This document discusses various methods for analyzing agricultural credit and farm finance, including net present value (NPV) analysis, benefit-cost ratio (BCR) analysis, and internal rate of return (IRR) analysis. It provides examples of calculating NPV, BCR, and IRR for a fish farming project. It also discusses limitations of different methods and the importance of sensitivity analysis and considering distributional impacts.
The detail classification of credit in agriculture and need of credit in agriculture to Indian farmers.
ECON-242 Agriculture finance and co-operation.
By, Miss. Raksha Anil Hingankar.
Chapter 1 Introduction, Scope and Nature of Agricultural financeGorakh Dhami
This document discusses the meaning, definitions, nature, scope and significance of agricultural finance. It defines agricultural finance as the economic study of farmers borrowing funds and the organizations that lend to agriculture. Agricultural finance can be examined at both the macro and micro level. At the macro level, it deals with total credit needs for the agricultural sector, while at the micro level it focuses on financial management of individual farm businesses. Agricultural finance plays a vital role in agro-socioeconomic development by increasing productivity, farm income, and reducing economic imbalances. It is also important for supporting infrastructure and technology adoption to modernize traditional agriculture.
Agricultural credit is an important input for agricultural development programs in India. It is needed to purchase seeds, fertilizers, equipment and manage risks. However, small and marginal farmers often do not receive enough institutional credit. Some reasons for this are loose definitions that allow large companies access to subsidized loans, and non-compliance by banks with targets for lending to small farmers. Reforms are needed to streamline the system and better facilitate credit to small farmers through organizations and technology.
The document discusses the 3Rs of credit analysis - returns from investment, repayment capacity, and risk bearing ability. It provides details on evaluating each of these factors for determining the credit worthiness of farmer-borrowers. Returns depend on crop selection and management decisions. Repayment capacity is influenced by income, expenses, and other quantitative and qualitative factors. Risk bearing ability considers production, price, and personal risks. Measures to strengthen the 3Rs include adopting new technologies, managing resources and expenses effectively, and increasing farmer equity.
The document discusses guidelines for bankers to analyze credit applications from farmers in India. It outlines factors to consider like returns from investment, repayment capacity, and risk bearing ability. Repayment capacity depends on gross returns, expenses, consumption, other loans, skills. It also discusses the 5 Cs, 7 Ps, and different repayment plans for loans like lump sum, amortized decreasing/even, and variable plans. The key points are evaluating the viability and risks of proposed investments, a farmer's ability to repay based on their financial situation, and choosing appropriate loan repayment structures.
This document discusses the need for and sources of credit in Indian agriculture. It notes that agricultural credit is a crucial input, and that the major historical source was private moneylenders who charged high interest rates. To address this, a multi-agency approach using cooperatives, commercial banks, and regional rural banks now provides cheaper and more adequate credit to farmers. It then outlines the various financial needs of Indian farmers and the roles of credit. Finally, it details the major institutional sources of agricultural credit in India, including cooperatives, commercial banks, land development banks, regional rural banks, government loan schemes, and NABARD.
Agricultural finance deals with the study of credit provision and liquidity services for farm borrowers. It examines the financial intermediaries that provide loan funds to agriculture and how these intermediaries obtain funds. Agricultural finance can be examined at both the macro and micro level. At the macro level, it considers total credit needs and terms for the agricultural sector. At the micro level, it focuses on financial management of individual farm units. Common sources of agricultural finance include money lenders, traders, cooperatives, commercial banks, and microfinance organizations. Loans are classified by time period, purpose, and security. Weaknesses in rural credit systems include a lack of motivation, high interest rates, and poor recovery rates. Suggestions for
This document provides information and examples for appraising farm credit. It discusses the importance of credit appraisal in making correct credit decisions and assessing a borrower's ability to repay. Sample balance sheets, income statements, and cash flow statements are presented for a hypothetical farm. The balance sheet summarizes the farm's assets and liabilities. The income statement shows the farm's revenues, expenses, and net income over a period of time. The cash flow statement outlines the farm's cash inflows and outflows by quarter and for the total year. The examples are intended to demonstrate techniques for appraising farm credit applications.
The detail classification of credit in agriculture and need of credit in agriculture to Indian farmers.
ECON-242 Agriculture finance and co-operation.
By, Miss. Raksha Anil Hingankar.
Chapter 1 Introduction, Scope and Nature of Agricultural financeGorakh Dhami
This document discusses the meaning, definitions, nature, scope and significance of agricultural finance. It defines agricultural finance as the economic study of farmers borrowing funds and the organizations that lend to agriculture. Agricultural finance can be examined at both the macro and micro level. At the macro level, it deals with total credit needs for the agricultural sector, while at the micro level it focuses on financial management of individual farm businesses. Agricultural finance plays a vital role in agro-socioeconomic development by increasing productivity, farm income, and reducing economic imbalances. It is also important for supporting infrastructure and technology adoption to modernize traditional agriculture.
Agricultural credit is an important input for agricultural development programs in India. It is needed to purchase seeds, fertilizers, equipment and manage risks. However, small and marginal farmers often do not receive enough institutional credit. Some reasons for this are loose definitions that allow large companies access to subsidized loans, and non-compliance by banks with targets for lending to small farmers. Reforms are needed to streamline the system and better facilitate credit to small farmers through organizations and technology.
The document discusses the 3Rs of credit analysis - returns from investment, repayment capacity, and risk bearing ability. It provides details on evaluating each of these factors for determining the credit worthiness of farmer-borrowers. Returns depend on crop selection and management decisions. Repayment capacity is influenced by income, expenses, and other quantitative and qualitative factors. Risk bearing ability considers production, price, and personal risks. Measures to strengthen the 3Rs include adopting new technologies, managing resources and expenses effectively, and increasing farmer equity.
The document discusses guidelines for bankers to analyze credit applications from farmers in India. It outlines factors to consider like returns from investment, repayment capacity, and risk bearing ability. Repayment capacity depends on gross returns, expenses, consumption, other loans, skills. It also discusses the 5 Cs, 7 Ps, and different repayment plans for loans like lump sum, amortized decreasing/even, and variable plans. The key points are evaluating the viability and risks of proposed investments, a farmer's ability to repay based on their financial situation, and choosing appropriate loan repayment structures.
This document discusses the need for and sources of credit in Indian agriculture. It notes that agricultural credit is a crucial input, and that the major historical source was private moneylenders who charged high interest rates. To address this, a multi-agency approach using cooperatives, commercial banks, and regional rural banks now provides cheaper and more adequate credit to farmers. It then outlines the various financial needs of Indian farmers and the roles of credit. Finally, it details the major institutional sources of agricultural credit in India, including cooperatives, commercial banks, land development banks, regional rural banks, government loan schemes, and NABARD.
Agricultural finance deals with the study of credit provision and liquidity services for farm borrowers. It examines the financial intermediaries that provide loan funds to agriculture and how these intermediaries obtain funds. Agricultural finance can be examined at both the macro and micro level. At the macro level, it considers total credit needs and terms for the agricultural sector. At the micro level, it focuses on financial management of individual farm units. Common sources of agricultural finance include money lenders, traders, cooperatives, commercial banks, and microfinance organizations. Loans are classified by time period, purpose, and security. Weaknesses in rural credit systems include a lack of motivation, high interest rates, and poor recovery rates. Suggestions for
This document provides information and examples for appraising farm credit. It discusses the importance of credit appraisal in making correct credit decisions and assessing a borrower's ability to repay. Sample balance sheets, income statements, and cash flow statements are presented for a hypothetical farm. The balance sheet summarizes the farm's assets and liabilities. The income statement shows the farm's revenues, expenses, and net income over a period of time. The cash flow statement outlines the farm's cash inflows and outflows by quarter and for the total year. The examples are intended to demonstrate techniques for appraising farm credit applications.
The document summarizes key aspects of the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) crop insurance scheme launched in India in 2016. Some key points:
- PMFBY aims to provide insurance coverage and financial support to farmers against crop failures from natural calamities at lower premium rates than previous schemes.
- It covers yields losses for notified crops as well as some post-harvest losses. Premium rates are 2% for kharif crops, 1% for rabi crops, and 5% for horticulture.
- The government will bear most of the costs, even up to 90% of the premium. Smart technology will be used to assess claims quickly
This document discusses farm budgeting, including partial and complete budgeting. It defines farm budgeting as estimating the costs, returns, and net income of a farm or enterprise in monetary terms based on an advance farm plan. Partial budgeting estimates the costs and returns of a particular enterprise, while complete budgeting prepares a budget for the entire farm, considering all crops, livestock, production methods, and marketing aspects consolidated into a single estimate of total costs and returns. The document outlines the differences between partial and complete budgeting and their uses for minor versus major changes in farm operations. It also discusses the advantages of farm budgeting for evaluating plans, improving efficiency, and formulating agricultural policies.
This document discusses risk and uncertainty in agricultural marketing. It identifies different types of risk farmers face, such as physical risk from accidents, pests or improper packing, as well as price risk from fluctuations in market prices. Methods to manage these risks include insurance, contract farming, forward/future contracts, and speculation or hedging. Contract farming in particular involves agreements where companies provide inputs and farmers deliver outputs. Proper management of these risks is important for the agricultural industry.
Kisan Credit Card is a credit card provided by banks to farmers in India to enable them to access affordable credit. Studies have shown Kisan Credit Cards have increased crop yields, farm incomes, and cropping intensity for beneficiary farmers. One study found wheat crop yields increased by 82% and incomes increased by 75% due to access to credit through Kisan Credit Cards. Another study found beneficiary farmers had a higher cropping intensity of 233% compared to 208% for non-beneficiary farmers, and beneficiary farmers allocated more land to commercial crops. Access to credit through Kisan Credit Cards also enables farmers to purchase higher quantities of inputs like seeds, fertilizers and employ more farm labor, thereby increasing productivity and incomes.
The document discusses several discounted measures used to evaluate project worth: net present value (NPV), net benefit investment ratio (NBIR), benefit-cost ratio (BCR), and internal rate of return (IRR). It provides the formulas and decision rules for each measure. It notes that while NPV, NBIR, BCR, and IRR are commonly used, IRR can be unreliable in situations with non-conventional cash flows or mutually exclusive projects, and that NPV should be used to resolve conflicts between decision rules.
This document discusses key aspects of seed marketing including demand forecasting, marketing structure, storage, sales promotion, post-sales service, and economics of seed production and pricing. It notes that seed marketing covers activities from seed production to consumption and refers specifically to acquiring, selling, storing, and delivering packaged seeds as well as promotional activities. Key factors in demand forecasting are outlined. Public and private marketing structures are described involving organizations at different levels moving from producers to farmers. Arrangements for grassroots seed storage are recommended. Various sales promotion methods are listed including print, electronic, field demonstrations and educational outreach. Post-sales services of technical help and complaint response are highlighted. Finally, the document outlines cost components involved in seed production and
importance of agribusiness in Indian economy Abhiishek91
The document discusses the importance of agribusiness in the Indian economy. It notes that agriculture is the backbone of the Indian economy, contributing about 16% to GDP and employing over 56% of the labor force. Agriculture supplies raw materials to industries like cotton and sugar, and provides a large market for industrial products due to the rural population. While the share of agriculture in national income has decreased with industrialization, it still accounts for about 18% and remains crucial for employment and food security.
This document discusses factor-factor relationships in production. It introduces key concepts like iso-quants, which represent all input combinations that produce the same output level, and marginal rate of technical substitution, which is the rate at which one input can be substituted for another while maintaining output. It also discusses substitutes and complements, iso-cost lines, and iso-clines, which connect the least-cost combinations of inputs for different output levels. The goal of factor-factor analysis is to minimize input costs while achieving a given level of output.
The document discusses the agricultural sector in India. It states that agriculture remains important for the Indian economy as 70% of the population depends on it directly or indirectly. Several government schemes and initiatives have been implemented to modernize and boost agriculture, such as the Green Revolution in the 1960s, the Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana scheme, the National Food Security Mission, and Kisan Credit Cards to provide farmers access to credit. The government continues to prioritize the agricultural sector through the annual budget and new policies around foreign direct investment and food security.
The document discusses farm accounting and record keeping. It explains that farm accounting involves systematically recording farm business transactions to analyze farm performance and identify areas for improvement. Effective record keeping involves maintaining physical records of production, financial records of income and expenses, and supplementary records. Physical records track production details, while financial records include inventories, cash accounts, and income statements. Keeping accurate and organized records allows farmers to evaluate their business and make informed management decisions.
For undergraduate agricultural students of the course ‘Ag. Econ. 6.4 Farm Management, Production, and Resource Economics (2+1)’ of Junagadh Agricultural University, Gujarat and other State Agricultural Universities in India.
Farm Management, Production & Resource EconomicsSumit Jangra
1. The document discusses concepts related to depreciation, net worth statements, income statements, and farm planning. It defines depreciation and lists its objectives and common methods.
2. Net worth statements and income statements are summarized - net worth statements show the financial position of a business while income statements show revenues, expenses and profits over time.
3. The key steps of farm planning are outlined as preparing maps, recording farm history, planning labor needs, optimal land use, livestock programs, and marketing strategies. Characteristics of a good farm plan include being written and flexible.
GIS and Remote Sensing in Diagnosis and Management of Problem Soil with audio...KaminiKumari13
GIS and Remote Sensing in Diagnosis and Management of Problem Soil for agriculture, soil science, agronomy, forestry, land management and planning with audio by Dr. Kamini Roy
1. The document discusses various aspects of agricultural credit such as purpose, time period, security, generation of surplus funds, approach, and principles of credit.
2. It categorizes agricultural credit based on purpose as production credit, investment credit, marketing credit, and consumption credit. It also differentiates credit based on time period as short-term, medium-term, and long-term credit.
3. Security for agricultural loans includes secured loans against land mortgage, collateral security against crops/livestock, and personal security based on character and repaying capacity without tangible assets.
Nature, scope and significance of Agricultural Production EconomicsRAVI SAHU
Agricultural production economics is concerned with the productivity and efficient use of farm resources like land, labor, capital and management. It deals with factor-product, factor-factor and product-product relationships. The scope of agricultural production economics includes the economics of agricultural production, problems in the agricultural sector and remedies, agricultural credit, marketing, demand and supply of farm goods, agricultural policies and programs, and taxes on farm productivity. Agricultural production economics is significant as it applies economic theories to address agricultural issues and provides insights into the relationships between crop and animal production systems.
For undergraduate agricultural students of the course ‘Ag. Econ. 6.4 Farm Management, Production, and Resource Economics (2+1)’ of Junagadh Agricultural University, Gujarat and other State Agricultural Universities in India.
Farm management involves making strategic decisions about how to organize and operate a farm to maximize sustainable profits. There are three main types of farm management decisions: organizational decisions, which involve determining what and how much to produce, as well as strategic decisions about farm size and infrastructure; administrative decisions around financing, supervision, and record keeping; and marketing decisions regarding buying farm inputs and selling farm outputs, including when, where, and to whom to sell. Making good decisions is essential to the sustainable profitability and success of a farm business over time.
The document discusses the Lead Bank Scheme and District Credit Plans in India. It provides background on the Lead Bank Scheme, including its objectives to provide credit to rural areas and prepare credit plans. It explains that under the scheme, banks with large rural branch networks in a district are designated as the lead bank. It also summarizes the key aspects of District Credit Plans, which are developed by lead banks to provide financing for viable agriculture, industry and service sector schemes based on the economic activities and potential of a district. Examples are provided of early District Credit Plans implemented in Jaintia Hills district.
This document discusses farm planning and budgeting. It provides information on:
- What a farm plan is and its objectives to maximize profits through efficient resource use.
- The process of farm planning which involves allocating resources, choosing crop combinations, and making adjustments.
- Components and steps of farm planning like preparing maps, recording farm history, and planning labor needs.
- Types of budgets including partial, enterprise, cash flow, and complete budgets. Budgets estimate costs, returns, and profits to evaluate plans and guide resource use.
The document discusses the process of credit appraisal at Dhanlakshmi Bank, which involves initially appraising the borrower/business through background checks and assessing managerial, commercial, technical, and financial capabilities. It then discusses appraising the credit requirement by structuring delivery, security, covenants. The appraisal process differs based on the segment - retail, small business, farming, MSMEs, or corporates. Key aspects of appraisal include the borrower's background, commercial factors, technical review, and financial analysis through computing key ratios. The document outlines various check points for due diligence like licenses, website, resumes, brochures, ROC searches, pre-sanction inspections, and
HDFC Bank is a public bank founded in 1994 and headquartered in Mumbai, India. As of August 2008, it has over 1,200 branches, 2,500 ATMs, and serves over 440 cities across India. It has a diverse portfolio of banking products and services, including savings accounts, loans, insurance, and investment products. HDFC Bank has experienced significant growth in recent years, with sales increasing from Rs. 4,475 crore in FY2006 to Rs. 10,115 crore in FY2008.
The document summarizes key aspects of the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) crop insurance scheme launched in India in 2016. Some key points:
- PMFBY aims to provide insurance coverage and financial support to farmers against crop failures from natural calamities at lower premium rates than previous schemes.
- It covers yields losses for notified crops as well as some post-harvest losses. Premium rates are 2% for kharif crops, 1% for rabi crops, and 5% for horticulture.
- The government will bear most of the costs, even up to 90% of the premium. Smart technology will be used to assess claims quickly
This document discusses farm budgeting, including partial and complete budgeting. It defines farm budgeting as estimating the costs, returns, and net income of a farm or enterprise in monetary terms based on an advance farm plan. Partial budgeting estimates the costs and returns of a particular enterprise, while complete budgeting prepares a budget for the entire farm, considering all crops, livestock, production methods, and marketing aspects consolidated into a single estimate of total costs and returns. The document outlines the differences between partial and complete budgeting and their uses for minor versus major changes in farm operations. It also discusses the advantages of farm budgeting for evaluating plans, improving efficiency, and formulating agricultural policies.
This document discusses risk and uncertainty in agricultural marketing. It identifies different types of risk farmers face, such as physical risk from accidents, pests or improper packing, as well as price risk from fluctuations in market prices. Methods to manage these risks include insurance, contract farming, forward/future contracts, and speculation or hedging. Contract farming in particular involves agreements where companies provide inputs and farmers deliver outputs. Proper management of these risks is important for the agricultural industry.
Kisan Credit Card is a credit card provided by banks to farmers in India to enable them to access affordable credit. Studies have shown Kisan Credit Cards have increased crop yields, farm incomes, and cropping intensity for beneficiary farmers. One study found wheat crop yields increased by 82% and incomes increased by 75% due to access to credit through Kisan Credit Cards. Another study found beneficiary farmers had a higher cropping intensity of 233% compared to 208% for non-beneficiary farmers, and beneficiary farmers allocated more land to commercial crops. Access to credit through Kisan Credit Cards also enables farmers to purchase higher quantities of inputs like seeds, fertilizers and employ more farm labor, thereby increasing productivity and incomes.
The document discusses several discounted measures used to evaluate project worth: net present value (NPV), net benefit investment ratio (NBIR), benefit-cost ratio (BCR), and internal rate of return (IRR). It provides the formulas and decision rules for each measure. It notes that while NPV, NBIR, BCR, and IRR are commonly used, IRR can be unreliable in situations with non-conventional cash flows or mutually exclusive projects, and that NPV should be used to resolve conflicts between decision rules.
This document discusses key aspects of seed marketing including demand forecasting, marketing structure, storage, sales promotion, post-sales service, and economics of seed production and pricing. It notes that seed marketing covers activities from seed production to consumption and refers specifically to acquiring, selling, storing, and delivering packaged seeds as well as promotional activities. Key factors in demand forecasting are outlined. Public and private marketing structures are described involving organizations at different levels moving from producers to farmers. Arrangements for grassroots seed storage are recommended. Various sales promotion methods are listed including print, electronic, field demonstrations and educational outreach. Post-sales services of technical help and complaint response are highlighted. Finally, the document outlines cost components involved in seed production and
importance of agribusiness in Indian economy Abhiishek91
The document discusses the importance of agribusiness in the Indian economy. It notes that agriculture is the backbone of the Indian economy, contributing about 16% to GDP and employing over 56% of the labor force. Agriculture supplies raw materials to industries like cotton and sugar, and provides a large market for industrial products due to the rural population. While the share of agriculture in national income has decreased with industrialization, it still accounts for about 18% and remains crucial for employment and food security.
This document discusses factor-factor relationships in production. It introduces key concepts like iso-quants, which represent all input combinations that produce the same output level, and marginal rate of technical substitution, which is the rate at which one input can be substituted for another while maintaining output. It also discusses substitutes and complements, iso-cost lines, and iso-clines, which connect the least-cost combinations of inputs for different output levels. The goal of factor-factor analysis is to minimize input costs while achieving a given level of output.
The document discusses the agricultural sector in India. It states that agriculture remains important for the Indian economy as 70% of the population depends on it directly or indirectly. Several government schemes and initiatives have been implemented to modernize and boost agriculture, such as the Green Revolution in the 1960s, the Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana scheme, the National Food Security Mission, and Kisan Credit Cards to provide farmers access to credit. The government continues to prioritize the agricultural sector through the annual budget and new policies around foreign direct investment and food security.
The document discusses farm accounting and record keeping. It explains that farm accounting involves systematically recording farm business transactions to analyze farm performance and identify areas for improvement. Effective record keeping involves maintaining physical records of production, financial records of income and expenses, and supplementary records. Physical records track production details, while financial records include inventories, cash accounts, and income statements. Keeping accurate and organized records allows farmers to evaluate their business and make informed management decisions.
For undergraduate agricultural students of the course ‘Ag. Econ. 6.4 Farm Management, Production, and Resource Economics (2+1)’ of Junagadh Agricultural University, Gujarat and other State Agricultural Universities in India.
Farm Management, Production & Resource EconomicsSumit Jangra
1. The document discusses concepts related to depreciation, net worth statements, income statements, and farm planning. It defines depreciation and lists its objectives and common methods.
2. Net worth statements and income statements are summarized - net worth statements show the financial position of a business while income statements show revenues, expenses and profits over time.
3. The key steps of farm planning are outlined as preparing maps, recording farm history, planning labor needs, optimal land use, livestock programs, and marketing strategies. Characteristics of a good farm plan include being written and flexible.
GIS and Remote Sensing in Diagnosis and Management of Problem Soil with audio...KaminiKumari13
GIS and Remote Sensing in Diagnosis and Management of Problem Soil for agriculture, soil science, agronomy, forestry, land management and planning with audio by Dr. Kamini Roy
1. The document discusses various aspects of agricultural credit such as purpose, time period, security, generation of surplus funds, approach, and principles of credit.
2. It categorizes agricultural credit based on purpose as production credit, investment credit, marketing credit, and consumption credit. It also differentiates credit based on time period as short-term, medium-term, and long-term credit.
3. Security for agricultural loans includes secured loans against land mortgage, collateral security against crops/livestock, and personal security based on character and repaying capacity without tangible assets.
Nature, scope and significance of Agricultural Production EconomicsRAVI SAHU
Agricultural production economics is concerned with the productivity and efficient use of farm resources like land, labor, capital and management. It deals with factor-product, factor-factor and product-product relationships. The scope of agricultural production economics includes the economics of agricultural production, problems in the agricultural sector and remedies, agricultural credit, marketing, demand and supply of farm goods, agricultural policies and programs, and taxes on farm productivity. Agricultural production economics is significant as it applies economic theories to address agricultural issues and provides insights into the relationships between crop and animal production systems.
For undergraduate agricultural students of the course ‘Ag. Econ. 6.4 Farm Management, Production, and Resource Economics (2+1)’ of Junagadh Agricultural University, Gujarat and other State Agricultural Universities in India.
Farm management involves making strategic decisions about how to organize and operate a farm to maximize sustainable profits. There are three main types of farm management decisions: organizational decisions, which involve determining what and how much to produce, as well as strategic decisions about farm size and infrastructure; administrative decisions around financing, supervision, and record keeping; and marketing decisions regarding buying farm inputs and selling farm outputs, including when, where, and to whom to sell. Making good decisions is essential to the sustainable profitability and success of a farm business over time.
The document discusses the Lead Bank Scheme and District Credit Plans in India. It provides background on the Lead Bank Scheme, including its objectives to provide credit to rural areas and prepare credit plans. It explains that under the scheme, banks with large rural branch networks in a district are designated as the lead bank. It also summarizes the key aspects of District Credit Plans, which are developed by lead banks to provide financing for viable agriculture, industry and service sector schemes based on the economic activities and potential of a district. Examples are provided of early District Credit Plans implemented in Jaintia Hills district.
This document discusses farm planning and budgeting. It provides information on:
- What a farm plan is and its objectives to maximize profits through efficient resource use.
- The process of farm planning which involves allocating resources, choosing crop combinations, and making adjustments.
- Components and steps of farm planning like preparing maps, recording farm history, and planning labor needs.
- Types of budgets including partial, enterprise, cash flow, and complete budgets. Budgets estimate costs, returns, and profits to evaluate plans and guide resource use.
The document discusses the process of credit appraisal at Dhanlakshmi Bank, which involves initially appraising the borrower/business through background checks and assessing managerial, commercial, technical, and financial capabilities. It then discusses appraising the credit requirement by structuring delivery, security, covenants. The appraisal process differs based on the segment - retail, small business, farming, MSMEs, or corporates. Key aspects of appraisal include the borrower's background, commercial factors, technical review, and financial analysis through computing key ratios. The document outlines various check points for due diligence like licenses, website, resumes, brochures, ROC searches, pre-sanction inspections, and
HDFC Bank is a public bank founded in 1994 and headquartered in Mumbai, India. As of August 2008, it has over 1,200 branches, 2,500 ATMs, and serves over 440 cities across India. It has a diverse portfolio of banking products and services, including savings accounts, loans, insurance, and investment products. HDFC Bank has experienced significant growth in recent years, with sales increasing from Rs. 4,475 crore in FY2006 to Rs. 10,115 crore in FY2008.
Axis Bank is the third largest private sector bank in India that offers financial services to customers including large and mid-sized corporations, MSMEs, agriculture, and retail businesses. It has its headquarters in Mumbai, Maharashtra and was one of the first private banks to begin operations in 1994 under the original name of UTI Bank. Axis Bank operates over 2,400 branches across India and has the largest ATM network among private banks in India.
1. The document discusses the various types of credit facilities sanctioned by banks including fund based facilities like cash credit, term loans, etc. and non-fund based facilities like letters of credit and guarantees.
2. It provides details on the credit appraisal process undertaken by banks which involves collecting documents from applicants, conducting risk ratings, verification checks, site visits and analysis of viability before sanctioning loans.
3. The key aspects of credit appraisal covered are the different types of loans, the process flow from application to sanction, checks and validations performed.
The document discusses the steps involved in credit appraisal and disbursal. It begins by providing an overview of credit appraisal, which involves evaluating a customer's creditworthiness and ability to repay a loan. It then describes the credit appraisal process, which includes receiving an application, documents, site visits, risk checks, valuation reports, proposal preparation, sanctioning, and disbursement. Key factors considered are character, capacity and collateral of the borrower. The document also briefly discusses types of loans and credit before detailing the loan administration and pre-sanction process.
CREDIT APPRAISAL PROCESS OF HDB FINANCIAL SERVICES pptsHarpreet Singh
This document appears to be a presentation summarizing an internship project studying credit appraisal policy at HDB Financial Services. The presentation covers the non-banking financial company industry and HDB Financial Services company profile. It then discusses the objectives of studying credit appraisal process, tools used, research design involving a survey, findings, recommendations, and conclusions. The objectives were to understand credit appraisal, the process, required tools, and loan terms and conditions. A survey of 50 loan applicants examined customer perceptions of HDB's services and funding. Findings included some loans being sanctioned due to strong financial statements despite higher risk. Recommendations included exceeding branch credit limits to reduce workload and strictly following policies. The conclusion was that
This document appears to be a student's dissertation on credit appraisal procedures at the Karnataka State Financial Corporation. It includes an introduction that provides background on the development of financial institutions and development banking in India. It then gives a brief profile of some major development banks such as IDBI, IFCI, SIDBI, and state financial corporations. The remainder of the document appears to focus on analyzing credit appraisal procedures and loan sanctioning practices of the Karnataka State Financial Corporation based on primary data collection and analysis. It includes chapters on literature review, research methodology, data analysis, findings, recommendations, and conclusions.
This document provides an overview of Indian Overseas Bank (IOB), including its history, achievements, IT infrastructure, SWOT analysis, and the current banking sector structure in India. Some key points:
- IOB was founded in 1937 and has since expanded both domestically and internationally, with over 3,200 branches as of 2014.
- In recent years, IOB has received several awards and achieved milestones like opening its 3,000th branch. It has also invested in developing its IT infrastructure.
- A SWOT analysis identifies IOB's strengths as its long history and extensive branch network, while weaknesses include high NPAs and competition from private banks.
- The banking sector in
The document provides an overview of project financing and Union Bank of India. It discusses how project financing is used to fund large infrastructure projects and is emerging as a preferred alternative to conventional financing. It also provides details on Union Bank of India such as its establishment, services offered, branches, technology initiatives and rankings. The document outlines the steps involved in project financing at Union Bank including conducting feasibility studies, assessing financial health, determining credit ratings, fixing interest rates and sanctioning and disbursing loans. Conducting in-depth feasibility studies of the technical, market and organizational aspects of a proposed project is a key part of the process.
This document discusses credit appraisal, which refers to assessing a borrower's creditworthiness or ability to repay debt. It explains that banks conduct thorough analyses using financial ratios, risk evaluations, and other concepts to judge if a borrower poses default risk. The key aspects banks examine include the loan reason, company finances/history, management, market conditions, and ability to meet obligations. Effective appraisals benefit both banks and firms. Banks ensure loan safety while firms can more easily obtain financing. The document also outlines various stages in the appraisal process like feasibility studies and investment phases to thoroughly evaluate creditworthiness over time like a project cycle.
This document is a dissertation report submitted to Savitribai Phule University of Pune in partial fulfillment of a Master of Business Administration degree. The report studies the credit appraisal process of Shri Bhausaheb Thorat Amrutvahini Sahakari Bank Ltd. and The Sangamner Merchant Co-operative Bank Ltd. in Sangamner, India. It analyzes the banks' deposits, loans, non-performing assets, and profits for the year 2014. The report finds that The Sangamner Merchant Co-operative Bank has higher deposits, loans, and profits compared to Amrutvahini Bank. It also has a lower non-performing asset rate, indicating more
Credit Appraisal System IN Commercial Vehicle loans Undertaken at INDIA INFOL...Danish Dhaar
Summer Training Project Report on
Credit Appraisal System IN Commercial Vehicle loans
Undertaken at
INDIA INFOLINE FINANCE LTD
Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement for the Award of the Degree of
Master of Business Administration
By
Danish Showkat Dhar
Roll No.14036113030
Reg. No.:-29437-IC-2011
Under The Supervision of
MR. Sachin Gupta
(AVP: CREDIT & OPS)
INDIA INFOLINE FINANCE LTD
DEPT. OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES
SOUTH CAMPUS UNIVERSITY OF KASHMIR
ANANTNAG
The document discusses the key factors a bank considers when appraising a term loan application from a new manufacturing unit. The bank evaluates the economic viability of the project, management capabilities, technical aspects, and cash flow projections. It examines the creditworthiness, repayment ability, management skills, willingness to repay, and risk factors. The bank ensures the project is economically justified and can survive implementation, gestation, and operational stages. It also reviews DSCR and free cash flow ratios to check the loan repayment capacity. The interest rate is set based on the degree of risk and probability of default.
This document discusses non-performing assets (NPAs) in banks. It notes that NPAs are loan accounts that do not generate income for the bank. Common causes of NPAs include poor selection of borrowers, lack of timely support, and failure to monitor loans. The document outlines the classification standards for NPAs as standard, sub-standard, doubtful, and loss. It also discusses various legal recovery mechanisms available to banks for recovering NPAs, including Debt Recovery Tribunals, SARFAESI Act, and sale of NPAs to asset reconstruction companies.
This document appears to be a summer training project report submitted for a Post Graduate Diploma in Management program. The report focuses on credit appraisal for business loans. It includes an executive summary that provides an overview of factors considered in credit appraisal like credit history and financial guarantees. It also discusses the importance of credit for banks and associated risks. The report aims to understand various technical aspects of appraising loans to business units and projects, including assessing working capital and term loans. It will also cover non-performing assets and debt restructuring.
The document discusses credit appraisal in the banking sector. Credit appraisal is the process used by banks to evaluate a loan applicant's creditworthiness before providing a loan. It involves investigating the applicant's financial condition, repayment capacity, collateral, and other factors. Banks consider the 3Cs - character, capacity, and collateral. The credit appraisal process at State Bank of India involves preliminary assessment, documentation, sanctioning/approval, disbursement, and post-sanction monitoring. SBI has quantitative and qualitative standards for credit appraisal and uses a rating scale to assess risk levels of borrowers.
This document discusses credit appraisal for working capital finance provided to small and medium enterprises (SMEs) by State Bank of India (SBI). It outlines various methods used by SBI to assess working capital needs and provide financing, including the Tandon Committee method, projected annual turnover method, and projected balance sheet method. The document analyzes SBI's loan policies, credit appraisal standards, and the use of financial ratios to evaluate credit risk. It also provides recommendations to improve SBI's support for SME working capital needs through measures like a rating system, relationship lending, and an IT-enabled application and monitoring system.
1) The document presents a case study on the credit appraisal process of Canara Bank for Kalinga Institute of Information and Technology (KIIT). It analyzes KIIT's financials and the viability of sanctioning a Rs. 10 crore term loan for construction of a new building.
2) Canara Bank uses different credit assessment models depending on the loan amount, ranging from portfolio models for small loans to CRISIL's risk assessment model for large loans.
3) The study finds that KIIT's profitability is dependent on the credit rating given by Canara Bank based on statistical analysis, and recommends greater transparency and ongoing monitoring in Canara Bank's appraisal system.
Chapter- III Techniques of Capital Budgeting
Concept, Significance, Nature and classification of capital budgeting decisions, cash flow computation- Incremental approach; Evaluation criteria- Pay Back Period, ARR, NPV, IRR and PI methods; capital rationing, Capital budgeting under risk and uncertainty.
This document discusses capital budgeting, which refers to the process of evaluating potential long-term investment projects. It describes the key aspects of capital budgeting including its meaning, significance, and common methods used. The capital budgeting process involves generating project proposals, evaluating them by estimating costs and benefits, selecting projects, and reviewing performance. Traditional methods for evaluating projects include payback period and accounting rate of return. Discounted cash flow methods, like net present value and internal rate of return, are also covered. The document provides details on how to calculate and apply each of these evaluation methods.
Capital budgeting refers to a firm's decision to invest funds in long-term assets that are expected to generate benefits over several years. It is important because such decisions influence long-term growth, profitability, and risk. Capital budgeting methods can be divided into non-discounted cash flow methods (such as payback period) and discounted cash flow methods (such as net present value and internal rate of return). The net present value and internal rate of return methods may provide conflicting rankings for mutually exclusive projects under certain conditions related to cash flows and project lives. The net present value method is generally preferred for decision making because it is consistent with maximizing shareholder wealth.
Capital budgeting is the process of evaluating long-term investment projects. It involves estimating the future cash flows of a project, including initial costs and future annual cash inflows. Discounted cash flow methods like NPV, IRR and profitability index are commonly used to evaluate projects, but simpler methods like payback period and average rate of return are also used in practice due to uncertainty and limited funds. While NPV is preferred in theory, profitability index may be better when funds are constrained. Multiple techniques are often considered together to make capital budgeting decisions.
Capital Bugeting - Discounted Cash Flow Methods.pptxVadivelM9
This document discusses various discounted cash flow methods for capital budgeting and long-term investment decisions. It describes methods like net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), and profitability index (PI). For each method, it provides the key formula, how to calculate it, and merits and demerits. It also introduces the concept of terminal value, which represents the expected future value of an investment beyond the initial projected period. Accounting for terminal value is important for accurate long-term financial forecasting and investment decision making.
Capital budgeting refers to the process of evaluating investment projects and determining whether they should be accepted or rejected. There are traditional and discounted cash flow methods for evaluating projects. Traditional methods include payback period and accounting rate of return, which do not consider the time value of money. Discounted cash flow methods like net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR) discount future cash flows to determine if a project will provide sufficient returns. The capital budgeting process involves project generation, evaluation using techniques like NPV or IRR, and selection of projects that meet acceptance criteria.
Capital budgeting refers to the process of evaluating investment projects and determining whether they should be accepted or rejected. There are traditional and discounted cash flow methods for evaluating projects. Traditional methods include payback period and accounting rate of return, which do not consider the time value of money. Discounted cash flow methods, like net present value and internal rate of return, discount future cash flows to determine the value of projects today. These methods are preferred as they are consistent with maximizing shareholder value.
Investment Analysis for private and Public sector projectsjimsd
The document discusses various concepts related to investment analysis for private and public sector projects. It covers timing of investments, discounting future cash flows, net present value (NPV) analysis, and internal rate of return (IRR). The key questions investment analysis aims to answer are whether to incur costs now for future benefits or use funds for immediate consumption. Private firms seek to maximize shareholder returns while public sectors aim to maximize community welfare.
This document discusses cost-benefit analysis (CBA) as a tool for investment decision making. CBA requires monetizing all relevant costs and benefits of a proposed project to determine if its benefits outweigh its costs. The objectives of CBA include choosing the best projects, justifying spending, and comparing projects. CBA follows steps such as defining options, quantifying costs and benefits, valuing them monetarily, and discounting future values to calculate metrics like net present value, benefit-cost ratio, and internal rate of return that are used to evaluate projects.
The document discusses capital budgeting and the discounted cash flow method for evaluating capital expenditure projects. It provides details on:
- Capital budgeting is the process of analyzing long-term investment projects involving major capital outlays and deciding whether to accept or reject them. It allows for long-range planning of capital expenditures.
- The discounted cash flow method discounts future cash flows to present value, allowing projects to be compared regardless of the timing of cash flows. It explicitly considers the time value of money, making it useful for long-term decisions.
- There are two approaches under the discounted cash flow method: net present value and internal rate of return. Net present value compares the present value of cash inflows
Powerpoint Presentation on Financial Management-G.REGIO.pptxGENELYNREGIO1
The document discusses capital budgeting techniques and their importance for business investment decisions. It defines capital budgeting and describes techniques like payback period, net present value (NPV), and internal rate of return (IRR). Payback period only considers cash flows until initial investment is recovered, while NPV and IRR account for time value of money. NPV indicates profitability based on whether the value is positive or negative, and IRR shows the discount rate where NPV equals zero. Sensitivity analysis and scenario planning can help address uncertainties in capital budgeting evaluations.
Capital budgeting is the process of evaluating potential long-term investments and capital expenditures. It involves estimating cash flows, assessing risk, determining discount rates, and calculating metrics like net present value and internal rate of return to determine which projects to accept. Capital is a limited resource, so management must carefully evaluate projects and allocate capital to the most economically acceptable and profitable opportunities. However, net present value and internal rate of return sometimes select different projects, usually due to differences in project size, life, or cash flow patterns. Both metrics can be reliably used if the discount rate reflects true risk and an internal rate of return is reasonably achievable.
This document discusses capital budgeting and cash flow analysis techniques. It defines capital budgeting as the planning and control of capital expenditures, particularly long-term investments in fixed assets. Several evaluation techniques are described, including non-discounting methods like average rate of return and payback period, as well as discounted cash flow methods like net present value, internal rate of return, and profitability index. Cash flows are categorized as initial, operating, and terminal cash flows. The steps for estimating cash flows and handling replacement project analysis are also outlined.
1. Capital budgeting is the process of analyzing long-term investment projects and determining whether to allocate resources.
2. It involves assessing projects with large, irreversible investments that have long-term implications and risk for the firm.
3. Techniques like net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), and modified internal rate of return (MIRR) are used to evaluate projects and maximize shareholder wealth in a way that considers cash flows and the time value of money.
Capital budgeting is the process of evaluating potential long-term investments and capital expenditures. It involves estimating cash flows, assessing risk, determining discount rates, and calculating metrics like net present value and internal rate of return to determine if a project is economically acceptable and should receive funding. Capital is a limited resource for companies, so capital budgeting helps management identify projects that will contribute most to profits and shareholder value. The key steps are to focus on incremental cash flows, account for the time value of money using techniques like NPV, and make go/no-go decisions on whether projects are worth undertaking based on their expected returns.
Capital budgeting involves committing large funds initially for long-term projects with returns expected over many years. It is a continuous process involving multiple departments. Capital budgeting decisions have long-term implications, require substantial funds, are irreversible, and impact future growth. The decision process involves estimating costs/benefits, the required rate of return, and selecting an evaluation method. Common methods are payback period, accounting rate of return, net present value, profitability index, and internal rate of return. Cash flows, risks/uncertainties, and sensitivity must be considered carefully.
Group 3 Capital_Budgeting_Techniques- Dr. Vijay Shankar Pandey.pdfKristinejoyClaud
The document discusses various capital budgeting techniques, including non-discounting techniques like payback period and accounting rate of return as well as discounting techniques like net present value, internal rate of return, and profitability index. It provides examples of calculating the payback period for projects and compares projects based on their payback periods. It also discusses the accounting rate of return method and provides the formula to calculate it. The document notes some pros and cons of the different capital budgeting techniques.
Capital budgeting is the process of evaluating potential long-term investments and capital expenditures. It involves estimating cash flows, assessing risk, determining discount rates, and calculating metrics like net present value and internal rate of return to determine which projects will provide the highest returns and contribute most to firm value. The key challenges are that capital resources are limited, projects have different sizes, lives, and cash flow patterns, so the net present value and internal rate of return methods do not always agree on the best project selection. Reliable capital budgeting requires using realistic discount rates that account for project risk when applying net present value, and ensuring projected internal rates of return are reasonably achievable.
The document is a project report submitted by Rutuja Deepak Chudnaik for their M.Com degree. The report focuses on comparing the Payback Method and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) Method for capital budgeting and investment decisions. The report includes an introduction to capital budgeting, the objectives and basic principles. It also provides details on the calculation of payback period for projects with constant and uneven cash flows. The report is submitted to the University of Mumbai under the guidance of their project guide, Prof. Dhiren Kanabar.
Capital Bugeting - Traditional Methods.pptxVadivelM9
This document discusses various traditional capital budgeting methods used to evaluate long-term investment decisions. It defines capital budgeting as the process of making investment decisions in long-term assets that provide benefits over several years. The document outlines two categories of capital budgeting techniques: traditional methods and discounted cash flow methods. Traditional methods discussed include payback period, which calculates the number of years to recover the initial cash outlay, and accounting rate of return (ARR) method, which divides average income after taxes by average investment. The document provides formulas for calculating payback period and ARR, and notes merits of the payback period method.
This document discusses performance management, talent management, and competency management. It provides information on:
- Performance management includes ensuring goals are met effectively and efficiently, and can focus on organizations, departments, processes or employees.
- Talent management is using strategic human resource planning to improve business value and help companies achieve their goals. It includes recruiting, developing, rewarding and evaluating employees.
- Competency management identifies the skills, behaviors and abilities needed for roles. It is used to develop, evaluate and improve employees' competencies to enhance performance.
This document discusses various theories and concepts related to leadership. It begins by defining a leader and leadership, and distinguishing between leaders and managers. It then covers historically important early studies on leadership from Ohio State, Michigan, and Iowa. The document outlines several traditional theories of leadership including great man theory, trait theory, and contingency theory. It also summarizes modern theories like transformational, transactional, and authentic leadership. Finally, it discusses different leadership styles, substitutes for leadership, and approaches to developing effective leaders.
ICT Extension approaches-pre-requisites Information and science needs of ...Yagnesh sondarva
ICT Extension approaches-pre-requisites
Information and science needs of farming community
Need integration
Human resource information & Intermediaries
This document provides an overview of the Domestic & Export Market Intelligence Cell (DEMIC) in India. It discusses:
1. The importance of market intelligence for farmers to make informed production and sales decisions.
2. How DEMIC was established to collect and disseminate timely price and market data on agricultural commodities to help farmers and other stakeholders.
3. DEMIC's objectives of forecasting supply/demand and future prices, studying domestic and export market situations, and disseminating information to support farmers' planning.
e-Choupal is an initiative by ITC Limited that uses the internet to directly connect with rural farmers in India for procurement of agricultural products. It aims to address issues in Indian agriculture like fragmented farms, weak infrastructure, and intermediaries that reduce farmers' profits. The program installs computers with internet access in villages to provide farmers with market information and help them get better prices. Currently there are over 6,500 e-Choupals operating across 10 states, benefiting around 4 million farmers. ITC plans to expand this to 20,000 e-Choupals serving 15 million farmers by 2012.
This document discusses folk media and traditional communication methods in India. It defines folk media as non-electronic mediums that transmit culture and traditions across generations. Some examples of folk media discussed include puppetry, drama, folk songs, dances, storytelling, and festivals. The document notes that folk media are highly effective at entertaining, educating, and spreading ideas due to features like high audience participation and familiar cultural content. Government organizations in India have utilized folk media for development communication. While traditional methods are personalized and credible, integrating them with modern media can make learning more engaging and preserve cultural heritage for rural communities.
- National Agriculture Market (NAM) is an electronic trading portal that connects existing agricultural commodity markets (mandis) across India to create a unified national market.
- It aims to reduce transaction costs and information asymmetry by allowing farmers to access real-time price and buyer information as well as sell their produce to a wider national market online.
- For states and their agricultural markets to participate, certain reforms are required such as a single trading license valid nationwide, single point collection of market fees, and the provision for electronic auctions.
This document discusses hypotheses and types of variables in research. It defines a hypothesis as a conjectural statement about the relationship between two or more variables. A hypothesis guides research and can be tested. The document outlines null and alternative hypotheses and discusses types of variables such as independent, dependent, intervening, stimulus, response, quantitative, qualitative, discrete, continuous, dichotomous, and polytomous variables. It provides examples to illustrate each variable type.
The document discusses the extension system of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) and State Agricultural Universities (SAUs) in India. It outlines the establishment and roles of ICAR and SAUs. ICAR was established in 1929 as the apex body for coordinating agricultural research and education. It has 99 research institutes and oversees 53 agricultural universities across India. SAUs were established beginning in 1960 to improve agricultural education, research, and extension. Their extension roles include conducting on-farm trials, demonstrations, training programs, and providing advisory services to farmers.
Adult education involves teaching adults through various methods like night schools, community colleges, and lifelong learning centers. It aims to educate adults on topics not covered in regular schooling like religion, politics, and family planning. The principles of adult learning emphasize that learning must be problem-centered, experience-based, meaningful, and allow learner feedback. In India, the government has launched various programs since independence to promote adult education through night schools, community centers, and mass literacy campaigns to build an educated nation.
Distance education has a history of over 100 years. It allows for independent study and self-directed learning through various technologies. The key aspects of distance education include the separation of teacher and learner during instruction, the use of educational media to deliver course content, and two-way communication between instructors and students. Distance education programs in India aim to provide higher education opportunities to more learners and help working professionals continue their studies. They deliver content through various technologies including print, audio/video, television, radio, and computer-based methods.
Market-led extension focuses on identifying customer needs before offering services. It is demand-driven, client-oriented, and aims to provide high returns for farmers. Agricultural extension personnel play key roles like conducting SWOT analyses of markets, organizing farmer groups, establishing marketing linkages, and acquiring market intelligence. Challenges include the large size of extension systems, integrating information technology, diverse farm conditions, and improving market intelligence and extension reforms. Effective market-led extension produces based on demand, works with efficient farmer groups, uses various market information sources, and improves communication within marketing channels. Reforms are needed to empower farmers with market knowledge and provide competitive marketing options and infrastructure investments.
The document summarizes several key poverty alleviation programmes in India, including:
- Swarnajayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana (SGSY), which consolidates prior self-employment programs.
- Sampoorna Grameen Rojgar Yojana (SGRY), which merged rural employment guarantee schemes.
- Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY), which aims to connect rural villages through roads.
- Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP) and Desert Development Programmes (DDP), which address environmental issues.
- Council for Advancement of People’s Action and Rural Technology (CAPART), which supports
The document discusses three Indian agricultural initiatives: NAIP, KCC, and ATIC. NAIP aims to accelerate sustainable agricultural transformation through innovation and partnerships. Its objectives include building ICAR capacity and promoting production to consumption systems research. KCC provides extension services to farmers through call centers, where subject matter experts answer queries in local languages. ATICs disseminate technologies and information through diagnostic services, product distribution, and information sharing, acting as single windows for farmers.
A job interview allows an employer to evaluate a potential employee for fit and suitability. Employers aim to determine if an applicant can perform the job well, is motivated to do the job, and will fit into the organization. Proper preparation includes researching the employer and position, practicing responses to common questions, and ensuring professional appearance and conduct during the interview. Key factors in making a strong first impression are being on time, dressing appropriately, maintaining eye contact and a firm handshake with the interviewer.
An interview is used by employers to evaluate potential candidates and determine if they are suitable for the job. During an interview, the employer hopes to assess a candidate's skills, experience, motivation, and fit for the organization. To prepare, candidates should research the employer, practice common interview questions, and review their resume. Important aspects of the interview include dressing professionally, arriving on time, maintaining good eye contact and body language, listening carefully and asking questions to the interviewer. Proper follow up after the interview is also important, whether being selected or not selected for the role.
This document discusses various information and communication technology (ICT) tools used for transferring agricultural technology in India, including their uses and benefits. The most commonly used ICT tools are radio, television, telephone, printed media, computers, the internet, video, multimedia, and mobile phones. For each tool, the document provides details on relevant agricultural programs broadcast on radio and television in India, how telephone and mobile apps provide agricultural information to farmers, and how the internet, email, and social media can be used to spread agricultural knowledge.
The document discusses models and elements of the communication process. It defines communication and outlines 6 models of communication including Aristotle's model with 3 elements (speaker, speech, audience), Shannon-Weaver's model with 5 elements (source, transmitter, signal, receiver, destination), and Berlo's model with 4 elements (communicator, encoder, message, decoder, receiver). It identifies 6 key elements of the extension communication system: 1) communicator, 2) message, 3) channels, 4) treatment of messages, 5) audience, and 6) audience response. Each element is described in 1-2 sentences.
India ranks first in milk production globally, producing over 32 million liters per day. Gujarat has an annual milk production of 248 million liters per day, with a per capita availability of 435 grams per day. Milk and milk products play a vital role in India's economy, contributing over $105 billion annually. India's dairy industry is dominated by buffaloes, which produce 55% of the country's milk, followed by cows at 40%. The top five milk producing states are Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Punjab, and Gujarat.
Information and Communication Technology in EducationMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 2)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐈𝐂𝐓 𝐢𝐧 𝐞𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧:
Students will be able to explain the role and impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in education. They will understand how ICT tools, such as computers, the internet, and educational software, enhance learning and teaching processes. By exploring various ICT applications, students will recognize how these technologies facilitate access to information, improve communication, support collaboration, and enable personalized learning experiences.
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐭:
-Students will be able to discuss what constitutes reliable sources on the internet. They will learn to identify key characteristics of trustworthy information, such as credibility, accuracy, and authority. By examining different types of online sources, students will develop skills to evaluate the reliability of websites and content, ensuring they can distinguish between reputable information and misinformation.
The Science of Learning: implications for modern teachingDerek Wenmoth
Keynote presentation to the Educational Leaders hui Kōkiritia Marautanga held in Auckland on 26 June 2024. Provides a high level overview of the history and development of the science of learning, and implications for the design of learning in our modern schools and classrooms.
Get Success with the Latest UiPath UIPATH-ADPV1 Exam Dumps (V11.02) 2024yarusun
Are you worried about your preparation for the UiPath Power Platform Functional Consultant Certification Exam? You can come to DumpsBase to download the latest UiPath UIPATH-ADPV1 exam dumps (V11.02) to evaluate your preparation for the UIPATH-ADPV1 exam with the PDF format and testing engine software. The latest UiPath UIPATH-ADPV1 exam questions and answers go over every subject on the exam so you can easily understand them. You won't need to worry about passing the UIPATH-ADPV1 exam if you master all of these UiPath UIPATH-ADPV1 dumps (V11.02) of DumpsBase. #UIPATH-ADPV1 Dumps #UIPATH-ADPV1 #UIPATH-ADPV1 Exam Dumps
How to Create User Notification in Odoo 17Celine George
This slide will represent how to create user notification in Odoo 17. Odoo allows us to create and send custom notifications on some events or actions. We have different types of notification such as sticky notification, rainbow man effect, alert and raise exception warning or validation.
2. Agricultural credit : agriculture credit is the amount
of investment funds made available for agriculture
production from resources outside the sector.
Farm finance : the amount of funds obtained from off
farm sources for use on the farm ,repayable in future
with an interest agreed to either explicitly or
implicitly
3. Allocating larger proportion of land they own for the
cultivation of food crops for subsistence.
Predominance of family labour utilization in production
of farm enterprise .
risk aversion
more demand for consumption credit
inability to offer security due to small size of holdings
4. Increase in agricultural production is possible only by
intensification and diversification of farming. Intensive
agriculture needs huge capita
Farmers economic condition is subject to frequent
climatic condition , therefore, either the continuance of
cultivation of crops or making improvements on the farms
depends on the nature and availability finance
5. Based on purpose
Based on time
Based on security
Based on liquidity
Based on activity orientation
Based on approach
Based on contact with farmers
16. Principle of productive purpose
Principle of personality
Principle of productivity
Principle of phased disbursement
Principle of proper utilization
Principle of payment
Principle of protection
17. 1. Interview with farmer
2. Submission of loan application by farmer
3. Visit to the farmers field before sanction of loan
4. Criteria for loan eligibility
5. Sanction of loan
6. Submission of requisite documents
7. Disbursement of loan
8. Post credit follow up measures
9. Recovery of loan
18. Introduction :
The recommended analytical methods for appraisal are
generally discounted cash flow techniques which take into
account the time value of money. People generally prefer
to receive benefits as early as possible while paying costs
as late as possible. Costs and benefits occur at different
points in the life of the project so the valuation of costs and
benefits must take into account the time at which they
occur. This concept of time preference is fundamental to
proper appraisal and so it is necessary to calculate the
present values of all costs and benefits
19. An understanding of discounting and Net Present Value
(NPV) calculations is fundamental to proper appraisal of
projects and programmes. A good understanding of Cost
Benefit Analysis (CBA), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Multi
Criteria Analysis (MCA) and Cost Effectiveness Analysis
(CEA) is also essential for economic appraisal purposes.
20. In the NPV method, the revenues and costs of a project are
estimated and then are discounted and compared with the
initial investment. The preferred option is that with the
highest positive net present value. Projects with negative
NPV values should be rejected because the present value
of the stream of benefits is insufficient to recover the cost
of the project.
Compared to other investment appraisal techniques such
as the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and the discounted
payback period, the NPV is viewed as the most reliable
technique to support investment appraisal decisions.
21. Using different evaluation techniques for the same basic
data may yield conflicting conclusions. In choosing
between options A and B, the NPV method may suggest
that option A is preferable, while the IRR method may
suggest that option B is preferable. However in such cases,
the results indicated by the NPV method are more
reliable. The NPV method should be always be used where
money values over time need to be appraised.
Nevertheless, the other techniques also yield useful
additional information and may be worth using.
The key determinants of the NPV calculation are the
appraisal horizon, the discount rate and the accuracy of
estimates for costs and benefits.
22. The NPW of the project can be estimated using formula
as given below
Bn = Benefits in n'th Year.
Cn = Costs in n'th Year.
n = life span of the project
i = interest or discount rate
23. The BCR is the discounted net revenues divided by the
initial investment. The preferred option is that with the
ratio greatest in excess of 1. In any event, a project with a
benefit cost ratio of less than one should generally not
proceed. The advantage of this method is its simplicity.
Using the BCR to rank projects can lead to sub optimal
decisions as a project with a slightly higher BCR ratio will
be selected over a project with a lower BCR even though
the latter project has the capacity to generate much
greater economic benefits because it has a higher NPV
value and involves greater scale.
24. The BCR can be calculated using the following formula
25. Example: A fish culturist has invested and got Net benefit at
the end of 1 ,2,3,4 year of fish culture in the following way:
Year Investment
(Rs.)
Net benefit Discount
factor
(12%)
Present
value
investment
Present
value
of Net
benefit
0 40000 - 1.000 40000 -
1 2000 15000 0.893 1786 13395
2 3000 20000 0.797 2391 15940
3 4000 19000 0.712 2848 135288
4 1000 16000 0.63 636 10176
Total 50000 70000 47661 53039
26. NPV = Present value of Net benefit - present value of
investment
= 53,039 - 47.661 = 5378 (+) ve
BCR or PI =
Present value of Net benefit /
Present value of investment
53,039 /
47,661
= 1.11 (more than 1)
27. The IRR is the discount rate which, when applied to net
revenues of a project sets them equal to the initial
investment. The preferred option is that with the IRR
greatest in excess of a specified rate of return. An IRR of
10% means that with a discount rate of 10%, the project
breaks even. The IRR approach is usually associated with a
hurdle cost of capital/discount rate, against which the IRR
is compared. The hurdle rate corresponds to the
opportunity cost of capital. In the case of public projects,
the hurdle rate is the TDR. If the IRR exceeds the hurdle
rate, the project is accepted.
28. There are disadvantages associated with the Internal Rate of
Return (IRR) as a performance indicator. It is not suitable for
the ranking of competing projects. It is possible for two
projects to have the same IRR but have different Net Present
Value (NPV) values due to differences in the timing of costs
and benefits. In addition, applying different appraisal
techniques to the same basic data may yield contradictory
conclusions.
29. The payback period is commonly used as an investment
appraisal technique in the private sector and measures
the length of time that it takes to recover the initial
investment. However this method presents obvious
drawbacks which prevent the ranking of projects. The
method takes no account of the time value of money and
neither does it take account of the earnings after the
initial investment is recouped. For example, a project
requires a €3 million investment and Option 1 returns €2
million in the first year and Option 2 returns €3 million for
the same year..
30. On this basis Option 2 is the preferred option as the payback
period is shorter but if the cash flows changed in
subsequent years and Option 1 returned €2 million
annually while Option 2 only earned €1 million annually, the
chosen option would have been incorrect. The ordinary
payback period should not be used as an appraisal
technique for public investment projects
31. An important feature of a comprehensive CBA is the
inclusion of a risk assessment. The use of sensitivity
analysis allows users of the CBA methodology to challenge
the robustness of the results to changes in the
assumptions made (i.e. discount rate, time horizon,
estimated value of costs and benefits, etc.). In doing so, it
is possible to identify those parameters and assumptions
to which the outcome of the analysis is most sensitive and
therefore, allows the user to determine which assumptions
and parameters may need to be re-examined and clarified.
32. Sensitivity analysis is the process of establishing the
outcomes of the cost benefit analysis which is sensitive to
the assumed values used in the analysis. This form of
analysis should also be part of the appraisal for large
projects. If an option is very sensitive to variations in a
particular variable (e.g. passenger demand), then it should
probably not be undertaken. If the relative merits of
options change with the assumed values of variables,
those values should be examined to see whether they can
be made more reliable. It can be useful to attach
probabilities to a range of values to help pick the best
option.
33. The calculation of NPV’s makes no allowance for the distribution of
costs and benefits among members of society. This is an important
drawback if the intended objectives of a programme/project aimed
at specific income groups. Differential impact may arise because of
income, gender, age, geographical location or disability and any
distributional effects should be explicit and quantified where
appropriate. A common approach to take account of distributional
issues is to divide the relevant population into different income
groups and analyze the impact of the programme/project on these
groups. Weights can be attached to the different groups to reflect
Government policy. Carrying out a distributional analysis can be a
difficult task because costs and benefits are redistributed in
unintended ways.
35. It is difficult to measure the value to society of public
investment in social infra structure because the outputs
may be difficult to specify accurately and to quantify, and
are not frequently marketed. In cases like these, the cost of
the various alternative options should be first determined
in monetary terms. A choice can then be made as to which
of the options (if they all achieve the same effects) is
preferable. CEA is not a basis for deciding whether or not a
project should be undertaken. Rather, it is concerned with
the relative costs of the various options available for
achieving a particular objective. CEA will assist in the
determination of the least cost way of determining the
capital project objective. A choice can then be made as to
which of these options is preferable.
36. CUA is a variant of CEA that measures the relative
effectiveness of alternative interventions in achieving
two or more objectives. It is often used in health
appraisals. In a CUA, costs are expressed in monetary
terms and outcomes/ benefits are expressed in utility
terms e.g. outcomes are often defined in quality
adjusted life years (QALYs). This outcome measure is a
combination of duration of life and health related
quality of life. Whereas in a CBA, there is a
requirement to attempt to place a monetary value on
all benefits, CUA allows for a comparison of the
benefits of health interventions without having to
place a financial value on health states.
37. Multi-criteria analysis (MCA) establishes
preferences between project options by
reference to an explicit set of criteria and
objectives. These would normally reflect
policy/programme objectives and project
objectives and other considerations as
appropriate, such as value for money, costs,
social, environmental, equality, etc. MCA is often
used as an alternative to appraisal techniques
because it incorporates multiple criteria and
does not focus solely on monetary values.
38. Balance sheet or net worth statement
Income statement or loss statement
Cash flow statement
Break even analysis
39. Balance sheet indicate an account of total asset and
total liabilities of farm business revealing the
financial solvency of business
Component are :
Assets
Liabilities
40. Assets Liabilities
No. Items Rs. No. Items Rs.
Current Current
1. Bank Balance 30000 1 Operating loan payment 15000
2. Cash on hand 300 2
Forthcoming principal
due on long term loan
3000
3 Accounts receivables 800
4. Cocoon for sale 5000
5. Crops & supplies 3000
Total 39,100 Total 18000
Intermediate Intermediate
6. Bullock pair 6000 3 Balance of sheep loan 7000
7. Milch Animal 3000
8. Oil engine 7000
9. Bullock cart 4000
Total 20000 Total 7000
Long term Long term
10 Land, Dry land 10 Ac 80000 4 Mortgage of land 25000
11. Garden land 3 Ac 60000
12 Wet land 1/2 Ac 15000
13 Mango garden 25000
Total 180000 Total 25000
5 Net Worth 189100
Total Assets 239100 Total liabilities 239000
41. Summary of receipts and gains minus expenses and
losses during a specified period of time.
Components :
Receipts
Expenses
42. Particulars Amount (Rs.)
INCOME
Cash Receipts
1 Paddy sales 30 qtl 7500
2 Sugarcane sales 16 tons 5500
3 Groundnut sales 20 qtl 12000
4 Milk sale 100 ltr. 3800
5 Broiler sale; 200 birds 10500
6 Miscellaneous income 1500
Total cash receipts 40800
Net Capital gains Income
7 Sale of purchased milch animal 2000
8 Home bred animal sale 2000
9 Machinery sale 150
Total net capital gains 4150
Changes in Inventory Value
10 Crops in inventory 6000
11 Livestock in inventory -1000
12 Total changes in inventory value 5000
Total farm income 49950
43. . EXPENSES
Operating expenses
13 Hired labour 3000
14 Hired bullock labour 4000
15 Machinery, fuel, repairs 2500
16 Fertilizers 500
17 Other crop expenses 1400
18 Livestock, machinery, veterinary and marketing expenses 1000
19 Interest on current debts 600
20 Miscellaneous expenses 700
Total operating expenses 13700
Fixed Expenses
21 Land rent 3000
22 Land revenue 500
23 Improvement repairs 4200
24 Interest on intermediate and long term loans 1,000
25 Equipment depreciation 1500
26 Livestock depreciation 1000
27 Attached farm servants wages 1000
28 Depreciation on buildings, improvements 600
Total fixed expenses 12800
Total expenses 26500
Net farm income 23450
44. Ratio analysis will explain what strength, weakness,
pressures and forces are currently at work in your business
operation farm business managers will need a full time job
accountant for the change accruing in his capital structure
and net worth as revealed in his balance sheet.
Ratio analysis of properly calculated rates can be readily
compared with :
I) firm’s past ratio in order to show trends,
Ii) ratio of other firms of similar size, large size or of smaller
size with which the manager is familiar,
Iii) industrial standards and
Iv) projected goals as reflected in plans for the future.
45. Ratio formula Best
condition
Period of
time
Indicate
Current ratio TCA/TCL >1 1 To meet immediate financial
obligation
Intermediate
ratio
TCA >1 2 to 5 To meet intermediate financial
obligation
Net capital
ratio
TA/TL >1 >5 Solvency position of farmer
Acid test
ratio
Current asset
/TCL
>1 2to 5 Adequacy of cash and income
surplus to cover all current
liabilities
Current
liabilities
ratio
Current
liability
/owners
equity
<1 1 to 2 Immediate financial obligation
against net worth
Debt equity
ratio
Total
debt/Owners
equity
<1 >5 Capacity of farmer to long term
commitment
Equity value
ratio
Owners
equity/Value
of asset
<1 Productivity gained by farmer in
relation to asset he has
46. Summary of cash inflows and cash out flows of a
business organization in a particular period say
season or year .
Component :
Cash receipts
Cash expenses