirmed as a positive samples , they are classified into four equal group each with fifty individual and with a single serological viral hepatitis type either; anti-HAV( IgM ) , HBs Ag , anti-HCV ,or anti-HEV(IgM ). All patients were tested for; serum bilirubin ( TB ,D.SB ) , AST , ALT , ALP , GGT. Another fifty quite healthy and normal person was selected as a control group for comparison. . Liver enzymes and bilirubin changes are more pronounced in HAV, HEV than HCV and HBVAST and ALT lack some sensitivity in detecting HCV ,HBV and mild elevations of ALT or AST in asymptomatic patients can be evaluated efficiently by considering ,hepatitis B, hepatitis C. ALT is generally a more sensitive indicator of acute liver cell damage than AST, It is relatively specific for hepatocyte necrosis with a marked elevations in viral hepatitis. Liver enzymes and bilirubin changes are more pronounced in HAV, HEV than HCV and HBV.AST and ALT lack some sensitivity in detecting HCV ,HBV and mild elevations of ALT or AST in asymptomatic patients can be evaluated efficiently by considering ,hepatitis B, hepatitis C. ALT is generally a more sensitive indicator of acute liver
Determinants of Women Empowerment in Bishoftu Town; Oromia Regional State of ...AI Publications
The purpose of this study was to determine the status of women's empowerment and its determinants using women's asset endowment and decision-making potential as indicators. To determine representative sample size, this study used a two-stage sampling technique, and 122 sample respondents were selected at random. To analyze the data in this study, descriptive statistics and a probit model were used. The average women's empowerment index was 0.41, indicating a relatively lower status of women's empowerment in the study area. According to the study's findings, only 40.9% of women were empowered, while the remaining 59.1% were not. The probit model results show that women's access to the media, women's income, and their husbands' education status have a significant and positive impact on the status of women's empowerment, while the family size of households has a negative impact. As a result, it is important to enhance women's access to the media and income, promote family planning and contraception, and improve men's educational status in order to improve the status of women's empowerment.
Cricket management system ptoject report.pdfKamal Acharya
The aim of this project is to provide the complete information of the National and
International statistics. The information is available country wise and player wise. By
entering the data of eachmatch, we can get all type of reports instantly, which will be
useful to call back history of each player. Also the team performance in each match can
be obtained. We can get a report on number of matches, wins and lost.
We have designed & manufacture the Lubi Valves LBF series type of Butterfly Valves for General Utility Water applications as well as for HVAC applications.
Covid Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
CoVID-19 sprang up in Wuhan China in November 2019 and was declared a pandemic by the in January 2020 World Health Organization (WHO). Like the Spanish flu of 1918 that claimed millions of lives, the COVID-19 has caused the demise of thousands with China, Italy, Spain, USA and India having the highest statistics on infection and mortality rates. Regardless of existing sophisticated technologies and medical science, the spread has continued to surge high. With this COVID-19 Management System, organizations can respond virtually to the COVID-19 pandemic and protect, educate and care for citizens in the community in a quick and effective manner. This comprehensive solution not only helps in containing the virus but also proactively empowers both citizens and care providers to minimize the spread of the virus through targeted strategies and education.
How can identify sensitivity of hydraulic characteristics of irrigation systems?
1. International journal of Horticulture, Agriculture and Food science(IJHAF) [Vol-1, Issue-1, May-Jun, 2017]
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How can identify sensitivity of hydraulic
characteristics of irrigation systems?
Mohammad Valipour
Young Researchers and Elite Club, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran
Abstract— Due to the benefits of center pivot irrigation
system into the other techniques, especially surface
irrigation, more accurate design of these systems for
saving in water resources, increasing irrigation
efficiency, and finally encourage farmers to use of this
system (when using this method is economical),
recognition of effective parameters on center pivot have a
great importance. In this study, using PipeLoss software,
amounts of pressure loss, friction slope, inflow velocity,
velocity head, and Reynolds number in center pivot
systems survived. The results showed that: Pipe inside
diameter was more effective than other parameters.
Changes of pressure loss, in all cases (except Qs), were
the maximum. Changes of velocity head were the
maximum in scenarios related to the changes of system
discharge. In center pivot system design, should be noted
to pipe inside diameter and system discharge as input and
pressure loss as output, more than other inputs and
outputs parameters.
Keywords— pressurized irrigation, hydraulic properties,
irrigation system design.
I. INTRODUCTION
Study of center pivot irrigation has always desired for
researchers, which some of them will be described in the
following.
King and Kincaid [1] researched optimal performance
from center pivot sprinkler systems. They proposed that
low-pressure spray sprinklers could replace the original
high-pressure impact sprinklers. Smith [2] evaluated a
center pivot irrigation system successfully. Omary et al.
[3] developed a multiple-segment water application
system and attached to a commercial center pivot
irrigation system to provide variable application depths
within each segment at a given speed. The laboratory and
simulation results showed high application uniformity
(Christiansen coefficient of uniformity was greater than
90%). Porter and Marek [4] studied relationship between
center pivot sprinkler application depth and soil water
holding capacity. They expressed that the key to
optimizing center pivot irrigation was management,
which takes into account changing crop water
requirements and the soil’s permeability and water
holding capacities. Vories et al. [5] studied performance
of a variable rate center pivot system. Analytical
equations for friction correction factors for center-pivot
laterals developed [6, 7, 8]. In other studies hydraulics of
center pivot laterals analyzed [9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14].
Peters and Evett [15] automated a center pivot was
completely using the temperature-time-threshold method
of irrigation scheduling. The automatic irrigation system
has the potential to simplify management, while
maintaining the yields of intensely managed irrigation.
Mohamoud et al. [16] optimized center pivot irrigation
system design with tillage effects. Spare et al. [17]
analyzed field performance of center pivot sprinkler
packages. Gilley [18] investigated suitability of reduced
pressure center pivots. The results could be used as a
general guide to determine if a particular system may
have a runoff problem under a given situation. A
distributional semiempirical model for the simulation of
spatial distribution of water application under center pivot
sprinklers developed [19, 20] This simulation model of
spatial water distribution under sprinklers of center pivot
could be used to simulate the distribution of water under a
typical pivot machine. Yan et al. [21] characterized center
pivot irrigation with fixed spray plate sprinklers.
Reducing the percent-time cycle time from 60 s to 40 s
resulted in a slight increase in the radial uniformity
coefficients, with an average of 1.09% to 1.17%, while
there was no significant influence on the circular
uniformity coefficients. Dukes and Perry [22] tested
uniformity of variable-rate center pivot irrigation control
systems. The variable-rate technologies tested under the
conditions presented in this paper had at least as good
uniformity as the center pivot and linear move systems
when functioning in non-variable-rate mode. Marjang et
al. [23] analyzed center pivot uniformity with variable
container spacing. Silva [24] fitted infiltration equations
to center pivot irrigation data in a Mediterranean soil.
Delirhasannia et al. [25] presented a dynamic model for
water application using center pivot irrigation. Valín et al.
[26] presented a model for center pivot design and
evaluation. Abo-Ghobar [27] studied losses from low-
pressure center pivot irrigation systems in a desert climate
as affected by nozzle height. Heermann et al. [28]
presented An accurate analysis of irrigation systems plays
an impotant role in agricultural water management [29-
2. International journal of Horticulture, Agriculture and Food science(IJHAF) [Vol-1, Issue-1, May-Jun, 2017]
AI Publications ISSN: 2456-8635
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45]. user-friendly software for an integrated water-energy
management system for center pivot irrigation. In this
study, using PipeLoss software, amounts of pressure loss,
friction slope, inflow velocity, velocity head, and
Reynolds number in center pivot systems survived.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Number of six parameters include pipe friction factor (C),
inside diameters of pipe (ID), lengths of pipe (L), number
of equally-spaced outlets (Ns), total flow into the pipe
(Qs), and discharge of end gun (Qg) was selected for
scrutiny of pressure loss, friction slope, inflow velocity,
velocity head, and Reynolds number in center pivot
systems. For this purpose by choosing ten different
scenarios and using PipeLoss software, sensitivity of
mentioned parameters investigated. All of the scenarios
were in a reasonable range. In most cases initial data were
average of own range and almost in most projects, these
amounts is selected for center pivot irrigation system.
Increase or decrease for each scenario was based on
actual values for example amounts of inside diameters
were one of these values: 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15
inches. However, inside diameters less than 4 inches
maybe not used in a real project, in this study was used
for compared with other values. Recommended formulas
based on pipe material are as follows:
AID=AOD−2(MWT+0.5WTT) (1)
2S/P=SDR−1 (2)
2S/P=SDR+1 (3)
Where AID is average inside diameter (in), AOD is
average outside diameter (in), MWT is minimum wall
thickness (in), WTT is wall thickness tolerance (in), S is
hydrostatic design stress (lb/in2
), P is pressure rating
(lb/in2
), and SDR is standard thermoplastic dimension
ratio as follows:
SDR=AOD/MWT (4)
SDR=AID/MWT (5)
Equation (1) is used for PVC IPS (Iron Pipe Size) and
PVC PIP (Plastic Irrigation Pipe), equations (2) and (4)
are used for PVC, ABS and PE pipe with outside
diameter controlled, and equations (3) and (5) are used for
PE pipe with inside diameter controlled.
Table 1 shows initial input and output data in this study.
Table.1: Values of initial input and output
Input
C ID (mm) L (m) Ns Qs (l/s)
Qg
(l/s)
150 151.6 400 25 50 8
Output
Pressure loss
(kPa)
Friction slope
(kPa/m)
Velocity in pipe
(m/s)
Velocity head
(kPa)
Reynolds number (20°C)
90.92 0.373 2.77 3.835 417836
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 2 shows scenarios related to the pipe
Table.2: Scenarios related to the pipe friction factor
C
Pressure
loss (kPa)
∆
(%)
Friction
slope
(kPa/m)
∆
(%)
Velocity
in pipe
(m/s)
∆
(%)
Velocity
head
(kPa)
∆
(%)
Reynolds
number
(20°C)
∆
(%)
100 192.51 112 0.790 112 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
110 161.39 78 0.663 78 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
115 148.65 63 0.610 64 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
120 137.39 51 0.564 51 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
125 127.40 40 0.523 40 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
130 118.48 30 0.486 30 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
135 110.49 22 0.454 22 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
140 103.30 14 0.424 14 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
145 96.81 6 0.397 6 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
150 90.92 0 0.373 0 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
Average
(%)
46 46 0 0 0
According to the Table 2 for decreasing values of pipe friction factor, pressure loss and friction slope increased but values of
velocity
in pipe, velocity head, and Reynolds number did not change.
Table 3 shows values of pipe inside diameters.
3. International journal of Horticulture, Agriculture and Food science(IJHAF) [Vol-1, Issue-1, May-Jun, 2017]
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Table.3: Scenarios related to the pipe inside diameters
ID (mm)
Pressure
loss
(kPa)
∆ (%)
Friction
slope
(kPa/m)
∆ (%)
Velocity
in pipe
(m/s)
∆
(%)
Velocity
head
(kPa)
∆
(%)
Reynolds
number
(20°C)
∆
(%)
52.5 15828.29 17309 64.988 17323 23.10 734 266.657 6853 1206550 189
62.7 6672.12 7238 27.394 7244 16.20 485 131.075 3318 1010269 142
77.9 2320.56 2452 9.528 2454 10.49 279 55.010 1334 813143 95
101.1 652.76 618 2.680 618 6.23 125 19.390 406 626547 50
151.6 90.92 0 0.373 0 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
201.6 22.72 75 0.093 75 1.57 43 1.226 68 314206 25
252.2 7.64 92 0.031 92 1.00 64 0.501 87 251165 40
302.7 3.14 97 0.013 97 0.69 75 0.241 94 209263 50
353.2 1.48 98 0.006 98 0.51 82 0.130 97 179343 57
378.4 1.06 99 0.004 99 0.44 84 0.099 97 167399 60
Average
(%)
3120 3122 219 1373 79
According to the Table 3 decreasing of inside diameter caused increase in all parameters and increasing of inside diameter
caused decrease in all parameters. The maximum changes related to the
pressure loss and friction slope and the minimum changes related to the Reynolds number.
Table 4 shows different values of pipe lengths.
Table.4: Scenarios related to the values of pipe lengths
L (m)
Pressure
loss (kPa)
∆
(%)
Friction
slope
(kPa/m)
∆
(%)
Velocity
in pipe
(m/s)
∆
(%)
Velocity
head
(kPa)
∆
(%)
Reynolds
number
(20°C)
∆
(%)
60 13.64 85 0.373 0 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
100 22.73 75 0.373 0 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
150 34.10 62 0.373 0 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
200 45.46 50 0.373 0 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
300 68.19 25 0.373 0 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
400 90.92 0 0.373 0 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
500 113.65 25 0.373 0 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
600 136.39 50 0.373 0 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
700 159.12 75 0.373 0 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
800 181.85 100 0.373 0 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
Average
(%)
61 0 0 0 0
According to the Table 4 changes of pipe length only were effective on pressure loss. Increasing of L increased pressure loss
and decreasing of L decreased pressure loss.
Table 5 shows different values of number of sprinklers.
Table.5: Scenarios related to the values of number of sprinklers
Ns
Pressure
loss (kPa)
∆
(%)
Friction
slope
(kPa/m)
∆
(%)
Velocity
in pipe
(m/s)
∆
(%)
Velocity
head
(kPa)
∆
(%)
Reynolds
number
(20°C)
∆
(%)
5 98.83 9 0.373 0 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
10 93.72 3 0.373 0 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
15 92.14 1 0.373 0 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
20 91.37 0 0.373 0 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
25 90.92 0 0.373 0 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
30 90.63 0 0.373 0 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
35 90.42 1 0.373 0 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
40 90.26 1 0.373 0 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
4. International journal of Horticulture, Agriculture and Food science(IJHAF) [Vol-1, Issue-1, May-Jun, 2017]
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45 90.14 1 0.373 0 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
50 90.04 1 0.373 0 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
Average
(%)
2 0 0 0 0
According to the Table 5 changes of number of equally-spaced outlets only were effective on pressure loss. Increasing
number of sprinklers (Ns) decreased pressure loss and decreasing of Ns increased pressure loss.
Table 6 shows different values system discharges.
Table.6: Scenarios related to the total flow into the pipe
Qs (l/s)
Pressure
loss (kPa)
∆
(%)
Friction
slope
(kPa/m)
∆
(%)
Velocity
in pipe
(m/s)
∆
(%)
Velocity
head
(kPa)
∆
(%)
Reynolds
number
(20°C)
∆
(%)
30 37.51 59 0.145 61 1.66 40 1.381 64 250701 40
35 48.83 46 0.193 48 1.94 30 1.879 51 292485 30
40 61.52 32 0.247 34 2.22 20 2.455 36 334268 20
45 75.56 17 0.307 18 2.49 10 3.107 19 376052 10
50 90.92 0 0.373 0 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
55 107.60 18 0.445 19 3.05 10 4.641 21 459619 10
60 125.56 38 0.523 40 3.32 20 5.523 44 501403 20
65 144.80 59 0.607 63 3.60 30 6.482 69 543186 30
70 165.29 82 0.696 87 3.88 40 7.517 96 584970 40
75 187.03 106 0.790 112 4.16 50 8.629 125 626753 50
Average
(%)
51 54 28 58 28
According to the Table 6 the maximum of changes related to the velocity head. For increasing of Qs values of all parameters
increased and for decreasing of Qs values of all parameters decreased.
Table 7 shows Scenarios related to the end gun discharges.
Table.7: Scenarios related to the end gun discharges
Qg (l/s)
Pressure
loss (kPa)
∆
(%)
Friction
slope
(kPa/m)
∆
(%)
Velocity
in pipe
(m/s)
∆
(%)
Velocity
head
(kPa)
∆
(%)
Reynolds
number
(20°C)
∆
(%)
0 83.60 8 0.373 0 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
2 85.31 6 0.373 0 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
4 87.10 4 0.373 0 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
6 88.97 2 0.373 0 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
8 90.92 0 0.373 0 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
10 92.96 2 0.373 0 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
12 95.07 5 0.373 0 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
14 97.26 7 0.373 0 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
16 99.52 9 0.373 0 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
18 101.87 12 0.373 0 2.77 0 3.835 0 417836 0
Average
(%)
6 0 0 0 0
According to the Table 7 changes of Qg only were effective on pressure loss. Increasing of L increased pressure loss and
decreasing of Qg decreased pressure loss.
Figure 1 shows a compression between all effective parameters in center pivot irrigation systems.
5. International journal of Horticulture, Agriculture and Food science(IJHAF) [Vol-1, Issue-1, May-Jun, 2017]
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Fig.1: Obtained results for each of six center pivot design parameters
6. International journal of Horticulture, Agriculture and Food science(IJHAF) [Vol-1, Issue-1, May-Jun, 2017]
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Compression of six center pivot design parameters in
Figure 1 showed that pipe inside diameter was more
effective than other parameters. Because amounts of
changes that caused for increasing or decreasing this
parameter, were very more than other parameters. Since
pressure loss, was more sensitive than other parameter,
changes of pressure loss in all cases (except Qs) were
maximum. Due to the simultaneous and significant
impact of system discharge on pressure loss and velocity
in pipe, changes of velocity head were the maximum in
these states (scenarios related to the changes of system
discharge). The amounts of velocity in pipe, velocity
head, and Reynolds number were only sensitive to pipe
inside diameter and system discharge. The amounts of
Reynolds number in all of the states were more than
2000. It shows that there is turbulent flow in center pivot
systems.
The mentioned cases shows that in center pivot system
design should be noted to pipe inside diameter and system
discharge as input and pressure loss as output, more than
other inputs and outputs parameters. However, role of
other inputs and outputs due to their undeniable effects
should not be ignored.
IV. CONCLUSION
Due to the benefits of center pivot irrigation system into
the other techniques especially surface irrigation, more
accurate design of this systems for saving in water
resources, increasing irrigation efficiency, and finally
encourage farmers to use of this system (when using this
method is economical), recognition of effective
parameters on center pivot have a great importance.
In this study, using PipeLoss software, amounts of
pressure loss, friction slope, inflow velocity, velocity
head, and Reynolds number in center pivot systems
survived. The results showed that:
Pipe inside diameter was more effective than other
parameters.
Changes of pressure loss in all cases (except Qs) were the
maximum.
Changes of velocity head were the maximum in scenarios
related to the changes of system discharge.
In center pivot system design, should be noted to pipe
inside diameter and system discharge as input and
pressure loss as output, more than other inputs and
outputs parameters.
REFERENCES
[1] King B.A. and D.C. Kincaid, 1997. Optimal
Performance from Center Pivot Sprinkler
Systems, University of Idaho College of
Agriculture,
http://www.cals.uidaho.edu/edcomm/pdf/BUL/B
UL0797.pdf
[2] Smith P., 2010. EVALUATING A CENTRE
PIVOT IRRIGATION SYSTEM, State of New
South Wales through Department of Industry and
Investment (Industry & Investment NSW),
http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_fil
e/0003/317478/Evaluating-a-centre-pivot-
irrigation-system.pdf
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[10]Tabuada M., 2011. Hydraulics of Center-Pivot
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[11]Scaloppi E. and Allen R., 1993. Hydraulics of
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(3): 554–567. http://10.1061/(ASCE)0733-
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[14]Helweg O. 1988, Using Center Pivots for
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[15]Peters R. and Evett S., 2008. Automation of a
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