Сценарії підготували студенти курсу сертифікатної програми «Правові засади та інституційні механізми запобігання корупції» «Антикорупційних міждисциплінарних студій» Національного університету «КиєвоМогилянська академія».
The document discusses the nursing process, which is a systematic, problem-solving framework for planning and delivering nursing care. It involves assessing a patient's health needs through various methods like observation, interview, and examination. The assessment data is then analyzed and a nursing diagnosis is made to inform the planning, implementation, and evaluation of care. Gordon's 11 functional health patterns are described as a framework to comprehensively assess patients.
1 Define health and wellness.
2 Describe factors causing significant changes in the health care delivery system and their impact on health care and the nursing profession.
3 Describe the practitioner, leadership, and research roles of nurses.
4 Describe nursing care, delivery models.
5 Discuss expanded nursing roles.
The document discusses physical and cognitive development in early adulthood. It covers several topics:
- Emerging adulthood is characterized by identity exploration, instability, self-focus, feeling in-between, and possibilities for transformation.
- Physical performance peaks before age 30 then declines, while sensory systems change little. Exercise in young adulthood boosts health in later life.
- Lifestyle choices can hasten aging effects, but few young adults consider this. Violence is a major cause of death for some groups. Obesity risks increase without attention to nutrition.
- Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence includes componential, experiential, and contextual aspects of thinking. Creat
This document provides definitions and concepts related to health, wellness, and disease. It discusses positive health, well-being, and disease. Key points include defining health as more than just the absence of disease, and recognizing that well-being has both objective and subjective components. Disease is defined as a physiological or psychological dysfunction, and the natural history and causation of diseases is explained using models like the epidemiological triad.
Сценарії підготували студенти курсу сертифікатної програми «Правові засади та інституційні механізми запобігання корупції» «Антикорупційних міждисциплінарних студій» Національного університету «КиєвоМогилянська академія».
The document discusses the nursing process, which is a systematic, problem-solving framework for planning and delivering nursing care. It involves assessing a patient's health needs through various methods like observation, interview, and examination. The assessment data is then analyzed and a nursing diagnosis is made to inform the planning, implementation, and evaluation of care. Gordon's 11 functional health patterns are described as a framework to comprehensively assess patients.
1 Define health and wellness.
2 Describe factors causing significant changes in the health care delivery system and their impact on health care and the nursing profession.
3 Describe the practitioner, leadership, and research roles of nurses.
4 Describe nursing care, delivery models.
5 Discuss expanded nursing roles.
The document discusses physical and cognitive development in early adulthood. It covers several topics:
- Emerging adulthood is characterized by identity exploration, instability, self-focus, feeling in-between, and possibilities for transformation.
- Physical performance peaks before age 30 then declines, while sensory systems change little. Exercise in young adulthood boosts health in later life.
- Lifestyle choices can hasten aging effects, but few young adults consider this. Violence is a major cause of death for some groups. Obesity risks increase without attention to nutrition.
- Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence includes componential, experiential, and contextual aspects of thinking. Creat
This document provides definitions and concepts related to health, wellness, and disease. It discusses positive health, well-being, and disease. Key points include defining health as more than just the absence of disease, and recognizing that well-being has both objective and subjective components. Disease is defined as a physiological or psychological dysfunction, and the natural history and causation of diseases is explained using models like the epidemiological triad.
The document discusses family health nursing and the nursing process as it relates to families. It describes family nursing as focusing on the family as the unit of care. The nursing process for families involves assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation and evaluation. Assessment involves collecting various types of data on the family. Diagnosis identifies the specific nursing problems. Planning prioritizes the problems and sets goals. The plan is then implemented and evaluated for effectiveness.
Marjorie Gordon proposed 11 functional health patterns as a standardized approach to comprehensive nursing data collection. The patterns include health perception, nutrition, elimination, sleep, roles and relationships, sexuality, coping, and values. For each pattern, the nurse collects subjective and objective data to identify health issues and needs. Functional health patterns provide a systematic framework to assess all aspects of a person's health.
The document discusses health psychology and the biopsychosocial model of health and illness. It explains that stress is a negative emotional experience accompanied by physiological and psychological changes. Stressors are what cause stress. Chronic stressors that persist over long periods of time can damage the body by preventing it from returning to homeostasis. The document also discusses the physiological "fight or flight" stress response, as well as Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome model of the stages of stress. Finally, it covers cognitive appraisals of stressors and how social factors like poverty can impact stress levels and health.
This document provides guidance on performing a physical assessment examination. It discusses the nursing process and how physical assessments are used to gather subjective and objective data to identify issues and evaluate care. It outlines the typical order of assessment techniques, including inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation. The document provides details on performing a general survey, health history, physical examination, and measurements of patients. It emphasizes a comprehensive assessment of all body areas and organ systems according to age-specific guidelines.
The study explored whether activating the "freshman 15" myth undermines intentions to practice healthy behaviors and self-efficacy in college freshmen. Participants were randomly assigned to read a vignette activating the myth or personal growth. Measures assessed expected dietary/exercise behaviors and self-efficacy. The manipulation was weak - only 33% in the myth condition mentioned weight gain. No significant differences emerged across conditions for expected behaviors or self-efficacy. The myth activation failed and the small sample limited conclusions. Future research needs stronger manipulations to better understand myth influences on freshman weight gain.
The document describes Marjorie Gordon's Functional Health Patterns (GFHP) which proposes 11 functional health patterns that are common to all humans and contribute to their health. The 11 patterns provide a framework for comprehensive nursing assessment and include: 1) health perception/management, 2) nutrition, 3) elimination, 4) activity/exercise, 5) sleep/rest, 6) cognition/perception, 7) self-perception, 8) roles/relationships, 9) sexuality/reproduction, 10) coping/stress, and 11) values/beliefs. The patterns allow nurses to systematically collect subjective and objective health data to identify strengths, problems, and nursing diagnoses.
The importance of quality in item generation; a prerequisite for Rasch analysisStephen McKenna
The quality of a patient reported outcome scale depends on: a coherent and valid measurement model, quality item generation, and a simple response format.
After these criteria are met, we can think about fit to the Rasch model.
THEORIES AND MODELS FOR COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
The commonly used theories are:
Nightingale’s theory of environment
Orem’s Self care model
Neuman’s health care system model
Roger’s model of the science and unitary man
Pender’s health promotion model
Roy’s adaptation model
Milio’s Framework of prevention
Salmon White’s Construct for Public health nursing
Block and Josten’s Ethical Theory of population focused nursing
Canadian Model
1) The document provides an overview of falls prevention and treatment for older adults. It discusses epidemiology facts about falls and examines assessment strategies across four domains: medical, cognitive, functional, and environmental.
2) Key points covered include that 25% of community-dwelling older adults fall each year, with 5-10% of falls causing serious injuries like fractures. Falls are also the most common cause of traumatic brain injury in the elderly.
3) The document emphasizes the importance of assessing multiple risk factors across different domains to identify potentially treatable diagnoses. It provides examples of medical, cognitive, functional, and environmental risk factors and stresses that etiologies of falls are usually multifactorial.
This document discusses methods for assessing nutritional status in children, including direct methods like anthropometric measurements, biochemical tests, clinical examination, and dietary evaluation as well as indirect community-level methods. Anthropometric measurements like weight, height, mid-upper arm circumference are useful objective measures that can be plotted on growth charts. Clinical examination looks for physical signs of deficiencies. Biochemical tests can detect early changes before symptoms. Dietary assessment methods include 24-hour recall, food frequency questionnaires, and food diaries. The goals of assessment are to identify malnutrition, define health risks, and inform treatment.
This document provides an overview of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health for Children and Youth (ICF-CY) and how it can be used to assess children with disabilities. The ICF-CY is a framework published by the World Health Organization to describe health and disability at both individual and population levels using common terminology. It considers body functions and structures, activities, participation, environmental factors, and personal factors. Several assessment tools are also described that can be used to evaluate children based on the ICF-CY framework and measure things like motor skills, balance, trunk control, quality of life, and cognitive development.
This document provides guidance on assessing obesity and its root causes. It discusses assessing obesity class based on BMI and stage based on health impact. It also discusses assessing obesity drivers like medical issues, psychosocial factors, nutrition, physical activity, and weight bias. The document provides tools and checklists for comprehensively assessing these obesity drivers and root causes in order to develop effective management plans.
This document provides an overview of the approach to evaluating and managing short stature in children. It discusses definitions of short stature, the importance of accurate measurements and growth charting, common causes of short stature including familial, constitutional, and endocrine-related factors. A history should inquire about perinatal factors, nutrition, family patterns, and chronic illnesses. A full examination can detect dysmorphic features or disproportion. Initial workup may include bone age, blood tests, and hormonal assays as indicated. Common causes like familial short stature and Turner syndrome are discussed in more detail. Management focuses on treating underlying causes, ensuring proper nutrition and follow-up, with growth hormone treatment considered for select cases.
The document discusses different theories of motivation including:
1. Instinct theory which proposes that motivation comes from innate tendencies to respond to stimuli.
2. Drive theory which suggests motivation comes from biological needs like hunger that create tension.
3. Incentive theory where external goals pull or push behavior.
4. Arousal theory where people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal.
5. Humanistic theories like Maslow's hierarchy of needs from basic needs to self-fulfillment.
The dynamics of the growth of the craniofacial skeleton is a fascinating,complex mechanism.
An understanding of growth events is of primary importance in the practice of clinical orthodontics.
Maturational status can have considerable influence on diagnosis, treatment goals, treatment planning, and the eventual outcome orthodontic treatment.
Various methods have been implemented to measure growth which include measurement on living individual and dry skull and indirect measurement taken by means of virtual reproduction of the craniofacial skeleton.
Essentially,the various study used to assess growth try to find out answers of the following-
pattern of growth
site of growth
amount and rate of growth
direction and factors influencing growth.
1. Community nutrition focuses on assessing the nutritional status of individuals in a community, identifying nutritional problems and their causes, and developing programs and policies to improve nutrition.
2. Assessing the nutritional status of a community involves determining the prevalence of malnutrition through anthropometric, biochemical and clinical measurements of individuals, as well as understanding dietary habits and food security issues.
3. The data collected from various assessment methods is then used to design appropriate community nutrition interventions, such as nutrition education programs, to address the nutritional problems identified and improve health outcomes.
Psychiatric-mental health nursing requires a wide range of nursing, psychosocial, and neurobiological expertise. PMH nurses promote well-being through prevention and education, in addition to the assessment, diagnosis, care, and treatment of mental health and substance use disorders.
This document discusses the development of the physical and sexual self. It begins by defining the physical self and its relation to personality development. It then discusses puberty and the development of secondary sex characteristics in both males and females. The signs of puberty include growth of genitals and sex organs, body hair growth, breast development, menstruation and more. The role of hormones like testosterone and estrogen in driving these changes is also explained. Finally, the basic structures and functions of the human reproductive system are outlined.
This document discusses various tools that can be used to assess family structure and function in clinical practice. It describes family genograms which provide information on family members and relationships. Other tools include the Family Circle, Family APGAR, FACES, and FES questionnaires which evaluate factors like adaptation, cohesion, and environment. Additional methods like clinical biographies, SCREEM, DRAFT, and Family Mapping are explained as ways to assess family resources, pathology, and dynamics through drawings, timelines, and symbols. The document aims to help physicians understand families and identify dysfunctional patterns that may influence a patient's health or behavior.
In his third of five lectures, Dr. Cady reviews the concepts of food allergy testing with IgG and IgE antibodies, traces the development of this body of knowledge from the 1960's, and reviews two illustrative cases.
The document discusses family health nursing and the nursing process as it relates to families. It describes family nursing as focusing on the family as the unit of care. The nursing process for families involves assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation and evaluation. Assessment involves collecting various types of data on the family. Diagnosis identifies the specific nursing problems. Planning prioritizes the problems and sets goals. The plan is then implemented and evaluated for effectiveness.
Marjorie Gordon proposed 11 functional health patterns as a standardized approach to comprehensive nursing data collection. The patterns include health perception, nutrition, elimination, sleep, roles and relationships, sexuality, coping, and values. For each pattern, the nurse collects subjective and objective data to identify health issues and needs. Functional health patterns provide a systematic framework to assess all aspects of a person's health.
The document discusses health psychology and the biopsychosocial model of health and illness. It explains that stress is a negative emotional experience accompanied by physiological and psychological changes. Stressors are what cause stress. Chronic stressors that persist over long periods of time can damage the body by preventing it from returning to homeostasis. The document also discusses the physiological "fight or flight" stress response, as well as Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome model of the stages of stress. Finally, it covers cognitive appraisals of stressors and how social factors like poverty can impact stress levels and health.
This document provides guidance on performing a physical assessment examination. It discusses the nursing process and how physical assessments are used to gather subjective and objective data to identify issues and evaluate care. It outlines the typical order of assessment techniques, including inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation. The document provides details on performing a general survey, health history, physical examination, and measurements of patients. It emphasizes a comprehensive assessment of all body areas and organ systems according to age-specific guidelines.
The study explored whether activating the "freshman 15" myth undermines intentions to practice healthy behaviors and self-efficacy in college freshmen. Participants were randomly assigned to read a vignette activating the myth or personal growth. Measures assessed expected dietary/exercise behaviors and self-efficacy. The manipulation was weak - only 33% in the myth condition mentioned weight gain. No significant differences emerged across conditions for expected behaviors or self-efficacy. The myth activation failed and the small sample limited conclusions. Future research needs stronger manipulations to better understand myth influences on freshman weight gain.
The document describes Marjorie Gordon's Functional Health Patterns (GFHP) which proposes 11 functional health patterns that are common to all humans and contribute to their health. The 11 patterns provide a framework for comprehensive nursing assessment and include: 1) health perception/management, 2) nutrition, 3) elimination, 4) activity/exercise, 5) sleep/rest, 6) cognition/perception, 7) self-perception, 8) roles/relationships, 9) sexuality/reproduction, 10) coping/stress, and 11) values/beliefs. The patterns allow nurses to systematically collect subjective and objective health data to identify strengths, problems, and nursing diagnoses.
The importance of quality in item generation; a prerequisite for Rasch analysisStephen McKenna
The quality of a patient reported outcome scale depends on: a coherent and valid measurement model, quality item generation, and a simple response format.
After these criteria are met, we can think about fit to the Rasch model.
THEORIES AND MODELS FOR COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
The commonly used theories are:
Nightingale’s theory of environment
Orem’s Self care model
Neuman’s health care system model
Roger’s model of the science and unitary man
Pender’s health promotion model
Roy’s adaptation model
Milio’s Framework of prevention
Salmon White’s Construct for Public health nursing
Block and Josten’s Ethical Theory of population focused nursing
Canadian Model
1) The document provides an overview of falls prevention and treatment for older adults. It discusses epidemiology facts about falls and examines assessment strategies across four domains: medical, cognitive, functional, and environmental.
2) Key points covered include that 25% of community-dwelling older adults fall each year, with 5-10% of falls causing serious injuries like fractures. Falls are also the most common cause of traumatic brain injury in the elderly.
3) The document emphasizes the importance of assessing multiple risk factors across different domains to identify potentially treatable diagnoses. It provides examples of medical, cognitive, functional, and environmental risk factors and stresses that etiologies of falls are usually multifactorial.
This document discusses methods for assessing nutritional status in children, including direct methods like anthropometric measurements, biochemical tests, clinical examination, and dietary evaluation as well as indirect community-level methods. Anthropometric measurements like weight, height, mid-upper arm circumference are useful objective measures that can be plotted on growth charts. Clinical examination looks for physical signs of deficiencies. Biochemical tests can detect early changes before symptoms. Dietary assessment methods include 24-hour recall, food frequency questionnaires, and food diaries. The goals of assessment are to identify malnutrition, define health risks, and inform treatment.
This document provides an overview of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health for Children and Youth (ICF-CY) and how it can be used to assess children with disabilities. The ICF-CY is a framework published by the World Health Organization to describe health and disability at both individual and population levels using common terminology. It considers body functions and structures, activities, participation, environmental factors, and personal factors. Several assessment tools are also described that can be used to evaluate children based on the ICF-CY framework and measure things like motor skills, balance, trunk control, quality of life, and cognitive development.
This document provides guidance on assessing obesity and its root causes. It discusses assessing obesity class based on BMI and stage based on health impact. It also discusses assessing obesity drivers like medical issues, psychosocial factors, nutrition, physical activity, and weight bias. The document provides tools and checklists for comprehensively assessing these obesity drivers and root causes in order to develop effective management plans.
This document provides an overview of the approach to evaluating and managing short stature in children. It discusses definitions of short stature, the importance of accurate measurements and growth charting, common causes of short stature including familial, constitutional, and endocrine-related factors. A history should inquire about perinatal factors, nutrition, family patterns, and chronic illnesses. A full examination can detect dysmorphic features or disproportion. Initial workup may include bone age, blood tests, and hormonal assays as indicated. Common causes like familial short stature and Turner syndrome are discussed in more detail. Management focuses on treating underlying causes, ensuring proper nutrition and follow-up, with growth hormone treatment considered for select cases.
The document discusses different theories of motivation including:
1. Instinct theory which proposes that motivation comes from innate tendencies to respond to stimuli.
2. Drive theory which suggests motivation comes from biological needs like hunger that create tension.
3. Incentive theory where external goals pull or push behavior.
4. Arousal theory where people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal.
5. Humanistic theories like Maslow's hierarchy of needs from basic needs to self-fulfillment.
The dynamics of the growth of the craniofacial skeleton is a fascinating,complex mechanism.
An understanding of growth events is of primary importance in the practice of clinical orthodontics.
Maturational status can have considerable influence on diagnosis, treatment goals, treatment planning, and the eventual outcome orthodontic treatment.
Various methods have been implemented to measure growth which include measurement on living individual and dry skull and indirect measurement taken by means of virtual reproduction of the craniofacial skeleton.
Essentially,the various study used to assess growth try to find out answers of the following-
pattern of growth
site of growth
amount and rate of growth
direction and factors influencing growth.
1. Community nutrition focuses on assessing the nutritional status of individuals in a community, identifying nutritional problems and their causes, and developing programs and policies to improve nutrition.
2. Assessing the nutritional status of a community involves determining the prevalence of malnutrition through anthropometric, biochemical and clinical measurements of individuals, as well as understanding dietary habits and food security issues.
3. The data collected from various assessment methods is then used to design appropriate community nutrition interventions, such as nutrition education programs, to address the nutritional problems identified and improve health outcomes.
Psychiatric-mental health nursing requires a wide range of nursing, psychosocial, and neurobiological expertise. PMH nurses promote well-being through prevention and education, in addition to the assessment, diagnosis, care, and treatment of mental health and substance use disorders.
This document discusses the development of the physical and sexual self. It begins by defining the physical self and its relation to personality development. It then discusses puberty and the development of secondary sex characteristics in both males and females. The signs of puberty include growth of genitals and sex organs, body hair growth, breast development, menstruation and more. The role of hormones like testosterone and estrogen in driving these changes is also explained. Finally, the basic structures and functions of the human reproductive system are outlined.
This document discusses various tools that can be used to assess family structure and function in clinical practice. It describes family genograms which provide information on family members and relationships. Other tools include the Family Circle, Family APGAR, FACES, and FES questionnaires which evaluate factors like adaptation, cohesion, and environment. Additional methods like clinical biographies, SCREEM, DRAFT, and Family Mapping are explained as ways to assess family resources, pathology, and dynamics through drawings, timelines, and symbols. The document aims to help physicians understand families and identify dysfunctional patterns that may influence a patient's health or behavior.
In his third of five lectures, Dr. Cady reviews the concepts of food allergy testing with IgG and IgE antibodies, traces the development of this body of knowledge from the 1960's, and reviews two illustrative cases.
Similar to GORDON'S 11 FUNCTIONAL PATTERN-Health Assessment.pptx (20)
The document discusses programs run by the Philippines Department of Health (DOH) related to family planning. It describes the DOH's Family Health Office, which operates health programs to improve family health. These include the National Safe Motherhood Program, Family Planning Program, Child Health Program, and others. It provides details on objectives, components, and services offered by the National Safe Motherhood Program and National Family Planning Program, which aim to improve maternal and child health and allow individuals to plan family size.
ORTHOPEDIC NURSING: CARE OF THE CLIENT WITH MUSCULO-SKELETAL DISORDERRommel Luis III Israel
The document discusses orthopedic nursing and provides information on musculoskeletal anatomy and physiology. It describes the three types of muscles, tendons, ligaments, bones, joints, and other musculoskeletal structures. It then covers assessment of the musculoskeletal system through history, physical examination including gait, posture, and range of motion. Common laboratory procedures used to assess the musculoskeletal system are also outlined such as bone marrow aspiration, arthroscopy, bone scan, and DXA scan. The nursing management of common musculoskeletal problems like pain, impaired mobility, and self-care deficits are summarized. Modalities used including traction and casting are described. Finally, common musculoskeletal conditions like osteoporosis are briefly discussed.
This document discusses common laboratory procedures used to evaluate alterations in the endocrine system. It describes assays that measure hormone levels in the blood, including stimulation and suppression tests. It provides examples of how thyroid hormone levels can indicate hypo- or hyperthyroidism. Tests are also described for radioactive iodine uptake, thyroid scans, basal metabolic rate, fasting blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance, and glycosylated hemoglobin A1C. The purpose, procedure, and interpretation of results are covered for each test.
This document provides information about end of life care. It discusses key aspects of end of life care including physical and psychological manifestations at the end of life, the goals of end of life care which are to provide comfort, improve quality of remaining life, and ensure a dignified death. It also discusses variables that can affect end of life care like cultural and spiritual needs as well as nursing management of end of life care.
This document discusses cirrhosis of the liver, liver cancer, and hepatitis. It provides information on the causes of cirrhosis including alcohol, viral hepatitis, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Symptoms of cirrhosis include jaundice, fatigue, bruising, and abdominal swelling. The complications of cirrhosis are also examined, such as bleeding from varices and hepatic encephalopathy. Treatment focuses on preventing further liver damage, managing complications through medications and procedures, and potentially liver transplantation for severe cases.
This document discusses the components and process of nursing diagnosis. It begins by outlining the 5 components of the nursing process: assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation. It then focuses on the diagnostic phase, explaining the differences between medical and nursing diagnosis. It provides details on the types of nursing diagnoses according to client status, and how nursing diagnoses are formulated using NANDA terminology and diagnostic statement structures. Factors involved in analyzing data, determining strengths, and prioritizing diagnoses are also summarized.
The document discusses acute and chronic renal failure. It defines the key functions of the kidney system and describes important lab values used to assess renal function such as BUN and creatinine. It distinguishes between the different types and causes of acute renal failure including pre-renal, intra-renal, and post-renal. Medical management focuses on fluid balance, electrolyte control, and removing any obstructions. Chronic renal failure is typically irreversible and results from long-standing kidney damage from conditions like diabetes or hypertension.
The document discusses disorders of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. It provides information on the functions of the liver and describes conditions such as jaundice, cirrhosis, hepatitis, liver tumors, and their signs and symptoms. Gallbladder disorders like cholelithiasis and cholecystitis are covered. Pancreatitis, both acute and chronic, as well as pancreatic cancer, are explained in terms of pathophysiology, assessment findings, and treatment. Nursing management is also addressed for various conditions.
This document discusses evidence-based practice (EBP) in nursing. It defines EBP as integrating the best research evidence, clinical expertise, and patient values and needs. The document outlines the history of EBP beginning in the 1980s and its focus on improving patient outcomes. It also discusses the skills needed for EBP, including critical thinking, information literacy, and communication skills. The five key steps of the EBP process are also summarized: formulating a clinical question, gathering evidence, appraising evidence, integrating evidence with expertise and patient preferences, and evaluating the practice change.
The Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) was established in 1976 to provide routine childhood immunizations against six diseases: tuberculosis, polio, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, and measles. The program aims to reduce child mortality from vaccine-preventable diseases and has specific goals around immunizing children, maintaining polio-free status, eliminating measles, and controlling other diseases. The EPI follows principles of targeting eligible populations, focusing on epidemiology, and providing immunization as a basic health service. It utilizes a cold chain system to store and transport vaccines according to their temperature sensitivities.
The document discusses critical care nursing in the Philippines. It describes how critical care nursing deals with life-threatening illnesses and injuries. It outlines the responsibilities of critical care nurses to provide optimal care for critically ill patients and their families. It also discusses the development of critical care practice in the Philippines and the role of the Critical Care Nurses of the Philippines organization in promoting education and professional development in the field.
This document discusses various topics related to medication administration including:
- Types of medications and their purposes
- Therapeutic actions and effects of drugs
- Different types of doctors' orders and parts of prescriptions
- Routes of drug administration including their advantages and disadvantages
- The 11 rights of drug administration and importance of proper attitude when administering medications
The document provides information to help understand proper medication administration procedures and guidelines.
This document discusses several endocrine glands and their associated hormones, pathologies of overproduction and underproduction. It addresses the thyroid gland and hormones which can cause Graves' disease (overproduction) or Hashimoto's disease (underproduction). It also discusses the pancreas and diabetes mellitus caused by overproduction or underproduction of insulin. Finally, it reviews the anterior pituitary gland and disorders like acromegaly and gigantism from overproduction of growth hormone, or dwarfism from underproduction.
About CentiUP - Introduction and Products.pdfCentiUP
A heightened child formula, with the trio of Nano Calcium, HMO, and DHA mixed in the golden ratio, combined with NANO technology to help nourish the body deeply and comprehensively, helps children increase height, boost brain power, and improve the immune system and overall well-being.
About CentiUP - Product Information Slide.pdfCentiUP
A heightened child formula, with the trio of Nano Calcium, HMO, and DHA mixed in the golden ratio, combined with NANO technology to help nourish the body deeply and comprehensively, helps children increase height, boost brain power, and improve the immune system and overall well-being.
Benefits:
Linga mudra generates excessive heat within the body and is very useful for dealing with colds.
It also helps in boosting the immune system and makes the body more resistant to colds and similar infections.
The benefits of penis posture also extend to the respiratory system and it can help loosen the phlegm accumulated from the throat.
This posture also helps in weight loss.
Discomfort experienced in an air conditioned room is relieved by this mudra.
Difficulty in breathing can be relieved by this mudra.
Congested nose can be relieved by this mudra immediately and one can get good sleep.
It controls the flow of the menstrual cycle. Performing the Linga mudra with the Sun Mudra gives better results – both 15 minutes each, one after the other.
When navel center is shifted from its original place, comes back to its place by this mudra.
Vital statistics.pptx Vital statistics, the records of birth and death, are a...Sapna Thakur
These vital statistics are invaluable for planning, monitoring and evaluating various programs related to primary health care, family planning, maternal and child health, education etc.
Cancer treatment has advanced significantly over the years, offering patients various options tailored to their specific type of cancer and stage of disease. Understanding the different types of cancer treatments can help patients make informed decisions about their care. In this ppt, we have listed most common forms of cancer treatment available today.
2. FUNCTIONAL
HEALTH
PATTERN
Marjorie Gordon (1987) proposed
functional health patterns as a guide
for establishing a comprehensive
nursing data base.
These 11 categories make possible a
systematic and standardized
approach to data collection, and
enable the nurse to determine the
following aspects of health and
human function:
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
3. 1. Health Perception and Health Management
2. Nutrition and Metabolism
3. Elimination
4. Activity and Exercise
5. Cognition and Perception
6. Sleep and Rest
7. Self-Perception and Self-Concept
8. Roles and Relationships
9. Sexuality and Reproduction
10.Coping and Stress Tolerance
11.Values and Belief
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
4. HEALTH PERCEPTION AND
HEALTH MANAGEMENT
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
Data collection is focused on the person's perceived level
health and well-being, and on practices for maintaining
Habits evaluated includes smoking and alcohol or drug
Actual or potential problems related to safety and
management may be identified as well as needs for
modifications in the home or needs for continued care
the home.
5. Client’s general health?
Any colds in past year?
If appropriate: any absences from work/school?
Most important things you do to keep healthy?
Use of cigarettes, alcohol, drugs?
Perform self exams, i.e. Breast/testicular self-examination?
Accidents at home, work, school, driving?
In past, has it been easy to find ways to carry out doctor’s or
nurse’s suggestions?
(If appropriate) What do you think caused current illness?
What actions have you taken since symptoms started?
Have your actions helped?
(If appropriate) What things are most important to your health?
How can we be most helpful?
How often do you exercise?
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
6. NUTRITION
AND
METABOLISM
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
Assessment is focused on the
pattern of food and fluid
consumption relative to
metabolic need.
The adequacy of local nutrient
supplies is evaluated.
Actual or potential problems
related to fluid balance, tissue
integrity, and host defenses
be identified as well as
with the gastrointestinal
7. HISTORY (SUBJECTIVE DATA):
TYPICAL DAILY FOOD INTAKE? (DESCRIBE)
USE OF SUPPLEMENTS, VITAMINS, TYPES OF SNACKS?
TYPICAL DAILY FLUID INTAKE? (DESCRIBE)
WEIGHT LOSS/GAIN? HEIGHT LOSS/GAIN?
APPETITE?
BREASTFEEDING? INFANT FEEDING?
FOOD OR EATING: DISCOMFORT, SWALLOWING
DIFFICULTIES, DIET RESTRICTIONS, ABLE TO FOLLOW?
HEALING – ANY PROBLEMS?
SKIN PROBLEMS: LESIONS? DRYNESS?
DENTAL PROBLEMS?
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
8. EXAMINATION (EXAMPLES
OF OBJECTIVE DATA):
SKIN ASSESSMENT, ORAL
MUCOUS MEMBRANES,
TEETH, ACTUAL
WEIGHT/HEIGHT,
TEMPERATURE.
ABDOMINAL
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
9. ELIMINATION
•Data collection is focused on
excretory patterns (bowel, bladder,
skin).
•Excretory problems such as
incontinence, constipation, diarrhea,
and urinary retention may be
identified.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
10. History (subjective data):
Bowel elimination pattern (describe)
Frequency, character, discomfort, problem with
bowel control, use of laxatives (i.e. type,
frequency), etc.?
Urinary elimination pattern (describe)
Frequency, problem with bladder control?
Excess perspiration? Odour problems?
Body cavity drainage, suction, etc.?
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
11. Examination (examples of
objective data):
• If indicated, examine excretions or
drainage for characteristics, colour,
and consistency.
• Abdominal assessment.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
12. ACTIVITY
AND
EXERCISE
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
Assessment is focused on the
activities of daily living
requiring energy expenditure,
including self-care activities,
exercise, and leisure activities.
The status of major body
systems involved with activity
and exercise is evaluated,
including the respiratory,
cardiovascular, and
musculoskeletal systems.
13. History (subjective data):
• Sufficient energy for desired and/or required
activities?
• Exercise pattern? Type? regularity?
• Spare time (leisure) activities?
• Child-play activities?
• Perceived ability for feeding, grooming,
bathing, general mobility, toileting, home
maintenance, bed mobility, dressing and
shopping?
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
14. Examination (examples of objective
data):
Demonstrate ability for the following:
• Gait.
• Posture.
• Absent body part.
• Range of motion (ROM) joints.
• Hand grip - can pick up pencil? Respiration. Blood
pressure.
• General appearance.
• Musculoskeletal, cardiac and respiratory assessments.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
15. COGNITION AND PERCEPTION
• Assessment is focused on the
ability to comprehend and use
information and on the sensory
functions.
• Data pertaining to neurologic
functions are collected to aid
this process.
• Sensory experiences such as
pain and altered sensory input
may be identified and further
evaluated.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
16. History (subjective data):
• Hearing difficulty?
• Hearing aid?
• Vision? Wears glasses? Last checked? When last
changed?
• Any change in memory? Concentration?
• Important decisions easy/difficult to make?
• Easiest way for you to learn things? Any difficulty?
• Any discomfort? Pain?
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
17. History (subjective data):
If appropriate – PQRST questions :
• P – Palliative, Provocative
• Q - Quality or quantity
• R – Region or radiation
• S - Severity or scale
• T - Timing
-(Morton, 1977) COLDSPA C - Character O - Onset L - Location D - Duration S – Severity P
- Pattern A - Associated factors (Weber, 2003)
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
18. Examination (examples of objective
data):
• Orientation.
• Hears whispers?
• Reads newsprint?
• Grasps ideas and questions (abstract,
concrete)?
• Language spoken.
• Vocabulary level.
• Attention span.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
19. SLEEP AND REST
• Assessment is focused
on the person's sleep,
rest, and relaxation
practices.
• Dysfunctional sleep
patterns, fatigue, and
responses to sleep
deprivation may be
identified.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
20. History (subjective data):
• Generally rested and ready for activity
after sleep?
• Sleep onset problems? Aids?
• Dreams (nightmares), early awakening?
• Rest / relaxation periods?
• Sleep routine?
• Sleep apnea symptoms?
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
22. SELF-
PERCEPTION
AND SELF-
CONCEPT
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
Assessment is focused on
the person's attitudes
toward self, including
identity, body image,
sense of self-worth.
The person's level of
esteem and response to
threats to his or her self-
concept may be
23. History (subjective data):
• How do you describe yourself?
• Most of the time, feel good (or not so good) about
self?
• Changes in body or things you can do?
• Problems for you?
• Changes in the way you feel about self or body
(generally or since illness started)?
• Things frequently make you angry? Annoyed?
Fearful? Anxious? Depressed?
• Not able to control things? What helps?
• Ever feel you lose hope?
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
24. Examination (examples of objective
data):
• Eye contact.
• Attention span (distraction?).
• Voice and speech pattern.
• Body posture.
• Client nervous (5) or relaxed (1) (rate scale
1-5) Client assertive (5) or passive (1) (rate
scale 1-5)
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
25. ROLES AND
RELATIONSHIPS
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
Assessment is focused
the person's roles in the
world and relationships
with others.
Satisfaction with roles,
role strain, or
dysfunctional
relationships may be
further evaluated.
26. History (subjective data):
• Live alone? Family?
• Family structure?
• Any family problems you have difficulty handling
(nuclear/extended family)?
• Family or others depend on you for things?
• How well are you managing?
• If appropriate – How families/others feel about your
illness?
• Problems with children?
• Belong to social groups? Close friends? Feel lonely?
(Frequency)
• Things generally go well at work / school?
• If appropriate – income sufficient for needs?
Feel part of (or isolated in) your neighbourhood?
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
27. Examination (examples of objective
data):
Interaction with family members or
others if present.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
28. SEXUALITY AND
REPRODUCTION
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
Concerns with sexuality may he
identified.
Assessment is focused on the
person's satisfaction or
dissatisfaction with sexuality
patterns and reproductive functions.
29. History (subjective data):
• If appropriate to age and situation – Sexual
relationships satisfying? Changes? Problems?
• If appropriate – Use of contraceptives?
• Problems? Female – when did menstruation
begin? Last menstrual period (LMP)? Any
menstrual problems?
• (Gravida-Number of Pregnancy/Para-Number of
Births if appropriate)
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
30. Examination (examples of objective
data):
None unless a problem is identified or a pelvic examination is
warranted as part of full physical assessment (advanced nursing
skill).
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
31. COPING AND STRESS
TOLERANCE
• Assessment is focused on the person's
perception of stress and on his or her
coping strategies
• Support systems are evaluated, and
symptoms of stress are noted.
• The effectiveness of a person's coping
strategies in terms of stress tolerance may
be further evaluated.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
32. History (subjective data):
• Any big changes in your life in last year or two?
• Crisis? Who is most helpful in talking things over?
Available to you now?
• Tense or relaxed most of the time? When tense, what
helps?
• Use any medications, drugs, alcohol to relax?
• When (if) there are big problems in your life, how do
you handle them? Most of the time, are these ways
successful?
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
33. VALUES AND BELIEF
• Assessment is focused on
the person's values and
beliefs (including spiritual
beliefs), or on the goals
that guide his or her
choices or decisions.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
34. History (subjective data):
• Generally get things you want from life?
• Important plans for future?
• Religion important to you? If appropriate -
Does this help when difficulties arise?
• If appropriate – will being here interfere
with any religious practices?
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
37. APGAR
SCORE
• The test is
generally done at
one and five
minutes after
birth, and may be
repeated later if
the score is and
remains low.
• Scores 7 and
above are
generally normal,
• 4 to 6 fairly low,
• 3 and below are
generally
regarded as
critically low.
Appearance
(skin color),
Pulse (heart
rate),
Grimace
(reflex
irritability),
Activity
(muscle tone),
and
Respiration
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
39. NEWBORN SCREENING
Republic Act 9288
• Newborn screening (NBS) is a public
health program aimed at the early
identification of infants who are affected by
certain genetic/metabolic/ infectious
conditions. Early identification and timely
intervention can lead to significant reduction
of morbidity, mortality, and associated
disabilities in affected infants.
• NBS in the Philippines started in June 1996
and was integrated into the public health
delivery system with the enactment of the
Newborn Screening Act of 2004 (Republic
Act 9288).
• From 1996 to December 2010, the
program has saved 45 283 patients.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
40. NEWBORN SCREENING
Republic Act 9288
Five conditions are
currently screened: -
Congenital Hypothyroidism,
Congenital Adrenal
Hyperplasia,
Phenylketonuria,
Galactosemia, and
Glucose-6-Phosphate
Dehydrogenase Deficiency.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
42. HEIGHT
AND
LENGTH
• Growth is not only a result of
nutrition but also a result of
inherited factors.
• Ethnicity can influence a child’s
growth patterns, and so some
countries have their own growth
charts.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
44. HOW TO TAKE
MEASUREMENTS
Typical measurements
taken for children 0-24
months include:
• Head circumference
• Length
• Weight
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
45. Measurements should be taken at regular intervals in
order to observe reliable trends. Recommendations for
measurement intervals include:
Infants (0-12 months): every 2 months
Young Children: at 15, 18, 24 and 30 months
Ages 3+: every year
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
47. HEAD CIRCUMFERENCE
The measurement should be taken with a measuring tape that cannot be
This is typically a flexible, metal measuring tape. To measure, securely wrap
tape around the widest possible circumference of the head. Typically, this is
2 finger-widths above the eyebrow on the forehead to the most prominent
the back of the head. Take the measurement three times and select the
measurement to the nearest 0.1cm.
Head circumference is a measurement taken
the largest part of a child’s head. This
is typically taken with children ages 0-3 years
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
48. • Height
• - it is good determination of health
and normal nutrition as weight
• -male infant is an average of 2-3cm
longer than of female at birth
• -During first year of the life the
infant HT should increase by 25-30
cm
- by age 2 yrs , the child will be an
average of 12.5 cm taller -most
toddlers have reached approximately
12 of their adult height.
• -AT birth: 46-56cm , average( 50cm)
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
49. LENGTH
• Length is the linear
measurement for infants
up to 24 months. Length
measurements (instead of
height) are also taken for
children 24 to 36 months
who cannot stand without
assistance.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
50. LENGTH
• Length is measured when children are in a
recumbent (lying down) position. The most
accurate way to measure length is by using a
calibrated length board. Length boards
should have a fixed headpiece and a
moveable foot piece perpendicular to the
surface of the board.
• To measure, lay the child on the board with their head against the fixed
headpiece. Make sure the child is not wearing shoes or a hairpiece. An
assistant may be helpful to hold the child still and centered on the
board. Straighten the child’s legs and adjust the moveable foot piece so
the soles of the feet are against the foot piece. Record the length to the
nearest 0.1 cm.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
51. WEIGHT
•Weight is a measurement taken
throughout the lifespan to help
determine trends and current
nutritional status.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
52. WEIGHT
• Infant weight can be accurately
measured using one of several
different pieces of equipment.
• If available, a pan-type pediatric
scale allows a child to be weighed
while lying down. These pediatric
scales are either electronic or beam
scales with non-detachable weights,
and are accurate to the nearest 10
gram.
• Another option is a hanging scale. A
hanging scale needs to be attached
to a sturdy structure (e.g. building
rafter, door frame) and the child is
suspended from the scale in
weighing pants.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
53. WEIGHT
• To measure, make sure the child is wearing as little clothing as
possible and that no one is touching the child.
• Read the scale at eye-level and record weight to the nearest
10 gram.
•
• Repeat the measurement three times, exclude values that
appear skewed, and find the average.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
55. • In the event a baby scale is unavailable, an adult standing
scale can be used to measure infant weight. Weigh an adult
first, and then weigh the same adult while holding a child.
Find the difference between the two weights – this is the
infant’s weight.
• Weight-for-age is an important indicator of a child’s
nutritional status over time, such as trends in underweight.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
56. Weight:
• Average newborn boy weight=3400g, and
girl= 3200g
• - infant lose 5-10% of birth weight at age 3-4
days to gain it back in 2 weeks with a steady
growth rate.
• Infant double birth Weight by 6 months
• They triple the body weight by 12 month= 10
kg.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
59. Head circumference and chest
circumference :
• Measure at birth and routinely until age 3 yrs.
• HC measures directly skeletal growth (skull), and indirectly cerebral growth.
• Measurement at birth = 33-35 cm
• Chest circumference : CC = 31-33 cm at birth
• Ratio of head to chest circumference:
• birth : HC is larger than CC by 2 cm
• 1 yr-18 month : HC=CC
• 2-3 yrs HC slightly smaller than CC
• > 3 yrs :HC is smaller than CC by 5-7 cm
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
60. METRO MANILA
DEVELOPMENT
SCREENING
TEST (MMDST)
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
Developed for health
(MDs, RNs, etc)
It is not an intelligence test
It is a screening instrument to
determine if child’s development
within normal
Children 6 ½ years and below
62. 4 SECTORS OF
DEVELOPMENT
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
Personal-Social – tasks which indicate
child’s ability to get along with people
and to take care of himself
Fine-Motor Adaptive – tasks which
indicate the child’s ability to see and
his hands to pick up objects and to
Language – tasks which indicate the
child’s ability to hear, follow directions
and to speak
Gross-Motor – tasks which indicate the
child’s ability to sit, walk and jump
63. MMDST KIT
Preparation for test administration involves the nurse
ensuring the completeness of the test materials contained
in the MMDST Kit. These materials should be followed as
specified:
• MMDST manual
• test Form
• bright red yarn pom-pom
• rattle with narrow handle
• eight 1-inch colored wooden blocks (red, yellow, blue green)
• small clear glass/bottle with 5/8 inch opening
• small bell with 2 ½ inch-diameter mouth
• rubber ball 12 ½ inches in circumference
• cheese curls
• pencil
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
64. BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
EXPLAINING THE
PROCEDURE.
AGE & THE AGE LINE.
TEST ITEMS.
SCORING.
65. WHAT IS THE
BARTHEL
INDEX?
• The Barthel Index consists of
10 items that measure a
person's daily functioning
specifically the activities of
daily living and mobility.
• The items include feeding,
moving from wheelchair to
bed and return, grooming,
transferring to and from a
toilet, bathing, walking on
level surface, going up and
down stairs, dressing,
continence of bowels and
bladder.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
66. HOW IS THE BARTHEL INDEX
USED?
• The assessment can be used to determine a baseline
level of functioning and can be used to monitor
improvement in activities of daily living over time.
• The items are weighted according to a scheme
developed by the authors.
• The person receives a score based on whether they
have received help while doing the task. The scores
for each of the items are summed to create a total
score.
• The higher the score the more "independent" the
person.
• Independence means that the person needs no
assistance at any part of the task.
• If a persons does about 50% independently then
the "middle" score would apply.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
67. KATZ
INDEX
• WHY: Normal aging changes and health
problems frequently show themselves as
declines in the functional status of older
adults.
• Decline may place the older adult on a
spiral of iatrogenesis leading to further
health problems.
• One of the best ways to evaluate the health
status of older adults is through functional
assessment which provides objective data
that may indicate future decline or
improvement in health status, allowing the
nurse to plan and intervene appropriately.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
68. • BEST TOOL: The Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily
Living, commonly referred to as the Katz ADL, is the most
appropriate instrument to assess functional status as a
measurement of the client’s ability to perform activities of daily
living independently.
• Clinicians typically use the tool to detect problems in performing
activities of daily living and to plan care accordingly.
• The Index ranks adequacy of performance in the six functions of
bathing, dressing, toileting, transferring, continence, and feeding.
• Clients are scored yes/no for independence in each of the six
functions.
• A score of 6 indicates full function, 4 indicates moderate
impairment, and 2 or less indicates severe functional impairment.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
69. BMI
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
Your BMI is based on your height and
It's one way to see if you're at a
Underweight: Your BMI is less than 18
Healthy weight: Your BMI is 18.5 to 24.9
Overweight: Your BMI is 25 to 29.9
Obese: Your BMI is 30 or higher
70. BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
HOW TO CALCULATE YOUR
BODY MASS INDEX OR BMI
BMI is your weight (in
kilograms) over your
squared (in meters). Let’s
calculate, however, using
pounds and inches.
• BMI = weight in kg / height in m²
71. Example:
• For instance, the BMI of a person who is 5’3"
and weighs 125 lbs is calculated as follows:
• BMI= 125 lbs ÷ 0.45 kg
5 x 12 in + 3 in.
= 56.25 kg__
63 in x .0254 m
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
72. 1. Multiply the weight in pounds
by 0.45 (the metric conversion
factor)
125 X 0.45 = 56.25 kg
2. Multiply the height in inches by
0.025 (the metric conversion
factor)
63 X 0.025 = 1.575 m
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
73. 3. Square the answer from step 2
1.575 X 1.575 = 2.480625
4.Divide the answer from step 1 by the
answer from step 3
56.25 : 2.480625 = 22.7
•1.575 X 1.575 = 2.480625
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
74. •The BMI for a person
who is 5’3" and weighs
125 lbs is 22.7 or
practically, 23 which
means a healthy weight.
BY: ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
Editor's Notes
Once the materials are ready, the nurse explains the procedure to the parent or caregiver of the child. It has to be emphasized that this is not a diagnostic test but rather a screening test only. When conducting the test, the parents or caregivers of the child under study should be informed that it is not an IQ test as it may be misinterpreted by them. The nurse should also establish rapport with the parent and the child to ensure cooperation.
To proceed in the administration of the test, the nurse is to compute for the exact age of the child, meaning the age of the child during the test date itself. The age is the most crucial component of the test because it determines the test items that will be applicable/ administered to the child. The exact age is computing by subtracting the child’s birth date with the test date. After computing, draw the age line in the test form.
There are 105 test items in MMDST but not all are administered. The examiner prioritizes items that the age line passes through. It is however imperative to explain to the parent or caregiver that the child is not expected to perform all the tasks correctly. If the sequence were to be followed, the examiner should start with personal-social then progressing to the other sectors. Items that are footnoted with “R” can be passed by report.
The test items are scored as either Passed (P), Failed (F), Refused (R), or Nor Opportunity (NO). Failure of an item that is completely to the left of the child’s age is considered a developmental delay. Whereas, failure of an item that is completely to the right of the child’s age line is acceptable and not a delay.
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