The student need to be able to give a historical overview of illness and review the theoretical approaches to health and disease
2. The student should be able to relate the concepts health, disease and illness in understanding how people experience and react to disease and illness patterns and demonstrate an understanding of the therapeutic relationship
This document discusses health culture and practices among Indian immigrants. It outlines that India has a large and diverse population facing major health challenges like infectious and cardiovascular diseases. When Indians immigrate to New Zealand, they initially display healthier profiles than locals due to selection biases, though health declines over time with reduced physical activity and diet changes. Barriers to healthcare include language issues and unfamiliarity with the New Zealand system. Developing cultural competence among providers, understanding traditional Indian practices, employing visual communication methods, and involving family can help improve healthcare for Indian immigrants.
Social medicine is the study of how social factors influence health and disease. It examines man as a social being within his total environment. Social medicine uses tools from both medicine and sociology, with the community serving as the laboratory. Some key aspects of social medicine include social anatomy, social physiology, social pathology, social pediatrics, and social therapy. Social therapy focuses on social and political actions to improve living conditions and promote health rather than solely using medical treatments.
The document discusses the changing concepts of health over time. It begins by defining health as the absence of disease according to the oldest and WHO definitions. It then explains that health is perceived differently by various professional groups. The concept of health has evolved from an individual concern to a worldwide social goal encompassing quality of life. The document outlines 4 main concepts of health - the biomedical concept which views the human body as a machine, the ecological concept which sees health as a dynamic equilibrium between humans and their environment, the psychological concept which is influenced by various social factors, and the holistic concept which synthesizes all previous concepts and sees health as a unified multidimensional process involving well-being in one's environment.
Public health deals with preventing disease, promoting health and prolonging life through organized community efforts. It focuses on groups of people rather than individuals. Key dimensions include health promotion, disease prevention, early diagnosis and treatment, disability limitation and rehabilitation. Over time, public health has shifted focus from controlling infectious diseases to addressing chronic conditions and social determinants of health. Major milestones include sanitary reforms in the 19th century, establishing health services in the 20th century, and working towards "Health for All" globally by 2000.
Presentation on Health and Medicine (sociology)Koushik Ahmed
This document contains information about 5 employees - Koushik Ahmed, Tusar Modak, Rezwan Ahmed, Shuvajit Banik, and Maftab Ahmed - and their working sections (A, B, C, D, and E). It then provides summaries on various topics related to health, medicine, sociology, healthcare, mental illness, and environmental issues. The sections cover perspectives like functionalist, conflict, interactionist, and labeling approaches as well as concepts such as social epidemiology, social class, race, gender, age, patterns of care, pollution, global warming, and sociological views of the environment.
The document provides an overview of community and public health in the Philippines. It defines public health as ecological and multi-sectoral in scope, aiming to improve community health through organized community efforts. The history of public health in the Philippines is then traced from the pre-American occupation period to the present day, noting the establishment of early hospitals and health programs under Spanish colonial rule. Major concepts of public health like health promotion, disease prevention, and community participation are also outlined.
The document defines health according to the WHO as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not just the absence of disease. It discusses several concepts of health, including the biomedical concept which views health as the absence of disease, the ecological concept which sees health as a dynamic equilibrium between humans and their environment, and the psychosocial concept which recognizes social, psychological, cultural and political factors that influence health. The holistic concept views health as being influenced by physical, mental, social, environmental and economic dimensions.
The document summarizes a discussion on the topic of heredity between a group that includes a tech hater, psychologist, tech guru, and research specialist. It defines heredity as the transmission of qualities from ancestors to descendants through genes. It then provides examples of how heredity influences specific health conditions like cystic fibrosis, fragile X syndrome, and spinal muscular atrophy through statistics on each. The document also discusses how epigenetics can indirectly influence a person's genes through environmental factors.
This document discusses health culture and practices among Indian immigrants. It outlines that India has a large and diverse population facing major health challenges like infectious and cardiovascular diseases. When Indians immigrate to New Zealand, they initially display healthier profiles than locals due to selection biases, though health declines over time with reduced physical activity and diet changes. Barriers to healthcare include language issues and unfamiliarity with the New Zealand system. Developing cultural competence among providers, understanding traditional Indian practices, employing visual communication methods, and involving family can help improve healthcare for Indian immigrants.
Social medicine is the study of how social factors influence health and disease. It examines man as a social being within his total environment. Social medicine uses tools from both medicine and sociology, with the community serving as the laboratory. Some key aspects of social medicine include social anatomy, social physiology, social pathology, social pediatrics, and social therapy. Social therapy focuses on social and political actions to improve living conditions and promote health rather than solely using medical treatments.
The document discusses the changing concepts of health over time. It begins by defining health as the absence of disease according to the oldest and WHO definitions. It then explains that health is perceived differently by various professional groups. The concept of health has evolved from an individual concern to a worldwide social goal encompassing quality of life. The document outlines 4 main concepts of health - the biomedical concept which views the human body as a machine, the ecological concept which sees health as a dynamic equilibrium between humans and their environment, the psychological concept which is influenced by various social factors, and the holistic concept which synthesizes all previous concepts and sees health as a unified multidimensional process involving well-being in one's environment.
Public health deals with preventing disease, promoting health and prolonging life through organized community efforts. It focuses on groups of people rather than individuals. Key dimensions include health promotion, disease prevention, early diagnosis and treatment, disability limitation and rehabilitation. Over time, public health has shifted focus from controlling infectious diseases to addressing chronic conditions and social determinants of health. Major milestones include sanitary reforms in the 19th century, establishing health services in the 20th century, and working towards "Health for All" globally by 2000.
Presentation on Health and Medicine (sociology)Koushik Ahmed
This document contains information about 5 employees - Koushik Ahmed, Tusar Modak, Rezwan Ahmed, Shuvajit Banik, and Maftab Ahmed - and their working sections (A, B, C, D, and E). It then provides summaries on various topics related to health, medicine, sociology, healthcare, mental illness, and environmental issues. The sections cover perspectives like functionalist, conflict, interactionist, and labeling approaches as well as concepts such as social epidemiology, social class, race, gender, age, patterns of care, pollution, global warming, and sociological views of the environment.
The document provides an overview of community and public health in the Philippines. It defines public health as ecological and multi-sectoral in scope, aiming to improve community health through organized community efforts. The history of public health in the Philippines is then traced from the pre-American occupation period to the present day, noting the establishment of early hospitals and health programs under Spanish colonial rule. Major concepts of public health like health promotion, disease prevention, and community participation are also outlined.
The document defines health according to the WHO as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not just the absence of disease. It discusses several concepts of health, including the biomedical concept which views health as the absence of disease, the ecological concept which sees health as a dynamic equilibrium between humans and their environment, and the psychosocial concept which recognizes social, psychological, cultural and political factors that influence health. The holistic concept views health as being influenced by physical, mental, social, environmental and economic dimensions.
The document summarizes a discussion on the topic of heredity between a group that includes a tech hater, psychologist, tech guru, and research specialist. It defines heredity as the transmission of qualities from ancestors to descendants through genes. It then provides examples of how heredity influences specific health conditions like cystic fibrosis, fragile X syndrome, and spinal muscular atrophy through statistics on each. The document also discusses how epigenetics can indirectly influence a person's genes through environmental factors.
The Right to Culturally Sensitive Health Services for Refugees and IDPs, Jana...LIDC
Janaka Jayawickrama, of the University of Northumbria, spoke about the right to culturally sensitive health services for refugees and internally displaced peoples. He stressed that the right to health pledged in international documents, as well as rights to basic sanitation, safe water, housing, food and nutrition, refer to concepts which are understood differently between cultures, and that universal provision may therefore not be as straightforward as it seems.
This document discusses determinants of health and provides definitions and examples. It covers a range of factors that influence individual and population health, including income, education, physical environment, social support networks, genetics, personal behaviors, health services, and gender. It also discusses eugenics and defines it as the study of improving the human race through controlled breeding. It describes positive eugenics as encouraging reproduction among those with desirable traits and negative eugenics as discouraging reproduction among those with undesirable traits. Finally, it examines various components of the physical environment that impact health, such as air, light, ventilation, and water.
Public Health Nutrition in the Philippines has evolved over centuries, with milestones in establishing hospitals and programs for treating diseases like beriberi. Major developments include the founding of the first medical school in 1872, recognition of beriberi's link to white rice in the 1910s, and the 1948 Bataan Rice Enrichment Project. The 1974 creation of the National Nutrition Council coordinated nutrition efforts across sectors, and subsequent laws strengthened nutrition programs at national and local levels. Recent initiatives include food fortification mandates and campaigns promoting breastfeeding and fruit/vegetable consumption.
Public health concept, i ketut swarjanaswarjana2012
Pemahaman tentang konsep kesehatan masyarakat atau public health concept sangat penting dalam rangka memahami lebih awal dasar dari konsep kesehatan masyarakat itu sendiri, sebelum lebih jauh belajar tentang IKM yang mencakup epidemiologi, manajemen kesehatan, promosi kesehatan dan lain-lain
This document discusses determinants of health and risky behaviors. It provides learning outcomes on analyzing patterns of health and disease and how physical, social, and psychological determinants impact adults with long-term conditions. The document then outlines aims of the session, which are to define concepts like health, illness, risky behaviors, and barriers to healthcare. Models of health determinants are presented and factors influencing the fictional Gallagher family's health are to be considered.
1. Public health has a long history dating back to ancient civilizations like Egypt and Rome. Major developments include the establishment of sanitation systems, recognition of the role of environment in disease, and germ theory of disease.
2. Modern public health emerged in the 19th century during the Industrial Revolution and was driven by reforms to improve living conditions. Key figures included John Snow who established epidemiology and the importance of clean water.
3. Over time, public health has evolved through different phases from disease control to health promotion to social engineering and achieving health for all. Major programs and achievements have increased life expectancy while responding to new challenges such as HIV, SARS, and disasters.
This document discusses several key topics in sociology of medicine and health, including different perspectives on defining health and illness, the concept of the "sick role", and factors that influence health outcomes and access to healthcare. It also examines issues related to the medicalization and stratification of health, as well as threats to health such as HIV/AIDS, weight issues, drugs and harmful medical experiments.
This document discusses concepts of health and disease prevention. It begins by summarizing the WHO definition of health as complete physical, mental and social well-being, not just the absence of disease. It then contrasts the traditional biomedical view of health as the absence of disease with broader concepts including ecological, psychosocial, and holistic views that see health as influenced by various social and environmental factors. The document outlines dimensions of health, determinants of health, indicators of health status, and concepts of well-being.
The document discusses the 12 key determinants of health according to the World Health Organization. It notes that health is influenced by both uncontrollable factors like genetics as well as controllable environmental and behavioral factors. The 12 determinants are identified as physical environment, social and community environment, health services, genetics, individual behavior, early life, income and social status, education, unemployment and job security, social support networks, culture, and gender.
This document discusses health and the determinants of health. It defines health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being. It outlines that health exists on a continuum and can be influenced by multiple interrelated factors including human biology, environment, lifestyle, healthcare systems, and social conditions. It describes the different dimensions of health and lists some key determinants of health such as heredity, environment, lifestyle, and social and economic factors. Finally, it discusses some health models and provides recommendations for addressing determinants of health.
This document describes the four phases of changing concepts in public health:
1) The "disease control phase" from 1880-1920 focused on sanitary legislation and reforms to control disease and death.
2) The "health promotional phase" from 1920-1960 aimed to promote health through personal services like maternal/child health services and developing the concept of preventing disease and prolonging life.
3) The "social engineering phase" from 1960-1980 addressed chronic diseases through social and behavioral interventions as treatments were still developing.
4) The "Health for All" phase from 1981-2000 aimed to provide primary health care access to 80% of the world's population and reduce health gaps between rich/poor and within countries
This document provides an overview of sociological approaches to health and disease. It discusses the sociological perspective and how sociology can be used as a tool to understand society and address problems. The sociological perspective invites us to examine the connections between individual behavior and broader social structures. Sociological data collection and theories enable authorities to plan appropriate healthcare. The document also discusses structural functionalism and conflict theories as two major sociological frameworks for understanding society, health, and social issues. Structural functionalism views society as a system of interconnected parts striving for equilibrium, while conflict theory sees society as characterized by inequality and competition over resources. Symbolic interactionism focuses on the subjective meanings individuals ascribe to their actions and symbols.
Social medicine community medicine,preventive medicine, community healthsirjana Tiwari
Preventive medicine focuses on protecting and promoting health at the individual and community level through disease prevention. It involves screening tests, vaccination programs, and genetic screening. Public health has a broader focus on organized community efforts to prevent disease through environmental health and health policy. Social medicine considers how social and economic factors impact health and aims to address these social determinants of health. Community medicine aims to identify health problems within a community and effectively meet their healthcare needs through primary care services.
This document discusses whether health issues should be considered social problems. It defines a social problem as something that contradicts desired quality of life, is caused by multiple social factors, and requires social action to resolve. The document argues that health issues meet this definition as illnesses can reduce quality of life, have social causes like lifestyle and environment, and require changes to things like healthcare access and costs. It examines how classical perspectives and normative approaches view health and social problems. The conclusion is that health issues relate to the definition of a social problem due to how they can impact life and wider social factors must be addressed through actions like prevention and healthcare reform.
This document discusses public health. It defines public health as "the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting human health through organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals." The core functions of public health programs are listed as providing leadership on critical health matters, shaping research agendas, setting and monitoring norms and standards, articulating ethical and evidence-based policy, and monitoring the health situation. Public health applications in healthcare include assessing current services, identifying interventions, considering resource effects and cost-effectiveness, informing decision-making, and educating the public. Health indicators and determinants are also outlined.
Traditional and alternative medical systems power pointMoranodi Moeti
Medical sociology examines health, illness, and healing from social, cultural, and behavioral perspectives rather than only medical views. It studies how social factors influence health and the distribution of illness. Medical sociology analyzes the social causes and consequences of health and illness, incorporating research on communities, patients' social dimensions, and policy development. The field has roots in both sociology and medicine and encompasses topics like the social construction of health and the influence of culture, economics, and social structures on disease processes.
Definition and Historical Glimpse of Public Health
Ancient Greece (500-323 BC)
Roman Empire (23 BC – 476 AD)
Middle Ages (476-1450 AD)
Birth of Modern Medicine (1650-1800 AD)
Great Sanitary Awakening (1800s-1900s)
Modern Public Health (1900 AD & onward)
The document discusses several key concepts related to health including biomedical, ecological, psychological, and holistic concepts of health. It also discusses the WHO's definition of health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being. Some of the main dimensions and determinants of health that are outlined include physical, mental, social, spiritual, environmental, lifestyle, socioeconomic conditions, and health services. The document also discusses concepts of well-being, responsibilities for health, and common health indicators used to measure mortality, morbidity, disability, nutrition, and socioeconomic factors.
This document defines key sociological concepts like society, community, urban and rural areas. It describes the characteristics of societies and communities. Rural areas are more homogeneous with strong social control, while urban areas are heterogeneous with greater diversity and social change. The interaction between urban and rural communities is also explored. Urbanization is discussed as resulting from industrialization and influx control removal in South Africa. Informal settlements emerge due to factors like rural depopulation, lack of work, and the hope of better opportunities in towns. However, settlers often find no housing, services, or work in the settlements.
• Explain the concept social stratification
• Explain the concept social class
• Describe the six (6) basic social classes in a society
• Discuss wealth, power and prestige (as classified by Max Weber as categories of importance in social stratification)
The document discusses various topics related to the interaction between patients and medical technology in a hospital setting. It addresses how medical technology has advanced hospital care but can also distance medical staff from patients. It emphasizes the importance of humanizing patient care even in a technologically advanced environment. The document also discusses barcode technology and how it can improve patient safety by reducing human error in areas like medication management and record keeping. Finally, it covers several aspects of nursing care as an art including touch, communication, and creating a pleasant healing environment for patients.
The Right to Culturally Sensitive Health Services for Refugees and IDPs, Jana...LIDC
Janaka Jayawickrama, of the University of Northumbria, spoke about the right to culturally sensitive health services for refugees and internally displaced peoples. He stressed that the right to health pledged in international documents, as well as rights to basic sanitation, safe water, housing, food and nutrition, refer to concepts which are understood differently between cultures, and that universal provision may therefore not be as straightforward as it seems.
This document discusses determinants of health and provides definitions and examples. It covers a range of factors that influence individual and population health, including income, education, physical environment, social support networks, genetics, personal behaviors, health services, and gender. It also discusses eugenics and defines it as the study of improving the human race through controlled breeding. It describes positive eugenics as encouraging reproduction among those with desirable traits and negative eugenics as discouraging reproduction among those with undesirable traits. Finally, it examines various components of the physical environment that impact health, such as air, light, ventilation, and water.
Public Health Nutrition in the Philippines has evolved over centuries, with milestones in establishing hospitals and programs for treating diseases like beriberi. Major developments include the founding of the first medical school in 1872, recognition of beriberi's link to white rice in the 1910s, and the 1948 Bataan Rice Enrichment Project. The 1974 creation of the National Nutrition Council coordinated nutrition efforts across sectors, and subsequent laws strengthened nutrition programs at national and local levels. Recent initiatives include food fortification mandates and campaigns promoting breastfeeding and fruit/vegetable consumption.
Public health concept, i ketut swarjanaswarjana2012
Pemahaman tentang konsep kesehatan masyarakat atau public health concept sangat penting dalam rangka memahami lebih awal dasar dari konsep kesehatan masyarakat itu sendiri, sebelum lebih jauh belajar tentang IKM yang mencakup epidemiologi, manajemen kesehatan, promosi kesehatan dan lain-lain
This document discusses determinants of health and risky behaviors. It provides learning outcomes on analyzing patterns of health and disease and how physical, social, and psychological determinants impact adults with long-term conditions. The document then outlines aims of the session, which are to define concepts like health, illness, risky behaviors, and barriers to healthcare. Models of health determinants are presented and factors influencing the fictional Gallagher family's health are to be considered.
1. Public health has a long history dating back to ancient civilizations like Egypt and Rome. Major developments include the establishment of sanitation systems, recognition of the role of environment in disease, and germ theory of disease.
2. Modern public health emerged in the 19th century during the Industrial Revolution and was driven by reforms to improve living conditions. Key figures included John Snow who established epidemiology and the importance of clean water.
3. Over time, public health has evolved through different phases from disease control to health promotion to social engineering and achieving health for all. Major programs and achievements have increased life expectancy while responding to new challenges such as HIV, SARS, and disasters.
This document discusses several key topics in sociology of medicine and health, including different perspectives on defining health and illness, the concept of the "sick role", and factors that influence health outcomes and access to healthcare. It also examines issues related to the medicalization and stratification of health, as well as threats to health such as HIV/AIDS, weight issues, drugs and harmful medical experiments.
This document discusses concepts of health and disease prevention. It begins by summarizing the WHO definition of health as complete physical, mental and social well-being, not just the absence of disease. It then contrasts the traditional biomedical view of health as the absence of disease with broader concepts including ecological, psychosocial, and holistic views that see health as influenced by various social and environmental factors. The document outlines dimensions of health, determinants of health, indicators of health status, and concepts of well-being.
The document discusses the 12 key determinants of health according to the World Health Organization. It notes that health is influenced by both uncontrollable factors like genetics as well as controllable environmental and behavioral factors. The 12 determinants are identified as physical environment, social and community environment, health services, genetics, individual behavior, early life, income and social status, education, unemployment and job security, social support networks, culture, and gender.
This document discusses health and the determinants of health. It defines health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being. It outlines that health exists on a continuum and can be influenced by multiple interrelated factors including human biology, environment, lifestyle, healthcare systems, and social conditions. It describes the different dimensions of health and lists some key determinants of health such as heredity, environment, lifestyle, and social and economic factors. Finally, it discusses some health models and provides recommendations for addressing determinants of health.
This document describes the four phases of changing concepts in public health:
1) The "disease control phase" from 1880-1920 focused on sanitary legislation and reforms to control disease and death.
2) The "health promotional phase" from 1920-1960 aimed to promote health through personal services like maternal/child health services and developing the concept of preventing disease and prolonging life.
3) The "social engineering phase" from 1960-1980 addressed chronic diseases through social and behavioral interventions as treatments were still developing.
4) The "Health for All" phase from 1981-2000 aimed to provide primary health care access to 80% of the world's population and reduce health gaps between rich/poor and within countries
This document provides an overview of sociological approaches to health and disease. It discusses the sociological perspective and how sociology can be used as a tool to understand society and address problems. The sociological perspective invites us to examine the connections between individual behavior and broader social structures. Sociological data collection and theories enable authorities to plan appropriate healthcare. The document also discusses structural functionalism and conflict theories as two major sociological frameworks for understanding society, health, and social issues. Structural functionalism views society as a system of interconnected parts striving for equilibrium, while conflict theory sees society as characterized by inequality and competition over resources. Symbolic interactionism focuses on the subjective meanings individuals ascribe to their actions and symbols.
Social medicine community medicine,preventive medicine, community healthsirjana Tiwari
Preventive medicine focuses on protecting and promoting health at the individual and community level through disease prevention. It involves screening tests, vaccination programs, and genetic screening. Public health has a broader focus on organized community efforts to prevent disease through environmental health and health policy. Social medicine considers how social and economic factors impact health and aims to address these social determinants of health. Community medicine aims to identify health problems within a community and effectively meet their healthcare needs through primary care services.
This document discusses whether health issues should be considered social problems. It defines a social problem as something that contradicts desired quality of life, is caused by multiple social factors, and requires social action to resolve. The document argues that health issues meet this definition as illnesses can reduce quality of life, have social causes like lifestyle and environment, and require changes to things like healthcare access and costs. It examines how classical perspectives and normative approaches view health and social problems. The conclusion is that health issues relate to the definition of a social problem due to how they can impact life and wider social factors must be addressed through actions like prevention and healthcare reform.
This document discusses public health. It defines public health as "the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting human health through organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals." The core functions of public health programs are listed as providing leadership on critical health matters, shaping research agendas, setting and monitoring norms and standards, articulating ethical and evidence-based policy, and monitoring the health situation. Public health applications in healthcare include assessing current services, identifying interventions, considering resource effects and cost-effectiveness, informing decision-making, and educating the public. Health indicators and determinants are also outlined.
Traditional and alternative medical systems power pointMoranodi Moeti
Medical sociology examines health, illness, and healing from social, cultural, and behavioral perspectives rather than only medical views. It studies how social factors influence health and the distribution of illness. Medical sociology analyzes the social causes and consequences of health and illness, incorporating research on communities, patients' social dimensions, and policy development. The field has roots in both sociology and medicine and encompasses topics like the social construction of health and the influence of culture, economics, and social structures on disease processes.
Definition and Historical Glimpse of Public Health
Ancient Greece (500-323 BC)
Roman Empire (23 BC – 476 AD)
Middle Ages (476-1450 AD)
Birth of Modern Medicine (1650-1800 AD)
Great Sanitary Awakening (1800s-1900s)
Modern Public Health (1900 AD & onward)
The document discusses several key concepts related to health including biomedical, ecological, psychological, and holistic concepts of health. It also discusses the WHO's definition of health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being. Some of the main dimensions and determinants of health that are outlined include physical, mental, social, spiritual, environmental, lifestyle, socioeconomic conditions, and health services. The document also discusses concepts of well-being, responsibilities for health, and common health indicators used to measure mortality, morbidity, disability, nutrition, and socioeconomic factors.
This document defines key sociological concepts like society, community, urban and rural areas. It describes the characteristics of societies and communities. Rural areas are more homogeneous with strong social control, while urban areas are heterogeneous with greater diversity and social change. The interaction between urban and rural communities is also explored. Urbanization is discussed as resulting from industrialization and influx control removal in South Africa. Informal settlements emerge due to factors like rural depopulation, lack of work, and the hope of better opportunities in towns. However, settlers often find no housing, services, or work in the settlements.
• Explain the concept social stratification
• Explain the concept social class
• Describe the six (6) basic social classes in a society
• Discuss wealth, power and prestige (as classified by Max Weber as categories of importance in social stratification)
The document discusses various topics related to the interaction between patients and medical technology in a hospital setting. It addresses how medical technology has advanced hospital care but can also distance medical staff from patients. It emphasizes the importance of humanizing patient care even in a technologically advanced environment. The document also discusses barcode technology and how it can improve patient safety by reducing human error in areas like medication management and record keeping. Finally, it covers several aspects of nursing care as an art including touch, communication, and creating a pleasant healing environment for patients.
This document defines key sociological concepts and discusses the relationship between urban and rural areas. It defines a society as a group of people who interact and share interests, and a community as a subgroup within a society that shares a way of life. Rural and urban areas are compared, with rural areas described as more homogeneous and traditional, and urban areas as more heterogeneous and open to change. The document also examines factors that contribute to informal settlements near cities, and the physical, psychological and social consequences of living in such settlements, such as lack of services and health problems.
The document discusses various topics related to social issues including substance abuse, crime, poverty, and unemployment. It defines key concepts such as addiction, tolerance, and different categories of drugs. It examines causes of issues like drug abuse, alcoholism, crime, and poverty. It also explores the effects and consequences of these issues on individuals and society. Preventative measures to reduce problems are proposed.
This document discusses several non-pharmacological therapies including psychoanalysis, psychotherapy, cognitive therapy, behavioral therapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy. Psychoanalysis aims to resolve internal conflicts from childhood through talking to an analyst and can last months to years. Psychotherapy develops a trusting relationship between therapist and client to explore current problems. Behavioral therapy teaches techniques to reduce anxiety and depression by changing behaviors through consequences. Cognitive behavioral therapy helps clients identify priorities, express feelings assertively, and monitor negative thoughts.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
This document defines key concepts related to attitudes and prejudice, including how attitudes are formed and can change. It discusses three characteristics of attitudes: stability, evaluation, and guidance of behavior. Attitudes can change through persuasive communication, changing behavior, or ideology. Prejudice involves negative attitudes toward groups, and racism is a system that categorizes people by physical features. The document also examines gender stereotyping, patriarchy, sexism, and feminist efforts to reduce prejudice and ideological support for inequality.
• Briefly describe stages of illness behaviour as described by Suchman:
The symptom experience stage
Assumption of the sick role
The medical care contact stage
The dependent patient role
The operative phase
The post-operative phase
The recovery and rehabilitation
The terminal phase
• Briefly discuss the stressful experiences associated with hospitalisation and contact with other health facilities under the following headings:
Loss of privacy
Loss of independence
Depersonalisation and the loss of identity
Sociocultural context of health and health care deliveryChantal Settley
Student should be able to understand the rich diversity of cultures in a multicultural society such as South Africa and throughout the world.
Student should be able to apply the sociocultural knowledge in the different health care settings.
Explain the concept social stratification
Explain the concept social class
Describe the six (6) basic social classes in a society
Discuss wealth, power and prestige (as classified by Max Weber as categories of importance in social stratification)
Critically discuss the effect of social stratification on health and life expectancy of an individual
This document defines key concepts in social psychology including impression formation, implicit personality theory, and attribution theory. It describes basic principles of human sociability such as perceiving others through the first impressions we form, the central traits we attribute to people, and the halo effect in which positive characteristics lead us to assume other positive attributes. Affiliation, attraction, proximity, familiarity, reciprocity, similarity, and cooperation are also mentioned as principles of human sociability.
This document defines key concepts related to social structure including status, position, and roles. It differentiates between ascribed status (received at birth with no control), achieved status (earned through personal efforts), and master status (dominates and is known by the community). Position indicates a particular place in a social system, while roles represent the expected behaviors, rights, and obligations associated with a specific position. Role conflict occurs when one has more than one status, role sets refer to the number of roles with one status, and role strain results when one status implies many roles and expectations.
This document defines key concepts related to attitudes and prejudice, including how attitudes are formed and can change. It discusses three characteristics of attitudes: stability, evaluation, and guidance of behavior. Attitudes can change through persuasive communication, changing behavior, or ideology. Prejudice involves negative attitudes toward groups, and racism is a system that categorizes people by physical features. The document also examines gender stereotyping, patriarchy, sexism, and feminist efforts to reduce prejudice and ideological support for inequality.
This document provides an overview of social groups. It defines a social group as consisting of a number of people among whom interaction takes place with a view to achieving common or similar goals. The document distinguishes between primary and secondary groups, and between different types of social groups including expressive, instrumental, in-groups/out-groups, vertical/horizontal, permanent/temporary, and voluntary/involuntary groups. It provides examples and characteristics of each type of social group.
This document outlines the key factors involved in psychosocial assessment for patients dealing with physical illness or injury. It discusses 8 factors that nurses should evaluate to understand a patient's likelihood of adapting well, including their social support system, recent stress levels, typical coping mechanisms, personality style, understanding of their illness, and the major psychosocial issues caused by the illness. Evaluating these factors allows nurses to predict a patient's ability to adapt and to provide stronger support to patients showing risks of poor adaptation.
This document provides an introduction to mental health. It defines mental health as a state of well-being where a person understands their abilities, can cope with stress, work productively, and contribute to their community. Mental health is influenced by both individual factors like genetics and environmental factors like relationships and life experiences. The document discusses characteristics of mentally healthy people like effective self-perception, self-esteem, control of behavior, and sustaining relationships. It also defines mental illness as a diagnosable impairment affecting cognitive, emotional, or social functioning that requires clinical treatment approaches.
Applied psychology in the care of health care usersChantal Settley
This document discusses psychological development across the human lifespan. It covers Erik Erikson's stage theory of psychosocial development, which proposes 8 stages from infancy to late adulthood defined by developmental tasks and psychological crises. Each stage is associated with challenges that must be resolved to progress emotionally. The document also examines physical, cognitive, social, and emotional development in early childhood, including attachment, motor skills, speech, self-control, relationships, and the importance of play.
Community Nursing [Autosaved..] (1).pptxaasthasubedi3
This document provides an overview of community health nursing. It defines a community as a group of people living together with common characteristics or interests. Community health refers to the health status and problems affecting the members of a community, as well as the total health care provided. The document then discusses the history and evolution of perspectives on community health, from an empirical era focused on symptoms to a current political era emphasizing health for all. It also outlines the stages of disease history in human communities from hunting/gathering to present industrialized societies.
Increases in sociocultural complexity, energy usage, and population size over the past 10,000 years have significantly impacted human health and disease. As populations became more sedentary with the rise of agriculture around 10,000 years ago, infectious diseases spread more easily in crowded settlements and epidemics became more severe. Industrialization in cities further exacerbated health problems due to poor sanitation and nutrition. While infectious diseases were historically the leading cause of death, many societies have undergone an epidemiological transition so that non-communicable diseases are now more prevalent as living standards improve.
Historical overview of disease patterns- pg 83 in Pretoruis:
• Defining health and disease and illness - pg 106-116 in Pretoruis
• Stages of illness experience- pg 118 in Pretoruis
This document defines and discusses key concepts related to health, illness, and mental illness from a sociological perspective. It addresses how health and illness are defined medically, traditionally, and by laypersons. It also examines functionalist explanations of illness, questioning of the medical model, examining the social construction of the body, and concepts of disability and stigma. The document further discusses health inequalities related to geography, social class, gender, ethnicity, and internationally. It analyzes theoretical perspectives on inequalities in health services and debates around defining and understanding mental illness.
Public Health: Developed as a discipline in the mid 19th century in UK, Europe and US. Concerned more with national issues.
Data and evidence to support action, focus on populations, social justice and equity, emphasis on preventions vs cure.
What is global health?
Health problems, issues, and concerns that transcend national boundaries, which may be influenced by circumstances or experiences in other countries, and which are best addressed by cooperative actions and solutions (Institute Of Medicine, USA- 1997)
International Health: Developed during past decades, came to be more concerned with
the diseases (e.g. tropical diseases) and
conditions (war, natural disasters) of middle and low income countries.
Tended to denote a one way flow of ‘good ideas’.
Global Health: More recent in its origin and emphasises a greater scope of health problems and solutions
that transcend national boundaries
requiring greater inter-disciplinary approach
The document discusses how human evolution and health have been shaped by dietary and lifestyle changes from hunter-gatherer societies to the development of agriculture and industry. It describes how early humans were well-adapted to high activity lifestyles and varied diets high in nutrients, whereas modern diets and more sedentary lives have mismatched our biology and led to increased risk of chronic diseases. The application of evolutionary theory in medicine emphasizes behavior modification and prevention over treatment to address the underlying causes of disease.
This document provides an overview of community health from the past, present, and future. It discusses the major public health achievements of the 20th century, definitions of key terms, factors that influence community health, and a brief history of community health efforts dating back to ancient civilizations. It outlines the goals of Healthy People 2020 to attain high quality, longer lives for all Americans by creating healthy environments and promoting healthy behaviors across all populations.
This document provides an overview of health care for the elderly in India. It discusses the increasing elderly population in India and challenges they face. Key points include:
- India's elderly population is growing rapidly and will exceed 300 million by 2051, placing stress on families and the health system.
- The elderly experience many health issues like cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, accidents and falls. Functional and economic dependency is also a major problem.
- Proper nutrition, physical activity, social engagement and managing medications are important for healthy aging. Support is needed through home care, day care centers and institutionalization in some cases.
- The government has introduced policies and programs to support elderly welfare, but more support is
The document contrasts views of aging and death between Eastern and Western cultures. In the East, death is seen as part of the natural human experience and cycle of life, while the West views death as unnatural and outside of human experience. It then discusses how early social theories in America, such as social Darwinism and disengagement theory, had flawed views of aging. The document also outlines key findings from the National Institute of Mental Health that aging is often caused by disease rather than just part of growing old. It notes the importance of staying active and replacing activities in retirement for mental health.
The document discusses health beliefs and practices of the Roma (Gypsy) culture. It describes their social structure as being based on clans and families, with elders holding important roles. Roma attribute health and illness to ideas of purity and fortune. Traditional healers treat Roma illnesses, while mainstream doctors treat those brought by non-Romas. Rituals and herbal remedies are used. High rates of smoking, obesity and infectious diseases pose risks. Providing separate clean/unclean items and building trust are important for health promotion in this ethnocentric culture.
Introduction to Medical SociologyWhat is Sociology.docxnormanibarber20063
Introduction to Medical
Sociology
What is Sociology?
Sociology
• The study of people
• Society
• Social structure
• Social institutions
• Culture
Sociology of Health, Illness and
Healthcare
• Social causes and consequences of health,
illness, and healthcare
• Social forces affect
– Likelihood of health and illness
– Experience of illness
– Health care providers
– Health care system
Sociological Perspective Emphasizes
• Social patterns over individual behavior
• Public issues over personal troubles
• Social groups and institutions over individuals
• Power: Ability to get others to do what one
wants
Sociologists study:
• Who has power
• How groups get power
• Consequences of having or lacking power
Critical Sociologists
• Emphasize sources and consequences of
power relationships
• Explore how social institutions and beliefs
support existing power relationships
• Question the basic structure of society
The Development of Medical
Sociology
Before Medical Sociology…
• 1879, John Shaw Billings, physician who
complied Index Medicus, wrote about
“hygiene and medicine”
• Term medical sociology first appeared in an
article written in 1894 by Charles McIntyre on
the importance of social factors in health
Elizabeth Blackwell, 1821–1910
• first woman to get a medical degree, 1849
• Geneva Medical College, Geneva NY
• Blackwell wrote on the importance of social
factors in health in 1902
• Bernard Stern (1894-1956) is first sociologist
to consider medicine
• Writes Social Factors in Medical Progress,
1927
• Talcott Parsons is Stern’s student
The Development of Medical Sociology
Talcott Parsons (1902-1979)
– Publishes The Social System in 1951
– Structural-functionalist perspective
– The sick role
The Development of Medical Sociology
Practical application versus theory
– Robert Straus (1957) notes division between
sociology in medicine and sociology of medicine
What does it mean to be
healthy?
Are you healthy?
Defining health
Defining Health
World Health Organization (WHO) definition:
– A state of complete physical, mental, and social
well-being, and not merely the absence of disease
or injury
exercise
• Sketch a sick person.
• What is their state of being?
• What do they need?
• What is their relationship to the people around
them?
• What is their relationship to their normal
obligations?
• Do they have obligations specific to being sick?
History of Ideas about Health
• Premodern societies tended to rely on
supernatural explanations of illness
• Hippocrates of ancient Greece represents first
attempt to base understanding of the body on
rational thought;
• recognizes contribution of the environment to
human well-being
• But still far from science of today
Greek Humoral Theory
• Body made up of Humors:
• Black bile
• Yellow bile
• Blood
• phlegm
• Middle Ages (Western Europe):
• Pockets of continued scientific study of
medicine
• Most people.
This document discusses the various determinants of health, including biological, behavioral, socio-cultural, environmental, and socioeconomic factors. It outlines how genetic makeup, lifestyle choices, education levels, occupation, and more can impact individual and population health. The document also examines factors like aging populations, gender issues, and advances in technology that influence global health trends.
This document discusses the various determinants of health, including biological, behavioral, socio-cultural, environmental, and socioeconomic factors. It outlines how genetic makeup, lifestyle choices, education levels, occupation, and more can impact individual and population health. The document also examines factors like aging populations, gender issues, and advances in technology that influence global health trends.
This document discusses the various determinants of health, which include biological, behavioral, socioeconomic, and environmental factors. The biological determinants include genetics and inherent traits. Behavioral determinants relate to lifestyle habits. Socioeconomic determinants comprise education, occupation, income, and the political system. Environmental determinants refer to both internal and external surroundings. Maintaining good hygiene, sanitation, housing, and access to healthcare services also influences health outcomes. A balanced consideration of all these determinants is necessary to understand health issues and promote population well-being.
This document discusses concepts of health and major health issues in India. It defines health according to WHO as complete physical, mental and social well-being. Health concepts have evolved from biomedical to ecological to psychosocial to holistic. Major health issues in India include communicable diseases like COVID-19 and malaria, non-communicable diseases, nutritional and environmental problems. COVID-19 is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus and spreads through droplets. Variants of concern have emerged globally including those first found in the UK, South Africa, Brazil and India.
Health and Society
Health in History
Health in low-income countries
Health in high income countries
Eating Disorder
HIV AIDS
The Rise of Scientific Medicine
Medicine in socialist societies
The specialty which deals with population.
Comprises those doctors who try to measure the needs of sick and healthy.
Who plan and administer the services to meet the needs.
Who are engaged in research & teaching in the field.
This document discusses the various determinants of health, including biological, behavioral, socio-cultural, environmental, and socioeconomic factors. It outlines how genetic makeup, lifestyle choices, education level, occupation, and access to healthcare services can impact individual and population health. The document also notes the influence of aging demographics, gender issues, and information technology on global health trends.
this presentation is help to the first year student for the basic concept of the health & about the various factors that can affect the patient's as well as the patients family member or individual
This document discusses the concept of health according to the WHO definition and its four dimensions: physical, mental, social, and spiritual. It outlines the determinants of health including factors like age, sex, lifestyle, social networks, living/working conditions, and socioeconomic/environmental conditions. Finally, it discusses the principles of primary health care (PHC) as outlined at the International Conference on PHC in Alma-Ata in 1978, including equitable distribution of resources, community participation, intersectoral coordination, appropriate technology, and disease prevention/control.
The document discusses barriers to facility-based postnatal care including social/cultural traditions, geographic barriers like mountains/rivers, physical access issues, financial costs, and quality of care concerns. It recommends a schedule of home visits within 24 hours, on days 3 and 7, at 6 weeks, and additional visits for preterm/low birth weight babies or sick mothers/babies. Preparations, key steps, and counseling topics for home visits are outlined.
Abortion and other Causes of Early Pregnancy Bleeding.pdfChantal Settley
Describe common causes of bleeding in early pregnancy.
Describe the clinical classifications of abortion, the legal aspects of abortion in Ethiopia, and the safe methods used in health facilities.
Identify the warning signs and the emergency treatment required before referral for early pregnancy bleeding.
Describe the features of woman-friendly comprehensive post-abortion care, including the post-abortion family planning service
List the advantages of regionalised perinatal care.
Describe the functioning of a perinatal-care clinic.
Communicate better with patients and colleagues.
Safely transfer a patient to hospital.
Determine the maternal mortality rate.
Medical problems during pregnancy, labour and the puerperium.pdfChantal Settley
Diagnose and manage cystitis.
Reduce the incidence of acute pyelonephritis in pregnancy.
Diagnose and manage acute pyelonephritis in pregnancy.
Diagnose and manage anaemia during pregnancy.
Identify patients who may possibly have heart valve disease.
Manage a patient with heart valve disease during labour and the puerperium.
Manage a patient with diabetes mellitus.
Explain the wider meaning of family planning.
Give contraceptive counselling.
List the efficiency, contraindications and side effects of the various contraceptive methods.
List the important health benefits of contraception.
Advise a postpartum patient on the most appropriate method of contraception.
The document discusses the puerperium, which is defined as the period from the end of the third stage of labor until the woman's organs return to their pre-pregnant state, usually around 6 weeks. It describes the physical and psychological changes that occur during this time, how to manage the normal puerperium, assess the woman at 6 weeks, and diagnose and treat various complications like puerperal pyrexia, urinary tract infections, thrombophlebitis, respiratory infections, psychiatric disorders, and postpartum hemorrhage. Key aspects of care include monitoring the woman's condition, preventing and treating infections, providing education and support, and following up at 6 weeks to ensure a healthy recovery.
Uterine contractions continue, although less frequently than in the second stage.
The uterus contracts and becomes smaller and, as a result, the placenta separates.
The placenta is squeezed out of the upper uterine segment into the lower uterine segment and vagina. The placenta is then delivered.
The contraction of the uterine muscle compresses the uterine blood vessels and this prevents bleeding. Thereafter, clotting (coagulation) takes place in the uterine blood vessels due to the normal clotting mechanism.
Identify the onset of the second stage of labour.
Decide when the patient should start to bear down.
Communicate effectively with the patient during labour.
Use the maternal effort to the best advantage when the patient bears down.
Make careful observations during the second stage of labour.
Assess the fetal condition during the time the patient bears down.
Accurately evaluate progress in the second stage of labour.
Manage a patient with a prolonged second stage of labour.
Diagnose and manage impacted shoulders.
Monitoring the condition of the fetus during the first stage of labour.pdfChantal Settley
Monitor the condition of the fetus during labour.
Record the findings on the partogram.
Understand the significance of the findings.
Understand the causes and signs of fetal distress.
Interpret the significance of different fetal heart rate patterns and meconium-stained liquor.
Manage any abnormalities which are detected.
1.1 Define and use correctly all of the key terms
1.2 Describe the signs of true labour and distinguish between true and false labour
1.3 Explain to the mother how to recognise the onset of true labour
1.4 Describe the characteristic features and mechanisms of the four stages of labour
1.5 Describe the seven cardinal movements made by the baby as it descends the birth canal in a normal labour
10.2 Preterm labour and preterm rupture of the membranes.pdfChantal Settley
This document discusses preterm labour and preterm rupture of membranes. It defines these conditions and notes that infection is a major cause. Patients at increased risk include those with a prior history. Diagnosis involves assessing contractions and cervical changes. Management includes identifying treatable causes, suppressing contractions with medications like nifedipine or salbutamol, and transferring high-risk mothers to facilities equipped for premature infants. The goal is prolonging the pregnancy whenever safely possible to improve neonatal outcomes.
10.1 Common Medical Disorders in Pregnancy.pdfChantal Settley
The document discusses common medical disorders in pregnancy, including diabetes, gestational diabetes, anaemia, urinary tract infections, and prevention and treatment of these conditions. It provides information on screening and managing diabetes during pregnancy, including increased monitoring and potential need for insulin therapy. It also outlines signs and symptoms of anaemia and UTIs during pregnancy, as well as recommendations for dietary prevention of anaemia and treatment of UTIs and bladder infections.
This document discusses the management of antepartum haemorrhage (vaginal bleeding occurring after 24 weeks of gestation). It describes how antepartum haemorrhage can be life-threatening for both mother and baby and should always be considered a serious emergency. The initial steps of management include stabilizing the mother, assessing the fetus, diagnosing the cause of bleeding, and deciding on definitive treatment. Common causes like abruptio placentae and placenta praevia are discussed in detail. The summary provides guidelines on evaluating, diagnosing, and treating women presenting with antepartum bleeding.
Define hypertension in pregnancy.
Give a simple classification of the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.
Diagnose pre-eclampsia and chronic hypertension.
Explain why the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy must always be regarded as serious.
List which patients are at risk of developing pre-eclampsia.
List the complications of pre-eclampsia.
Differentiate pre-eclampsia from pre-eclampsia with severe features.
Give a practical guide to the management of pre-eclampsia.
Provide emergency management for eclampsia.
Manage gestational hypertension and chronic hypertension during pregnancy.
Managing pregnant women with HIV Infection.pdfChantal Settley
The document discusses managing pregnant women with HIV infection. It covers topics such as screening all pregnant women for HIV, monitoring disease progression using clinical staging and CD4 counts, treating HIV-positive women with antiretroviral therapy to reduce mother-to-child transmission risk to less than 2%, integrating HIV management into antenatal care, and screening regularly for tuberculosis given the high rate of HIV-TB co-infection. The principles are to diagnose HIV early, assess disease status, provide treatment and nutrition support, and refer complicated cases to specialist care.
7.2 New Microsoft PowerPoint Presentation (2).pdfChantal Settley
Welcome the woman and ask her to sit near you and facing you.
Smile and make good eye contact with her.
Reassure her that you will always maintain her privacy and confidentiality
Without her permission, do not include a third person in the meeting.
Use simple non-medical language and terminologies throughout that she can understand, and check frequently that she has really understood.
Actively listen to her, using gestures and verbal communication to show her that you are paying attention to what she says.
Encourage her to ask questions, express her needs and concerns, and seek clarification of any information that she does not understand.
6.4 Assessment of fetal growth and condition during pregnancy.pdfChantal Settley
When you have completed this unit you should be able to:
• Assess normal fetal growth.
• List the causes of intra-uterine growth restriction.
• Understand the importance of measuring the symphysis-fundus height.
• Understand the clinical significance of fetal movements.
• Use a fetal-movement chart.
• Manage a patient with decreased fetal movements.
• Understand the value of antenatal fetal heart rate monitoring.
What possible complications to look for:
Antepartum haemorrhage
Pre-eclampsia
proteinuria and a rise in the blood pressure.
Cervical changes
Symphysis-fundus height measurement
below the 10th centile?
above the 90th centile?
To review and act on the results of the screening or special investigations done at the booking visit.
2. To perform the second assessment for risk factors.
If possible, all the results of the screening tests should be obtained at the first visit.
Assess normal fetal growth.
List the causes of intra-uterine growth restriction.
Understand the importance of measuring the symphysis-fundus height.
Understand the clinical significance of fetal movements.
Use a fetal-movement chart.
Manage a patient with decreased fetal movements.
Understand the value of antenatal fetal heart rate monitoring.
Fexofenadine is sold under the brand name Allegra.
It is a selective peripheral H1 blocker. It is classified as a second-generation antihistamine because it is less able to pass the blood–brain barrier and causes lesser sedation, as compared to first-generation antihistamines.
It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Fexofenadine has been manufactured in generic form since 2011.
The Children are very vulnerable to get affected with respiratory disease.
In our country, the respiratory Disease conditions are consider as major cause for mortality and Morbidity in Child.
Storyboard on Skin- Innovative Learning (M-pharm) 2nd sem. (Cosmetics)MuskanShingari
Skin is the largest organ of the human body, serving crucial functions that include protection, sensation, regulation, and synthesis. Structurally, it consists of three main layers: the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis (subcutaneous layer).
1. **Epidermis**: The outermost layer primarily composed of epithelial cells called keratinocytes. It provides a protective barrier against environmental factors, pathogens, and UV radiation.
2. **Dermis**: Located beneath the epidermis, the dermis contains connective tissue, blood vessels, hair follicles, and sweat glands. It plays a vital role in supporting and nourishing the epidermis, regulating body temperature, and housing sensory receptors for touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.
3. **Hypodermis**: Also known as the subcutaneous layer, it consists of fat and connective tissue that anchors the skin to underlying structures like muscles and bones. It provides insulation, cushioning, and energy storage.
Skin performs essential functions such as regulating body temperature through sweat production and blood flow control, synthesizing vitamin D when exposed to sunlight, and serving as a sensory interface with the external environment.
Maintaining skin health is crucial for overall well-being, involving proper hygiene, hydration, protection from sun exposure, and avoiding harmful substances. Skin conditions and diseases range from minor irritations to chronic disorders, emphasizing the importance of regular care and medical attention when needed.
Emotion-Focused Couples Therapy - Marital and Family Therapy and Counselling ...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Nutritional deficiency Disorder are problems in india.
It is very important to learn about Indian child's nutritional parameters as well the Disease related to alteration in their Nutrition.
Selective alpha1 blockers are Prazosin, Terazosin, Doxazosin, Tamsulosin and Silodosin majorly used to treat BPH, also hypertension, PTSD, Raynaud's phenomenon, CHF
Allopurinol, a uric acid synthesis inhibitor acts by inhibiting Xanthine oxidase competitively as well as non- competitively, Whereas Oxypurinol is a non-competitive inhibitor of xanthine oxidase.
A congenital heart defect is a problem with the structure of the heart that a child is born with.
Some congenital heart defects in children are simple and don't need treatment. Others are more complex. The child may need several surgeries done over a period of several years.
2. Learning Outcomes
• 1. The student need to be able to give a historical
overview of illness and review the theoretical
approaches to health and disease
• 2. The student should be able to relate the concepts
health, disease and illness in understanding how
people experience and react to disease and illness
patterns and demonstrate an understanding of the
therapeutic relationship
3. The pre- agricultural period
• Up to 8000-10 000 years ago
• Hunters (males) & gatherers (females)
• Made a living from hunting and fishing and collecting plants
• They moved to new locations when food ran out
• No formal institutions, no formal education.
• Functions fulfilled by institutions in modern society as we
know it were performed by the nuclear family units.
• Goods and services were exchanged as people had no money.
• Food was shared among all.
• No political leaders- ranks were determined by age and sex
4. The pre- agricultural period
• Individual freedom- no one worked for someone
else.
• No one had the right to issue commands.
• Today, only a handful of hunter-gatherer societies
survive in the Amazon Basin and in Africa.
• San people in Kalahari desert in Botswana.
5. Disease patters during the pre- agricultural
period
• Hunter-gatherers were healthy as a result of their
diet (raw fruits, leaves, lean meat, and fish).
• Diseases were mostly mild and were passed by
intimate contact like TB and Herpes.
• Infectious diseases only later became major causes
of disease and death as these people were on the
move and did not live in large groups.
• Low life expectancy – not because of disease but due
to environmental and safety hazards.
6.
7.
8. Agrarian Societies
• Appeared worldwide between 3000BC and 300 AD
• Small gardens were established and people then
became food producers
• Due to stable food supply, people then became
settled down in permanent or semi-permanent
villages…..cities then developed.
• The family- still the major social institution
• Kinship- more clearly defined as people did not wish
to see their land being inherited by one other than
family
9. Agrarian Societies
• Villages were headed by chiefs
• Legal codes were developed
• Inequalities in terms of wealth and power
Examples are traditional Zulu societies
10. Disease patterns during the agricultural period
• Different from hunter-gatherers
• Less variety of foods
• Diets were lower in fibre and higher in fat and salt
• Resulted in diseases such as HPT, heart disease and
cancers
• Grinding grain to make flour caused excessive wear
on people’s joints, causing arthritis
• It became customary to cook food thus vitamins
were destroyed and toxins introduced.
11. Disease patterns during the agricultural period
• The result was that people now were of smaller
stature and had weaker bones which lead to
conditions such as anaemia
• Unsanitary conditions due to growth in population
• Increasing infectious diseases
12. Classification of infectious diseases:
GROUP EXAMPLE ENHANCING RATIONAL
Water-borne diseases Cholera More people=more waste.
Caused the water to
become contaminated
Food- borne diseases Dysentery People lived in close
proximity. Disease were
spread from animal to
human
Vector- borne diseases Plague Due to population density
and unsanitary conditions.
Air- borne diseases Tuberculosis
13. Industrialised societies
• Developed about 200 years ago due to
industrialisation
• Characterised by the use of machines rather than
animals or human power
• More people in Urban than in rural areas.
• Industrialisation- it reduced inequalities. Widened
the gap between rich and poor.
• Urban areas- life became more impersonal, more
jobs
• Changes in the structure of society
14. Industrialised societies
• The family’s functions have been reduced.
• Other institutions like education now has an
increased importance (compulsory).
• Politics and economics have been influenced
• Capitalism
• Industrialisation has reduced inequalities in
developed nations but not in developing societies
• The gap between rich and poor is wider
15. DEFINITIONS
• 'Industrialization' The process in which a society or country (or world) transforms
itself from a primarily agricultural society into one based on the manufacturing of
goods and services
• ‘capitalism’ An economic and political system in which a country's trade and
industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state
16. Industrialised societies
• Societies are now characterised by distinctive
cultures
• Transportation and communication systems have
brought groups and societies into contact with other
societies and ways of life
17. Industrial era of disease
• Changes brought about also affected the incidence
and prevalence of disease
• Industrialisation was responsible for further
increases in population size and density
• Meaning more people were exposed to old virulent
infections and old urban sanitary diseases such as
cholera and typhoid fever
• Influenza became a pandemic due to people
becoming more mobile
18. Industrial era of disease
• Disease problems were acute because of sever exposure to
poor nutrition, environmental pollutants
• The most dramatic improvement in health occurred in the
19th and 20th centuries
• Mortality as a result of TB declined in the west
• This was due to sociocultural factors
• Economic development caused improvements in people’s
diets as agricultural techniques developed and transportation
became faster and more efficient
19. Industrial era of disease
• These factors had positive and negative consequences
• Social changes like the decline in birth rate reduced the
demand for food and housing resources
• Hygiene developments led to a decline in mortality
• Water contamination was controlled and prevented
• Infant mortality reduced
• Milk sterilisation
20. Industrial era of disease
• Scientific medical technology responsible for the
decline in infectious disease
• Vaccines
• Chemotherapy
• Measles
• TB
21. THEORETICAL APPROAC TO HEALTH AND
DISEASE
• THE BIOMEDICAL MODEL OF HEALTH AND DISEASE
• The Cartesian revolution: mind/body dualism -Descartes
• The church's main message was to simply believe in God without question
but he could not do this without doubt. After questioning what was left
once he doubted everything, Descartes found the existence of himself the
only thing that survived. He reasoned that if he could question his own
existence, he had to exist because there had to be someone doing the
doubting.
• This led to the dualism theory, also known as the mind-body problem.
Descartes theorized that if he existed, it was in two different ways: as a
mind, or a non-physical entity, and as a body, a physical entity. For him,
the problem lay in bridging the gap between the two. There was obviously
a relationship between the mind and the body's interactions, but it was
unclear to him exactly what it was other than the two were separate and
distinct.
“I Think, Therefore I Am”
22. THEORETICAL APPROAC TO HEALTH AND
DISEASE
• THE BIOMEDICAL MODEL OF HEALTH AND DISEASE
• The Clinical method
• The trend of combining theory and method.
• Institutionalisation of health care
• Development of hospitals
23. THEORETICAL APPROAC TO HEALTH AND
DISEASE
• THE BIOMEDICAL MODEL OF HEALTH AND DISEASE
• The doctrine of specific aetiology
• The germ theory of disease states that some diseases
are caused by microorganisms. These small
organisms, too small to see without magnification,
invade humans, animals, and other living hosts. Their
growth and reproduction within their hosts can
cause a disease.
24. THEORETICAL APPROACHED TO HEALTH AND
DISEASE
• CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BIOMEDICAL MODEL OF
HEALTH AND DISEASE
• Assumptions:
• The mind and body can be treated separately
• The body can be repaired like a machine in that it is
passive during treatment
25. THEORETICAL APPROACHED TO HEALTH AND
DISEASE
• CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BIOMEDICAL MODEL OF
HEALTH AND DISEASE
• Biomedicine adopts a technological imperative. The
latest technological care.
• Biomedicine is reductionist. It reduces disease to
chemistry and physics.
• Biomedicine is an objective science. Based on
observation.
26. These assumptions and characteristics translate
into medical practice that has the following
features:
• The nature and causes of health and disease: Health
is regarded as the absence of biological abnormality.
All diseases have specific causes or origins.
• The patient: because of the body/mind, the focus is
on the patient’s body.
• The nature of intervention: the focus is on cure, the
aim being to manipulate the physical symptoms as to
make them disappear.
27. Evaluation of biomedicine
• 1. Criticism of biomedicine
• Criticism from academic sources.
• 2. Successes of biomedicine.
• Not without merit.
• Pharmacological breakthroughs.
28. Evaluation of biomedicine
• 3. Efficacy is exaggerated
• Decline of mortality rate in Western societies.
• 4. Disregard for the social context of health and
disease
• Refers to the indifference regarding the social and
material causes of disease.
• Germ theory.
• Health status is not merely the consequence of
biological factors but related to social structures.
29. Evaluation of biomedicine
• 5. Patient’s body is isolated from the person
• Disregarding the link between physical health and
mental health.
• 6. Medical control of women’s health
• Significance thereof. Millennium goals.
• Scientific method only way to obtain truth about
disease
• Professional medical dominance
30. Evaluation of biomedicine
• 7. Scientific method only way to obtain truth about
disease
• Identifies the truth about diseases.
• 8. Professional medical dominance
• Exceptional progress.
31. THEORETICAL APPROACH TO HEALTH AND DISEASE
THE SOCIAL MODEL OF HEALTH AND DISEASE:
Social factors that affect health:
Behavioural factors
• Individual social behaviour
• Direct control
• E.g. smoking habits, alcohol
consumption, eating habits,
exercise routines
Cultural factors
• Influences groups who
share common background
• As a result of norms and
values within a
neighbourhood or
community or age group
32. THEORETICAL APPROACHED TO HEALTH AND DISEASE
1. THE SOCIAL MODEL OF HEALTH AND DISEASE:
Social factors that affect health:
Environmental factors
• Beyond the control of individuals
• At home, such factors as overcrowding and lack of privacy
• At work, factors such as extreme temperatures, poor
lighting, duct, noise
• More generally, environmental pollution such as wastes,
nuclear radiation and industrial by-products can have
serious consequences on health
33. The image below shows the variety of
the factors which can affect our health
34. Health, disease and illness (behaviour)
• Health (negative definitions)
• - absence of disease
• - absence of illness
35. Health, disease and illness (behaviour)
• Health (positive definitions)
• - health as an ideal state (opposite of negative
definitions, view health holistically)
• - health as the ability for effective role performance
(important for proper functioning in society,
optimum capacity)
• - health as a commodity (can be bought, sold, given)
36. Health, disease and illness (behaviour)
• Health (positive definitions)
• - health as a personal strength or ability (physical or
mental ability)
• - health as the basis for personal potential
(foundations for achievement, necessities of life)
• - health as a human right (See figure to follow. Also
refer to figure 3.3 in textbook)
37.
38. Activity, PAGE 109
• Make a list of the qualities you would expect
someone to display if he/she were:
• PHYSICALLY HEALTHY
• SOCIALLY HEALTHY
• MENTALLY HEALTHY
39. Beliefs about health
• Perceptions. Eg “if you don’t belong to a medical aid, having
to wait in casualty to be seen by a doctor might take a few
hours”.
• Superstitions. Eg “A black cat crossing your path means bad
luck”.
• According to status and social background of the individual.
• ACTIVITY Page 113. Refer to Social, mental and physical health
40. Health, disease and illness (behaviour)
• Disease
• A biomedical term.
• Pathological changes of the biological organism
diagnosed by signs and symptoms.
• Can be defined by a licensed person, by means of
instruments and be monitored.
• Activity page 113!
41. Health, disease and illness (behaviour)
• Illness
• Refers to how people experience their symptoms.
• What meanings they ascribe to them.
• How they act upon them.
• Communicated by complaint.
42. 10 factors that determine how individuals
respond to symptoms of illness.
• 1) The visibility, recognisability or the perceived
importance of symptoms.
• 2) The extent to which a person’s symptoms are
perceived as serious.
• 3) The extent to which the deviant signs and
symptoms disrupt family life, work and other social
activities.
43. 10 factors that determine how individuals
respond to symptoms of illness.
• 4) The frequency of the appearance of the deviant
signs and symptoms, their persistence or the
frequency of their recurrence.
• 5) The tolerance threshold of those who are exposed
to and who evaluate the deviant signs and
symptoms.
• 6) The available information, knowledge and cultural
assumptions and understandings of the person
experiencing the deviant signs and symptoms and
who has to evaluate them.
44. 10 factors that determine how individuals
respond to symptoms of illness.
• 7) Psychological factors that lead to the denial of
symptoms.
• 8) Needs competing with illness responses.
• 9) Competing possible interpretations that can be
assigned to the symptoms once they are recognised.
• 10) The availability of treatment resources, physical
proximity and the psychological and monetary costs
of taking action.
45. Stages of the illness experience (Suchman,
1979). See table 3.1, page 119
• Stage 1: Symptom experiences – Cognitive aspect
(believe something is wrong) – Physical experience of
symptoms – Emotional response (may consult others
and try home remedies
• Stage 2: Assumption of the sick role – Accepts the
sick role and seeks confirmation from family and
friends – Continue with treatment – Excused from
normal duties and expectations – Emotional
responses common – Seek professional health
advice
46. Stages of the illness experience (Suchman, 1979)
• Stage 3: Medical care contact – Seeks advice of a
health professional to: • Validate real illness • Explain
illness in understandable terms • Get reassurance
(may accept or deny diagnosis)
• Stage 4: Dependent client role – Becomes dependent
on the professional for help
• Stage 5: Recovery or rehabilitation – Relinquish the
dependent role – Resume former roles and
responsibilities – long term responsibilities and
permanent disability necessitate adjustment
47.
48. Therapeutic Relationships
• The role of values in therapeutic relationships
• Individual values originate from the core of our
culture.
• It reflects a culture’s orientation to five recurring
human problems: human nature, the environment,
time, activity and relationships.
49. Therapeutic Relationships
• Models of therapeutic relationships
• The joint participation between two social entities
and also some degree of interaction over an
extended period of time.
• Behaviours are taken into account.
50. Therapeutic Relationships: 1. The paternalistic
model
TABLE 4.1 Parsons’ analysis of the roles of patients and doctors
Patient: sick role Doctor: professional role
Obligations and privileges: Expected to:
1.
Must want to get well as quickly as
possible
1
. Apply a high degree of skill and
knowledge to the problems of illness
2. Should seek professional medical advice
2
. Act for welfare of patient and community
and co-operate with the doctor rather than for own self-interest, desire for
money, advancement, etc
3. Allowed (and may be expected) to shed 3. Be objective and emotionally detached
some normal activities and
responsibilities (i.e. should not judge patients’ behaviour
(e.g. employment and household tasks) in terms of personal value system or
become emotionally involved with them)
4. Regarded as being in need of care and 4. Be guided by rules of professional 51
unable to get better by his or her own practice
decisions and will
Rights:
1 Granted right to examine patients
physically and to enquire into intimate
areas of physical and personal life
2. Granted considerable autonomy in
professional practice
3. Occupies position of authority in relation
to the patient
Reprinted with permission from The Free Press from Parsons (1951).
51. Therapeutic Relationships: 2. The consumerism
model
• A consumerist relationship describes a situation in
which power relationships are reversed; with the
patient taking the active role and the doctor
adopting a fairly passive role, acceding to the
patient’s requests for a second opinion, referral to
hospital, a sick note, and so on.
52. Therapeutic Relationships: The paternalistic and
consumerism model. A comparison.
• See table 3.5 on page 134 in textbook.
• END
53. Social Groups
Social interaction
• The ways in which people
respond to each other.
• The actions and reactions of
people.
Social group
• Consists of two or more
persons between whom,
contextually, a norm
regulated, discernable
pattern of interaction has
developed.
• These persons form a unit in
which the reaching of
certain common goals is
related to individual
motivations and needs.
54. Characteristics of a social group
• Group structure and group members
• A small group: between 2-20 members
• A group has structure
• Forms an orderly composition and create a
meaningful whole
• Define themselves as belonging to a group with
boundaries based on certain roles, responsibilities
and group norms
55. Characteristics of a social group
• There is a feeling of unity which is determined by
conformation and adherence to a common, agreed
upon goal
• Some groups limit their membership while others are
more open and admit outsiders more easily
56. Primary groups
• Primary groups
• Examples: a married couple, the family, the peer
group, & the friendship group
• In primary groups, people come into contact with
norms, values and positive and negative sanctioning
for the first time.
• Plays a role in the shaping of personality and
socialisation of the child.
57. Primary groups
• This is where the child becomes familiar with
different forms of interaction.
• Eg when to take, when to give etc.
• The primary group is an expressive group.
• Expression of emotions (love, anger etc).
• Most important group for the individual.
58. Characteristics of the Primary group
• It generally has few members.
• There are face- to-face relationships. Involves
closeness, spontaneous and emotional involvement
and fairly intense relationships between the group
members. The bonds between these members are
warm and personal.
• The group gives its members emotional security.
59. Characteristics of the Primary group
• Membership of the group is a goal in its own right.
Belonging to the group is the most important goal for
the individual. The members of primary groups
cooperatively share their collective needs.
• There is constant contact between the members.
• The members interact in an informal manner. This
satisfy their need for intimacy.
• Each member is involved in such a relationship as a
unique and complete person.
60. Secondary groups
• Individuals who do not know each other well.
• Less face-to-face interaction.
• Interaction is formal.
• Group members do not support each other formally.
• Characterised by secondary relationships.
• Examples: work groups, church groups, the attorney
and his clients, etc.
61. Secondary groups
• Also referred to as formal organisations like
hospitals, Sasol.
• Important function in society.
• They are instrumental groups.
• Functions of maintaining order in a society.
62. Group dynamics defined
• The socio scientific study and knowledge of the way
in which people behave towards each other in the
context of small groups.
63. The importance of the small group are:
- Groups are inevitable.
- Occurs everywhere, at all levels of the population,
among rich and poor. It occurs in poorly developed
or highly developed societies. Most human activities
take place within the context of groups.
64. The importance of the small group are:
- Groups are powerful
- Their activities have an important influence on the
individual.
- A persons identity is formed by the groups he/she
belongs to.
- The position filled within the groups can influence
behaviour towards them.
- Influences self image and ideals.
- Membership to a group can be an advantage or
disadvantage.
65. The importance of the small group are:
- Groups have positive/negative results
- Groups have been responsible for achievements and
catastrophes.
- Group performance can be improved
- Research on productivity and performance quality.
66. Group Norms
- Rules of behavior created by the members in order
to maintain and ensure consistent behavior
- To prevent chaos
- Serves as basis for anticipating and predicting the
behavior of other members
- Norms are ideas on what the members should do;
- What they ought to do;
- What they are expected to do under any given
circumstance
67. Group Norms
- Norms are formed during interaction with group
members and come into operation once the majority
of group members accepts them.
- Related to two aspects of the group process
- Determined by the group goal. Regulates members’
behaviour.
- If a group strives to survive and to be effective, the
interaction must be co ordinated. Guarantees survival and
success of the group.
68. Group Norms
- Formal Norms: Nursing Act
- Informal Norms: Additionally created by the
individual groups
69. Group Size
• The number of members in a group plays an
important role in the way the group functions.
• - The smaller group would seem to be more accurate
and quicker at solving lesser problems, whereas
abstract problems and complex tasks are better dealt
with by larger groups.
• - It is clear that a larger group will function more
efficiently than a smaller group when the aim is to
solve a wide range of complex tasks.
70. Group Size
• Research shows that as a group grows in size :
• - There is less talking time per individual in the group.
• - Members have less time available to develop and
maintain relationships with each other.
• - Those who talk more than others become more visible
and influential………..a leader emerges.
• - Differences in the frequency of participation are
intensified.
• - Leaders gain more control over the group and the
direction in which the group in moving
71. Group Size
• Sub-groups begin to emerge.
• - The knowledge and potential abilities available to the
group increases.
• - There is a greater opportunity to meet people.
• - Members can retain a degree of anonymity.
• - Though there is a rise in productivity, job satisfaction is
diminished, members of the group are absent more often
and more work-related disputes arise.
• - More communication problems arise among the
members of the group.
72. Group Size
Groups with even & odd
numbers of members
- Even numbers of members
may divide into 2 cliques of
equal size- differences and
conflicts are not easily solved.
• - Uneven numbers where
majority or minority opinion
or decision is possible-groups
is more inclined to reach
consensus and to have open
discussion on relevant issues.
Dyads(2 person groups)
&Triads(3-person groups)
• Dyads are less inclined to
disagree or convey messages.
• - No majority decision can be
enforced.
• - More information is
exchanged
•- Members make more effort to
convince each other.
•- Triad has advantage-in event of
a disagreement, the 3rd member
may sway the balance and force
majority decision.
73. Group Cohesion
- Cohesion stresses the strength and pattern of
interpersonal attraction in the context of the group.
- Sociologists agree that cohesion refers to the degree
to which members are motivated to remain in the
group
74. Four factors to determine Cohesion
in a group
• 1) The personalities of the group members.
• 2) The psychological or material factors that act as
incentive to continue group membership.
• 3) The expectation that certain positive ( or even
negative) consequences will result from
membership.
• 4) The cost of membership as opposed to the
rewards obtained, compared with other activities
which might involve a higher cost and a lesser
reward.
75. Factors promoting Group Cohesion
• -Clarity of group aim.
• - Status in the group.
• - Group atmosphere.
• - Group size.
• - Group norms.
• - Co-operation and competition.
• - Similarities among members
76. The influence of cohesion on the group
Research findings show that groups with strong
cohesion spend less time and energy on maintaining
the group and consequently have more success in
achieving their group objectives.
• Satisfaction of members.
• Participation and loyalty.
• Influence over members.
• Group norms.
• Effective support
77. Group Leadership
• Leadership is the most important role in the group
structure.
• - Effective functioning depends on coordinated group
activities and achievement of group objectives.
• - Shaw (1981:319)defines the leader as “the group
member role) who exerts more positive influence
(leadership) over other group members, or as the
member who exerts more positive influence over
others than they exert over him/her”
78. Group Leadership
• - The nursing professional as a leader must exhibit a
strong influence over the members of her nursing
team.
• - This influence must be exercised in a positive
manner so as not to alienate or intimidate her team
members into a state of “subservient” behavior
79. The Emergence of Leaders
• Situational View
- Situational leadership theory proposes that effective leadership requires a
rational understanding of the situation and an appropriate response,
rather than a charismatic leader with a large group of dedicated followers
(Graeff, 1997; Grint, 2011).
- Situational leadership in general and Situational Leadership Theory (SLT) in
particular evolved from a task-oriented versus people-oriented leadership
continuum (Bass, 2008; Conger, 2010; Graeff, 1997; Lorsch, 2010).
- The leader focuses on the required tasks or focuses on their relations with
their followers.
- Originally developed by Hershey and Blanchard (1969; 1979; 1996), SLT
described leadership style, and stressed the need to relate the leader’s
style to the maturity level of the followers.
- Task-oriented leaders define the roles for followers, give definite
instructions, create organizational patterns, and establish formal
communication channels (Bass, 2008; Hersey & Blanchard, 1969; 1979;
1996; 1980; 1981).
80. The Emergence of Leaders
• Transactional View
• Transactional leadership focuses on the exchanges that occur
between leaders and followers (Bass 1985; 1990; 2000; 2008;
Burns, 1978).
- These exchanges allow leaders to accomplish their performance
objectives, complete required tasks, maintain the current
organizational situation, motivate followers through contractual
agreement, direct behavior of followers toward achievement of
established goals, emphasize extrinsic rewards, avoid unnecessary
risks, and focus on improve organizational efficiency.
- In turn, transactional leadership allows followers to fulfill their own
self-interest, minimize workplace anxiety, and concentrate on clear
organizational objectives such as increased quality, customer
service, reduced costs, and increased production (Sadeghi & Pihie,
2012). Burns (1978) operationalized
81. References
• Du Toit, D. & le Roux, E. (2014). Nursing sociology. 5th ed. Pretoria:
Van Schaik.
• Pretorius, E., Matabesi, Z. & Ackermann, L. (2013). Juta’s Sociology
for healthcare professionals. Cape Town: Juta.
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