1. The document traces the ancient empires and civilizations of the Indian subcontinent from the Stone Age through the Delhi Sultanate period. It discusses the Indus Valley Civilization, the Vedic Period, the Mauryan Empire, the Kushan Empire, the Delhi Sultanate, and the rise of the Mughal Dynasty. 2. Key empires and rulers mentioned include the Indus Valley Civilization, Chandragupta Maurya, Ashoka, the Kushans like Kanishka, the Delhi Sultanates including the Slave Dynasty and the Khilji Dynasty, and Babur's founding of the Mughal Dynasty by defeating Ibrahim Lodhi in 1526. 3. Islam
1) The document defines ideology as a set of political or socio-economic beliefs that form the basis for actions and policies.
2) It explains that the ideology of Pakistan emerged from Islamic ideology and was based on the two-nation theory, which held that Hindus and Muslims are distinct nations that could not coexist in one state.
3) The two-nation theory supported the concept of an independent Muslim state, which became the ideology driving the Pakistan movement for independence.
Shaikh Ahmad Sarhindi was a 16th-17th century Islamic scholar who worked to strengthen Islam and Muslim nationalism in Mughal India. He opposed Akbar's syncretic Deen-e-Illahi movement and the philosophy of Wahdat-ul-Wajud. Through his disciples, correspondence with scholars, and influence on nobles, he advocated for strict adherence to Islamic principles and Sunnah. His efforts helped transform the Mughal administration from Akbar's liberalism to Aurangzeb's orthodoxy. He is considered one of the founders of Pakistani nationalism and Muslim separatism in South Asia.
- The Muslim rule in India began in 712 CE with the arrival of Muhammad bin Qasim, who established Islamic rule in the subcontinent. Major Muslim dynasties that ruled parts of India included the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire.
- The Mughal Empire rose to power in 1526 when Babur defeated the Delhi Sultanate at Panipat and went on to rule northern India for over 200 years. Major Mughal emperors included Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahan, and Aurangzeb. The empire started declining after Aurangzeb's death in 1707.
- The British East India Company established trading posts in India in the early
Mujaddad alf sani (Sheikh Ahmad Sarhindi al-Farooqi an-Naqshbandi)EHSAN KHAN
The first of the great reformers, Sheikh Ahmad Sarhindi al-Farooqi an-Naqshbandi, was born in Sarhind on June 26, 1564. He belonged to a devout Muslim family that claimed descent from Hazrat Umar Farooq (RA). His father Sheikh Abdul Ahad was a well-known sufi of his times. Sheikh Ahmad received his basic education at home. His initial instructions in the Holy Quran, Hadith and theology were rendered in Sarhind and Sialkot. Later, he devoted most of his time to the study of Hadith, Tafseer and philosophy. He worked for some time in Lahore as well. But the greater part of his life was spent in Sarhind, where he was to become the champion of Islamic values. It was not until he was 36 years old that he went to Delhi and joined the Naqshbandiya Silsilah under the discipleship of Khawaja Baqi Billah.
The Great Leader Muhammad Ali Jinnah
This presentation was a project of History of Sub Continent. Dr Zabir Saeed Badar are supporting the "batch of 2019 BBA (Hons) Semester 7"
The document provides details about Muslim rule in India from 712-1857 CE. It begins with the conquest of Sindh in 711 CE led by Muhammad bin Qasim which established the first Islamic rule on the subcontinent. It then discusses several rulers who expanded Islamic territories in India, including the Delhi Sultanate established by Qutb-ud-din Aibak in 1206, the Mughal Empire from 1526-1857, and British colonial rule beginning in the 1600s. The rise and fall of major Islamic dynasties that ruled in India over this period are summarized.
Formation and evolution of muslim society in the subSajidHussain340
The document summarizes the formation and evolution of Muslim society in the Indian subcontinent from the birth of the Prophet Muhammad in 571 AD to the establishment of the Mughal dynasty in 1526-1857. It outlines the early spread of Islam through Arab traders in the 8th century and military conquests beginning in the 8th century with Muhammad bin Qasim's invasion of Sindh in 712 AD. It then discusses the various Muslim dynasties that ruled parts of South Asia between the 12th-16th centuries, including the Delhi Sultanate and the establishment of the Mughal Empire by Babur in 1526. Sufi saints also played an important role in peacefully spreading Islamic teachings
The muslim dynasties and sufi's in subcontinentFahad Saleem
The document summarizes the emergence and spread of Islam in the Indian subcontinent from 715 to 1206 CE through several Muslim dynasties and Sufi saints. It discusses the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates that ruled parts of the subcontinent. It then outlines several regional dynasties that controlled territories, including the Saffarids, Qaramitah, Ghaznavids, and Ghurids. It notes how these dynasties promoted Islam and destroyed Hindu temples. The document also introduces several influential Sufi saints who helped spread Sufism in the region, including Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti, Nizamuddin Auliya, and Baha
1) The document defines ideology as a set of political or socio-economic beliefs that form the basis for actions and policies.
2) It explains that the ideology of Pakistan emerged from Islamic ideology and was based on the two-nation theory, which held that Hindus and Muslims are distinct nations that could not coexist in one state.
3) The two-nation theory supported the concept of an independent Muslim state, which became the ideology driving the Pakistan movement for independence.
Shaikh Ahmad Sarhindi was a 16th-17th century Islamic scholar who worked to strengthen Islam and Muslim nationalism in Mughal India. He opposed Akbar's syncretic Deen-e-Illahi movement and the philosophy of Wahdat-ul-Wajud. Through his disciples, correspondence with scholars, and influence on nobles, he advocated for strict adherence to Islamic principles and Sunnah. His efforts helped transform the Mughal administration from Akbar's liberalism to Aurangzeb's orthodoxy. He is considered one of the founders of Pakistani nationalism and Muslim separatism in South Asia.
- The Muslim rule in India began in 712 CE with the arrival of Muhammad bin Qasim, who established Islamic rule in the subcontinent. Major Muslim dynasties that ruled parts of India included the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire.
- The Mughal Empire rose to power in 1526 when Babur defeated the Delhi Sultanate at Panipat and went on to rule northern India for over 200 years. Major Mughal emperors included Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahan, and Aurangzeb. The empire started declining after Aurangzeb's death in 1707.
- The British East India Company established trading posts in India in the early
Mujaddad alf sani (Sheikh Ahmad Sarhindi al-Farooqi an-Naqshbandi)EHSAN KHAN
The first of the great reformers, Sheikh Ahmad Sarhindi al-Farooqi an-Naqshbandi, was born in Sarhind on June 26, 1564. He belonged to a devout Muslim family that claimed descent from Hazrat Umar Farooq (RA). His father Sheikh Abdul Ahad was a well-known sufi of his times. Sheikh Ahmad received his basic education at home. His initial instructions in the Holy Quran, Hadith and theology were rendered in Sarhind and Sialkot. Later, he devoted most of his time to the study of Hadith, Tafseer and philosophy. He worked for some time in Lahore as well. But the greater part of his life was spent in Sarhind, where he was to become the champion of Islamic values. It was not until he was 36 years old that he went to Delhi and joined the Naqshbandiya Silsilah under the discipleship of Khawaja Baqi Billah.
The Great Leader Muhammad Ali Jinnah
This presentation was a project of History of Sub Continent. Dr Zabir Saeed Badar are supporting the "batch of 2019 BBA (Hons) Semester 7"
The document provides details about Muslim rule in India from 712-1857 CE. It begins with the conquest of Sindh in 711 CE led by Muhammad bin Qasim which established the first Islamic rule on the subcontinent. It then discusses several rulers who expanded Islamic territories in India, including the Delhi Sultanate established by Qutb-ud-din Aibak in 1206, the Mughal Empire from 1526-1857, and British colonial rule beginning in the 1600s. The rise and fall of major Islamic dynasties that ruled in India over this period are summarized.
Formation and evolution of muslim society in the subSajidHussain340
The document summarizes the formation and evolution of Muslim society in the Indian subcontinent from the birth of the Prophet Muhammad in 571 AD to the establishment of the Mughal dynasty in 1526-1857. It outlines the early spread of Islam through Arab traders in the 8th century and military conquests beginning in the 8th century with Muhammad bin Qasim's invasion of Sindh in 712 AD. It then discusses the various Muslim dynasties that ruled parts of South Asia between the 12th-16th centuries, including the Delhi Sultanate and the establishment of the Mughal Empire by Babur in 1526. Sufi saints also played an important role in peacefully spreading Islamic teachings
The muslim dynasties and sufi's in subcontinentFahad Saleem
The document summarizes the emergence and spread of Islam in the Indian subcontinent from 715 to 1206 CE through several Muslim dynasties and Sufi saints. It discusses the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates that ruled parts of the subcontinent. It then outlines several regional dynasties that controlled territories, including the Saffarids, Qaramitah, Ghaznavids, and Ghurids. It notes how these dynasties promoted Islam and destroyed Hindu temples. The document also introduces several influential Sufi saints who helped spread Sufism in the region, including Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti, Nizamuddin Auliya, and Baha
The All India Muslim League was founded in 1906 at the annual Muhammadan Educational Conference in Dhaka to protect Muslim political interests in British India. Sir Muhammad Shafi proposed the name "All India Muslim League". Its objectives included securing political rights for Muslims, representing their needs to the government, and preventing growth of ill will between Muslims and other groups. The Muslim League went on to play a key role in the Pakistan Movement and the establishment of Pakistan as an independent state for Muslims in South Asia in 1947.
Most historians believe that Islam originated in Mecca and Medina at the start of the 7th century CE, approximately 600 years after the founding of Christianity.
Hazrat Umar established an effective administration during his caliphate from 634-644 AD. He instituted a consultation committee and established political, land, army, police, judicial, financial, and educational institutions. Canals, roads, and towns were developed. The administration was decentralized with appointed governors over provinces and districts. Justice and public services were priorities through an organized government.
Pakistan faced many problems after independence, including refugees from partition, disputes over the Indus river water, and the accession of princely states. It struggled from one crisis to another trying to overcome these threats. Pakistan was created after the partition of British India in 1947, which caused massive population transfers and loss of life as millions of Muslims migrated from India to Pakistan and Hindus/Sikhs migrated from Pakistan to India.
Muhammad Bin Qasim: conquerer of Sindh and MultanAbdul Rehman
Mohammad Bin Qasim
Al Hajaj Bin Yousaf
Reason for attack on Sindh
Mohammad Bin Qasim’s Attack on Sindh
Mohammad Bin Qasim was nephew of Al Hajaj Bin Yousaf
was instrumental in teaching Muhammad bin Qasim about combat and governance.
Because of the influence of Hajjaj, the young Muhammad bin Qasim was appointed the governor of Persia while in his teens.
During those times, some Muslim traders living in Ceylon died and the ruler of Ceylon sent their widows and orphans back to Baghdad.
Journey By Sea
Valuables for Hajaj Bin Yousaf
As the eight-ship caravan passed by the seaport of Daibul, pirates looted it and took the women and children prisoner.
Hajjaj demanded that Dahir return the Muslim captives and the looted items.
He also demanded that the culprits be punished.
Dahir said hat I have no control over the pirates and was, therefore, powerless to rebuke them.
Thus, in order to free the prisoners and to punish the guilty party, Hajjaj decided to undertake a huge offensive against Dahir.
Hajaj was ready to help the people of Sindh
With Muhammad bin Qasim محمد بن قاسم
The Umayyad caliphate ordered Muhammad Bin Qasim to attack over Sindh.
Mohammad Bin Qasim entered Daibul in 712 AD
He led 6,000 Syrian cavalry and at the borders of Sindh
Muhammad Bin Qasim first captured Debal, from where the Arab army marched along the Indus.
The ruler of Sindh Raja Dahir was staying in his capital Alor (Sukkur) about 500 kms. away.
Raja Dahir did not march to its defence immediately.
He conquered the Sindh and Punjab regions along the Indus River for the Umayyad Caliphate.
Muhammad Bin Qasim first captured Debal, from where the Arab army marched along the Indus.
At Rohri he was met by Dahir’s forces. Dahir died in the battle, his forces were defeated and Muhammad bin Qasim took control of Sind.
He continued his Victorious Progress in succession, Brahmanabad, Alor, Multan and Gujrat.
Now Muslims were the masters of whole Sindh and a part of Punjab up to the borders of Kashmir in the north.
He also established peace with a strong taxation system.
Hajjaj died in 714.
Suleman succeeded as the Caliph.
He was a bitter enemy of Hajjaj’s family.
He recalled Mohammad Bin Qasim from Sindh, who obeyed the orders .
When he came back, he was put to death on 715 AD at the age of twenty.
The document outlines the Two Nation Theory, which argues that Muslims and Hindus in British India constituted two distinct nations based on religious, cultural, economic, and political differences. It discusses the key differences between Hindus and Muslims in these areas, and how Muslim leaders like Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, Allama Iqbal, and Muhammad Ali Jinnah advocated for the theory. The document states that these leaders ultimately succeeded in achieving their goal of an independent Muslim state with the creation of Pakistan in 1947.
Zia-ul-Haq was a Pakistani military officer who served as the 6th President of Pakistan from 1978 until his death in 1988. He came to power after overthrowing Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in a bloodless coup in 1977. As President, Zia strengthened Pakistan's ties with the United States and Saudi Arabia. He imposed martial law and introduced strict Islamic laws. In 1988, Zia died in a plane crash whose cause remains controversial.
The document discusses several Muslim reformers in South Asia who aimed to purify Islamic practices and society, including Hazrat Mujadid Alaf Sani who opposed Akbar's Din-i-Ilahi and emphasized distinguishing worship from God alone, Shah Waliullah who sought to revive Islamic spirit and challenged British influence, and Syed Ahmad Barelvi who led an armed jihad movement against Sikh rule in Pakistan. It also outlines the Faraizi movement led by Haji Shariat Ullah in Bengal which stressed fulfilling religious obligations and opposed taxes by landowners.
Guru Nanak was born in 1469 in the small town of Talwandi in present-day Pakistan. At a young age, he displayed signs that he would become a great spiritual leader. He had revelations that led him to preach a message of equality and loving devotion to God. For the next 20 years, Guru Nanak traveled extensively, spreading his teachings and founding the religion of Sikhism. His teachings emphasized merit over social class or religious labels. At the end of his life, his body mysteriously vanished, leaving only flowers, in order to avoid conflict over his final rites.
Pakistan and Afghanistan have a long and complex relationship. The Durand Line border was established in 1893 but disputed by Afghanistan. Relations were initially strained but improved after visits by leaders in the 1950s. The 1965 and 1971 India-Pakistan wars saw Afghanistan support or remain neutral towards Pakistan. The Soviet invasion of 1979 threatened Pakistan's security and it supported the US-backed mujahideen. After 9/11, Pakistan had to choose between supporting the US war on terror or facing retaliation, and opted to back the US-led operation in Afghanistan. Relations have continued with high-level visits and agreements but tensions remain due to militant activity and Indian influence in Afghanistan.
The Shimla Delegation was formed in 1906 under the leadership of Sir Agha Khan. It comprised 35 prominent Muslim leaders who met with the Viceroy to demand separate electorates, a share of government service positions, and representation for Muslims in the senate, syndicate of universities, and as judges and in the executive council. The Viceroy, Lord Minto, acknowledged the injustices faced by Muslims and agreed to consider their demands and recommendations as part of the constitutional reforms being implemented in India. The Shimla Delegation helped lay the foundation for the Pakistan movement by securing political and educational rights and representation for Indian Muslims.
its about aims and objectives. the people before 1947 , what kind of thinking they have and what are the diffrences between them and us.
dont just read it , try to understand the feelings about our dear homeland
The document provides information on the Muslim advent in the Indian subcontinent from 712-1556 CE. It summarizes the campaigns of key Muslim rulers like Muhammad bin Qasim, Mahmud Ghaznavi, Muhammad Ghori, the Mamluk and Khalji sultans who established Islamic rule in parts of South Asia through military conquests and expansion of the Delhi Sultanate. Critical battles, territories captured, and administrative policies implemented are outlined. Key figures that advanced the reach of Muslim political control during this period are named.
EMERGENCE OF ISLAM IN SUB-CONTINENT 715 1557Sheikh Hasnain
The document summarizes the emergence of Islam in the Indian subcontinent from 715 to 1557 CE by discussing six Muslim dynasties that ruled parts of the region during this period. It provides details on rulers, territories controlled, and key events for each dynasty: the Umayyad (661-749 CE), Abbasids (750-1258 CE), Saffarid Dynasty of Seistan (861-1003 CE), Qaramitah Dynasty of Multan (980-1175 CE), Yamini or Ghaznivid Dynasty (977-1186 CE), and Ghurid Dynasty (1149-1206 CE).
The Battle of Badr was a decisive battle fought in 624 CE between Muhammad and his followers from Medina and the Quraysh tribe of Mecca. The Quraysh sent a force of 1000 men to attack the outnumbered Muslim force of 313 men after some of Muhammad's followers intercepted a Quraysh trade caravan. Through divine intervention in the form of an army of angels, the Muslims were able to defeat the Quraysh and kill many of their leaders, including Abu Jahl, establishing the religion of Islam in Arabia.
Shah Waliullah lived in 18th century India during a time of political, moral, and religious decline of the Mughal Empire. He sought to reform Muslim society and minimize sectarian tensions through his writings, teachings, and new philosophical interpretation of Islam. He translated the Quran to Persian and advised rulers on social justice and reducing corruption. He also wrote letters encouraging the Afghan ruler Ahmad Shah Abdali to invade India and defeat the rising Maratha empire, which Abdali did at the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761. Overall, Shah Waliullah worked to renew and strengthen Islam in India during a weakening of the Mughals.
Muhammad Ali Jinnah was a 20th century lawyer and politician who is considered the founder of Pakistan. He served as the leader of the All India Muslim League from 1913 until Pakistan's independence in 1947. As the first Governor-General of Pakistan, Jinnah helped lay the foundations of the new state and frame its national policies. Educated in Britain, Jinnah initially supported Hindu-Muslim unity but later came to believe that Muslims required a separate homeland to protect their rights and advocated for the creation of Pakistan based on the two-nation theory.
The document summarizes the outcomes of the three Round Table Conferences held in London between 1930-1932 to discuss Indian constitutional reform and the future of India. The first conference agreed to a loose federation under British rule but the Congress boycotted over the refusal of Dominion status. The second conference was also attended by Congress but ended without agreement. The third conference had no results as Congress was absent and opposed by the Labour party. No final resolution was reached through the three conferences.
Mahmud of Ghazni and Mohammad of Ghur were rulers from the 11th-12th century who invaded northern India from their power bases in Ghazni and Ghur, located in modern day Afghanistan. Mahmud raided India 17 times between 1001-1025, plundering wealthy temples and cities to fund his empire. Mohammad of Ghur conquered the Rajput kingdoms in the late 12th century and established the Delhi Sultanate under his general Qutb al-Din Aibak, laying the foundations for Turkic rule in northern India.
This document provides a historical overview of Pakistan from 1206 CE to the present day. It summarizes the rule of several dynasties that controlled the region, including the Slave Dynasty from 1206-1290 CE, the Khalji Dynasty from 1290-1320 CE who expanded the empire but then collapsed due to internal divisions, and the Tughluq Dynasty from 1320-1412 CE who overthrew the previous dynasty and established their rule.
The document provides a detailed history of the Swat Valley in Pakistan from ancient times to the 20th century. It discusses how the valley was known as Udyana and Suvastu in ancient sources due to its scenic beauty and the river name. It went through various rulers including the Assakenoi people, Alexander the Great's conquest in 327 BC, the Mauryan dynasty's rule which spread Buddhism, and the Kushan, Turk Shahi, and Hindu Shahi empires. In the 16th century, the Yousafzai tribe conquered Swat and divided the land among clans. The British took control in the late 19th century and established the Swat State in 1917,
The All India Muslim League was founded in 1906 at the annual Muhammadan Educational Conference in Dhaka to protect Muslim political interests in British India. Sir Muhammad Shafi proposed the name "All India Muslim League". Its objectives included securing political rights for Muslims, representing their needs to the government, and preventing growth of ill will between Muslims and other groups. The Muslim League went on to play a key role in the Pakistan Movement and the establishment of Pakistan as an independent state for Muslims in South Asia in 1947.
Most historians believe that Islam originated in Mecca and Medina at the start of the 7th century CE, approximately 600 years after the founding of Christianity.
Hazrat Umar established an effective administration during his caliphate from 634-644 AD. He instituted a consultation committee and established political, land, army, police, judicial, financial, and educational institutions. Canals, roads, and towns were developed. The administration was decentralized with appointed governors over provinces and districts. Justice and public services were priorities through an organized government.
Pakistan faced many problems after independence, including refugees from partition, disputes over the Indus river water, and the accession of princely states. It struggled from one crisis to another trying to overcome these threats. Pakistan was created after the partition of British India in 1947, which caused massive population transfers and loss of life as millions of Muslims migrated from India to Pakistan and Hindus/Sikhs migrated from Pakistan to India.
Muhammad Bin Qasim: conquerer of Sindh and MultanAbdul Rehman
Mohammad Bin Qasim
Al Hajaj Bin Yousaf
Reason for attack on Sindh
Mohammad Bin Qasim’s Attack on Sindh
Mohammad Bin Qasim was nephew of Al Hajaj Bin Yousaf
was instrumental in teaching Muhammad bin Qasim about combat and governance.
Because of the influence of Hajjaj, the young Muhammad bin Qasim was appointed the governor of Persia while in his teens.
During those times, some Muslim traders living in Ceylon died and the ruler of Ceylon sent their widows and orphans back to Baghdad.
Journey By Sea
Valuables for Hajaj Bin Yousaf
As the eight-ship caravan passed by the seaport of Daibul, pirates looted it and took the women and children prisoner.
Hajjaj demanded that Dahir return the Muslim captives and the looted items.
He also demanded that the culprits be punished.
Dahir said hat I have no control over the pirates and was, therefore, powerless to rebuke them.
Thus, in order to free the prisoners and to punish the guilty party, Hajjaj decided to undertake a huge offensive against Dahir.
Hajaj was ready to help the people of Sindh
With Muhammad bin Qasim محمد بن قاسم
The Umayyad caliphate ordered Muhammad Bin Qasim to attack over Sindh.
Mohammad Bin Qasim entered Daibul in 712 AD
He led 6,000 Syrian cavalry and at the borders of Sindh
Muhammad Bin Qasim first captured Debal, from where the Arab army marched along the Indus.
The ruler of Sindh Raja Dahir was staying in his capital Alor (Sukkur) about 500 kms. away.
Raja Dahir did not march to its defence immediately.
He conquered the Sindh and Punjab regions along the Indus River for the Umayyad Caliphate.
Muhammad Bin Qasim first captured Debal, from where the Arab army marched along the Indus.
At Rohri he was met by Dahir’s forces. Dahir died in the battle, his forces were defeated and Muhammad bin Qasim took control of Sind.
He continued his Victorious Progress in succession, Brahmanabad, Alor, Multan and Gujrat.
Now Muslims were the masters of whole Sindh and a part of Punjab up to the borders of Kashmir in the north.
He also established peace with a strong taxation system.
Hajjaj died in 714.
Suleman succeeded as the Caliph.
He was a bitter enemy of Hajjaj’s family.
He recalled Mohammad Bin Qasim from Sindh, who obeyed the orders .
When he came back, he was put to death on 715 AD at the age of twenty.
The document outlines the Two Nation Theory, which argues that Muslims and Hindus in British India constituted two distinct nations based on religious, cultural, economic, and political differences. It discusses the key differences between Hindus and Muslims in these areas, and how Muslim leaders like Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, Allama Iqbal, and Muhammad Ali Jinnah advocated for the theory. The document states that these leaders ultimately succeeded in achieving their goal of an independent Muslim state with the creation of Pakistan in 1947.
Zia-ul-Haq was a Pakistani military officer who served as the 6th President of Pakistan from 1978 until his death in 1988. He came to power after overthrowing Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in a bloodless coup in 1977. As President, Zia strengthened Pakistan's ties with the United States and Saudi Arabia. He imposed martial law and introduced strict Islamic laws. In 1988, Zia died in a plane crash whose cause remains controversial.
The document discusses several Muslim reformers in South Asia who aimed to purify Islamic practices and society, including Hazrat Mujadid Alaf Sani who opposed Akbar's Din-i-Ilahi and emphasized distinguishing worship from God alone, Shah Waliullah who sought to revive Islamic spirit and challenged British influence, and Syed Ahmad Barelvi who led an armed jihad movement against Sikh rule in Pakistan. It also outlines the Faraizi movement led by Haji Shariat Ullah in Bengal which stressed fulfilling religious obligations and opposed taxes by landowners.
Guru Nanak was born in 1469 in the small town of Talwandi in present-day Pakistan. At a young age, he displayed signs that he would become a great spiritual leader. He had revelations that led him to preach a message of equality and loving devotion to God. For the next 20 years, Guru Nanak traveled extensively, spreading his teachings and founding the religion of Sikhism. His teachings emphasized merit over social class or religious labels. At the end of his life, his body mysteriously vanished, leaving only flowers, in order to avoid conflict over his final rites.
Pakistan and Afghanistan have a long and complex relationship. The Durand Line border was established in 1893 but disputed by Afghanistan. Relations were initially strained but improved after visits by leaders in the 1950s. The 1965 and 1971 India-Pakistan wars saw Afghanistan support or remain neutral towards Pakistan. The Soviet invasion of 1979 threatened Pakistan's security and it supported the US-backed mujahideen. After 9/11, Pakistan had to choose between supporting the US war on terror or facing retaliation, and opted to back the US-led operation in Afghanistan. Relations have continued with high-level visits and agreements but tensions remain due to militant activity and Indian influence in Afghanistan.
The Shimla Delegation was formed in 1906 under the leadership of Sir Agha Khan. It comprised 35 prominent Muslim leaders who met with the Viceroy to demand separate electorates, a share of government service positions, and representation for Muslims in the senate, syndicate of universities, and as judges and in the executive council. The Viceroy, Lord Minto, acknowledged the injustices faced by Muslims and agreed to consider their demands and recommendations as part of the constitutional reforms being implemented in India. The Shimla Delegation helped lay the foundation for the Pakistan movement by securing political and educational rights and representation for Indian Muslims.
its about aims and objectives. the people before 1947 , what kind of thinking they have and what are the diffrences between them and us.
dont just read it , try to understand the feelings about our dear homeland
The document provides information on the Muslim advent in the Indian subcontinent from 712-1556 CE. It summarizes the campaigns of key Muslim rulers like Muhammad bin Qasim, Mahmud Ghaznavi, Muhammad Ghori, the Mamluk and Khalji sultans who established Islamic rule in parts of South Asia through military conquests and expansion of the Delhi Sultanate. Critical battles, territories captured, and administrative policies implemented are outlined. Key figures that advanced the reach of Muslim political control during this period are named.
EMERGENCE OF ISLAM IN SUB-CONTINENT 715 1557Sheikh Hasnain
The document summarizes the emergence of Islam in the Indian subcontinent from 715 to 1557 CE by discussing six Muslim dynasties that ruled parts of the region during this period. It provides details on rulers, territories controlled, and key events for each dynasty: the Umayyad (661-749 CE), Abbasids (750-1258 CE), Saffarid Dynasty of Seistan (861-1003 CE), Qaramitah Dynasty of Multan (980-1175 CE), Yamini or Ghaznivid Dynasty (977-1186 CE), and Ghurid Dynasty (1149-1206 CE).
The Battle of Badr was a decisive battle fought in 624 CE between Muhammad and his followers from Medina and the Quraysh tribe of Mecca. The Quraysh sent a force of 1000 men to attack the outnumbered Muslim force of 313 men after some of Muhammad's followers intercepted a Quraysh trade caravan. Through divine intervention in the form of an army of angels, the Muslims were able to defeat the Quraysh and kill many of their leaders, including Abu Jahl, establishing the religion of Islam in Arabia.
Shah Waliullah lived in 18th century India during a time of political, moral, and religious decline of the Mughal Empire. He sought to reform Muslim society and minimize sectarian tensions through his writings, teachings, and new philosophical interpretation of Islam. He translated the Quran to Persian and advised rulers on social justice and reducing corruption. He also wrote letters encouraging the Afghan ruler Ahmad Shah Abdali to invade India and defeat the rising Maratha empire, which Abdali did at the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761. Overall, Shah Waliullah worked to renew and strengthen Islam in India during a weakening of the Mughals.
Muhammad Ali Jinnah was a 20th century lawyer and politician who is considered the founder of Pakistan. He served as the leader of the All India Muslim League from 1913 until Pakistan's independence in 1947. As the first Governor-General of Pakistan, Jinnah helped lay the foundations of the new state and frame its national policies. Educated in Britain, Jinnah initially supported Hindu-Muslim unity but later came to believe that Muslims required a separate homeland to protect their rights and advocated for the creation of Pakistan based on the two-nation theory.
The document summarizes the outcomes of the three Round Table Conferences held in London between 1930-1932 to discuss Indian constitutional reform and the future of India. The first conference agreed to a loose federation under British rule but the Congress boycotted over the refusal of Dominion status. The second conference was also attended by Congress but ended without agreement. The third conference had no results as Congress was absent and opposed by the Labour party. No final resolution was reached through the three conferences.
Mahmud of Ghazni and Mohammad of Ghur were rulers from the 11th-12th century who invaded northern India from their power bases in Ghazni and Ghur, located in modern day Afghanistan. Mahmud raided India 17 times between 1001-1025, plundering wealthy temples and cities to fund his empire. Mohammad of Ghur conquered the Rajput kingdoms in the late 12th century and established the Delhi Sultanate under his general Qutb al-Din Aibak, laying the foundations for Turkic rule in northern India.
This document provides a historical overview of Pakistan from 1206 CE to the present day. It summarizes the rule of several dynasties that controlled the region, including the Slave Dynasty from 1206-1290 CE, the Khalji Dynasty from 1290-1320 CE who expanded the empire but then collapsed due to internal divisions, and the Tughluq Dynasty from 1320-1412 CE who overthrew the previous dynasty and established their rule.
The document provides a detailed history of the Swat Valley in Pakistan from ancient times to the 20th century. It discusses how the valley was known as Udyana and Suvastu in ancient sources due to its scenic beauty and the river name. It went through various rulers including the Assakenoi people, Alexander the Great's conquest in 327 BC, the Mauryan dynasty's rule which spread Buddhism, and the Kushan, Turk Shahi, and Hindu Shahi empires. In the 16th century, the Yousafzai tribe conquered Swat and divided the land among clans. The British took control in the late 19th century and established the Swat State in 1917,
The document provides an overview of the Gandhara civilization located in northern Pakistan and eastern Afghanistan. It discusses the geography, history, culture, religion, art, and architecture of the Gandhara kingdom from its rise in the 1st millennium BC under Buddhist rule to its fall in the 10th-11th century after Muslim conquests. Key periods discussed include the Persian, Greek, Mauryan, Kushan, and Turkish rule over the region before its decline.
The Vedic Vayupurana describes a battle waged among the ancient Aryans. It was as a result of this war that Anavs part of the Chandravanshi clan and Gurtar ( Guzar ) of suryabanshi had to immigrate to wester Aryabart area of modern Iran (Iran means "land of Aryans") to Tarim basin.
It was in these regions, where the fertile soil of the mountainous country is surrounded by the Turanian desert, that the prophet Zarathushtra (Zoroaster) was said to have been born and gained his first adherents. Avestan, the language of the oldest portions of the Zoroastrian Avesta, was once called "old-iranic" which is related to Sanskrit.
Chandravansi known as Sythians and Suryabanshi known as Guzar/Gusur by Tibbetian , Yuezhi by Chineese , Tocharian by Romans and Tushara by Poranic Indians.
- India has a long and complex history, having been invaded by many groups like the Persians, Greeks, Huns, Arabs, and British, but local kingdoms have survived.
- The Indus Valley Civilization was one of the world's earliest, dating back to 3000 BC, and included advanced cities with drainage systems.
- The Aryans invaded around 1500 BC and introduced cultural traditions like Sanskrit and Hinduism that still influence India today. Major empires like the Maurya and Gupta expanded across northern India in later centuries.
The ancient Indus Valley Civilization arose around 2600 BC in the Indus River valley region of modern day India and Pakistan. At its peak between 2300-1700 BC, large urban settlements like Mohenjo-Daro had populations of 35,000-50,000 people and advanced infrastructure like gridded streets and drainage systems. The civilization declined around 1700 BC for unknown reasons. Later, Aryan pastoralists migrated to India after 1500 BC and established kingdoms. The first major empire was the Mauryan Empire founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 322 BC, which extended across northern India under the rule of Ashoka in the 3rd century BC. The Gupta Empire arose in the 4th century AD
The Samjhauta Express arrived in Old Delhi Railway Station from Lahore, carrying 86 passengers including 14 Pakistani nationals. Many passengers were reuniting with family after long periods of separation, highlighting the personal bonds that transcend political tensions between India and Pakistan. While some passengers criticized how tensions are amplified by the media and affect ordinary citizens, others noted the harsher security checks faced on the Indian side at the border. Most passengers expressed that the two countries hold ordinary people with no animosity, and that both nations feel like home to those with family ties on both sides of the border.
The Abbasid Caliphate declined due to internal power struggles and invasions from regional dynasties, leading to its eventual fall to the Mongols in 1258 CE. During this period, Islam spread throughout South and Southeast Asia through trade, conquest and missionary activities of Sufi mystics. Merchants and missionaries introduced Islamic beliefs, which sometimes syncretized with local Hindu and Buddhist traditions. The diffusion of Islam contributed to the establishment of sultanates in the region from the 13th century onward.
The document provides information on the Kidarite kingdom and Hephthalite Empire that ruled parts of modern-day Afghanistan in ancient times, as well as the Farighunids dynasty that later ruled the Guzgan region. It lists kings of the Kidarite kingdom from the 4th-6th centuries AD and rulers of the Hephthalite Empire from the 5th-7th centuries. The Hephthalites conquered the Kidarites and controlled parts of central Asia and northern India before declining. The Farighunids ruled Guzgan as vassals to the Samanids and Ghaznavids from the 9th-11th centuries. It also briefly mentions the historic region of Badakh
The Kushan Dynasty ruled between 30-375 CE in areas of modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan, and northern India. The dynasty was formed by the Yuezhi, an Indo-European people who migrated from northwest China and settled in the Bactrian territory. The Kushan Empire reached its peak under the rule of Kanishka in the 2nd century CE, stretching from modern Pakistan to central India. The Kushans were great patrons of Buddhism and played a key role in spreading it to Central Asia and China. Their territories fragmented in the 4th century due to invasions from the Hephthalites and Kidarites, marking the decline of the once-powerful Kushan Empire.
Akbar was one of the greatest Mughal emperors, reigning from 1556 to 1605 and expanding the empire. He was a religious reformer who promoted tolerance of all faiths and opened government positions to people of all backgrounds. Through his marriages to Hindu, Muslim, and Christian women, he sought to transform Muslim interactions with non-Muslims in India. His empire was the largest and most prosperous in the world at the time, extending from Afghanistan to Bengal.
The document discusses the spread of Islam from the 7th century onwards from the Arabian peninsula to three continents within half a century. It notes that Islam spread primarily through religious appeal and conversion rather than by force, except in Arabia where some tribes were warred against for not accepting Islam. It then discusses various Muslim invasions and rulers in India from the 11th century onward, including the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire. It also briefly mentions the political aspects of Islam derived from the Quran and traditions of the Prophet Muhammad.
The Kushan Dynasty ruled between 30-375 CE in areas of modern day Afghanistan and northern India. The Kushans were originally from the Yuezhi confederation and migrated to the region in the 1st century CE under the leadership of Kujula Kadphises. Major Kushan rulers included Kujula Kadphises, Vima Kadphises, and the powerful emperor Kanishka, who expanded the empire and patronized Buddhism. The Kushan Empire dominated trade between Rome, China, and South Asia and facilitated the spread of Gandhara art and Mahayana Buddhism. The empire fragmented in the 3rd century CE due to invasions and was eventually overwhelmed by the
The document provides a history of Islam in India from the 8th century to 1857 CE. It discusses several key points:
- The first mosque in India was built in 629 CE in Kerala by Malik Bin Dinar.
- The first major conquest of areas in modern day Pakistan was led by Muhammad bin Qasim in 711 CE, establishing the dominion of the Umayyad Caliphate in Sindh and southern Punjab.
- Several powerful Islamic dynasties and empires ruled parts of India over subsequent centuries, including the Delhi Sultanate from 1206-1526 CE and the Mughal Empire from 1526-1858 CE, introducing Islamic traditions and contributing to cultural
The Aryans originated in South-Central Asia and invaded parts of India around 1000-500 BCE. They spoke an early form of Sanskrit and lived as semi-nomadic herders. During the Vedic period, Aryan culture combined with indigenous Indian cultures. The Aryans acquired war chariots and weapons, allowing them to dominate much of northern India militarily and establish the caste system. They introduced their male-dominated culture and gods. Under the Mauryan dynasty, India developed advanced knowledge in fields like medicine, mathematics, and metallurgy. Women had varying social roles and freedoms depending on region and caste.
The document summarizes the key factors that led to the formation and evolution of Muslim society in the Indian subcontinent, including:
1. Muslim traders who had commercial links with the subcontinent dating back to the Indus Civilization period helped establish early cultural and economic ties.
2. Generals like Muhammad bin Qasim and Mahmud Ghaznavi conquered parts of the subcontinent and established Muslim rule through military campaigns starting in the 8th century.
3. Rulers of the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire from the 13th-18th centuries enforced Islamic law and promoted conversion, patronizing ulama (Islamic scholars) and Sufis.
4. Suf
Sindh is a province of Pakistan located along the Indus River. It has historically been home to the Sindhi people and was an important center of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization between 2500-1500 BC. In 711 AD, the Umayyad general Muhammad bin Qasim conquered Sindh, bringing the region into contact with Islam. Several dynasties, including the Samma and Kalhora, ruled Sindh over subsequent centuries. The capital and largest city of Sindh is now Karachi, Pakistan's financial hub.
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constitutional framework of Pakistan and its descriptionsyedmirsyed
The document summarizes key features of Pakistan's constitutions from 1956 to 1973. It discusses the parliamentary system established under the 1956 constitution which declared Pakistan an Islamic Republic. It then outlines the presidential system of the 1962 constitution introduced after a military coup, giving strong powers to the president. Finally, it describes the 1973 constitution which reestablished a parliamentary democracy and included provisions for fundamental rights, Islamic principles, and federalism between provinces.
This document provides an overview of Pakistan's economic system and some key economic concepts. Pakistan has a mixed economy, combining elements of socialism, communism, and private sectors. Its economy is the 26th largest globally and includes industries like textiles, chemicals, food processing and agriculture. The document discusses economic growth versus development, factors that measure development like GDP and HDI, the role of taxes and budgets, challenges facing Pakistan's economy like imports/exports and energy issues, and potential solutions around changing mindsets and building human capital.
This document discusses ethnicity and ethnic groups in Pakistan. It defines ethnicity as shared characteristics that distinguish a group. The major ethnic groups in Pakistan are Punjabis, Sindhis, Pashtuns, Muhajirs, and Balochis. Ethnocentrism is examined, which is the view that one's own ethnic group is superior. Ethnocentrism can have positive effects like social solidarity, but also negative effects like creating prejudice and limiting social relations between groups. In conclusion, while ethnocentrism promotes group cohesion, it can also lead to actively despising other ethnic groups.
The document provides information about the Indus Valley Civilization, including its origins and major sites of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa. It notes that the earliest settlements began around 6,500 BC in the Indus Valley. By 3,000 BC, there were hundreds of settled communities that grew into large walled cities like Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa by 2,600 BC, marking the beginning of the Indus Valley Civilization. Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa shared similarities in urban planning, architecture, and standardized bricks, indicating a highly organized government. The civilization declined around 1900 BC possibly due to environmental factors or invasion.
The document provides an overview of Pakistan's economic system and economy. It defines key economic concepts like economy, socialism, communism, and mixed economies. It then describes Pakistan's semi-industrialized economy, which includes textiles, chemicals, food processing, and agriculture. It notes that Pakistan has come a long way since independence, with its per capita income increasing tenfold. It also outlines some of Pakistan's economic challenges as well as solutions to improve its economy like investing in human capital, using technology, and decentralizing governance.
MAJOR POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS -1947-1958.pptxsyedmirsyed
- Pakistan faced many challenges after partition in 1947, including losing its more developed provinces and industries to India. It also fought wars with India over the disputed territory of Kashmir.
- Between 1947-1958, Pakistan experienced political instability under various governors-general and prime ministers. The constitution was also delayed and amended multiple times.
- Martial law was imposed from 1958-1962 by Ayub Khan, who introduced economic reforms but faced opposition. Yahya Khan then imposed martial law in 1969 and oversaw elections in 1970, but failed to peacefully transfer power, leading to war and the creation of Bangladesh in 1971.
Here are the key steps I would take to design a content analysis study to examine portrayals of poor people in the media:
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3. Sample relevant media (e.g. TV shows, movies, news articles)
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This would
Guidance and counseling are essential educational processes that help individuals understand themselves and their world. Guidance is a broader process of helping people understand alternatives and make decisions, while counseling involves in-depth analysis to help understand and resolve problems. Both aim to assist individuals in solving life problems, but guidance focuses more on intellectual solutions while counseling operates at an emotional level.
MAJOR POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS 1857-1947.pptxsyedmirsyed
The document summarizes major political developments in Pakistan from 1857 to 1947, including:
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3) Key events and agreements between 1905-1916 impacting Hindu-Muslim relations like the Partition of Bengal, Simla Deputation, Lucknow Pact.
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The document discusses key aspects of culture including social organization, language, customs, religion, arts, forms of government, and economic systems. It notes that social organization typically involves small family units that teach children norms and beliefs, and there may be social classes ranking people differently. Cultures also have their own languages, customs, religions, arts, and a variety of forms of government and economic systems ranging from traditional to market-based.
The document summarizes the cultural provinces of Pakistan. It discusses the five provinces: Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and Gilgit Baltistan. For each province, it outlines their origins, demographics, languages spoken, traditional attire, cuisine, music, festivals, and other cultural aspects. The document provides an overview of the diverse cultural traditions found across Pakistan's provinces.
This document provides an overview of behavioral learning theories, including contiguity theory, classical conditioning, and operant conditioning. Contiguity theory proposes that stimuli and responses connected in time and space will form associations. Classical conditioning involves pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response. Operant conditioning examines how consequences impact voluntary behaviors. Examples are given for how each theory can be applied in classroom learning.
The document discusses the key social institutions that exist in societies, including families, economic institutions, religious institutions, political institutions, educational institutions, and play/recreational institutions. It provides details on the defining characteristics and functions of each institution. For example, it states that families provide love and support, economic institutions ensure production and distribution of goods, and religious institutions provide explanations for natural phenomena and control behavior. The functions of each institution are also outlined.
Pakistan faces many challenges including poverty, illiteracy, unemployment, terrorism, corruption, and health issues. It has a growing population but lacks adequate resources for food, water, education, jobs, and housing. Despite its natural resources and over 70 years of independence, Pakistan remains a developing country with widespread multidimensional poverty and limited development. Major problems include electricity shortages, a weak economy, poor education and healthcare systems, and high inflation.
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This document discusses different theories of learning, including behavioral and cognitive approaches. It defines learning as a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience. Behaviorism views learning as changes in observable behavior through classical and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning involves associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a new response. Operant conditioning examines how behaviors are strengthened or weakened by consequences. Positive reinforcement increases a behavior while punishment decreases it. Cognitive approaches also examine latent learning and observational learning.
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Creativity for Innovation and SpeechmakingMattVassar1
Tapping into the creative side of your brain to come up with truly innovative approaches. These strategies are based on original research from Stanford University lecturer Matt Vassar, where he discusses how you can use them to come up with truly innovative solutions, regardless of whether you're using to come up with a creative and memorable angle for a business pitch--or if you're coming up with business or technical innovations.
Decolonizing Universal Design for LearningFrederic Fovet
UDL has gained in popularity over the last decade both in the K-12 and the post-secondary sectors. The usefulness of UDL to create inclusive learning experiences for the full array of diverse learners has been well documented in the literature, and there is now increasing scholarship examining the process of integrating UDL strategically across organisations. One concern, however, remains under-reported and under-researched. Much of the scholarship on UDL ironically remains while and Eurocentric. Even if UDL, as a discourse, considers the decolonization of the curriculum, it is abundantly clear that the research and advocacy related to UDL originates almost exclusively from the Global North and from a Euro-Caucasian authorship. It is argued that it is high time for the way UDL has been monopolized by Global North scholars and practitioners to be challenged. Voices discussing and framing UDL, from the Global South and Indigenous communities, must be amplified and showcased in order to rectify this glaring imbalance and contradiction.
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This is a great way to be more productive but a few things to
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2. Some of the earliest relics of Stone Age man were found in the
Soan valley near Rawalpindi, dating back to at least 50,000 years.
Predominantly an agricultural region, its inhabitants learned to
tame and husband animals and cultivate crops some 9,000 years
ago.
Farming villages dating from 6000 BC have been excavated in
Baluchistan, the North West Frontier Province and Punjab.
The Indus Valley Civilization is considered to have evolved
around 2600 BC. Built on the ruins of fortified towns near Kot
Diji, it is now believed to have emerged from farming
communities of the area.
The Civilization boasted immense cities like Moenjodaro and
Harappa. These towns were well planned, with paved main roads,
multistoried houses, watchtowers, food warehouses, and assembly
halls.
Their people developed an advanced script that still remains un-
deciphered. The Indus Civilization’s decline around 1700 BC is
attributed to foreign invaders, who at some sites violently
destroyed the cities.
But with recent research, historians have become unsure as to the
exact causes of decline of the Indus Civilization.
3. Aryans, who were rough cattle breeders, came from Central Asia around 1700
BC, seeking grazing land for their herds. Their religion was well developed,
with gods identified from elements of nature. They followed a strict caste
system, which later became Hinduism.
They wrote the first book of Hindu scripture, the Rig Veda, which was a
collection of hymns remembered through several generations. Some
anthropologists believe that there is no real historical evidence to prove the
coming of Aryans, and consider their coming as a myth.
In sixth century BC, the people of the region were getting increasingly
dissatisfied with the Hindu caste system.
When Buddha, son of a Kshatriya king preached equality in men, his teachings
were quickly accepted throughout the northern part of the Sub-continent.
Around the same time Gandhara, being the easternmost province of the
Achaemenid Empire of Persia, became a major power in the region. Its two
cities – Pushkalavati, or present day Charsadda near Peshawar, and the capital
Taxila, were the center of civilization and culture.
Alexander the Great invaded the Sub-continent in 327 BC.
4. Conquering the Kalash valley, he crossed the mighty Indus at
Ohind, sixteen miles north of Attock. He then defeated the
mighty elephant army of Porus at Jhelum, and began his
march towards the long Ganges plain. However, he was forced
to plan for homeward sailing when his war-wary troops
refused to advance further.
On his way back, a serious wound, received while battling the
Malloi people at Multan, finally took its toll, and Alexander
died in 323 BC, leaving his conquests for grab among his own
officers.
Chandragupta Maurya was an exiled member of the royal
family of Magadha, a kingdom flourishing since 700 BC on
the bank of river Ganges.
After Alexander’s death, Chandragupta captured Punjab with
his allies, and later overthrew the king of Magadha in 321 BC
to form the Mauryan Empire. After twenty-four years of
kingship, his son, Bindusara, who added Deccan to the
Mauryan rule, succeeded Chandragupta.
5. Ashoka, son of Bindusara, was one of the greatest rulers the world
has ever known. Not only did he rule a vast empire; he also tried to
rule it compassionately.
After initially causing thousands of lives during his conquest of
Kalinga, he decided to rule by the law of piety. He was instrumental
in spreading Buddhism within and outside the Sub-continent by
building Buddhist monasteries and stupas, and sending out
missionaries to foreign lands.
The Greek king of Bactria, Demetrius, conquered the Kabul River
Valley around 195 BC.
The Greeks re-built Taxila and Pushkalavati as their twin capital
cities in Gandhara. They were followed in 75 BC by the Scythians,
Iranian nomads from Central Asia, and in about 50 BC by the
powerful Parthians, from east of the Caspian Sea.
After defeating the Greeks in 53 BC, the Parthians ruled the northern
Pakistan area.
During their era of trade and economic prosperity, the Parthians
promoted art and religion. The Gandhara School of art developed,
which reflected the glory of Greek, Syrian, Persian and Indian art
traditions.
6. The Kushana king, Kujula, ruler of nomad tribes from
Central Asia, overthrew the Parthians in 64 AD and took
over Gandhara. The Kushans further extended their rule
into northwest India and Bay of Bengal, south into
Bahawalpur and short of Gujrat, and north till Kashghar and
Yarkand, into the Chinese frontier.
They made their winter capital at Purushapura, the City of
Flowers, now called Peshawar, and their summer capital
north of Kabul.
Kanishka, the greatest of Kushans, ruled from the year 128
to 151. Trade flourished during his rule, with the Romans
trading in gold for jewelry, perfumes, dyes, spices and
textiles.
Progress was made in medicine and literature. Thousands of
Buddhist monasteries and stupas were built and the best
pieces of sculpture in the Gandhara School of art were
produced. He was killed in his sleep when his own people
resisted his unending expansionist pursuits.
7. The Kushans Empire was usurped both from the North, where the
Sassanian Empire of Persia eroded their rule. and the South where the
Gupta Empire took hold. In the fourth century, due to decline in
prosperity and trade, the Kushans Empire was reduced to a new dynasty
of Kidar (Little) Kushans, with the capital now at Peshawar.
Coming from Central Asia, the White Huns, originally the horse-riding
nomads from China, invaded Gandhara during the fifth century.
With declining prosperity, and the sun and fire-worshipping Huns ruling
the land, Buddhism gradually disappeared from northern Pakistan,
taking the glory of the Gandhara School of art with it.
8. After the defeat of Huns by Sassanians and Turks in
565, the area was mostly left to be ruled by small
Hindu kingdoms, with the Turki Shahi rulers
controlling the area till Gandhara from Afghanistan,
and the raja of Kashmir ruling northern Punjab, and the
areas east of the Indus.
Buddhism’s decline continued as more people were
converted to Brahman Hindus.
Overthrowing the Turki Shahis, the Central Asian
Hindu Shahis ruled from 870 till the year 1008.
With their capital established at Hund on the Indus,
their rule extended from Jalalabad in Afghanistan to
Multan, and covered as far north as Kashmir.
9. The Arabs came to the Indian sub continent as traders long before they came as
invaders.
• Earliest contacts of Islamized Arab with Indian sub continent
Since the first appearance on the world stage, Islam has had close relation with
sub continent
1. In the region of Hazrat Umar Farooq (634-644), Sarafqi who governed Oman
sent an expedition to Thana and Barouch without seeking permission of caliph.
2. Hazrat Usman sent an expedition through Baluchistan into Sindh to gather
information about the people of India.
3. Hazrat Ali appointed Muahlib to pursue sub continent
• Muhammad bin Qasim and the conquest of Sindh
Muhammad bi Qasim was conquest Sindh in 712 A.D. al walid ibn abdul malik.
The king of Ceylon (present day Srilanka) dispatched a ship to the governor of Iraq ;
Hajjaj bin Yousaf . The ship was attacked by the pirates as it passed the mouth of
Indus.
10. The were seized by the pirates and the Arab merchants were detained.
Hijjaj bin Yousaf asked Raja Dahir, to set the captives free and take
action against the pirates.
Raja Dahir bluntly replied that he had no control over the pirates. Hijjaj
Bin Yousaf the decided to retaliate.
First two expeditions sent by Hijjaj against Dahir failed.
He then commissioned his son in law Imdad ud Din Muhammad Bin
Qasim, who at that time was at Fars (Iran), was reinforced 6000 men
from Syria and other places.
• Muhammad bin Qasim recalled and post Qasim developments.
After the death of Walid Bin Abdul Malik, Suleman bin Abdul Malik
succeeded him, New caliph recalled Muhammad bin Qasim to his
country where he was executed in 715 A.D.
Recalling of Muhammad Bin Qasim stopped the further advance of Arab
army towards north and east.
11. Muslim intrusion from the north-west
By the 10th century, many new principalities were conquered and
ruled by the Turks who had been initially brought into the Arab
Armies as slave soldiers. The Turks were central Asian people
who after their conversion to Islam in the 8th and 9th century led
the next wave of Islamic conquests.
• Ghaznavid Density
Ghaznavid dynasty receives its name from the city of Ghazni in
modern Afghanistan. Alaptagin one of the most enterprising of
Turkish officers was the founder of Ghazni. After the death of
Alaptagin in 977 A.D his son in law Subuktugin ascended the
throne of Ghazni.
• Subuktugin
• He deserve the footnote in the history for being the first Muslim
to move across the Khyber pass into the sub-continent. After his
victory, subuktugin did not established a foothold across the
Khyber pass and returned to Ghazni.
12. Sultan Mahmood Ghaznavi, the idol broker
He became the king of Ghzni in 997 A.D after the death of his father
Subuktugin. Between the year 1001 and 1025 he conducted seventeen
campaigns in India. The most famous expedition od Mahmood’s was on the
temple of somnath in 1025 A.D.
The house of Ghazni fell into terminal decline with the death of Sultan
Mahmood Ghaznavi in 1031 A.D. However, thenks to sheer awe in which his
name was held, the Ghaznavid dynasty managed to survive another 150 years.
• Critical analysis of sultan Mahmood Ghaznavi
• Hindu writers have described him as a barbarian who indulged in wanton
crimes against humanity and civilization.
• Muslim writers present Sultan Mahmood as the champion of Islam and the
idol breaker.
Sultan Mahmood contented himself with raiding the sub-continent. Rather he
eyed the treasures of the land of Indo-Pak coupled with the added attraction of
fighting the idol worshippers.
13. Ghurid Dynsity
Expansion of Muslim power from the Indus valley to India
2. Muizz ud din Sam commonly known as Shahabudin Ghuri captured the throne of
Ghazni in 1174 A.D. he than laid his first raid into the sub-continent in1175 A.D
capturing Peshawar, Mulatn, and Sindh. In 1186 Ghuri captured Lahore by defeating the
last Ghaznavid king Khusru Malik bringing the Ghaznavid dynasty to an end.
Expansion of Muslim power from the Indus valley to India
Muhammad Ghuri became the first Muslim conqueror to move across the rivers of
Punjab to fight the Hindu rulers for Delhi. His capturing of Bhainda angered the
Chauhans and war became inevitable.
First battle of Tarain
The battle B/w Ghuri and combined army of Rajputs led by pirthvi raj Chuhan took
place at Tarain.in 1190-91. Ghuri was defeated and had to retreat to his bastion of
Ghazni.
Second battle of Tarain
In 1192 another battle took place b/w the armies of Ghuri and Pirthvi. This time
Mamood ghuri eventually turned successful and Punjab was captured. After this Ghuri
captured whole of the northern part of the sub-continent. He also moved south wards
and captured Banars, Gwalior as wellas Rajhistan.
14. Mahmood Ghuri appointed his brilliant slave general Qutub ud
din Aibak as a governor of Lahore and Delhi while himself
returned to ghazni.
• Muhammad Ghauri an Appraisal.
He must credited for providing the Muslim with an opportunity
of establishing permanent foothold in the sub-continent. After his
death the Ghurid dynasty relapsed into insignificance but the
dominations it had conquered in India were not lost to the
Muslim; they were consolidated under the rule of Ghuris until
1857, there was always a Muslim ruler on the throne of Delhi.
Delhi Sultanate
The period from the death of Muhammad Ghuri in 1206 till the
advent of Mughals in the Sub-continent in 1526 is known in
history as a period Delhi sultanate
15. Five Dynasty ruled on sub continent
(S.K.T.S.L)
1. Slave or Mamulak Dynasty (1206-1290)
The slave dynasty was founded by Qutub ud din Aibak who was credited
with the establishment of first Muslim sultanate in the sub-continent. The
rulers of slave dynasty were all the Turks.
Qutub ud din Aibak was succeeded by his son in law Shams udin iltumish in
1210.
In the early years of his region he was faced threats from Nasirudin Qabecha of
Multan and the khilji ruler of Bengal and Bihar, Ali Mardan khan. Iltutimish
was able to subdue both khilji and Qabacha but the khilji threat did not go
away and many years later they were eventually successful in taking over
Delhi.
Iltumish was succeeded by his daughter Razia sultana in 1236. She has the
distinction of being the first female Muslim ruler of the sub-continent.
Although a very competent ruler, her only disqualification was that she was
a woman, thus she was unable to survive very long time and was murdered
in 1240 and replaced by his brother Bahram shah.
Another famous ruler of this dynasty was Ghaisud din balbone , was a Turkish
slave. He ascended the throne of delhi in 1266. And restored law and order.
The slave dynasty ended when the khiljis appeared to take charge of the
throne of delhi.
16. 2. Khilji dynasty (1290-1320)
Dynasty was founded by Jalaludin khilji, at the age of 70. He
was succeeded by his nephew Alaudin khilji who became the
first Muslim ruler to conquer centeral and southern India. He
died in 1316 and was succeeded by Mumbarak shah who proved
to be the last ruler of the khilji dynasty.
3. Taghlak Dynasty(1320-1412)
Founded by Ghaisud din Tughliq in the year 1320A.D. He ruled
delhi for five years and was killed in 1325 by his own son Juna
khan or Muhammad Tughliq who became the ruler of delhi. In
1398, Timor invaded the sub-continent and decimated whatever
came in his way.his invasion shook the Tughlaq dynasty to its
core and ultimately in 1412A.D the Tughliq dynasty went into
oblivion for good.
17. 4. Sayyed Density (1414-1451)
Founded by Khizr Khan who appointed as a nominee by Timor
to delhi. It lasted till 1451. And four Sulatns ruled Delhi during
this time. Last one was Shah Alam who was happy to retire in
peace after giving his authority to rule to Bahlol Khan Lodhi, the
first Pathan sultan of Delhi.
5. Lodhi Dynasty ( 1451-1526)
Bahlol Lodhi was succeeded by Sikander lodhi. The last ruler of
Lodhi dynasty was Ibrahim Lodhi defeated by Babur in the first
battle of Panipat in 1526..
• Delhi Sultanate and Islam
Majority of saints and Sufi came to the Indian sub continent in
the reign of Delhi sultanate. These Sufis played an important role
in spreading the teaching of islam.
18. • Mughal Dynasty (1526-1857)
Mughals ruled India from the 1526 till 1857, founded by Bbur who had descended from the Turik
conqueror Timor on his father side and from Mangol ruler Genghis Khan on his mother’s side
Rulers of Mughal
Babur (1526-1530)
Humayon (1530-1555)
Akber (1555-1605)
Jahangir (1605-27)
Shah Jahan (1628-58)
Aurangzab (1658-1707)
Factors contributing towards the spread of Islam in sub continent
• Arrival of mystics and missionaries
• Inter marriages
• Irresistible appeal of Islamic teaching
Monotheism, equality, tolerance, justice
• Financial aid to religious seminars
• Liberation from caste system
• Escaping from Jazya( poll tax)