To Study the earth's magnetic field using a tangent galvanometer Tangent galv...Arjun Kumar Sah
1) The document is a 19 page physics investigatory project submitted by a student on the topic of a tangent galvanometer.
2) A tangent galvanometer is used to measure electric current by comparing the magnetic field generated by an unknown current to the Earth's magnetic field.
3) The student describes the components of a tangent galvanometer and its operating principle. Experiments are conducted to determine the reduction factor of the galvanometer and the horizontal intensity of the Earth's magnetic field at the location.
Spoorthi Kulkarni, a class 12 student, conducted an investigatory physics project on the factors that affect the internal resistance of a cell. The factors studied were distance between electrodes, area of electrodes, temperature of electrolytes, and concentration of electrolyte. The results showed that internal resistance increases with distance between electrodes, and decreases with increasing area of electrodes, temperature of electrolytes, and concentration of electrolyte. The project follows the guidelines for the All India Senior Secondary Certificate Examination.
Physics Practical File - with Readings | Class 12 CBSESaksham Mittal
The document appears to be a scanned collection of pages from a book or manual. It contains images of many pages with text and diagrams but no clear overall narrative or topic. As a scanned document, it provides visual copies of written content but no coherent summary can be extracted from the random assortment of pages.
Study Of oxalte ion in guava fruit at different stages of ripeningPrince Warade
guava is sweet,juicy,light or dark green coulured fruit.we will learn to test for the presence of oxalate ions in the guava fruit and how its amount varies during different stages of ripening.
This document is a student project on linguistic chauvinism. It includes an acknowledgement, certificate, and index signed by the student and teacher. The objective is to explain linguistic chauvinism, highlight the importance of language, and describe related historical events. The project covers the concept of linguistic chauvinism, importance of language, relationship between language and culture, and historical examples like the Franco-Prussian War, Japanese invasion of Korea, and annexation of Tibet by China where linguistic identity was threatened. The conclusion is that imposing foreign languages can create inferiority complexes and suppress future uprisings. The student reflection indicates they learned about impacts of foreign language imposition on a region's culture.
This document appears to be a biology investigatory project on drug addiction completed by a student. It includes sections on the objective, classification of drugs, how addiction begins, effects of specific drugs like tobacco and alcohol, and conclusions. The project received guidance from the student's biology teacher and utilized several references in its completion.
The document is a physics investigatory project report by a 12th grade student on transformers. It includes an introduction to transformers, the theory behind their operation, the apparatus used, experimental procedure followed to investigate the relationship between input/output voltage and primary/secondary coil turns, uses of transformers, conclusions drawn, and sources cited. The student successfully completed the project under a teacher's guidance to fulfill curriculum requirements.
To find the refractive indexes of (a) water,(b) oil using a plane mirror, an ...AnkitSharma1903
1. Ankit Sharma completed a physics project to determine the refractive indices of water and oil using a plane mirror, convex lens, and adjustable needle under the guidance of his teacher Mr. P.K. Sha.
2. The project involved using the lens formula to calculate the focal lengths of the convex lens alone and in combination with water or oil, then using these values and the radius of curvature of the lens to determine the refractive indices.
3. The refractive indices calculated were 1.0831 for water and 1.2886 for oil.
To Study the earth's magnetic field using a tangent galvanometer Tangent galv...Arjun Kumar Sah
1) The document is a 19 page physics investigatory project submitted by a student on the topic of a tangent galvanometer.
2) A tangent galvanometer is used to measure electric current by comparing the magnetic field generated by an unknown current to the Earth's magnetic field.
3) The student describes the components of a tangent galvanometer and its operating principle. Experiments are conducted to determine the reduction factor of the galvanometer and the horizontal intensity of the Earth's magnetic field at the location.
Spoorthi Kulkarni, a class 12 student, conducted an investigatory physics project on the factors that affect the internal resistance of a cell. The factors studied were distance between electrodes, area of electrodes, temperature of electrolytes, and concentration of electrolyte. The results showed that internal resistance increases with distance between electrodes, and decreases with increasing area of electrodes, temperature of electrolytes, and concentration of electrolyte. The project follows the guidelines for the All India Senior Secondary Certificate Examination.
Physics Practical File - with Readings | Class 12 CBSESaksham Mittal
The document appears to be a scanned collection of pages from a book or manual. It contains images of many pages with text and diagrams but no clear overall narrative or topic. As a scanned document, it provides visual copies of written content but no coherent summary can be extracted from the random assortment of pages.
Study Of oxalte ion in guava fruit at different stages of ripeningPrince Warade
guava is sweet,juicy,light or dark green coulured fruit.we will learn to test for the presence of oxalate ions in the guava fruit and how its amount varies during different stages of ripening.
This document is a student project on linguistic chauvinism. It includes an acknowledgement, certificate, and index signed by the student and teacher. The objective is to explain linguistic chauvinism, highlight the importance of language, and describe related historical events. The project covers the concept of linguistic chauvinism, importance of language, relationship between language and culture, and historical examples like the Franco-Prussian War, Japanese invasion of Korea, and annexation of Tibet by China where linguistic identity was threatened. The conclusion is that imposing foreign languages can create inferiority complexes and suppress future uprisings. The student reflection indicates they learned about impacts of foreign language imposition on a region's culture.
This document appears to be a biology investigatory project on drug addiction completed by a student. It includes sections on the objective, classification of drugs, how addiction begins, effects of specific drugs like tobacco and alcohol, and conclusions. The project received guidance from the student's biology teacher and utilized several references in its completion.
The document is a physics investigatory project report by a 12th grade student on transformers. It includes an introduction to transformers, the theory behind their operation, the apparatus used, experimental procedure followed to investigate the relationship between input/output voltage and primary/secondary coil turns, uses of transformers, conclusions drawn, and sources cited. The student successfully completed the project under a teacher's guidance to fulfill curriculum requirements.
To find the refractive indexes of (a) water,(b) oil using a plane mirror, an ...AnkitSharma1903
1. Ankit Sharma completed a physics project to determine the refractive indices of water and oil using a plane mirror, convex lens, and adjustable needle under the guidance of his teacher Mr. P.K. Sha.
2. The project involved using the lens formula to calculate the focal lengths of the convex lens alone and in combination with water or oil, then using these values and the radius of curvature of the lens to determine the refractive indices.
3. The refractive indices calculated were 1.0831 for water and 1.2886 for oil.
TOPIC-To investigate the relation between the ratio of :-1. Input and outpu...CHMURLIDHAR
TOPIC-To investigate the relation between the ratio of :-1. Input and output voltage.2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary coil of a self made transformer.
TO STUDY THE QUANTITY OF CASEIN PRESENT IN DIFFERENT SAMPLES OF MILKAnkitSharma1903
This document is a certificate and report for a school science project on studying the quantity of casein in different milk samples. It was completed by Ankit Sharma, a class 12 student, under the guidance of his teacher Mr. S.C. Jatt. The report includes an introduction on milk and casein, the aim, requirements, procedure, observations, and conclusions of the experiment. It found that different milk samples contain varying percentages of casein, with buffalo milk containing the highest at 4.20% and cow milk the lowest at 3.00%.
This document appears to be a chemistry project file submitted by Nikhil Dwivedi, a class 12 science student, on the topic of studying food adulterants. The file includes a certificate, acknowledgements, index, objective, introduction on food adulteration and laws, and details of experiments conducted to detect adulterants in foods like oils, fats, sugar and spices. The introduction provides background on food adulteration issues and legislation in India and other countries to protect consumers from health risks of adulterated foods.
This document outlines a chemistry experiment to study the presence of oxalate ions in guava fruit at different stages of ripening. The experiment involves extracting oxalate ions from guava pulp samples using dilute sulfuric acid, then titrating the solutions against potassium permanganate. Observations are recorded and calculations are shown to determine the normality and strength of oxalate ions in fresh, semi-ripe, and ripe guava samples. The results indicate that the content of oxalate ions increases with the ripening of the guava fruit.
Physics Investigatory - Electromagnetic Induction. CLASS XIIEligetiVishnu
The document is a student project report on the topic of electromagnetic induction. It includes an introduction discussing electromagnetic induction, theory explaining key concepts like magnetic flux and Lenz's law. It describes Michael Faraday's discovery of induction and his famous experiments. It discusses applications of induction in electrical generators and transformers. It then provides details of Faraday's experiments, the procedure, observations and results which demonstrated that relative motion between a magnet and coil induces current in the coil. The report concludes that a changing magnetic flux induces a voltage across a coil.
Chemistry Investigatory Project of class 12th CBSENagesh Agrawal
This document appears to be a student project report analyzing the contents of different cold drink brands. It includes sections like the introduction, aim, theory, tests conducted to detect ingredients like carbon dioxide, glucose, phosphate, alcohol and sucrose. The results found that all drinks contained these ingredients. The conclusion compares the drinks and finds that Coca Cola is most acidic while Limca is least. Fanta contains the highest sucrose while Sprite has the most carbon dioxide. Potential disadvantages of cold drinks are also discussed.
PREPARATION OF SOYBEAN MILK AND ITS COMPARISION WITH NATURAL MILKRajivSingh261
This document is a certificate certifying that Aditi Chauhan, a student of Class XII at D.A.V. Public School, has satisfactorily completed a required chemistry project on the preparation of soybean milk and its comparison to natural milk. The project included preparing soybean milk, comparing its taste to natural milk, examining the effect of temperature on curd formation in both milks, and analyzing the nutritional composition and health benefits of soybean milk versus natural milk. The document provides details of the project's procedure, observations, results, and conclusions drawn by Aditi in completing the required chemistry work.
This document is a project report submitted by Divyanshu Kumar of class 12 for his Physics practical on transformers. It includes an introduction to transformers, the theory behind their working, procedures followed to study step-up and step-down transformers designed with different turn ratios of coils. Observations from experiments are recorded in a table. The conclusions drawn are that output voltage depends on the ratio of turns and there is power loss between input and output coils. Precautions taken and possible sources of error are also stated.
This document appears to be a student project report on investigating the relationship between input/output voltage and number of turns in the primary and secondary coils of a transformer. It includes sections on introduction, theory, apparatus, procedure, observations, conclusion, and bibliography. The key points are that the output voltage of a transformer depends on the ratio of turns in the secondary coil to the primary coil, and that there are losses between the input and output resulting in the transformer's efficiency being less than 100%.
Chemistry Practical Record Full CBSE Class 12 Muhammad Jassim
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
chemistry investigatory project on food adulterationappietech
This chemistry project certificate summarizes Sharath Nair's research project on detecting common food adulterants under the guidance of his teacher Rakhi Phathak. The project includes an introduction on the history and issues of food adulteration, objectives to study common adulterants in different foods, acknowledgments, contents listing the sections, experiments conducted to detect adulterants in fats/oils, sugar, and spices, and precautions consumers can take to avoid adulterated foods.
CLASS 12 ENGLISH PROJECT ON CHILD LABOURAryanNaglot
This document is a certificate certifying that Aryan Naglot, a student of class 12B, successfully completed a school project on "Child Labour" under the guidance of his teacher Mr. Kamla Prashad. The project covered key topics like definitions of child labour, common types of child labour in India, causes of rising child labour, impacts on social environment, relevant laws, and approaches to eliminate child labour. It included sections on defining child labour, categorizing it according to UNICEF, listing major types in India, and analyzing common causes like poverty, lack of education, social factors, cheap labour costs, and family traditions.
This document appears to be a biology project on drug addiction by Foram A. Desai of B.S. Patel Primary School. It includes an acknowledgements section, table of contents, and sections on the aims of the project, introduction to drug addiction, classification of drugs, how addiction begins, effects of drug and alcohol combinations, case studies of addiction, treatment recommendations, stages of addiction, and conclusions. The project provides information on different drugs, their effects, how addiction develops and is treated. It examines issues like drug abuse and the need for prevention through education and policy changes.
This is the investigatory project on aids. for biology class 12. or can be used for educational purpose. this covers all important topics with good images. if you like this follow me on my instagram @vishal2782003
“To estimate the charge induced on each one of the two identical Styrofoam (o...VanshPatil7
This document is a certificate certifying that Vansh Patil of class 12th at SNBP International School completed a physics project on estimating the charge induced on two identical Styrofoam balls suspended vertically using Coulomb's Law, in partial fulfillment of a CBSE exam. The student thanks their physics teachers Miss Luna and Miss Ruchita for guidance. The project report includes an introduction to transformers, the theory behind them, sample circuit diagrams, observation tables showing measurements taken, results discussing relationships between voltage ratios and coils, and applications of transformers such as in voltage regulators.
CLASS 12 PHYSICS PROJECT - Measuring current using halfwave rectifierMathesh T
The document describes an experiment to measure current using a half-wave rectifier. A student named Mathesh from VELS Vidhyashram School designed the experiment for their class 12 physics project. The experiment involves connecting a diode, capacitor, voltmeter and resistance box in a circuit to form a half-wave rectifier. By measuring the voltage output across different resistances and using Ohm's law, the average current of 0.264 Amperes was calculated. The summary concludes that a half-wave rectifier is rarely used in practice due to its high ripple factor but is cheap and simple to construct.
This document provides an overview of an alternating current (AC) generator. It includes sections on the principle, construction, theory of operation, circuit diagram, expression for induced electromotive force (emf), and applications. The key components of an AC generator are an armature coil that rotates in a magnetic field, slip rings to draw current from the rotating coil, and brushes that supply the output. As the coil rotates, the changing magnetic flux induces an alternating current in the coil. The maximum induced emf is expressed as ε = ε° sin(ωt). Applications include power generation and distribution, vehicles, appliances, and portable generators.
To study various factors on which the internal resistance/EMF dependsaslipranay
This document summarizes a physics project conducted by Pranay Kumar Raj to study the various factors that affect the internal resistance of a cell. The project involved experiments to determine how internal resistance is impacted by the distance between electrodes, electrode surface area, electrolyte concentration, and temperature. Test results found that internal resistance increases with greater electrode separation and decreases with larger surface area, higher electrolyte concentration, and increased temperature. The project was conducted under a teacher's guidance and certification was provided upon completion.
This document summarizes a physics project conducted by Harsh Thapliyal on the factors that affect the internal resistance of a cell. The project analyzed how internal resistance varies with the distance between electrodes, electrode area, electrolyte concentration, and temperature. Experiments were conducted with a Leclanché cell and measurements were taken using a potentiometer. The results showed that internal resistance increases with distance between electrodes and decreases with greater electrode area, higher electrolyte concentration, and increased temperature.
TOPIC-To investigate the relation between the ratio of :-1. Input and outpu...CHMURLIDHAR
TOPIC-To investigate the relation between the ratio of :-1. Input and output voltage.2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary coil of a self made transformer.
TO STUDY THE QUANTITY OF CASEIN PRESENT IN DIFFERENT SAMPLES OF MILKAnkitSharma1903
This document is a certificate and report for a school science project on studying the quantity of casein in different milk samples. It was completed by Ankit Sharma, a class 12 student, under the guidance of his teacher Mr. S.C. Jatt. The report includes an introduction on milk and casein, the aim, requirements, procedure, observations, and conclusions of the experiment. It found that different milk samples contain varying percentages of casein, with buffalo milk containing the highest at 4.20% and cow milk the lowest at 3.00%.
This document appears to be a chemistry project file submitted by Nikhil Dwivedi, a class 12 science student, on the topic of studying food adulterants. The file includes a certificate, acknowledgements, index, objective, introduction on food adulteration and laws, and details of experiments conducted to detect adulterants in foods like oils, fats, sugar and spices. The introduction provides background on food adulteration issues and legislation in India and other countries to protect consumers from health risks of adulterated foods.
This document outlines a chemistry experiment to study the presence of oxalate ions in guava fruit at different stages of ripening. The experiment involves extracting oxalate ions from guava pulp samples using dilute sulfuric acid, then titrating the solutions against potassium permanganate. Observations are recorded and calculations are shown to determine the normality and strength of oxalate ions in fresh, semi-ripe, and ripe guava samples. The results indicate that the content of oxalate ions increases with the ripening of the guava fruit.
Physics Investigatory - Electromagnetic Induction. CLASS XIIEligetiVishnu
The document is a student project report on the topic of electromagnetic induction. It includes an introduction discussing electromagnetic induction, theory explaining key concepts like magnetic flux and Lenz's law. It describes Michael Faraday's discovery of induction and his famous experiments. It discusses applications of induction in electrical generators and transformers. It then provides details of Faraday's experiments, the procedure, observations and results which demonstrated that relative motion between a magnet and coil induces current in the coil. The report concludes that a changing magnetic flux induces a voltage across a coil.
Chemistry Investigatory Project of class 12th CBSENagesh Agrawal
This document appears to be a student project report analyzing the contents of different cold drink brands. It includes sections like the introduction, aim, theory, tests conducted to detect ingredients like carbon dioxide, glucose, phosphate, alcohol and sucrose. The results found that all drinks contained these ingredients. The conclusion compares the drinks and finds that Coca Cola is most acidic while Limca is least. Fanta contains the highest sucrose while Sprite has the most carbon dioxide. Potential disadvantages of cold drinks are also discussed.
PREPARATION OF SOYBEAN MILK AND ITS COMPARISION WITH NATURAL MILKRajivSingh261
This document is a certificate certifying that Aditi Chauhan, a student of Class XII at D.A.V. Public School, has satisfactorily completed a required chemistry project on the preparation of soybean milk and its comparison to natural milk. The project included preparing soybean milk, comparing its taste to natural milk, examining the effect of temperature on curd formation in both milks, and analyzing the nutritional composition and health benefits of soybean milk versus natural milk. The document provides details of the project's procedure, observations, results, and conclusions drawn by Aditi in completing the required chemistry work.
This document is a project report submitted by Divyanshu Kumar of class 12 for his Physics practical on transformers. It includes an introduction to transformers, the theory behind their working, procedures followed to study step-up and step-down transformers designed with different turn ratios of coils. Observations from experiments are recorded in a table. The conclusions drawn are that output voltage depends on the ratio of turns and there is power loss between input and output coils. Precautions taken and possible sources of error are also stated.
This document appears to be a student project report on investigating the relationship between input/output voltage and number of turns in the primary and secondary coils of a transformer. It includes sections on introduction, theory, apparatus, procedure, observations, conclusion, and bibliography. The key points are that the output voltage of a transformer depends on the ratio of turns in the secondary coil to the primary coil, and that there are losses between the input and output resulting in the transformer's efficiency being less than 100%.
Chemistry Practical Record Full CBSE Class 12 Muhammad Jassim
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
chemistry investigatory project on food adulterationappietech
This chemistry project certificate summarizes Sharath Nair's research project on detecting common food adulterants under the guidance of his teacher Rakhi Phathak. The project includes an introduction on the history and issues of food adulteration, objectives to study common adulterants in different foods, acknowledgments, contents listing the sections, experiments conducted to detect adulterants in fats/oils, sugar, and spices, and precautions consumers can take to avoid adulterated foods.
CLASS 12 ENGLISH PROJECT ON CHILD LABOURAryanNaglot
This document is a certificate certifying that Aryan Naglot, a student of class 12B, successfully completed a school project on "Child Labour" under the guidance of his teacher Mr. Kamla Prashad. The project covered key topics like definitions of child labour, common types of child labour in India, causes of rising child labour, impacts on social environment, relevant laws, and approaches to eliminate child labour. It included sections on defining child labour, categorizing it according to UNICEF, listing major types in India, and analyzing common causes like poverty, lack of education, social factors, cheap labour costs, and family traditions.
This document appears to be a biology project on drug addiction by Foram A. Desai of B.S. Patel Primary School. It includes an acknowledgements section, table of contents, and sections on the aims of the project, introduction to drug addiction, classification of drugs, how addiction begins, effects of drug and alcohol combinations, case studies of addiction, treatment recommendations, stages of addiction, and conclusions. The project provides information on different drugs, their effects, how addiction develops and is treated. It examines issues like drug abuse and the need for prevention through education and policy changes.
This is the investigatory project on aids. for biology class 12. or can be used for educational purpose. this covers all important topics with good images. if you like this follow me on my instagram @vishal2782003
“To estimate the charge induced on each one of the two identical Styrofoam (o...VanshPatil7
This document is a certificate certifying that Vansh Patil of class 12th at SNBP International School completed a physics project on estimating the charge induced on two identical Styrofoam balls suspended vertically using Coulomb's Law, in partial fulfillment of a CBSE exam. The student thanks their physics teachers Miss Luna and Miss Ruchita for guidance. The project report includes an introduction to transformers, the theory behind them, sample circuit diagrams, observation tables showing measurements taken, results discussing relationships between voltage ratios and coils, and applications of transformers such as in voltage regulators.
CLASS 12 PHYSICS PROJECT - Measuring current using halfwave rectifierMathesh T
The document describes an experiment to measure current using a half-wave rectifier. A student named Mathesh from VELS Vidhyashram School designed the experiment for their class 12 physics project. The experiment involves connecting a diode, capacitor, voltmeter and resistance box in a circuit to form a half-wave rectifier. By measuring the voltage output across different resistances and using Ohm's law, the average current of 0.264 Amperes was calculated. The summary concludes that a half-wave rectifier is rarely used in practice due to its high ripple factor but is cheap and simple to construct.
This document provides an overview of an alternating current (AC) generator. It includes sections on the principle, construction, theory of operation, circuit diagram, expression for induced electromotive force (emf), and applications. The key components of an AC generator are an armature coil that rotates in a magnetic field, slip rings to draw current from the rotating coil, and brushes that supply the output. As the coil rotates, the changing magnetic flux induces an alternating current in the coil. The maximum induced emf is expressed as ε = ε° sin(ωt). Applications include power generation and distribution, vehicles, appliances, and portable generators.
To study various factors on which the internal resistance/EMF dependsaslipranay
This document summarizes a physics project conducted by Pranay Kumar Raj to study the various factors that affect the internal resistance of a cell. The project involved experiments to determine how internal resistance is impacted by the distance between electrodes, electrode surface area, electrolyte concentration, and temperature. Test results found that internal resistance increases with greater electrode separation and decreases with larger surface area, higher electrolyte concentration, and increased temperature. The project was conducted under a teacher's guidance and certification was provided upon completion.
This document summarizes a physics project conducted by Harsh Thapliyal on the factors that affect the internal resistance of a cell. The project analyzed how internal resistance varies with the distance between electrodes, electrode area, electrolyte concentration, and temperature. Experiments were conducted with a Leclanché cell and measurements were taken using a potentiometer. The results showed that internal resistance increases with distance between electrodes and decreases with greater electrode area, higher electrolyte concentration, and increased temperature.
New microsoft power point presentation (2)Ankur Kushwaha
Ankur Singh Kushwaha, a class 12 student, completed a physics investigatory project on the factors that affect the internal resistance of a cell. The project examined how internal resistance varies with distance between electrodes, electrode area, electrolyte temperature, and electrolyte concentration through a series of experiments. The results showed that internal resistance increases with distance between electrodes and decreases with greater electrode area, higher electrolyte temperature, and higher electrolyte concentration.
Physics investigatory project on different emf of cellmanumishra20
This document is a physics investigatory project report on the factors that affect the internal resistance of a cell. It describes the aim, introduction, apparatus, theory, procedure, observations, results, and conclusion of an experiment. The key findings are that the internal resistance of a cell is directly proportional to the distance between electrodes and inversely proportional to the area of electrodes, temperature of the electrolyte, and concentration of the electrolyte. Precautions taken and potential sources of error in the experiment are also outlined.
XII Physics Investigatory project-on-factors-affecting-internal-resistance-of...rajputanajaimaharana
This document summarizes a student's physics investigatory project on the factors affecting the internal resistance of a cell. The student investigated how internal resistance is affected by the distance between electrodes, electrode surface area, electrolyte temperature, and electrolyte concentration. Experiments were conducted with a potentiometer circuit to measure internal resistance under varying conditions. The results showed that internal resistance increases with greater electrode separation, lower temperatures, and lower electrolyte concentrations.
XII Physics Investigatory project-on-factors-affecting-internal-resistance-of...rajputanajaimaharana
This document summarizes a student's physics investigatory project on the factors affecting the internal resistance of a cell. The student investigated how internal resistance is affected by the distance between electrodes, electrode surface area, electrolyte temperature, and electrolyte concentration. Experiments were conducted with a potentiometer circuit to measure internal resistance under varying conditions. The results showed that internal resistance increases with greater electrode separation, lower temperatures, and lower electrolyte concentrations.
This project investigates the factors that affect the internal resistance of a cell. The student studies how internal resistance is impacted by the distance between electrodes, the surface area of electrodes in the electrolyte, the temperature of the electrolyte, and the concentration of the electrolyte. Experiments are conducted to determine the internal resistance of cells under different conditions for each of these factors. Observations are recorded and internal resistance values are calculated. The conclusion is that internal resistance increases with electrode separation and decreases with greater electrode area, higher electrolyte temperature, and higher electrolyte concentration.
This project investigates the factors that affect the internal resistance of a cell. The student studies how internal resistance is impacted by the distance between electrodes, the surface area of electrodes in the electrolyte, the temperature of the electrolyte, and the concentration of the electrolyte. Experiments are conducted to determine the internal resistance of cells under different conditions for each of these factors. Observations are recorded and internal resistance values are calculated. The conclusion is that internal resistance increases with electrode separation and decreases with greater electrode area, higher electrolyte temperature, and higher electrolyte concentration.
The internal resistance of a cell depends on several factors:
1. It is directly proportional to the distance between the electrodes and inversely proportional to the surface area of the electrodes in contact with the electrolyte.
2. It decreases with increasing temperature of the electrolyte and is inversely proportional to the concentration of the electrolyte.
3. To study these relationships, the document outlines experimental steps to vary the distance and area of electrodes in a cell, and concentration of electrolyte, while taking potential and current measurements.
This document provides information about a potentiometer, including its definition, types, working principle, construction, applications, and conclusions. A potentiometer is an instrument used to measure unknown voltage by comparing it to a known voltage. It can determine the electromotive force and internal resistance of a cell. The document describes how a potentiometer works using a long resistance wire with a potential gradient between points. It has applications in comparing cell voltages, measuring internal resistance, and uses in audio/display controls, radios, robotics, and education.
The document provides information about the electrical engineering lab manual for the third semester, including the index, syllabus, instructions, lab ethics guidelines, and experiments. It outlines 12 experiments focused on writing programs in C and PSPICE to analyze and simulate DC, AC, and transient behavior of circuits. The first experiment involves drawing circuit symbols for common electrical components.
This document describes experiments conducted to measure high voltage alternating current (HVAC) and high voltage direct current (HVDC) using standard spheres. The experiments were conducted in the Department of Electrical Engineering at Dr. Subhash University. The document provides the circuit diagrams, equipment used, theory behind the measurements, procedures followed and tabular columns to record results for HVAC and HVDC measurements using standard sphere gaps.
PN junction experiment by Dr. D.K. Upreti.pdfUnnatiRana4
This document summarizes an experiment to characterize a PN junction diode. It includes objectives to understand semiconductor devices and the PN junction diode's characteristics. The apparatus section lists equipment like a voltmeter, ammeter, battery and PN junction diode. The theory section explains the formation of a PN junction when a P-type and N-type semiconductor are joined. Observations of forward and reverse bias measurements are shown in tables. Graphs are drawn of the forward and reverse current-voltage characteristics. The results show the diode's nonlinear behavior and it only conducts in one direction. Precautions take to accurately measure small currents and avoid overheating the diode are noted.
This document outlines an activity to characterize a solar cell using a simple circuit model. Students will:
1) Determine the solar cell's open circuit voltage, short circuit current, and internal resistance under varying light intensities.
2) Test the circuit model by measuring current and power for different load resistances and comparing to predictions.
3) Conclude that decreasing light intensity lowers current and power output but not voltage, fitting the photoelectric effect model. The internal resistance model approximates but does not perfectly predict performance. Maximum power transfer occurs when the load resistance matches the internal resistance.
The document outlines a route map for a 12 lesson course on electric circuits. It will cover topics like static electricity, electric charge, circuits, current, resistance, resistors, voltage, power, and electricity generation and distribution. It provides learning objectives and a sample activity for the first lesson which involves drawing a series circuit with batteries, a switch, light bulb, resistor and variable resistor and adding a voltmeter and ammeter.
Pb2003.01 problems with the electrostatic discharge (esd) immunity test in el...ESDEMC Technology LLC
Electrostatic discharge (ESD) immunity test is one of the important electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) tests. The IEC standard IECdlOOO-4-2 is the widely used standard to test the ESD immunity for electronic equipment. Many amendments such as amendment 1 (1998), amendment 2 (2000) have been published since 1995, but there is still problems with the ESD immunity test even with the 200x version. More than six ESD generators of different bands are tested for different equipment. The results show that the failure voltages of different ESD generators are vary much from different bands for the same test equipment. This may lead to the results incomparable when test the ESD immunity test in the EMC. Further studies show that there is a good correlation between the failure voltage and the induced voltage.
The document provides information about the Siemens STEP 2000 course on basics of electricity. It outlines the course content which covers topics like electric charges, current, voltage, resistance, Ohm's law, series and parallel circuits. Upon completing the course and scoring 70% or higher on the final exam, students will receive a certificate of completion. The document encourages readers to contact EandM Training for any questions or to register for the course.
This document provides parts lists and instructions for a basic electricity/electronics workshop. It lists required parts like a power supply, multimeter, breadboard, wires, LED, resistors, capacitor, and transistor. It then provides explanations of key electrical concepts like current, voltage, resistance, and Ohm's law. It also explains how to identify the positive and negative terminals of a power supply using a multimeter and how breadboards work for building circuits.
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At its annual SAP Sapphire conference, SAP introduced groundbreaking generative AI advancements and strategic partnerships, underscoring its commitment to revolutionizing business operations in the AI era. By integrating Business AI throughout its enterprise cloud portfolio, which supports the world's most critical processes, SAP is fostering a new wave of business insight and creativity.
This presentation intends to offer a bird's eye view of organic farming and its importance in the production of organic food and the soil health of artificial ecosystems.
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We present very briefly some of the most important and latest (June 2024) advances in detecting visual-media-borne disinformation, based on the research work carried out at the Intelligent Digital Transformation Laboratory (IDT Lab) of CERTH-ITI.
Compositions of iron-meteorite parent bodies constrainthe structure of the pr...Sérgio Sacani
Magmatic iron-meteorite parent bodies are the earliest planetesimals in the Solar System,and they preserve information about conditions and planet-forming processes in thesolar nebula. In this study, we include comprehensive elemental compositions andfractional-crystallization modeling for iron meteorites from the cores of five differenti-ated asteroids from the inner Solar System. Together with previous results of metalliccores from the outer Solar System, we conclude that asteroidal cores from the outerSolar System have smaller sizes, elevated siderophile-element abundances, and simplercrystallization processes than those from the inner Solar System. These differences arerelated to the formation locations of the parent asteroids because the solar protoplane-tary disk varied in redox conditions, elemental distributions, and dynamics at differentheliocentric distances. Using highly siderophile-element data from iron meteorites, wereconstruct the distribution of calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs) across theprotoplanetary disk within the first million years of Solar-System history. CAIs, the firstsolids to condense in the Solar System, formed close to the Sun. They were, however,concentrated within the outer disk and depleted within the inner disk. Future modelsof the structure and evolution of the protoplanetary disk should account for this dis-tribution pattern of CAIs.
This presentation offers a general idea of the structure of seed, seed production, management of seeds and its allied technologies. It also offers the concept of gene erosion and the practices used to control it. Nursery and gardening have been widely explored along with their importance in the related domain.
إتصل على هذا الرقم اذا اردت الحصول على "حبوب الاجهاض الامارات" توصيلنا مجاني رقم الواتساب 00971547952044:
00971547952044. حبوب الإجهاض في دبي | أبوظبي | الشارقة | السطوة | سعر سايتوتك Cytotec يتميز دواء Cytotec (سايتوتك) بفعاليته في إجهاض الحمل. يمكن الحصول على حبوب الاجهاض الامارات بسهولة من خلال خدمات التوصيل السريع والدفع عند الاستلام. تُستخدم حبوب سايتوتك بشكل شائع لإنهاء الحمل غير المرغوب فيه. حبوب الاجهاض الامارات هي الخيار الأمثل لمن يبحث عن طريقة آمنة وفعالة للإجهاض المنزلي.
تتوفر حبوب الاجهاض الامارات بأسعار تنافسية، ويمكنك الحصول على خصم كبير عند الشراء الآن. حبوب الاجهاض الامارات معروفة بقدرتها الفعالة على إنهاء الحمل في الشهر الأول أو الثاني. إذا كنت تبحث عن حبوب لتنزيل الحمل في الشهر الثاني أو الأول، فإن حبوب الاجهاض الامارات هي الخيار المثالي.
دواء سايتوتك يحتوي على المادة الفعالة ميزوبروستول، التي تُستخدم لإجهاض الحمل والتخلص من النزيف ما بعد الولادة. يمكنك الآن الحصول على حبوب سايتوتك للبيع في دبي وأبوظبي والشارقة من خلال الاتصال برقم 00971547952044. نسعى لتقديم أفضل الخدمات في مجال حبوب الاجهاض الامارات، مع توفير حبوب سايتوتك الأصلية بأفضل الأسعار.
إذا كنت في دبي، أبوظبي، الشارقة أو العين، يمكنك الحصول على حبوب الاجهاض الامارات بسهولة وأمان. نحن نضمن لك وصول الحبوب الأصلية بسرية تامة مع خيار الدفع عند الاستلام. حبوب الاجهاض الامارات هي الحل الفعال لإنهاء الحمل غير المرغوب فيه بطريقة آمنة.
تبحث العديد من النساء في الإمارات العربية المتحدة عن حبوب الاجهاض الامارات كبديل للعمليات الجراحية التي تتطلب وقتاً طويلاً وتكلفة عالية. بفضل حبوب الاجهاض الامارات، يمكنك الآن إنهاء الحمل بسلام وأمان في منزلك. نحن نوفر حبوب الاجهاض الامارات الأصلية من إنتاج شركة فايزر، مما يضمن لك الحصول على منتج فعال وآمن.
إذا كنت تبحث عن حبوب الاجهاض الامارات في العين، دبي، أو أبوظبي، يمكنك التواصل معنا عبر الواتس آب أو الاتصال على رقم 00971547952044 للحصول على التفاصيل حول كيفية الشراء والتوصيل. حبوب الاجهاض الامارات متوفرة بأسعار تنافسية، مع تقديم خصومات كبيرة عند الشراء بالجملة.
حبوب الاجهاض الامارات هي الخيار الأمثل لمن تبحث عن وسيلة آمنة وسريعة لإنهاء الحمل غير المرغوب فيه. تواصل معنا اليوم للحصول على حبوب الاجهاض الامارات الأصلية وتجنب أي مشاكل أو مضاعفات صحية.
في النهاية، لا تقلق بشأن الحبوب المقلدة أو الخطرة، فنحن نوفر لك حبوب الاجهاض الامارات الأصلية بأفضل الأسعار وخدمة التوصيل السريع والآمن. اتصل بنا الآن على 00971547952044 لتأكيد طلبك والحصول على حبوب الاجهاض الامارات التي تحتاجها. نحن هنا لمساعدتك وتقديم الدعم اللازم لضمان حصولك على الحل المناسب لمشكلتك.
Discovery of Merging Twin Quasars at z=6.05Sérgio Sacani
We report the discovery of two quasars at a redshift of z = 6.05 in the process of merging. They were
serendipitously discovered from the deep multiband imaging data collected by the Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC)
Subaru Strategic Program survey. The quasars, HSC J121503.42−014858.7 (C1) and HSC J121503.55−014859.3
(C2), both have luminous (>1043 erg s−1
) Lyα emission with a clear broad component (full width at half
maximum >1000 km s−1
). The rest-frame ultraviolet (UV) absolute magnitudes are M1450 = − 23.106 ± 0.017
(C1) and −22.662 ± 0.024 (C2). Our crude estimates of the black hole masses provide log 8.1 0. ( ) M M BH = 3
in both sources. The two quasars are separated by 12 kpc in projected proper distance, bridged by a structure in the
rest-UV light suggesting that they are undergoing a merger. This pair is one of the most distant merging quasars
reported to date, providing crucial insight into galaxy and black hole build-up in the hierarchical structure
formation scenario. A companion paper will present the gas and dust properties captured by Atacama Large
Millimeter/submillimeter Array observations, which provide additional evidence for and detailed measurements of
the merger, and also demonstrate that the two sources are not gravitationally lensed images of a single quasar.
Unified Astronomy Thesaurus concepts: Double quasars (406); Quasars (1319); Reionization (1383); High-redshift
galaxies (734); Active galactic nuclei (16); Galaxy mergers (608); Supermassive black holes (1663)
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Factors on which the internal resistance/emf of a cell depends
1. Satya Prakash Public School
Physics Project
Topic : Study of various factors on which the
b internal resistance/EMF of a cell b
b depends.
Submitted to : Mr. Rajesh Kaurav
Submitted by : Harsh Solanki [class- 12th
]
2. Certificate
This is to certify that Master Harsh Solanki, a
student of class 12th(science) has successfully
completed his project work under the guidance of
subject teacher Mr. Rajesh Kaurav during the year
2016/2017 from Satya Prakash Public School in
partial fulfillment of physics practicle examination
conducted by CBSE.
______________________________11111111111111111111_________________________________
Teacher In-charge External Examiner
____
Principal School Rubber Stamp00
3. Acknowledgement
The success and final outcome of this project required a
lot of guidance and assistance from many people and I am
extremely fortunate to have got this all along the
completion of my project work. Whatever I have done is
only due to such guidance and assistance and I would not
forget to thank them.
I respect and thank Mr. Rajesh Kaurav, for giving me an
opportunity to do this project work and providing us all
support and guidance which made me complete the
project on time. I would like to express my gratitude
towards Mrs. Rakhi Mukherjee for helping me in
conducting practicals for project.
Last but not the least I would like to thank all my friends
who supported me all the way and my parents who helped
me financially and encouraged me throughout in the
completion of project.
4. 1.
2.
S no.
Introduction
Internal Resistance
Practical Analysis
Objective
Apparatus
Theory
Circuit Diagram
Procedure
Result & Inferences
Precautions
Sources of error
Flowchart Conclusion
Bibliography
INDEX
Topics
3.
4.
5. INTRODUCTION
There is a great need of batteries in our daily use
electronic appliances and the use is increasing every day.
Thus , the batteries need to be made more powerful so
that their potential can be increased greatly .
Thus , this project report is based on practical analysis
for the factors affecting the internal resistance of a
cell.
When the internal resistance of the cell is decreased
we can increase the potential difference across it , and
hence make it more reliable.
6. INTERNAL RESISTANCE
Internal resistance is defined as the resistance offered by the
electrolyte of the cell to the flow of ions.
Its S.I. unit is Ohm (Ω)
For a cell of e.m.f. (E) and internal resistance (r), connected to
an external resistance (R) such that (I) is the current flowing
through the circuit,
E = V + Ir
Internal Resistance r = E–V
O I
7. PRACTICAL ANALYSIS
OBJECTIVE
To study the various factors on which the internal
resistance of a cell depends.
APPARATUS
A potentiometer, a battery (or battery eliminator), two
one way keys, a rheostat, a galvanometer, a resistance
box, an ammeter, a cell (Leclanche cell), a jockey, a
setsquare, connecting wires and sand paper.
THEORY
The internal resistance of a cell is the resistance offered
by its electrolyte to the flow of ions . The internal
resistance of a cell
is directly proportional to the distance between the
electrodes.
8. is inversely proportional to facing surface area of the
electrodes in electrolyte.
decreases with increase in temperature of electrolyte.
is inversely proportional to concentration of
electrolyte.
The internal resistance of a cell is given by:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
r = (E-V)/I
9. PROCEDURE
1.Clean the ends of the connecting wires with
sand paper and make tight connections according
to the circuit diagram.
2. Tighten the plugs of the resistance box.
3. Check the e.m.f. of the battery and of the cell and
make sure that e.m.f. of the battery is more than that
of the cell, otherwise null or balance point will not
be obtained.
To study variation of internal resistance with distance of
separation
4.Keep both the electrodes at a distance of 16 cm.
5.Take maximum current from the battery, making
rheostat resistance small.
6.Without inserting a plug in key K2, adjust the
rheostat so that a null point is obtained on the last
wire of the potentiometer.
7. Determine the position of the null point accurately
using a set square and measure the balancing length
(l1) between the null point and the end P.
8.Next introduce plugs in both keys K1 and K2. At the
same time, take out a small resistance (1 – 5 W) from
10. the shunt resistance box connected in parallel with
the cell.
9.Slide the jockey along a potentiometer wire and
obtain the null point.
10. Measure the balancing length (l2) from end P.
Record these observations.
11. Now keep the electrodes 12 cm apart.
12. Then remove the plugs of keys K1 and K2. Wait
for some time and repeat steps 7 to 10.
13. Next, keep the electrodes 9 cm apart to obtain
another set of observations.
To study variation of internal resistance with area of
electrodes
14. Keeping all other factors constant, increase
the area of electrodes in the electrolyte by dipping
them into the electrolyte at different depths for each
observation.
15. Obtain three such observations by
repeating steps 7 to 10. Record your readings.
To study variation of internal resistance with
concentration of electrolyte
11. 16. Keeping all other factors constant, decrease the
concentration of electrolyte by adding distilled water
for different observations.
17. Obtain three such observations by repeating step
7 to 10. Record your readings.
OBSERVATIONS
S.no. Ammeter
Reading
(A)
Position of null point(cm) Shunt
Resistance
R(Ω)
Internal
Resistance
r(Ω)With R
(l1)
Without R
(l2)
1. 0.3 660.5 35.5 1 0.94
2. 0.3 660.5 77.2 2 1.77
3. 0.3 660.5 108.3 3 2.51
Table for effect of separation between electrodes
S.no. Separation
between
electrodes
d (cm)
Balancing
point
Balancing
point
Internal
Resistance
r(Ω)
r/d
l1(cm) l2(cm)
1. 1.2 326.6 276.9 0.456 0.38
2. 2.5 320.7 219.1 0.95 0.38
3. 3.7 660.5 350.9 1.406 0.38
12. Table for effect of temperature
S.no. Temperature
T (o
C)
l1(cm) l2(cm) Resistance
R(Ω)
Internal
Resistance
r(Ω)
Tr
(ΩK)
1. 1.2 326.6 276.9 0.456 0.38 301.44
2. 2.5 320.7 219.1 0.95 0.38 291.96
3. 3.7 660.5 350.9 1.406 0.38 283.87
RESULT & INFERENCES
The Electromotive Force of the cell is constant and
is equal to E = 0.98 Volt.
The internal resistance of a cell is directly
proportional to the separation between the
electrodes.
The internal resistance of a cell is inversely
proportional to the area of the electrodes dipped in
electrolyte.
The internal resistance of a cell is inversely
proportional to the temperature of electrolytes.
The internal resistance of a cell is inversely
proportional to the concentration of the electrolyte.
13. PRECAUTIONS
1.The connections should be neat , clean and tight.
2.The plugs should be introduced in the keys only
when the observations are to be taken.
3.The positive polls of the battery E and cells E1 and
E2 should , all be connected to the terminal at the
zero of the wires.
4.The jockey key should not be rubbed along the wire.
It should touch the wire gently.
5.The ammeter reading should remain constant for a
particular set of observation. If necessary , adjust
the rheostat for this purpose.
SOURCES OF ERROR
1.The auxiliary battery may not be fully charged.
2.The potentiometer wire may not be of uniform cross-
section and material density throughout its length.
3.End resistances may not be zero.
14. Factors Affecting Internal Resistance of a Cell
Distance
between
Electrodes
Area of
Electrodes
Inversely
Proportional
Temperature
of
Electrolytes
Inversely
Proportional
Conc. of
Electrolyte
Inversely
Proportional
FLOWCHART
CONCLUSION
Directly
Proportional