This document discusses ground penetrating radar (GPR), including its principles, applications in civil engineering, equipment, and data acquisition process. GPR works by sending electromagnetic pulses into material and detecting reflected signals to map subsurface structures. It can locate utilities, cavities, and determine pavement/bridge deck thickness. Lower frequencies provide deeper penetration but lower resolution. GPR systems use different antenna frequencies ranging from 25-1500 MHz. The document explains how dielectric constants affect electromagnetic wave velocities and provides an example calculation for object depth detection. It also outlines the key components of GPR equipment and surveys.
Application of Ground Penetrating Radar in Subsurface mapping Dr. Rajesh P Barnwal
The document summarizes a study that used ground penetrating radar (GPR) to map subsurface sand layers at a beach in Nagoor, India impacted by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. GPR profiles along a 60m transect and trench revealed dipping sediment layers deposited by coastal waves. Multiple sand and heavy mineral layers were identified below 1m depth, indicating the tsunami eroded the surface and deposited new layers. Granulometric data from sediment cores correlated well with GPR readings, demonstrating GPR's effectiveness in mapping tsunami-impacted subsurface geology.
Ground Penetrating Radar is a geo-sensor which is used for detecting the target material which is inside the surface and not seen superficially. Surface may be different type like ground, wall, desert e.t.c. It is useful for detecting those material whose electrical characteristics may be nearly equal to inside surface electrical property. The best use of GPR is for detecting land mines.
The document discusses ground penetrating radar (GPR), which uses radar pulses to image the subsurface. It explains that GPR can detect objects, material changes, and voids underground. The document then covers GPR principles, data acquisition, analysis, and applications in civil engineering projects like assessing bridge decks, detecting subsidence, and locating cultural artifacts. Examples of current GPR research, equipment, and software are also presented.
The document provides an introduction to ground penetrating radar (GPR), including its history, how it works, equipment used, data collection and processing techniques, and applications in archaeology. GPR transmits radar pulses into the ground and receives reflections, allowing buried features to be imaged without excavation. Key developments included early ice thickness measurements in the 1920s-1950s, military applications in WWII, and increasing use in archaeology from the 1970s onward as computers improved data processing capabilities. The document outlines factors affecting radar wave propagation and reflections, and details the workflow from GPR survey to interpretation of time slice maps and 3D models to identify buried structures and features.
This document discusses high performance concrete and ground penetrating radar (GPR) technology. It provides an introduction to GPR, describing its components, working principle, data acquisition, and technology. It discusses GPR applications in pavement profiling, detecting multiple interfaces, and evaluating concrete. The advantages of GPR are its low cost, accuracy, speed, and ability to perform non-destructive testing. Limitations include similar dielectric properties complicating detection and thin layers being difficult to detect. In conclusion, GPR is a useful geophysical method for imaging the subsurface and detecting buried objects.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on ground penetrating radar systems. It discusses how GPR works by emitting radar pulses that reflect off underground objects and interfaces between materials, allowing buried objects and soil layers to be detected. The key components of a GPR system are described, including transmitting and receiving antennas that control resolution, and a control unit, display, and power supplies. Factors like soil type and antenna frequency determine maximum penetration depth. GPR provides accurate, non-destructive imaging of the subsurface and has applications in archaeology, geology, utility detection, and more.
Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is a technique that uses radio waves between 1-1000 MHz to map underground structures by emitting signals and detecting echoes to build images. GPR is used to locate buried utilities, for mine site evaluation, forensic investigations, archaeological digs, and detecting unexploded ordnance by measuring signal time delay and strength. The document provides an overview of GPR including how it works and its various applications.
This document summarizes the applications of ground penetrating radar (GPR) and provides an overview of GPR techniques. GPR can be used for environmental and archaeological surveys to map contaminant plumes, locate buried structures, and delineate boundaries. It can also be applied to oil and gas surveys, and civil engineering projects to locate utilities and rebar in concrete. The advantages of GPR include its non-intrusive nature and ability to image below ground surfaces. However, it also has limitations such as expense, limited penetration depth, and need for trained operators and sophisticated software for data processing and interpretation.
Application of Ground Penetrating Radar in Subsurface mapping Dr. Rajesh P Barnwal
The document summarizes a study that used ground penetrating radar (GPR) to map subsurface sand layers at a beach in Nagoor, India impacted by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. GPR profiles along a 60m transect and trench revealed dipping sediment layers deposited by coastal waves. Multiple sand and heavy mineral layers were identified below 1m depth, indicating the tsunami eroded the surface and deposited new layers. Granulometric data from sediment cores correlated well with GPR readings, demonstrating GPR's effectiveness in mapping tsunami-impacted subsurface geology.
Ground Penetrating Radar is a geo-sensor which is used for detecting the target material which is inside the surface and not seen superficially. Surface may be different type like ground, wall, desert e.t.c. It is useful for detecting those material whose electrical characteristics may be nearly equal to inside surface electrical property. The best use of GPR is for detecting land mines.
The document discusses ground penetrating radar (GPR), which uses radar pulses to image the subsurface. It explains that GPR can detect objects, material changes, and voids underground. The document then covers GPR principles, data acquisition, analysis, and applications in civil engineering projects like assessing bridge decks, detecting subsidence, and locating cultural artifacts. Examples of current GPR research, equipment, and software are also presented.
The document provides an introduction to ground penetrating radar (GPR), including its history, how it works, equipment used, data collection and processing techniques, and applications in archaeology. GPR transmits radar pulses into the ground and receives reflections, allowing buried features to be imaged without excavation. Key developments included early ice thickness measurements in the 1920s-1950s, military applications in WWII, and increasing use in archaeology from the 1970s onward as computers improved data processing capabilities. The document outlines factors affecting radar wave propagation and reflections, and details the workflow from GPR survey to interpretation of time slice maps and 3D models to identify buried structures and features.
This document discusses high performance concrete and ground penetrating radar (GPR) technology. It provides an introduction to GPR, describing its components, working principle, data acquisition, and technology. It discusses GPR applications in pavement profiling, detecting multiple interfaces, and evaluating concrete. The advantages of GPR are its low cost, accuracy, speed, and ability to perform non-destructive testing. Limitations include similar dielectric properties complicating detection and thin layers being difficult to detect. In conclusion, GPR is a useful geophysical method for imaging the subsurface and detecting buried objects.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on ground penetrating radar systems. It discusses how GPR works by emitting radar pulses that reflect off underground objects and interfaces between materials, allowing buried objects and soil layers to be detected. The key components of a GPR system are described, including transmitting and receiving antennas that control resolution, and a control unit, display, and power supplies. Factors like soil type and antenna frequency determine maximum penetration depth. GPR provides accurate, non-destructive imaging of the subsurface and has applications in archaeology, geology, utility detection, and more.
Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is a technique that uses radio waves between 1-1000 MHz to map underground structures by emitting signals and detecting echoes to build images. GPR is used to locate buried utilities, for mine site evaluation, forensic investigations, archaeological digs, and detecting unexploded ordnance by measuring signal time delay and strength. The document provides an overview of GPR including how it works and its various applications.
This document summarizes the applications of ground penetrating radar (GPR) and provides an overview of GPR techniques. GPR can be used for environmental and archaeological surveys to map contaminant plumes, locate buried structures, and delineate boundaries. It can also be applied to oil and gas surveys, and civil engineering projects to locate utilities and rebar in concrete. The advantages of GPR include its non-intrusive nature and ability to image below ground surfaces. However, it also has limitations such as expense, limited penetration depth, and need for trained operators and sophisticated software for data processing and interpretation.
GPR, or ground penetrating radar, is a non-destructive geophysical technique that uses high frequency electromagnetic waves to image the shallow subsurface. It works by transmitting waves into the ground from an antenna and detecting the reflected signals, with the reflection times corresponding to layer depths. GPR can create 2D or 3D images of underground structures based on contrasts in electrical properties like conductivity and dielectric permittivity, which are affected by material and moisture. Common applications include utility detection, archaeology, and mapping stratigraphy, but performance depends on ground conditions.
GPR systems work by sending a tiny pulse of energy into a material via an antenna. An integrated computer records the strength and time required for the return of any reflected signals. Subsurface variations will create reflections that are picked up by the system and stored on digital media. These reflections are produced by a variety of material such as geological structure differences and man-made objects like pipes and wire.
Ground penetrating radar uses electromagnetic pulses to detect objects and interfaces between materials underground. It works by sending a pulse into the ground and measuring the reflected signals, which contain information about subsurface layers and objects. GPR systems include antennas, a control unit, and display for data collection and analysis. Data analysis involves calibrating the system and determining dielectric constants to interpret reflection signals and identify subsurface features like pipes, tanks, rebar, and voids. GPR offers fast, nondestructive scanning but performance depends on material properties and density of targets. Common manufacturers provide handheld to vehicular GPR systems ranging in price from $6,500 to $48,000.
This presentation discusses electrical resistivity methods for geophysical surveying. It describes how resistivity utilizes differences in electric potential to image the subsurface. Key concepts covered include Ohm's law, electrode configurations like Wenner and Schlumberger arrays, methods like vertical electrical sounding and electric profiling, and instrumentation used including current sources, resistivity meters, and electrode types. Applications mentioned are groundwater detection, mineral exploration, and waste exploration.
Ground Penetrating Radar, also known as GPR, is a tool that is used to find Underground Utilities, Underground Storage Tanks (USTs), and in some cases, Graves. The depth and accuracy are dependent on a number of variables, such as soil density, moisture content, and antenna frequency. We use a 350 MHz antenna, which has the potential to reach depths of up to 35 ft (in perfect situations).
Remote sensing and GIS techniques can contribute significantly to groundwater modeling efforts. Remote sensing provides spatial data on land cover, vegetation, rainfall, and terrain that are important model inputs. GIS allows integration of diverse data layers, conceptualization of recharge/discharge areas, and output visualization. However, remote sensing has limitations, such as an inability to directly measure groundwater levels or recharge. Overall, combining remote sensing, GIS, and field data can improve conceptual models and produce more accurate modeling results for groundwater management.
Seismic Refraction Test
Subsurface investigation by seismic refraction
Seismic Data Analysis
Seismic refraction instrumental set up and operation
P-waves velocity ranges for different strata
This document describes IDS GeoRadar, a company that produces ground penetrating radar (GPR) systems for utility detection and mapping. IDS GeoRadar is a division of IDS Ingegneria dei Sistemi, an Italian company with over 400 employees that specializes in applied electromagnetics, radar systems, and engineering. IDS GeoRadar leads the market in multi-frequency, multi-channel GPR arrays, and was one of the first companies to introduce this technology. The document discusses GPR technology principles, regulations around utility locating, and why GPR is used to locate utilities given risks from excavation accidents.
Geophysical methods use principles of physics to study the subsurface structure of the earth. Electrical resistivity, magnetic, gravity, and seismic methods are some key geophysical techniques. They can be used to determine subsurface rock types, locate groundwater, ore deposits, and help ensure safe and economical construction. Geophysical investigations provide subsurface data quickly and non-invasively compared to drilling. They are useful for engineering projects and exploring for resources like minerals, oil, and gas.
This document discusses principles of groundwater flow. It defines Darcy's law, which governs groundwater movement, and presents the governing equations for confined and unconfined aquifers. It also discusses flow nets, which can be used to graphically analyze groundwater flow, and the Dupuit equation, which approximates unconfined flow between two bodies of water. The document provides an example problem applying the Dupuit equation to calculate groundwater discharge to two rivers separated by 1,000 meters.
Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a geophysical method that uses radar pulses to image the subsurface. It can detect objects, changes in material, and voids or cavities underground. GPR works by transmitting electromagnetic pulses into the ground and measuring the time it takes for the pulses to reflect back to a receiver antenna. Different materials and objects underground cause different reflections that appear as hyperbolic patterns in GPR images. GPR systems consist of a transmitter antenna, receiver antenna, control unit and display. The frequency used depends on the desired depth of penetration and resolution needed. GPR has advantages of being non-invasive, fast, and able to provide 3D images of underground structures, but its effectiveness is limited by certain soil or terrain conditions.
Geophysical surveys use physical methods at the Earth's surface to measure subsurface physical properties and anomalies. Types of geophysical surveys include gravity, magnetic, electrical, seismic, radiometric, and geothermal methods. The gravity method measures minute variations in gravity caused by differences in subsurface density and distance from the Earth's center. Gravity surveys can be aerial or land-based, using a highly sensitive gravimeter. Processed gravity data is plotted on maps showing variations due to subsurface densities, and is used for hydrocarbon exploration, mineral deposits, cavity detection, and other applications.
The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is a numerical indicator used in remote sensing to analyze observations and determine if an area contains live green vegetation. NDVI compares the visible and near-infrared light reflected by plants, with healthy vegetation absorbing most visible light and reflecting a high amount of near-infrared light. The specific NDVI calculation takes the difference between near-infrared and visible light readings and divides it by their sum, resulting in a value from -1 to 1 that indicates vegetation density.
Microwave remote sensing uses both passive and active sensors operating within the wavelength range of 1mm to 1m. Passive sensors such as microwave radiometers record naturally emitted energy, while active sensors like synthetic aperture radar (SAR) generate their own electromagnetic signals. SAR is an example of side-looking radar that uses signal processing to synthesize a very long antenna and improve azimuth resolution. Radar imagery exhibits characteristics like penetration of vegetation and clouds, day/night imaging, and sensitivity to surface properties. However, it also shows distortions from terrain relief and speckle noise from signal interference.
Introduction to electromagnetic exploration methodoilandgas24
1. Electromagnetic methods measure the electrical resistivity of the Earth using electromagnetic induction rather than direct contact. This allows data to be collected from moving platforms like helicopters.
2. When EM signals enter the Earth, they can propagate as waves in low conductivity environments or diffuse in higher conductivity environments. Diffusion causes the signal amplitude to decrease exponentially with distance.
3. EM methods work by a transmitter generating a primary oscillating magnetic field that induces currents in conductors, which generate a secondary magnetic field measured by a receiver to obtain information about conductors.
RADAR stands for Radio Detection and Ranging. It uses radio waves to determine the range, altitude, direction or speed of objects. The document discusses the basic principles and components of radar systems. It describes how pulsed radar works by transmitting pulses and calculating distance based on time of flight. Continuous wave radar is also covered, which can determine velocity using Doppler shift. Applications discussed include navigation, weather monitoring, air traffic control and military uses such as early warning systems and missile guidance.
The electrical resistivity method uses four electrodes to measure the resistivity of soil and rock formations. Resistivity depends on factors like material type, water content, and salt concentration. Rocks have higher resistivity than saturated clays. This method involves expanding the electrode spacing to measure resistivity at increasing depths. It can detect subsurface variations and locate deposits like sand and gravel within fine-grained soils. Interpretation can be challenging as resistivity changes gradually at interfaces rather than abruptly.
A basic introduction to available geophysical test methods for the use of Geotechnical engineers presented at the USACE Infrastructure Conference in Atlanta, June 2011.
Lidar uses laser light to measure distances by illuminating targets. It is an active remote sensing method. The document discusses remote sensing concepts like platforms, sensors, data collection using electromagnetic radiation, and data interpretation techniques. It provides examples of Indian remote sensing satellites like Resourcesat and Cartosat, and describes their sensors and applications in areas like agriculture, mapping, and disaster management. Visual interpretation of remote sensing images involves analyzing tone, shape, size, pattern, texture, shadows, and associations of targets.
The document discusses asphalt preservation and rejuvenation products. It provides an overview of various rejuvenator product types and their descriptions. It then details the results of several tests and studies that demonstrate the effectiveness of a bio-based rejuvenator product called BIORESTOR in extending the life of asphalt pavement and preventing deterioration. County road studies showed the BIORESTOR-treated section remained in better condition after 7 years compared to the untreated section. Laboratory tests also showed BIORESTOR improved pavement properties.
GPR, or ground penetrating radar, is a non-destructive geophysical technique that uses high frequency electromagnetic waves to image the shallow subsurface. It works by transmitting waves into the ground from an antenna and detecting the reflected signals, with the reflection times corresponding to layer depths. GPR can create 2D or 3D images of underground structures based on contrasts in electrical properties like conductivity and dielectric permittivity, which are affected by material and moisture. Common applications include utility detection, archaeology, and mapping stratigraphy, but performance depends on ground conditions.
GPR systems work by sending a tiny pulse of energy into a material via an antenna. An integrated computer records the strength and time required for the return of any reflected signals. Subsurface variations will create reflections that are picked up by the system and stored on digital media. These reflections are produced by a variety of material such as geological structure differences and man-made objects like pipes and wire.
Ground penetrating radar uses electromagnetic pulses to detect objects and interfaces between materials underground. It works by sending a pulse into the ground and measuring the reflected signals, which contain information about subsurface layers and objects. GPR systems include antennas, a control unit, and display for data collection and analysis. Data analysis involves calibrating the system and determining dielectric constants to interpret reflection signals and identify subsurface features like pipes, tanks, rebar, and voids. GPR offers fast, nondestructive scanning but performance depends on material properties and density of targets. Common manufacturers provide handheld to vehicular GPR systems ranging in price from $6,500 to $48,000.
This presentation discusses electrical resistivity methods for geophysical surveying. It describes how resistivity utilizes differences in electric potential to image the subsurface. Key concepts covered include Ohm's law, electrode configurations like Wenner and Schlumberger arrays, methods like vertical electrical sounding and electric profiling, and instrumentation used including current sources, resistivity meters, and electrode types. Applications mentioned are groundwater detection, mineral exploration, and waste exploration.
Ground Penetrating Radar, also known as GPR, is a tool that is used to find Underground Utilities, Underground Storage Tanks (USTs), and in some cases, Graves. The depth and accuracy are dependent on a number of variables, such as soil density, moisture content, and antenna frequency. We use a 350 MHz antenna, which has the potential to reach depths of up to 35 ft (in perfect situations).
Remote sensing and GIS techniques can contribute significantly to groundwater modeling efforts. Remote sensing provides spatial data on land cover, vegetation, rainfall, and terrain that are important model inputs. GIS allows integration of diverse data layers, conceptualization of recharge/discharge areas, and output visualization. However, remote sensing has limitations, such as an inability to directly measure groundwater levels or recharge. Overall, combining remote sensing, GIS, and field data can improve conceptual models and produce more accurate modeling results for groundwater management.
Seismic Refraction Test
Subsurface investigation by seismic refraction
Seismic Data Analysis
Seismic refraction instrumental set up and operation
P-waves velocity ranges for different strata
This document describes IDS GeoRadar, a company that produces ground penetrating radar (GPR) systems for utility detection and mapping. IDS GeoRadar is a division of IDS Ingegneria dei Sistemi, an Italian company with over 400 employees that specializes in applied electromagnetics, radar systems, and engineering. IDS GeoRadar leads the market in multi-frequency, multi-channel GPR arrays, and was one of the first companies to introduce this technology. The document discusses GPR technology principles, regulations around utility locating, and why GPR is used to locate utilities given risks from excavation accidents.
Geophysical methods use principles of physics to study the subsurface structure of the earth. Electrical resistivity, magnetic, gravity, and seismic methods are some key geophysical techniques. They can be used to determine subsurface rock types, locate groundwater, ore deposits, and help ensure safe and economical construction. Geophysical investigations provide subsurface data quickly and non-invasively compared to drilling. They are useful for engineering projects and exploring for resources like minerals, oil, and gas.
This document discusses principles of groundwater flow. It defines Darcy's law, which governs groundwater movement, and presents the governing equations for confined and unconfined aquifers. It also discusses flow nets, which can be used to graphically analyze groundwater flow, and the Dupuit equation, which approximates unconfined flow between two bodies of water. The document provides an example problem applying the Dupuit equation to calculate groundwater discharge to two rivers separated by 1,000 meters.
Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a geophysical method that uses radar pulses to image the subsurface. It can detect objects, changes in material, and voids or cavities underground. GPR works by transmitting electromagnetic pulses into the ground and measuring the time it takes for the pulses to reflect back to a receiver antenna. Different materials and objects underground cause different reflections that appear as hyperbolic patterns in GPR images. GPR systems consist of a transmitter antenna, receiver antenna, control unit and display. The frequency used depends on the desired depth of penetration and resolution needed. GPR has advantages of being non-invasive, fast, and able to provide 3D images of underground structures, but its effectiveness is limited by certain soil or terrain conditions.
Geophysical surveys use physical methods at the Earth's surface to measure subsurface physical properties and anomalies. Types of geophysical surveys include gravity, magnetic, electrical, seismic, radiometric, and geothermal methods. The gravity method measures minute variations in gravity caused by differences in subsurface density and distance from the Earth's center. Gravity surveys can be aerial or land-based, using a highly sensitive gravimeter. Processed gravity data is plotted on maps showing variations due to subsurface densities, and is used for hydrocarbon exploration, mineral deposits, cavity detection, and other applications.
The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is a numerical indicator used in remote sensing to analyze observations and determine if an area contains live green vegetation. NDVI compares the visible and near-infrared light reflected by plants, with healthy vegetation absorbing most visible light and reflecting a high amount of near-infrared light. The specific NDVI calculation takes the difference between near-infrared and visible light readings and divides it by their sum, resulting in a value from -1 to 1 that indicates vegetation density.
Microwave remote sensing uses both passive and active sensors operating within the wavelength range of 1mm to 1m. Passive sensors such as microwave radiometers record naturally emitted energy, while active sensors like synthetic aperture radar (SAR) generate their own electromagnetic signals. SAR is an example of side-looking radar that uses signal processing to synthesize a very long antenna and improve azimuth resolution. Radar imagery exhibits characteristics like penetration of vegetation and clouds, day/night imaging, and sensitivity to surface properties. However, it also shows distortions from terrain relief and speckle noise from signal interference.
Introduction to electromagnetic exploration methodoilandgas24
1. Electromagnetic methods measure the electrical resistivity of the Earth using electromagnetic induction rather than direct contact. This allows data to be collected from moving platforms like helicopters.
2. When EM signals enter the Earth, they can propagate as waves in low conductivity environments or diffuse in higher conductivity environments. Diffusion causes the signal amplitude to decrease exponentially with distance.
3. EM methods work by a transmitter generating a primary oscillating magnetic field that induces currents in conductors, which generate a secondary magnetic field measured by a receiver to obtain information about conductors.
RADAR stands for Radio Detection and Ranging. It uses radio waves to determine the range, altitude, direction or speed of objects. The document discusses the basic principles and components of radar systems. It describes how pulsed radar works by transmitting pulses and calculating distance based on time of flight. Continuous wave radar is also covered, which can determine velocity using Doppler shift. Applications discussed include navigation, weather monitoring, air traffic control and military uses such as early warning systems and missile guidance.
The electrical resistivity method uses four electrodes to measure the resistivity of soil and rock formations. Resistivity depends on factors like material type, water content, and salt concentration. Rocks have higher resistivity than saturated clays. This method involves expanding the electrode spacing to measure resistivity at increasing depths. It can detect subsurface variations and locate deposits like sand and gravel within fine-grained soils. Interpretation can be challenging as resistivity changes gradually at interfaces rather than abruptly.
A basic introduction to available geophysical test methods for the use of Geotechnical engineers presented at the USACE Infrastructure Conference in Atlanta, June 2011.
Lidar uses laser light to measure distances by illuminating targets. It is an active remote sensing method. The document discusses remote sensing concepts like platforms, sensors, data collection using electromagnetic radiation, and data interpretation techniques. It provides examples of Indian remote sensing satellites like Resourcesat and Cartosat, and describes their sensors and applications in areas like agriculture, mapping, and disaster management. Visual interpretation of remote sensing images involves analyzing tone, shape, size, pattern, texture, shadows, and associations of targets.
The document discusses asphalt preservation and rejuvenation products. It provides an overview of various rejuvenator product types and their descriptions. It then details the results of several tests and studies that demonstrate the effectiveness of a bio-based rejuvenator product called BIORESTOR in extending the life of asphalt pavement and preventing deterioration. County road studies showed the BIORESTOR-treated section remained in better condition after 7 years compared to the untreated section. Laboratory tests also showed BIORESTOR improved pavement properties.
RESTORATION OF EXISTING MAJOR BRIDGE ACROSS RIVER BHADAR ON NATIONAL HIGHWAY ...IEI GSC
By S.K.Patel, P C Gandhi S R Shah J N Prajapati
at 31st National Convention of Civil Engineers
organised by
Gujarat State Center, The Institution of Engineers (India) at Ahmedabad
San Francisco-Oakland SAS Bay Bridge Epoxy Asphalt Concrete Pavingjbors
Epoxy Asphalt Concrete Installation on the new, Self-Anchored Suspension Bay Bridge in San Francisco, California. Extremely durable, fatigue resistant flexible pavement especially suitable for long span bridges with steel decks.
The document discusses several basin modeling software packages that can be used to analyze sedimentary basins and aid in hydrocarbon exploration. It describes the key capabilities of BasinMod, BMT, Genesis, and other tools for modeling the burial and thermal histories of basins, source rock maturation, and hydrocarbon migration and trapping over geologic time in order to better understand petroleum systems. The modeling software packages employ techniques like backstripping, thermal modeling, and fluid flow modeling to simulate basin evolution and hydrocarbon generation.
The PPT is about radioaactve decay it's ionising and peneterating power and about madam curie and her biography
madam curies does not actually discovered radioactivity but due to her great job in this field it is said that she discovered radioactivity
Continental rifts are regions of extensional deformation where the entire thickness of the lithosphere has deformed under the influence of deviatoric tension.
Rifts represent the initial stage of continental break-up where extension may lead to lithospheric rupture and the formation of a new ocean basin.
This document discusses typical distresses that can occur in flexible asphalt pavements and their causes. It describes various types of cracking like fatigue cracking, thermal cracking, block cracking, longitudinal cracking, reflection cracking, as well as other distresses such as rutting, corrugations, slippage, stripping, raveling, reduced skid resistance, roughness, and swelling from frost. Each distress is explained in terms of how it manifests visually and what factors can contribute to its development, such as heavy traffic loads, inadequate drainage, mix design issues, or temperature susceptibility of the asphalt binder. The document provides an overview of the main distresses that can affect flexible pavements and their underlying mechanisms.
Exploration geophysics uses seismic, gravity, magnetic, electrical, and electromagnetic methods to search for oil, gas, minerals, and water underground. Seismic data is collected using vibrator trucks on land or seismic vessels at sea, and reflected waves are received by geophones or hydrophones. The data is processed to create 2D and 3D images of underground strata. Wells are drilled using a rig and drill string to further explore promising areas identified on seismic maps. If hydrocarbons are found, economic analysis is conducted to determine if developing the reservoir will cover costs and be profitable.
This document discusses different types of pavement (bituminous, rigid, earthen) and common distresses that can occur in flexible pavement such as cracking, edge cracking, patching, rutting, and potholes. It provides definitions and classifications for different types of cracking (longitudinal, transverse, alligator), patching, rutting, raveling, potholes, and drainage issues. Metrics for evaluating the severity of these distresses such as crack length, width, and pattern are presented. The document also includes contact information for the author, a highway design engineer.
The document discusses the pavement management strategies used by the City of Lakeland's Public Works Construction & Maintenance Division. It provides details on the division's budget, staffing, equipment, and software used. It also summarizes the various pavement preservation techniques utilized over the past 30 years, including surface treatments, slurry seal, microsurfacing, cape seal, and full depth reclamation. Case studies are presented on projects where microsurfacing was used as a "band aid" and on resurfacing runways at Joker Marchant Stadium. Ongoing efforts to improve practices and adopt new preservation methods are also outlined.
Similarities between gravity and magnetics and application of different geoph...Jyoti Khatiwada
The document discusses similarities and differences between gravity and magnetic geophysical survey methods. Some key similarities are that both measure naturally occurring fields of the Earth (gravity and magnetic), both use identical physical and mathematical representations, and data acquisition/reduction/interpretation are similar. Key differences include magnetic susceptibility varying more than density, magnetic forces can be attractive or repulsive while gravity is always attractive, and the magnetic field is time-dependent unlike gravity.
The document discusses desert landscapes and the climatic and geological processes that shape them. Deserts cover 30% of the Earth's land and experience little rainfall each year, typically less than 100mm. They are located in subtropical regions near the 30 degree latitudes, where global wind patterns limit rainfall. Deserts form due to low rainfall and high evaporation. Wind erosion shapes deserts by removing sand and depositing it in dunes and loess deposits. Water erosion forms features like hoodoos, slot canyons, mesas and buttes through processes like deflation and abrasion. Water deposition builds up alluvial fans and bajadas at the edges of deserts.
AS Level Physics' Radioactivity PresentationAkmal Cikmat
AS Level Physics' Radioactivity group presentation in class.
covers up the question on:
-Why certain nucleus is radioactive
-Radioactive process
-Half-life
-exponential decay curve
with a very lil' detail explanation for each subtopic.
Geophysical prospecting uses physical methods to study the structure of the Earth's crust and locate minerals and ores. It involves collecting data using geophysical methods like seismic, gravitational, magnetic, electrical, and electromagnetic surveys. Seismic methods are commonly used in exploration. They involve generating seismic waves using sources like sledgehammers and analyzing the reflected and refracted waves detected by receivers to characterize subsurface layers and locate resources based on their elastic properties. Proper data acquisition, processing to reduce noise, and geological interpretation of processed seismic data are required to build an accurate model of the subsurface.
Wind is caused by differences in air pressure that cause air to move from high to low pressure areas. Wind erosion occurs when the force of wind picks up and transports sediment such as sand. Key wind erosion processes include deflation, abrasion, saltation, attrition, and suspension. This shapes various landforms including yardangs, zeugens, mesas, buttes, mushroom rocks, earth pillars, and honeycombed structures. Wind deposition forms features like sand sheets, ripples, falls, and various dune types defined by their crescent, longitudinal, star, parabolic, transverse, whale-back, or undulating shapes.
The document summarizes the theory of plate tectonics. It explains that the Earth's crust is broken into plates that move due to convection currents in the mantle. There are three types of plate boundaries - divergent where plates move apart and new crust is formed, convergent where plates collide and one slides under the other, and transform where plates slide past each other. The constant movement of plates is what creates geological features like mountains and ocean trenches.
There are three main types of plate boundaries: divergent boundaries where plates pull apart and new crust is formed, convergent boundaries where plates push together resulting in subduction and volcanic activity, and transform boundaries where plates slide past one another along transform faults. Each boundary has distinct features like mid-ocean ridges, deep trenches, and fracture zones. Plate tectonics can be seen in examples around the world from the Himalayas to the Aleutian Islands.
Aeolian process and landform by shivam soni B.Sc student of Department of App...shivamsoni2011
Wind processes produce eolian landforms. One third of the planet's land is arid or semi-arid. Wind action can be divided into erosion, transportation, and deposition. Erosion includes deflation, abrasion, and attrition which produce features like yardangs, ventifacts, and desert pavement. Transportation occurs by saltation, suspension, and surface creep. Deposition forms sand seas and sheets. Sand dunes depend on wind strength and direction, and come in various shapes that can migrate over time.
The document discusses ultrasonic testing techniques. It describes how ultrasonic pulses are transmitted into a material and reflections from internal imperfections or surfaces are detected. The time interval between pulse transmission and reception provides clues about the material's internal structure. Common techniques include pulse-echo testing and using transducers to generate and detect longitudinal or shear waves. Reflected signals are visualized on an oscilloscope as A-scans, B-scans, or C-scans to evaluate material features.
Ground penetrating radar is a nondestructive geophysical method that uses pulsed radio waves to image the subsurface. It produces a continuous cross-sectional profile of subsurface features without excavation. The radar pulses are reflected by changes in the dielectric properties of underground materials. Higher frequency antennas have better resolution but shallower penetration, while lower frequencies can penetrate deeper but with less detail. GPR has advantages of being rapid, nondestructive, and providing near real-time data, but its depth of penetration is limited by factors like moisture, clay and salt content. It has applications in geology, engineering, archaeology and other fields to locate buried objects and structures.
This presentation consists of an overview of Deep Space Network & the communication system used in deep space network.
The presentation has been divided into several parts. First part illustrates about the components of deep space network, the next part focus on the techniques used to locate a space element (spacecraft) in deep space. The final part discusses the applications of the deep space network.
Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) transmits electromagnetic waves into the ground and receives waves reflected from underground objects. The document derives expressions for the propagation speed v and attenuation coefficient α of electromagnetic waves in ground with given magnetic permeability μ, electrical permittivity ε, and conductivity σ. It also relates GPR resolution to the minimum phase difference between reflected waves. Maximum detection depth and minimum frequency for 50cm lateral resolution are calculated for a given ground composition. Travel time t is derived as a function of detector position x to determine buried rod depth d from a graph.
This document discusses radio wave propagation for medium range communication. It covers the following key points:
1. Radio frequencies between 1-30 MHz are used for medium range communication. This allows efficient radiation from practical transmitter antennas between 1/4 and 1 wavelength in size.
2. There are three main propagation mechanisms: line of sight, ground wave, and sky wave. Line of sight and ground waves are used above 50 MHz for terrestrial communication. Sky waves reflect off the ionosphere and are used from 1-30 MHz for long distance communication.
3. The radio frequency spectrum is divided into bands like HF, VHF, UHF etc. with different applications. Wavelength decreases with increasing frequency based on the
1. The document introduces concepts related to electromagnetic radiation and the electromagnetic spectrum. It discusses how electromagnetic waves are produced by oscillating electric and magnetic fields.
2. Key concepts in remote sensing are introduced such as the electromagnetic spectrum, radiant quantities, energy interactions of reflection, absorption and transmission, and thermal radiation properties.
3. Principles of thermal remote sensing are covered including Planck's law, Stefan-Boltzmann law, blackbody radiation, emissivity of graybodies and selective radiators, and Wien's displacement law.
This document describes a technical seminar report on using ground penetrating radar to detect landmines. It includes an introduction to the landmine problem, the technology used, and details on how impulse ground penetrating radar works including a block diagram of the system components and descriptions of the impulse generator, antenna system, pulse extender, processor, and visual display. It discusses the implementation of GPR for landmine detection and provides examples of applications, advantages, limitations, and future scope.
RADAR stands for Radio Detection and Ranging. It uses electromagnetic waves to detect objects like aircraft, ships, vehicles, weather formations and terrain by determining their range, altitude, direction or speed. The basic principles of radar involve transmitting pulses and measuring their time of return to determine characteristics of detected objects like distance, direction and elevation angle. Interference from noise, clutter and jamming can reduce radar detection capabilities.
This document provides an overview of radar principles and technologies. It discusses the different radar frequency bands and power levels used. It then describes the basic components and functioning of pulsed radar systems, including how radar range is calculated from the time it takes a pulse to travel to a target and return. Continuous wave and pulse radar are the two main types discussed, along with Doppler radar. Factors influencing maximum radar range are also covered through the radar range equation.
This document provides information about microwave communication systems. It defines microwave communication as a high radio frequency link designed to provide signal connection between two points. It operates in the 2-60 GHz band and can be analog or digital. Short, medium, and long haul systems exist based on distance and frequency used. The document discusses advantages like increased gain and reliability, as well as disadvantages like limitations in circuit design at high frequencies. It provides formulas for analyzing microwave links, including free space loss, antenna gain, system gain, and more. Worked examples of link calculations are also included.
1. Radio propagation involves mechanisms like reflection, diffraction, scattering that affect the strength of the radio signal over distance.
2. Reflection occurs when the radio wave impinges on objects larger than the wavelength like buildings, walls. Diffraction allows signals to propagate beyond obstacles. Scattering occurs from objects smaller than the wavelength.
3. Propagation models like free space and two-ray ground reflection are used to predict signal strength over large distances. Factors like Fresnel zones and knife-edge diffraction also impact signal propagation around obstacles.
Radio Frequency Waves ,Data communication & Networkssameer farooq
Radio waves are electromagnetic waves that propagate through free space. They have a wavelength between 1mm and 30km and a frequency between 10KHz and 300GHz. Information such as sound and images can be transmitted using radio waves by modifying properties of the wave like its amplitude or frequency. Radio waves can propagate through different modes including ground waves, sky waves, and line-of-sight. Various factors can impair radio wave transmission over long distances including attenuation, noise, multipath propagation, and refraction in the atmosphere. Radio waves are generated by oscillating electric and magnetic fields produced by accelerating charges and can encode both analog and digital information.
Design edge- and side-coupled microstrip ring resonatorsNeelam Chopade
The document describes designing microstrip ring resonators with a resonance frequency of 2.4 GHz on a substrate with a dielectric permittivity of 4.3 and thickness of 0.2cm. It involves calculating the frequency characteristics of edge-coupled and side-coupled ring resonator designs. The results found the resonators had a resonant frequency near 2.4GHz but that more accuracy is needed in future work.
This document provides an overview of the fundamentals of remote sensing. It discusses that remote sensing involves acquiring information about the Earth's surface without direct contact through sensing and recording reflected or emitted energy. It describes how remote sensing can be done via satellites, which capture satellite images, and aircrafts, which capture aerial photographs. The document outlines different types of satellite images like true color composite and false color composite images. It also discusses key concepts in remote sensing like spatial resolution, radiometric resolution, spectral resolution, and components of a remote sensing system. Finally, it provides an overview of the electromagnetic spectrum and how the atmosphere can impact the quantity and quality of electromagnetic radiation captured by satellites.
This document reports on a project to measure the dielectric properties of materials at microwave frequencies. It discusses key concepts such as dielectric constant, permittivity, permeability, Maxwell's equations and how they relate to a material's ability to store and transmit electromagnetic energy. It describes measurement techniques using resonant cavities and waveguides to characterize a material's dielectric constant and loss factor. Sample preparation and ensuring uniform temperature and moisture conditions are important. Both resonant cavity and transmission line methods are covered, with cavity methods noted as providing higher accuracy for loss measurements.
1. The document discusses uniform plane waves, including their propagation in lossless and lossy dielectric media. It provides an example of calculating the maximum communication depth of a submarine receiving a signal transmitted by an airplane flying over the ocean surface.
2. Key aspects of the example are determining the ocean is a good conductor due to its high conductivity, calculating the electric field transmitted into the ocean, and using the reduction in field magnitude over distance to find the depth where the signal equals the submarine's minimum requirement.
3. By setting the transmitted electric field equal to the minimum level at a depth d and solving for d, the example determines the maximum communication depth for the submarine is 7.4 meters.
Tension members can fail due to three modes:
1. Gross section yielding, where the entire cross-section yields
2. Net section yielding, where the reduced cross-section after subtracting holes yields
3. Block shear failure, which also occurs in welded connections along planes of shear and tension
The design strength is the minimum of the strengths from these three failure modes. Block shear is demonstrated using a failed gusset plate connection with failure planes around the weld. The problem determines the tensile strength of a plate connected to a gusset plate, calculating the strength based on gross section yielding, net section yielding, and block shear failure.
Compression members are structural members subjected to axial compression or compressive forces. Their design is governed by strength and buckling capacity. Columns can fail due to local buckling, squashing, overall flexural buckling, or torsional buckling. Built-up columns use components like lacings, battens, and cover plates to help distribute stress more evenly and increase buckling resistance compared to a single member. Buckling occurs when a straight compression member becomes unstable and bends under a critical load.
This document discusses the design of beams. It defines different types of beams like floor beams, girders, lintels, purlins, and rafters. It describes how beams are classified based on their support conditions as simply supported, cantilever, fixed, or continuous beams. Commonly used beam sections include universal beams, compound beams, and composite beams. The document also covers plastic analysis of beams, classification of beam sections, and failure modes of beams.
PIT is a non-destructive testing method used to evaluate the integrity and structural limits of deep foundations like piles and drilled shafts. It uses sonic pulses to detect potential defects, like cracks, necking, soil or void inclusions that are difficult to identify visually once foundations are installed underground. PIT helps ensure foundations will perform as intended by identifying integrity issues that could compromise strength. It can be used on different foundation types with minimal preparation and allows efficient testing of multiple piles on site.
Geotechnical behaviour of shell foundationsSabna Thilakan
The document discusses shell foundations as an alternative to conventional flat foundations. It provides an overview of different types of shell foundations used in practice, including hyperbolic paraboloid, conical, pyramidal, spherical, and elliptical paraboloid shells. Several studies are summarized that have experimentally and numerically analyzed the load-carrying capacity and settlement behavior of various shell foundations in comparison to flat foundations. The studies found that shell foundations generally have higher load capacity, greater stability, and require less material than flat foundations, though they can be more difficult to construct.
Mohr's circle is a graphical representation of the transformation of stress tensors under a change of coordinates. It depicts the normal and shear stresses on a plane rotated by some angle θ from the original plane. The center of the Mohr circle represents the average normal stress, and the radius represents the maximum shear stress. Rotating the plane by θ degrees corresponds to moving around the Mohr circle by 2θ degrees. Mohr's circle provides a simple way to analyze stresses at a point within a material.
This document describes the vane shear test procedure used to determine the undrained shear strength of soft clays. Key details include:
- The test involves inserting vanes into an undisturbed clay specimen and rotating them at a uniform rate until failure to measure the undrained shear strength.
- Calculations are done to determine the shear strength from the torque measurement, using the vane diameter and height.
- The test can also measure soil sensitivity by remolding the soil after the initial test and measuring the reduction in strength.
Side scan sonar was developed during WWII to detect submarines. It works by emitting acoustic signals from a towfish pulled behind a vessel to image the seafloor on both sides. Stronger returning signals appear darker on sonographs and are influenced by factors like target material, slope, and contrast. Side scan sonar is useful for mapping seafloor features and locating objects like shipwrecks. Limitations include effects from waves, currents, lack of contrast, and difficulties maintaining constant speed and towfish elevation.
Echosounding ,shallow seismic reflection and underwater sonographic investiga...Sabna Thilakan
The document discusses various geophysical techniques used for construction of offshore structures, including echo sounding, side scan sonar, and high resolution seismic reflection methods. It provides details on echo sounding methodology, including sound propagation in water, acoustic parameters of echo sounders, and processing and presentation of bathymetry data. It also describes the working principles, components, and data processing of side scan sonar systems, and factors that affect the interpretation of sonar images. The objective is to understand the fundamentals and applications of these techniques for studying seabed and sub-seabed features in near offshore regions.
Cricket management system ptoject report.pdfKamal Acharya
The aim of this project is to provide the complete information of the National and
International statistics. The information is available country wise and player wise. By
entering the data of eachmatch, we can get all type of reports instantly, which will be
useful to call back history of each player. Also the team performance in each match can
be obtained. We can get a report on number of matches, wins and lost.
Better Builder Magazine brings together premium product manufactures and leading builders to create better differentiated homes and buildings that use less energy, save water and reduce our impact on the environment. The magazine is published four times a year.
Covid Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
CoVID-19 sprang up in Wuhan China in November 2019 and was declared a pandemic by the in January 2020 World Health Organization (WHO). Like the Spanish flu of 1918 that claimed millions of lives, the COVID-19 has caused the demise of thousands with China, Italy, Spain, USA and India having the highest statistics on infection and mortality rates. Regardless of existing sophisticated technologies and medical science, the spread has continued to surge high. With this COVID-19 Management System, organizations can respond virtually to the COVID-19 pandemic and protect, educate and care for citizens in the community in a quick and effective manner. This comprehensive solution not only helps in containing the virus but also proactively empowers both citizens and care providers to minimize the spread of the virus through targeted strategies and education.
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji - Bandi Chor Guru.pdfBalvir Singh
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji (19 June 1595 - 3 March 1644) is revered as the Sixth Nanak.
• On 25 May 1606 Guru Arjan nominated his son Sri Hargobind Ji as his successor. Shortly
afterwards, Guru Arjan was arrested, tortured and killed by order of the Mogul Emperor
Jahangir.
• Guru Hargobind's succession ceremony took place on 24 June 1606. He was barely
eleven years old when he became 6th Guru.
• As ordered by Guru Arjan Dev Ji, he put on two swords, one indicated his spiritual
authority (PIRI) and the other, his temporal authority (MIRI). He thus for the first time
initiated military tradition in the Sikh faith to resist religious persecution, protect
people’s freedom and independence to practice religion by choice. He transformed
Sikhs to be Saints and Soldier.
• He had a long tenure as Guru, lasting 37 years, 9 months and 3 days
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2. Introduction
Ground penetrating radar (commonly called GPR) is a
high resolution electromagnetic technique that is
designed primarily to investigate the shallow
subsurface of the earth, building materials, and roads
and bridges.
Civil engineering applications
Probing into soil to detect pipelines and tanks
Cavities
Thickness determination(Pavement thickness)
Locating reinforcement
Identifying deterioration(Bridge deck conditions, Rail bed
condition)
3. Principle
An Electro Magnetic
pulse is sent through an
antenna, penetrating
into the surveyed
material
A portion of the energy
is reflected back to the
antenna when an
interface between
materials of dissimilar
dielectric constants is
encountered
4. Antenna and Frequency
Different antennas provide different frequencies,
which usually vary between 25 and 1,500 MHz
Lower frequencies provide greater depth penetration
but lower resolution
5. Frequency
A GPR antenna emits a succession of pulses of the same
form and duration at definite intervals.
The frequency around which most of the pulses’ energy is
concentrated is called the center frequency, fc.
GPR systems are generally planned to create a frequency
bandwidth, df (the pulse width at the frequency domain),
which is similar to the center frequency, i.e., df ~ fc.
In the time interval between two successive pulses, the
receiving antenna measures the electric field in the
incoming reflected puas an analogue signal, which is later
amplified and converted to digital form.
The interval at which the incoming signals are sampled is
called sampling interval (its inverse is termed sampling
frequency,fs)
6. Relative Dielectric Constant
The Relative dielectric constant is
the ratio of the permittivity of a
substance to the permittivity of free
space.
Permittivity, also called electric
permittivity, is a constant and is equal
to approximately 8.85 x 10-12 farad per
meter (F/m) in free space (a vacuum).
= ε (1.13 x 1011)
The velocity of radio wave in a material
is given by
r
c
Vm
0
r
7. The reflected signal has
information on:
how quickly the signal traveled
how much was attenuated
The thickness of a layer is given
by:
where
di is the thickness of layer i,
ti the total travel time
through that layer,
C is the speed of light and
εr,I the dielectric constant of
the layer
2,
i
ir
i
tC
d
•The amount of reflected
energy at an interface is
governed by:
where ρ1,2 is the reflection
coefficient and εr1 and εr2 are
the dielectric constants
21
21
2,1
rr
rr
9. Example
How deep below the surface is an object that is
detected at 46 ns in dry sand (Er = 4)?
Answer:
D = (0.3x 46) / sqrt (4)
D = 3.45 m
Therefore the object is about 3.45 m underground
11. Data Acquisition
GPR surveys are conducted by pulling the antenna
across the ground surface at a normal walking pace.
The recorder stores the data as well as presenting a
picture of the recorded data on a screen.
12. Simplified diagram of (A)the constituents of radar diagram (B)the interpreted section (C)
the radardiagram display .Adapted from Butler et al (1991) and Daniel et al(1988)
13.
14. Advantages and Limitations
Advantages: The GPR method provides a rapid technique for
locating utilities. Since the data is viewed on a screen on
the instrument, the data can be viewed in the field and the
locations of anomalies marked on the ground.
Limitations:
Site specific
Limitations if dielectric properties are similar
Difficult in thin layers
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