World Bank estimated, in 2025 the production of municipal solid waste will be 2.2 billion tones worldwide. With this amount, we are more and more polluting our own environment. Seven to eight percent of the total greenhouse gas emissions arise from continued landfilling. EfW (WtE) does not only decrease the volume of waste, it also protects natural resources like land and water. There is no additional need for landfills, where leakage can occur and pollute our tap water. It also protects air and climate because the regulations by law for EfW are more stringent than for coal fired power plants or any other industry. EfW plants decrease the greenhouse gases which come from landfill.
This document provides an overview of waste-to-energy technologies and discusses their viability and use in India. It begins with definitions of waste-to-energy and discusses why these systems are used to address environmental issues from landfills and fossil fuels. It then covers the technological processes, current statistics on waste generation in major Indian cities, and considerations for technology selection. The document also discusses the commercial viability and key government policies supporting waste-to-energy in India. It analyzes the environmental performance and provides a case study on a large waste-to-energy project in Delhi.
Waste to energy projects with reference to MSW, Sourabh Manuja, TERI, IndiaESD UNU-IAS
This lecture is part of the 2016 ProSPER.Net Young Researchers’ School on sustainable energy for transforming lives: availability, accessibility, affordability
This document provides an introduction to waste-to-energy technologies. It discusses various types of solid waste including municipal and hazardous waste. It describes established waste treatment methods like composting, incineration, and landfills. Newer technologies like plasma gasification are introduced. The document also addresses environmental concerns associated with waste treatment and discusses methods like waste burning and methane capture in more detail.
1. The document discusses municipal solid waste (MSW) management and waste-to-energy (WTE) technologies. It provides details on MSW generation rates in different parts of the world and the waste management hierarchy.
2. Methane emissions from landfills contribute significantly to global warming. WTE through combustion can reduce methane emissions compared to landfilling while also generating renewable energy from the biogenic fraction of MSW.
3. The document describes the WTE combustion process and flue gas cleaning technologies used to minimize air pollutant emissions. Ash management and the potential environmental concerns with incineration are also discussed.
This document presents information on alternative energy sources from waste-to-energy processes. It discusses various conversion techniques used to generate thermal energy or bioenergy from municipal solid waste, including thermochemical processes like incineration and gasification, and biochemical processes like anaerobic digestion. The costs, utility, and socio-economic and environmental impacts of waste-to-energy technologies in India are also examined. The conclusion states that waste-to-energy plants provide the benefits of environmentally-safe waste management and renewable energy generation through different conversion methods.
The document discusses various waste-to-energy (WTE) technologies. It notes that population growth and increasing waste and energy demands have created environmental and economic challenges. WTE provides a solution by enabling renewable energy generation from waste through processes like combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, and anaerobic digestion. Common WTE technologies include combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, anaerobic digestion, and landfill gas. Selection criteria for WTE technologies include considering economy, environment, energy recovery potential, emissions control, and waste characteristics.
Refuse derived fuel (RDF) is a fuel produced from various types of waste such as paper, plastic, wood and food waste. The RDF production process involves sorting, shredding, drying and pelletizing the waste into fuel pellets. RDF has a higher calorific value than coal and burns cleaner with lower emissions. It can be used in cement kilns, power plants and industrial boilers as a renewable alternative to fossil fuels. Producing RDF from municipal solid waste generates energy while reducing the amount of waste sent to landfills.
This document provides an overview of waste-to-energy technologies and discusses their viability and use in India. It begins with definitions of waste-to-energy and discusses why these systems are used to address environmental issues from landfills and fossil fuels. It then covers the technological processes, current statistics on waste generation in major Indian cities, and considerations for technology selection. The document also discusses the commercial viability and key government policies supporting waste-to-energy in India. It analyzes the environmental performance and provides a case study on a large waste-to-energy project in Delhi.
Waste to energy projects with reference to MSW, Sourabh Manuja, TERI, IndiaESD UNU-IAS
This lecture is part of the 2016 ProSPER.Net Young Researchers’ School on sustainable energy for transforming lives: availability, accessibility, affordability
This document provides an introduction to waste-to-energy technologies. It discusses various types of solid waste including municipal and hazardous waste. It describes established waste treatment methods like composting, incineration, and landfills. Newer technologies like plasma gasification are introduced. The document also addresses environmental concerns associated with waste treatment and discusses methods like waste burning and methane capture in more detail.
1. The document discusses municipal solid waste (MSW) management and waste-to-energy (WTE) technologies. It provides details on MSW generation rates in different parts of the world and the waste management hierarchy.
2. Methane emissions from landfills contribute significantly to global warming. WTE through combustion can reduce methane emissions compared to landfilling while also generating renewable energy from the biogenic fraction of MSW.
3. The document describes the WTE combustion process and flue gas cleaning technologies used to minimize air pollutant emissions. Ash management and the potential environmental concerns with incineration are also discussed.
This document presents information on alternative energy sources from waste-to-energy processes. It discusses various conversion techniques used to generate thermal energy or bioenergy from municipal solid waste, including thermochemical processes like incineration and gasification, and biochemical processes like anaerobic digestion. The costs, utility, and socio-economic and environmental impacts of waste-to-energy technologies in India are also examined. The conclusion states that waste-to-energy plants provide the benefits of environmentally-safe waste management and renewable energy generation through different conversion methods.
The document discusses various waste-to-energy (WTE) technologies. It notes that population growth and increasing waste and energy demands have created environmental and economic challenges. WTE provides a solution by enabling renewable energy generation from waste through processes like combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, and anaerobic digestion. Common WTE technologies include combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, anaerobic digestion, and landfill gas. Selection criteria for WTE technologies include considering economy, environment, energy recovery potential, emissions control, and waste characteristics.
Refuse derived fuel (RDF) is a fuel produced from various types of waste such as paper, plastic, wood and food waste. The RDF production process involves sorting, shredding, drying and pelletizing the waste into fuel pellets. RDF has a higher calorific value than coal and burns cleaner with lower emissions. It can be used in cement kilns, power plants and industrial boilers as a renewable alternative to fossil fuels. Producing RDF from municipal solid waste generates energy while reducing the amount of waste sent to landfills.
According to EPA regulations, solid waste includes any garbage, refuse, sludge, and discarded materials from industrial, commercial, mining, agricultural, and community activities. Solid wastes can be classified based on their properties (e.g. biodegradable vs non-biodegradable), health and environmental effects (e.g. hazardous vs non-hazardous), and origin/type (e.g. municipal, medical, industrial, agricultural, radioactive, electronic). Improper waste management can negatively impact human health, the environment, and climate. The waste hierarchy refers to reducing, reusing and recycling waste. Common methods for solid waste disposal include landfilling, incineration, pyrolysis, gasification, and
ENERGY FROM SOLID WASTE- SOURCE,TYPES AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONSGowri Prabhu
This document discusses energy from solid waste, including the sources and types of solid waste and various technologies for converting waste into energy. It describes thermochemical, biochemical, and physicochemical conversion pathways. Thermochemical processes include incineration, gasification, and pyrolysis which convert organic waste into energy through combustion or thermal degradation. Biochemical and physicochemical methods like anaerobic digestion and transesterification convert waste into fuels like methane, ethanol and biodiesel. While waste-to-energy has benefits, public concerns remain around air pollution and potential groundwater contamination from ash.
Waste-to-energy technologies convert waste matter into various forms of fuel that can be used to supply energy. Waste feed stocks can include municipal solid waste (MSW); construction and demolition (C&D) debris; agricultural waste, such as crop silage and livestock manure; industrial waste from coal mining, lumber mills, or other facilities; and even the gases that are naturally produced within landfills.
The document discusses solid waste management. It defines various terms related to solid waste like ash, biodegradable material, composting, disposal, landfilling, leachate, and municipal solid waste (MSW). It describes the composition, characteristics, collection methods, and treatment/disposal methods of solid waste. The common treatment/disposal methods discussed are composting, incineration, and landfilling. It provides details on composting methods like trench composting, windrow composting, and mechanical composting.
This document discusses how waste management relates to the concept of a circular economy in the context of the emerging third industrial revolution. It describes how waste management has evolved over the course of previous industrial revolutions from a public health issue to a regulated industry. The concept of a circular economy aims to improve resource productivity and control scarcity through closed-loop material flows and business models. The third industrial revolution, driven by new technologies, presents both a threat and opportunity for transitioning to more circular models of production and consumption.
This document discusses worldwide consumption and waste problems and proposes a solution using LTC technology. It notes that consumption is increasing rapidly worldwide, leading to issues like increased pollution from mass production, urbanization, and energy demands. Waste is also a growing global problem, with garbage covering the planet and each person producing half a ton per year. The proposed solution is the LTC (Low Temperature Conversion) technology, which can convert any organic waste into recyclable materials and renewable energy through a thermocatalytic process without combustion at temperatures below 650 degrees Celsius. This process avoids pollution, replaces fossil fuels, reduces emissions, and increases energy production efficiency compared to conventional plants.
12 million tons of recycled waste from UK households and businesses is illegally dumped or unknowingly wasted every year, much of it exported to foreign landfill sites. The export of rubbish, mainly to Asia via Europe, has doubled over the past decade as councils look to cut costs. The UK government has found that illegally exported waste includes household recycling, used tires sent to China, and electronic waste dumped in landfills in West Africa. In response, the government will tighten inspections at ports and require councils to improve recycling quality and audit waste management processes to curb this illegal and environmentally harmful practice.
Waste Plastic to Oil Conversion. Production of Oil from Waste Plastics and Polythene using Pyrolysis Process. Waste Plastic Pyrolysis
Pyrolysis is the chemical decomposition of organic substances by heating the word is originally coined from the Greek-derived elements pyro "fire" and lysys "decomposition". Pyrolysis is usually the first chemical reaction that occurs in the burning of many solid organic fuels, cloth, like wood, and paper, and also of some kinds of plastic. Anhydrous Pyrolysis process can also be used to produce liquid fuel similar to diesel from plastic waste. Pyrolysis technology is thermal degradation process in the absence of oxygen. Plastic waste is treated in a cylindrical reactor at temperature of 300ºC – 350ºC. Now a day’s plastics waste is very harmful to our nature also for human beings. Plastic is not easily decomposable its affect in fertilization, atmosphere, mainly effect on ozone layer so it is necessary to recycle these waste plastic into useful things. So we recycle this waste plastic into a useful fuel.
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Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
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Plastic Pyrolysis Plant, Plastic to Oil, Pyrolysis (Plastic to Oil) Process, What is Pyrolysis? Pyrolysis Plant, Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Oil Process, Pyrolysis of Plastic Wastes, Waste Plastic Pyrolysis, Pyrolysis of Plastic to Oil, Pyrolysis of Plastic Pdf, Pyrolysis of Plastic Waste to Liquid Fuel, Plastic Pyrolysis Plant in India, Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Plant, Plastic Pyrolysis Plant Cost, Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Process, Plastic to Fuel, Pyrolysis of Waste Plastics into Fuels, Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Plant Project Report Pdf, Converting Plastic to Oil, How to Convert Plastic to Oil? Converting Plastic Waste to Fuel, Waste Plastic to Oil, Conversion of Waste Plastic to Lubricating Base Oil, Waste Plastic to Fuel Oil Conversion Plant, Converting Plastic to Oil Plant, Plastic 2 Oil Conversion Plant, Production of Oil from Waste Plastics Using Pyrolysis, Waste Plastic to Oil Conversion Technology, Waste Plastic to Fuel Conversion Plant, Pyrolysis of Plastic Waste, Recycling Plastic in India, Recycling Process turns Waste Plastic into Oil, Making Oil from Plastic, Projects on Small Scale Industries, Small scale industries projects ideas, Plastic Pyrolysis Plant Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Project profile on small scale industries, New project profile on Plastic Pyrolysis Plant, Project Report on Plastic Pyrolysis Plant, Detailed Project Report on Plastic Pyrolysis Plant, Project Report on Plastic Pyrolysis Plant, Pre-Investment Feasibility Study on Plastic Pyrolysis Plant,
Waste-to-energy is a process that converts non-recyclable waste into useable energy through various processes including combustion, gasification, anaerobic digestion, and pyrolysis. It provides a way to reduce waste volumes while generating electricity, heat, or fuels. The presentation discusses several waste-to-energy methods - incineration converts waste into heat for electricity generation; gasification produces a synthetic gas that can power gas turbines; anaerobic digestion of organic waste produces biogas; and plastic waste can be converted into fuel through pyrolysis. These processes help reduce pollution, provide renewable energy sources, and make productive use of waste materials.
The document proposes a waste to energy industrial complex that would provide recycling solutions, environmental cleanup, renewable energy production, and other economic and social benefits. The complex would include a recycling sort plant and a waste to energy gasification plant that converts municipal solid waste into renewable syngas and electricity. It claims the complex could be a self-sustaining profitable operation that would create jobs and economic development while reducing pollution and landfill waste.
This document discusses solid waste management. It defines different types of solid waste and sources of waste. The three main types are household waste, industrial waste, and biomedical waste. Effective waste management involves proper storage, collection, transport, recycling, and disposal. Challenges of improper waste management include health hazards from disease outbreaks. Modern technologies can help improve waste collection efficiency. Public awareness and private sector involvement are needed for better solid waste management.
This document discusses solid waste management. It defines solid waste and classifies it based on origin and properties. It describes the composition of refuse and different collection methods. The effects of solid waste are explained along with various management approaches like the 3Rs and different disposal methods including landfilling, incineration, composting, and more. Recommendations are provided around improving management through public awareness, prohibiting littering, and increasing waste collection. Finally, key legal provisions governing solid waste handling and management in India are outlined.
Waste-to-energy uses trash as a fuel for generating power, just as other power plants use coal, oil, or natural gas. The burning fuel heats water into steam that drives a turbine to create electricity.
Municipal solid waste (MSW) can be converted to energy through various processes. Pyrolysis involves heating waste in an oxygen-limited environment to produce syngas. Gasification uses partial combustion at high temperatures to produce syngas. Plasma arc gasification uses an electric arc at 4000-7000°C to convert waste to syngas and vitrified slag. Mass burn incineration fully combusts waste at 500-1200°C to produce steam for electricity generation. The composition and properties of MSW can vary significantly depending on factors like income level and source material. Converting MSW to energy provides a way to reduce waste while generating renewable power.
Project report on municipal solid waste management MDZAFARHASIB
This document discusses municipal solid waste management in developing countries. It begins by defining municipal solid waste and providing an overview of the solid waste management scenario in developing nations like India. It then outlines the typical steps involved in solid waste management - collection, transportation, recycling, treatment and disposal. Specific technologies and methods used at each step are described. The document also reviews initiatives and technologies adopted in India for solid waste management. It concludes by discussing literature on the topic and characteristics of municipal solid waste.
Municipal solid waste (MSW) consists of everyday items discarded by the public. MSW generation is rapidly increasing worldwide due to population growth and increased consumption. Traditional waste disposal methods are no longer viable. This document discusses the nature and management of MSW in India. It outlines key challenges facing MSW management in India and explores various technical solutions for processing MSW, including composting, biomethanation, gasification, refuse derived fuel production, and waste-to-energy. Private sector involvement is growing in MSW management across India.
Plasma gasification of solid waste into fuelDivya Gupta
The document discusses challenges and opportunities related to solid waste management. Global solid waste is projected to double by 2025, with India generating 100,000 metric tons per day. This waste can be used to generate energy. Plasma gasification is highlighted as a unique opportunity to mitigate waste challenges by converting waste into syngas and vitrified slag at very high temperatures without greenhouse gas emissions. It produces more electricity per ton of waste than other waste-to-energy methods like incineration and gasification. The document then provides details on the plasma gasification process and its advantages over other waste treatment options.
Public Private Partnership in Municipal Solid Waste Management in IndiaBashir Shirazi
The document discusses public-private partnerships for municipal solid waste management in India. It outlines the key drivers for private sector involvement, including growing waste quantities and legal obligations. It also describes common PPP models used for different waste management components and the roles of private partners. Key challenges for local governments include funding, expertise, and land acquisition. Success requires factors such as guaranteed waste supply, clear contracts, timely payments, and political support. Independent engineers help monitor project performance and compliance.
This document discusses incineration of hazardous wastes including types of wastes, strategies for deciding whether incineration is appropriate, technology descriptions of different incineration systems, and considerations for incinerating infectious, chemical, and dedicated waste streams. Key incineration technologies described are fixed hearth, fluidized bed, rotary kiln, and liquid waste incinerators.
A Treasureful of Waste | Insight MagazineHeba Hashem
1) The global waste-to-energy industry is forecasted to reach $29.2 billion by 2020 and up to $80.6 billion, as countries look to more sustainable waste management solutions.
2) Sharjah is building the largest waste-to-energy plant in the Middle East, which will process 400,000 tonnes of waste annually and generate over 80 megawatts of power when complete in 2016.
3) Abu Dhabi is developing one of the world's largest waste-to-energy facilities, which will treat 1 million tonnes of waste per year and produce 100 megawatts of electricity.
According to EPA regulations, solid waste includes any garbage, refuse, sludge, and discarded materials from industrial, commercial, mining, agricultural, and community activities. Solid wastes can be classified based on their properties (e.g. biodegradable vs non-biodegradable), health and environmental effects (e.g. hazardous vs non-hazardous), and origin/type (e.g. municipal, medical, industrial, agricultural, radioactive, electronic). Improper waste management can negatively impact human health, the environment, and climate. The waste hierarchy refers to reducing, reusing and recycling waste. Common methods for solid waste disposal include landfilling, incineration, pyrolysis, gasification, and
ENERGY FROM SOLID WASTE- SOURCE,TYPES AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONSGowri Prabhu
This document discusses energy from solid waste, including the sources and types of solid waste and various technologies for converting waste into energy. It describes thermochemical, biochemical, and physicochemical conversion pathways. Thermochemical processes include incineration, gasification, and pyrolysis which convert organic waste into energy through combustion or thermal degradation. Biochemical and physicochemical methods like anaerobic digestion and transesterification convert waste into fuels like methane, ethanol and biodiesel. While waste-to-energy has benefits, public concerns remain around air pollution and potential groundwater contamination from ash.
Waste-to-energy technologies convert waste matter into various forms of fuel that can be used to supply energy. Waste feed stocks can include municipal solid waste (MSW); construction and demolition (C&D) debris; agricultural waste, such as crop silage and livestock manure; industrial waste from coal mining, lumber mills, or other facilities; and even the gases that are naturally produced within landfills.
The document discusses solid waste management. It defines various terms related to solid waste like ash, biodegradable material, composting, disposal, landfilling, leachate, and municipal solid waste (MSW). It describes the composition, characteristics, collection methods, and treatment/disposal methods of solid waste. The common treatment/disposal methods discussed are composting, incineration, and landfilling. It provides details on composting methods like trench composting, windrow composting, and mechanical composting.
This document discusses how waste management relates to the concept of a circular economy in the context of the emerging third industrial revolution. It describes how waste management has evolved over the course of previous industrial revolutions from a public health issue to a regulated industry. The concept of a circular economy aims to improve resource productivity and control scarcity through closed-loop material flows and business models. The third industrial revolution, driven by new technologies, presents both a threat and opportunity for transitioning to more circular models of production and consumption.
This document discusses worldwide consumption and waste problems and proposes a solution using LTC technology. It notes that consumption is increasing rapidly worldwide, leading to issues like increased pollution from mass production, urbanization, and energy demands. Waste is also a growing global problem, with garbage covering the planet and each person producing half a ton per year. The proposed solution is the LTC (Low Temperature Conversion) technology, which can convert any organic waste into recyclable materials and renewable energy through a thermocatalytic process without combustion at temperatures below 650 degrees Celsius. This process avoids pollution, replaces fossil fuels, reduces emissions, and increases energy production efficiency compared to conventional plants.
12 million tons of recycled waste from UK households and businesses is illegally dumped or unknowingly wasted every year, much of it exported to foreign landfill sites. The export of rubbish, mainly to Asia via Europe, has doubled over the past decade as councils look to cut costs. The UK government has found that illegally exported waste includes household recycling, used tires sent to China, and electronic waste dumped in landfills in West Africa. In response, the government will tighten inspections at ports and require councils to improve recycling quality and audit waste management processes to curb this illegal and environmentally harmful practice.
Waste Plastic to Oil Conversion. Production of Oil from Waste Plastics and Polythene using Pyrolysis Process. Waste Plastic Pyrolysis
Pyrolysis is the chemical decomposition of organic substances by heating the word is originally coined from the Greek-derived elements pyro "fire" and lysys "decomposition". Pyrolysis is usually the first chemical reaction that occurs in the burning of many solid organic fuels, cloth, like wood, and paper, and also of some kinds of plastic. Anhydrous Pyrolysis process can also be used to produce liquid fuel similar to diesel from plastic waste. Pyrolysis technology is thermal degradation process in the absence of oxygen. Plastic waste is treated in a cylindrical reactor at temperature of 300ºC – 350ºC. Now a day’s plastics waste is very harmful to our nature also for human beings. Plastic is not easily decomposable its affect in fertilization, atmosphere, mainly effect on ozone layer so it is necessary to recycle these waste plastic into useful things. So we recycle this waste plastic into a useful fuel.
See more
https://goo.gl/5rd15q
https://goo.gl/Rc7VBM
https://goo.gl/CvD9Kh
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Plastic Pyrolysis Plant, Plastic to Oil, Pyrolysis (Plastic to Oil) Process, What is Pyrolysis? Pyrolysis Plant, Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Oil Process, Pyrolysis of Plastic Wastes, Waste Plastic Pyrolysis, Pyrolysis of Plastic to Oil, Pyrolysis of Plastic Pdf, Pyrolysis of Plastic Waste to Liquid Fuel, Plastic Pyrolysis Plant in India, Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Plant, Plastic Pyrolysis Plant Cost, Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Process, Plastic to Fuel, Pyrolysis of Waste Plastics into Fuels, Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Plant Project Report Pdf, Converting Plastic to Oil, How to Convert Plastic to Oil? Converting Plastic Waste to Fuel, Waste Plastic to Oil, Conversion of Waste Plastic to Lubricating Base Oil, Waste Plastic to Fuel Oil Conversion Plant, Converting Plastic to Oil Plant, Plastic 2 Oil Conversion Plant, Production of Oil from Waste Plastics Using Pyrolysis, Waste Plastic to Oil Conversion Technology, Waste Plastic to Fuel Conversion Plant, Pyrolysis of Plastic Waste, Recycling Plastic in India, Recycling Process turns Waste Plastic into Oil, Making Oil from Plastic, Projects on Small Scale Industries, Small scale industries projects ideas, Plastic Pyrolysis Plant Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Project profile on small scale industries, New project profile on Plastic Pyrolysis Plant, Project Report on Plastic Pyrolysis Plant, Detailed Project Report on Plastic Pyrolysis Plant, Project Report on Plastic Pyrolysis Plant, Pre-Investment Feasibility Study on Plastic Pyrolysis Plant,
Waste-to-energy is a process that converts non-recyclable waste into useable energy through various processes including combustion, gasification, anaerobic digestion, and pyrolysis. It provides a way to reduce waste volumes while generating electricity, heat, or fuels. The presentation discusses several waste-to-energy methods - incineration converts waste into heat for electricity generation; gasification produces a synthetic gas that can power gas turbines; anaerobic digestion of organic waste produces biogas; and plastic waste can be converted into fuel through pyrolysis. These processes help reduce pollution, provide renewable energy sources, and make productive use of waste materials.
The document proposes a waste to energy industrial complex that would provide recycling solutions, environmental cleanup, renewable energy production, and other economic and social benefits. The complex would include a recycling sort plant and a waste to energy gasification plant that converts municipal solid waste into renewable syngas and electricity. It claims the complex could be a self-sustaining profitable operation that would create jobs and economic development while reducing pollution and landfill waste.
This document discusses solid waste management. It defines different types of solid waste and sources of waste. The three main types are household waste, industrial waste, and biomedical waste. Effective waste management involves proper storage, collection, transport, recycling, and disposal. Challenges of improper waste management include health hazards from disease outbreaks. Modern technologies can help improve waste collection efficiency. Public awareness and private sector involvement are needed for better solid waste management.
This document discusses solid waste management. It defines solid waste and classifies it based on origin and properties. It describes the composition of refuse and different collection methods. The effects of solid waste are explained along with various management approaches like the 3Rs and different disposal methods including landfilling, incineration, composting, and more. Recommendations are provided around improving management through public awareness, prohibiting littering, and increasing waste collection. Finally, key legal provisions governing solid waste handling and management in India are outlined.
Waste-to-energy uses trash as a fuel for generating power, just as other power plants use coal, oil, or natural gas. The burning fuel heats water into steam that drives a turbine to create electricity.
Municipal solid waste (MSW) can be converted to energy through various processes. Pyrolysis involves heating waste in an oxygen-limited environment to produce syngas. Gasification uses partial combustion at high temperatures to produce syngas. Plasma arc gasification uses an electric arc at 4000-7000°C to convert waste to syngas and vitrified slag. Mass burn incineration fully combusts waste at 500-1200°C to produce steam for electricity generation. The composition and properties of MSW can vary significantly depending on factors like income level and source material. Converting MSW to energy provides a way to reduce waste while generating renewable power.
Project report on municipal solid waste management MDZAFARHASIB
This document discusses municipal solid waste management in developing countries. It begins by defining municipal solid waste and providing an overview of the solid waste management scenario in developing nations like India. It then outlines the typical steps involved in solid waste management - collection, transportation, recycling, treatment and disposal. Specific technologies and methods used at each step are described. The document also reviews initiatives and technologies adopted in India for solid waste management. It concludes by discussing literature on the topic and characteristics of municipal solid waste.
Municipal solid waste (MSW) consists of everyday items discarded by the public. MSW generation is rapidly increasing worldwide due to population growth and increased consumption. Traditional waste disposal methods are no longer viable. This document discusses the nature and management of MSW in India. It outlines key challenges facing MSW management in India and explores various technical solutions for processing MSW, including composting, biomethanation, gasification, refuse derived fuel production, and waste-to-energy. Private sector involvement is growing in MSW management across India.
Plasma gasification of solid waste into fuelDivya Gupta
The document discusses challenges and opportunities related to solid waste management. Global solid waste is projected to double by 2025, with India generating 100,000 metric tons per day. This waste can be used to generate energy. Plasma gasification is highlighted as a unique opportunity to mitigate waste challenges by converting waste into syngas and vitrified slag at very high temperatures without greenhouse gas emissions. It produces more electricity per ton of waste than other waste-to-energy methods like incineration and gasification. The document then provides details on the plasma gasification process and its advantages over other waste treatment options.
Public Private Partnership in Municipal Solid Waste Management in IndiaBashir Shirazi
The document discusses public-private partnerships for municipal solid waste management in India. It outlines the key drivers for private sector involvement, including growing waste quantities and legal obligations. It also describes common PPP models used for different waste management components and the roles of private partners. Key challenges for local governments include funding, expertise, and land acquisition. Success requires factors such as guaranteed waste supply, clear contracts, timely payments, and political support. Independent engineers help monitor project performance and compliance.
This document discusses incineration of hazardous wastes including types of wastes, strategies for deciding whether incineration is appropriate, technology descriptions of different incineration systems, and considerations for incinerating infectious, chemical, and dedicated waste streams. Key incineration technologies described are fixed hearth, fluidized bed, rotary kiln, and liquid waste incinerators.
A Treasureful of Waste | Insight MagazineHeba Hashem
1) The global waste-to-energy industry is forecasted to reach $29.2 billion by 2020 and up to $80.6 billion, as countries look to more sustainable waste management solutions.
2) Sharjah is building the largest waste-to-energy plant in the Middle East, which will process 400,000 tonnes of waste annually and generate over 80 megawatts of power when complete in 2016.
3) Abu Dhabi is developing one of the world's largest waste-to-energy facilities, which will treat 1 million tonnes of waste per year and produce 100 megawatts of electricity.
Integrated green technologies for msw (mam ver.)mamdouh sabour
SA is facing a great challenges for waste management due to the fast demographic and industrial growth, which left the country with accumulative amount of generated waste that needs to be managed in the most cost-effective, sustainable and green.
On 12 May 2011 the Bath Branch held a lively meeting at the Bath Spa Hotel at which Simon Drury, representing WRAP (Waste & Resources Action Programme), gave a presentation on the Waste Electrical & Electronic Equipment Regulations (WEEE). Simon's presentation really engaged with the members present and a lively evening was finished off with a practical demonstartion as participants were invited to dismantle common household items (and electric kettle and a desktop fan) to try to see how their design could be imporved to make their eventual recycling easier and more complete.
The document discusses India's growing demand for power and the environmental issues caused by coal-fired thermal power plants. It proposes a solution to generate bricks from fly ash, lime and gypsum (FaL-G bricks) which would utilize waste, reduce emissions and provide economic benefits through carbon credits. FaL-G brick production would be promoted through partnerships between organizations and entrepreneurs.
Waste to energy is an important way to deal with the large amounts of municipal solid waste generated in India each year. Currently, most waste ends up in landfills and water bodies, causing pollution. There are several techniques to generate energy from waste, including combustion/incineration, anaerobic digestion, and pyrolysis/gasification. A case study of Eluru, Andhra Pradesh shows that the city generates around 60 tons of waste per day, which has the potential to generate about 3 megawatts of energy through waste to energy processes. The Indian government provides various financial incentives to encourage the development of waste to energy plants.
The document discusses financing models for sewerage projects in India. It describes the Design-Build-Operate (DBO) model where the private sector operates and maintains assets owned by the public sector. It also outlines various types of Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) models where the private sector finances, builds, and operates assets. Specifically, it discusses BOT models where a third party is paid either through annuities by the government or user fees. It also discusses a BOT model where an industrial end-user owns and operates sewerage infrastructure. It analyzes factors for the successful implementation of each model in the Indian context.
DESIGN & FABRICATION OF SHREDDING CUM BRIQUETTING MACHINE REPORT Eshver chandra
The demand for energy is becoming a critical challenge for the world as the population continues to grow. This call for Sustainable energy production and supply such as renewable energy technologies. Renewable energy technologies are safe sources of energy that have a much lower environmental impact than conventional energy technologies. So shredding machine is a key to make briquettes which will be used in industries as well as domestic purpose.
Feasibility Study of ‘INTEGRATED RESOURCE MANAGEMENT in Nepal’ Dr Ramhari Poudyal
१ फाल्गुन, २०७८
प्रविधिमार्फत फोहोर व्यवस्थापन गर्ने गरी पूर्वी चितवनका चार नगरपालिकालाई प्रस्ताव गरिएको छ । सफा उर्जा नामक गैरसहकारी संस्थाले चार पालिकाबाट निस्कने फोहोरको सामुहिक व्यवस्थापन गर्ने गरी प्रस्ताव गरेको हो । कार्यक्रममा सफा उर्जाका निर्देशक डा रामहरि पौडेलले फोहोर व्यवस्थापनमा पालिकाहरुको अवस्थाका कार्ययोजना प्रस्तुत गरेका थिए ।
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फोहोरमैला व्यवस्थापनका चुनौतीः इतिहासदेखि वर्तमानसम्म
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लेखक सफा ऊर्जाका निर्देशक हुन्। उक्त कम्पनीले हालसालै पूर्वी चितवनका चारवटा नगरपालिकामा (रत्ननगर, खैरहनी, कालिका र राप्तीमा फोहोर सम्बन्धी आधिकारिक तथ्यांकका लागि विस्तृत सर्भे गरेको छ। भरतपुर महानगरपालिकामा फलफूल मन्डीको फोहोरलाई व्यवस्थापन गरी प्रांगारिक मल बनाउने काम लिएसँगै मेडिकल वेस्टको बारेमा समेत वास्तविक सर्भे गर्दैछ।)
The Green City Clean Industry Initiative proposes investing in sustainable agroforestry, green cities, and clean industries through a socially responsible investment model. The initiative would use a "seed to market" cooperative microlending model to fund integrated biorefinery projects that convert municipal and agricultural waste into renewable fuels and products. These projects would help cities adopt the UN Green Cities Declaration to become more sustainable in areas like energy, waste reduction, transportation, and environmental health.
1. The document discusses applying the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol to waste management projects in Punjab to earn carbon credits. CDM allows industrialized countries to offset emissions by investing in emissions reduction projects in developing countries.
2. Several potential waste management CDM projects are proposed, including biogas capture from sewage and organic waste. Case studies show projects can be financially viable based on earnings from carbon credits and energy/fertilizer sales.
3. A roadmap is suggested to identify additional CDM potential projects and modify ongoing projects to qualify for carbon credits where possible.
India generates significant amounts of industrial and municipal solid waste annually. Only a small portion of this waste is properly treated and disposed of, while most is dumped in landfills. If no action is taken, waste generation is projected to increase substantially by 2030 and 2050. The document outlines various waste streams in India and discusses opportunities to better manage waste to generate energy and other resources. It also summarizes the key aspects of India's new Solid Waste Management Rules of 2016 which aim to improve waste processing across the country.
Briquetting machine report for phase-1manugowdapes
This document discusses the design and fabrication of a low-cost briquetting machine. It begins by introducing briquetting as a process to compress biomass into densified briquettes using screw or pneumatic compressors. It then describes the process of briquetting which involves drying, grinding, and compressing biomass. The document goes on to discuss the need for an integrated low-cost machine that can grind and compress biomass. It cites issues with fossil fuel depletion and air pollution as motivation for developing biomass briquettes as an alternative. The machine is intended to efficiently produce briquettes from dry waste that can be used as a replacement for fossil fuels like coal.
Waste to Energy has significant potential in India but has so far been underutilized. The country generates over 150,000 tons of municipal solid waste per day but currently only exploits around 24 MW of the estimated 1460 MW available from waste-to-energy projects. Several cities have attempted waste-to-energy plants but many have failed, primarily due to lack of segregated waste collection and financial issues. To better utilize waste-to-energy potential, India needs to focus on primary waste collection, segregation, increasing private sector participation, and bridging gaps between policy and implementation.
Presentation on Solid Waste Management by Pune Municipal Corporation-2018.pptxgopika983026
Pune generates around 2,000-2,100 tons of solid waste per day. Through partnerships with waste picker organizations and a user fee-based model, Pune aims to provide better services, cleaner waste, reduce costs, and create a more sustainable waste management system. Pune's efforts include door-to-door collection, segregation at source, decentralized processing including composting and biogas production, and scientific disposal that has eliminated open dumping since 2010.
Policy and legislative environment for value addition for agro-based industri...ILRI
The document discusses policy and legislative environment for value addition of agro-based industrial effluents in Kenya. It examines the national circumstances, relevant policies and legislation, challenges to technological uptake, and lessons from case studies. The key policies promote renewable energy, cleaner production, and green technologies. However, the laws take a compliance-focused approach and lack incentives for value addition. Main challenges include outdated laws, low investment in technology, and weak private-public partnerships. The recommendations are to review laws to promote value addition, develop standards for technologies, and support carbon credit projects to finance innovation in agro-industrial effluent management.
Veolia is a global leader in optimized resource management providing innovative environmental solutions in waste, energy, water, and other areas. It has over 3,300 employees in the Middle East with over 30 years of experience working across sectors like operations and maintenance, water technologies, engineering, and more. Veolia aims to address pressing environmental challenges through resource management, innovative solutions, and public-private partnerships.
Plastic wastes into fuels ppt for CAD/CAM Sshantan Kumar
The document describes a process for converting waste plastics into valuable fuels like petrol, kerosene, and diesel through depolymerization, pyrolysis, catalytic cracking, and fractional distillation. This process provides an opportunity to address both the environmental problems of plastic waste and issues with fuel shortages. The fuels produced through this process match or exceed the quality standards of regular fuels and can be used without additional processing. Converting waste plastics into fuel in this manner provides an economically viable solution for plastic recycling that creates value from waste.
This document discusses funding, financing, and implementing smart city projects. It provides an overview of challenges cities face, the evolution of smart city initiatives, and examples of smart city systems. It also covers stakeholders in smart city projects, financing tools and strategies for making projects bankable, data monetization opportunities, and combining different financing options based on project components and durations. The key challenges for cities are selecting the right financing tools and bringing together stakeholders and funding sources for complex, long-term smart city undertakings.
Transport sectors projects are very political entities and governments are still held responsible should there be revenue short fall or distressed situation. further modes of transport do compete with each other but in a limited manner, however, global threats nowadays require certain redundancy in transport network, this affects PPP structure!
Also experience suggests that negotiations between public authorities and prospective concessionaires are rather asymmetrical, and lead to asymmetric risk sharing. Concessionaires have extraordinary bargaining powers as they know no competition exists after the concession is signed.
Contractor’s ability to mitigate damages can be limited if coupled with uncertainty of the duration of the delay. HOOH is recoverable in certain prolonged delay situations and has been granted by courts and amicable settlements for more than half a century. The Contractor may recover the return that he would have achieved on other work had his resources not been detained on the Works due to the delay. The presentation highlights the different formulae used in the calculations and conditions precedent to do so.
Many countries are embarking to rehabilitate its aging sewer & water network where sewer infiltration and water loss can reach 50%. The presentation highlights the strategies to tender and implement efficient rehabilitation program with a preview of trenchless technologies in rehabilitation while highlighting the technical and contractual challenges.
The document discusses various trenchless technologies for installing new underground pipes including horizontal directional drilling (HDD), microtunneling, pipe jacking, pipe ramming, and perforator/auger boring. It provides details on each method, including their typical application ranges, suitable soil conditions, and the basic process involved. Microtunneling is described as using a remotely controlled tunnel boring machine and pipe jacking to provide continuous support to the excavation face. Key components of a basic microtunneling system are also outlined.
There is a huge need for infrastructure developments and service quality improvement at many airports markets, but public budgets are limited. PPPs can provide a solution when the resources of private and public partners are bundled where conventional privatizations are not possible. The uniqueness of each airport development requires always a tailored approach structuring a PPP.
PPPs with a fair allocation of risks and rewards provide a means to raise necessary funds and know-how on the basis of a realistic business case. Risk mitigation strategies have to be developed to protect the public and private partners, including e.g. re-definition of the airport value chain, tax advantages, direct subsidies, etc.
This document provides an overview of public-private partnerships (PPPs) for toll road projects. It discusses key elements for evaluating BOT project economics, including country environment, concession environment, public-private risk sharing, sponsor ability, and financial market environment. It also covers different tolling models and concepts, as well as critical risks and success factors for tolled PPP projects. The document aims to outline effective collaboration between the public and private sectors for delivering tolled bridge and highway projects.
Bahrain is developing an Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) to address traffic challenges. ITS uses information and communication technologies to improve mobility, reduce pollution, and increase safety with tight budgets. Bahrain faces increasing traffic volumes, with over 800,000 vehicle trips daily and vehicle registrations growing 10% annually. Congestion is a major issue, costing the economy millions annually in lost time and productivity. Bahrain's ITS strategy aims to enhance safety, reduce accidents, improve traffic flow, provide traveler information, and support efficient road network management through technologies like traffic monitoring and dynamic message signs. The goal is to increase average speeds by 40% and reduce accidents by 24% from 2014 levels.
Renewable Energy comes from sources that do not deplete over years such as sun, wind, oceans and plants. There are numerous ways to convert primary energy forms into consumable forms of energy including heat and electricity; however, due to the intermittent nature of many renewable sources, the issue of storing electricity is of particular importance. Further its worth to note renewable energy technologies do NOT necessarily compete with each other purely based on price. It depends on geographic location, availability of space, capital costs, operational costs, and environmental concerns.
The housing crisis continues to worsen as cities are increasingly falling behind in building housing solutions. As Cities become denser, bringing the modules in by crane and dropping them atop the podium may be sometimes the only solution.
With the right use of Modular technology the gap between aesthetics and affordability can be closed.
A bridge is the key element in a transportation system; it controls both the volume and weight of the traffic. Balance must be achieved between handling future traffic volume and loads and the cost of heavier and wider bridge structure. Economic Analysis and comparisons against competing alternatives is required as Bridges are the most expensive part of a road transportation network. Monetized & Non-Monetized Benefits that will accrue like time savings to road users, benefits to business activities (and to the economy in general) and salvage value benefits like Right-of-Way and substructure use need to be assessed as well.
The document discusses facility management best practices. It covers topics such as defining facility management, planning facilities, designing workplaces, delivering FM services, building operations and maintenance, measuring performance, technology, evolving markets, and the prospects of the FM industry. Facility management aims to integrate support services to enhance organizational performance. Effective FM requires understanding how work environments impact productivity and enabling flexible, efficient operations.
Railways are undergoing major industry changes with management and business planning at the forefront that encompasses operational, customer and intermodal competition issues with innovative technologies removing earlier barriers. The presentation highlights trends in engineering, operations, stations design, passengers’ expectations and ticketing & collection while touching on issues like network capacity, demand forecasting & fare policies.
Constructions projects have become of increasing technological complexity with relationships of those involved are also more complex and contractually varied. Additionally global trends are dramatically impacting contracting activity. Success depends on new and innovative ways to manage uncertainty and complexity.
Increasing traffic in major urban regions leads to congestion which challenges cities and urban regions in terms of mobility, pollution and safety. ITS is application of information and communications technology (ICT) to the transport sector in the interests of safer, more sustainable & more efficient movement of goods & people.
The integration of intelligent infrastructure and intelligent vehicles had gained wide acceptance yet understanding the various options without incurring unnecessary expenditure is core in ITS planning and implementation. The presentation explains various ITS portfolios, value chain and life-cycle management with focus on the appropriate level of integration.
This document provides a summary of Loay Ghazaleh's career experience and qualifications. It includes:
- Over 25 years of experience in technical, legal, financial, and general management roles related to public-private partnerships (PPPs), project finance, infrastructure, and construction in several countries in the Middle East, Asia, Europe, and South America.
- An MBA in finance from the University of Arizona and a bachelor's degree in civil engineering from the same university.
- Current role as an Undersecretary Advisor on major infrastructure and PPP projects at the Ministry of Works in Bahrain since 2010, where responsibilities include strategy formation, governance, auditing, and advising on mega projects
Warming is believed to be caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases produced by human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation. The effects of an increase in global temperature include a rise in sea levels and a change in the amount and pattern of precipitation, as well a probable expansion of subtropical deserts.
With the façade embodying up to 35% of the construction costs as well as being hugely accountable for the buildings' response to climate change, it has never been so important to understand which façade solutions deliver not only a cost effective and sustainable façade, but also one that is aesthetically pleasing and technically performing.
The document provides an overview of changes to FIDIC contracts, specifically the 2017 editions of the Yellow, Silver, and Red Books (the "Rainbow Suite"). Key changes include an increased emphasis on dispute avoidance through enhanced project management procedures and the establishment of standing Dispute Avoidance/Adjudication Boards. The role of the Engineer is revised to act neutrally rather than for the Employer. Additional changes aim to improve processes for extensions of time, variations, payments, and claims handling.
The high rates of non-communicable diseases combined with large expatriate populations leads GCC countries to use different strategies to control healthcare expenditure among which is the PPP solution. This presentation highlights the formula for PPP success based on international cases.
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6. 6
What are Wastes?
Basel Convention Definition
Wastes ; “substances or objects which are disposed of or are intended to be disposed of or are
required to be disposed of by the provisions of the law”
Disposal ; “any operation which may lead to resource recovery, recycling, reclamation, direct re-
use or alternative uses (Annex IVB of the Basel convention)”
Wastes can be;
Solid wastes: plastics, styrofoam containers, bottles, cans, papers, scrap iron, and other trash
Liquid Wastes: domestic washings, chemicals, oils, waste water from ponds, manufacturing
industries and other sources
Classification of Wastes according to their Properties;
Bio-degradable; can be degraded (paper, wood, fruits and others)
Non-biodegradable; cannot be degraded (plastics, bottles, old machines, cans, styrofoam
containers and others)
Wastes can also be classified according to their Effects on Human Health and the
Environment (Hazardous and Non-hazardous wastes)
7. Why WtE - Protect Human Habitat
World Bank estimated, in 2025 the production of municipal solid waste will be
2.2 billion tones worldwide. With this amount, we are more and more polluting
our own environment. Seven to eight percent of the total greenhouse gas
emissions arise from continued landfilling.
EfW (WtE) does not only decrease the volume of waste, it also protects natural
resources like land and water. There is no additional need for landfills, where
leakage can occur and pollute our tap water.
It also protects air and climate because the regulations by law for EfW are more
stringent than for coal fired power plants or any other industry. EfW plants
decrease the greenhouse gases which come from landfill.
Tthe energy from waste process fights the deforestation. Waste is a locally
available fuel in all industrialized areas – unlike biomass.
8. WtE Advantages
Using waste as a combustion material can reduce landfill volumes by 80 - 90 percent.
Less spending on developing and maintaining landfills,
Saving subsidy that the government allocates on fuel sources with energy recovery
Tackling the issue of potable water capacity (when combined with desalination)
Waste to Energy prevents one ton of CO2 release for every ton of waste burned. C02 is
released to the atmosphere by the burning of fossil fuels, wood and solid waste.
Potential for earning carbon credits!
Waste to Energy eliminates methane that would have leaked with landfill disposal. CH4
is emitted from the decomposition of organic wastes in landfills
Best practices rely on the “FOUR Rs“ Reduce , Reuse, Recycle, Recovery”
Plastics, glass, paper, metals, and wood can be recycled.
kitchen refuse, bio waste, and commercial garbage are ideal for combustion.
12. Sustainable Waste Management
Not only collection and separation…
• The first step of a waste management system is reduction and complete
collection of waste as well as separation for recycling of waste fractions which
have a market value.
• A modern waste management system does not only focus on protecting health
and environment, it also makes maximum use of the waste to reduce the
exploitation of our limited natural resources.
• This applies to densely populated and highly industrialized countries just as it
does to rural regions worldwide.
..but also thermal waste treatment
Recovery of materials and energy from waste by thermal & biological waste
treatment is an integral part of any modern waste management system
which does no longer focus on discarding waste but on maximized utilization of all
resources contained in the waste with minimized burden on society and
environment.
13. Municipal Waste Processing Cycle
Processing can reduce waste disposal by 80 % THUS reducing pressure on scarce land
Refuse
derived
fuel
16. Municipal Waste-to-Energy
Combustion / Incineration
Waste is used as a fuel
for generating power
The burning fuel heats water into steam
that drives a turbine to create electricity.
20. Waste IN GCC
Kuwait ranks among the highest global producers
of solid waste @1.4 kg per capita daily.
21. Introduction to ME WTE Market
• The market of waste-to-energy (WTE) is growing at an unprecedented
rate, with the global industry expected to grow to at least $30 billion by
2022.
• ME countries are expected to produce around 27% more solid waste by
2017; making 29 million tons in all for the year 2017.
• The GCC states rank among the highest per-capita producers of
municipal solid waste in the world with the majority of waste dumped in
landfills using valuable land and resulting in quantified environmental
damage.
• Kuwait ranks among the highest global producers of solid waste and
noted that it produces 1.4 kg of solid waste per capita daily.
• Following the good example made by Qatar, the rest of the Gulf region
states are already starting to develop WTE capabilities of their own.
• UAE goal for 2021 is to divert 75 percent of solid waste from landfills to
WTE and produce 7% of its energy from WTE.
22. GCC WtE Projects
Low-cost landfills are no longer the economically
sound process that it used to be a few years ago
23. Oman - Dhofar
700,000 Ton / Yr. WTE
Plant
Oman produces around 1.8 million tons annually, a figure
that has risen by 25% over the last decade due to its growing
population.
Many of Oman’s 350 landfills and dumpsites are close to
residential areas, causing further environmental issues.
To improve its solid waste management capacity,
government-owned Oman Environmental Services Holding
Company (Be’ah) has begun feasibility studies with the
Dhofar plant were 2,100 tons per day of recycled calorific
would be converted into Refuse Dried Fuel for use as an
industrial fuel source in place of natural gas.
The plant will be able to supply sufficient energy to the
proposed South Al Batinah desalination plant via Reverse
Osmosis technology, planned to produce 73 million cubic
meters of potable water annually, which is around 30% of
Oman’s total installed desalination capacity.
A smaller plant in Sharqiya based on, say 500 - 1000 tons of
waste per day is also being considered.
Location: Oman
Project Investment:
$600-$700 million
Key Stakeholders:
Be’ah
Project Initiation
date: April 2015
Estimated Project
Completion: TBC
(Project is at
feasibility stage)
24. Kuwait - Kabd
1,000,000 Ton / Yr.
WTE Plant (DBOFT)
Having started off with 18 waste landfills a few decades ago,
the authorities have been forced to close down 14 of them
before their scheduled time of closure due to rampant growth
of residential buildings in their immediate surroundings.
With only three operating landfill sites, the rising flow of solid
waste is becoming increasingly difficult to manage Kuwait
produced 2.1 million tons of solid waste in 2015 and is
expected to produce 2.75 million tons by 2025.
Kuwaiti Government tasked Partnerships Technical Bureau
(PTB) in collaboration with Kuwait Municipality with
developing a construction agenda for a one million ton
capacity (household, commercial and agricultural waste) WTE
plant located in the Kabd area, 35 km from Kuwait city, with
an area of 500,000 square meters that will be able to produce
650 Giga watt hours per year.
The recovery of slag and flue gas residues is to be disposed
into separate sanitary landfills on the Site.
The term of the design, build, finance, operate and transfer
structure (DBOFT) Agreement will commence on financial
close and expire 25 years after the anticipated date for the
commencement of operations. Construction period estimated
to be four years.
Location: Kuwait
Project Investment: $1.5
Billion
Key Stakeholders:
Partnerships Technical
Bureau (PTB)
Project Initiation date: 17
November, 2013
Estimated Project
Completion: TBA,
preferred bidder will be
announced Q3 2016
25. UAE, Sharja - Sajja
300,000 Ton / Yr. WTE
Plant
Be’ah currently collects around 2.3 million tons of
waste from nearly 1 million households in Sharjah
annually, with 70% of all waste being diverted its
Waste Management Center (WMC) converting
facilities - organic fertilizer facilities, and advanced
metal recycling facilities
The ambitious Sajja thermal-based WTE facility, in
partnership with Masdar, shall incinerate as much as
300,000 tons of solid waste from landfill each year
amounting to 37.5 tons of solid waste per hour to
create 30 megawatts (MW) of energy. This will add
more power to what is produced by Bee'ah's auxiliary
waste-to-energy project, which will eventually
produce a total of 90MW.
The WTE system at the plant will use a combination of
the gasification and pyrolysis systems to produce gas
as fuel, as well as heat to turn water into steam to
generate 80MW of clean energy every year.
Location: Sajja, Sharjah
Project Investment:
$505 million
Key Stakeholders:
Sharjah Environment
Company (Be’ah),
Chinook Sciences
Project Initiation date:
May 2014
Estimated Project
Completion: TBA,
construction due to start
in 2016
26. UAE, Dubai - Warsan
700,000 Ton / Yr. WTE
Plant Dubai aims to be the leading emirate in the UAE to
achieve the highest rate of solid waste-to-energy
management while also reducing landfill waste by 75
per cent over the next five years.
Construction has already begun on a Dh 2 billion
facility ($545m) in Warsan district and once the first
phase of operations begins by 2020, the plant will be
able to convert 2,000 metric tons municipal solid
waste per day to produce 60 megawatts of power.
Location: Al Warsan
2, Dubai
Project Investment:
$545 Million
Key Stakeholders:
Dubai Municipality
Project Initiation
date: June 2016
Estimated Project
Completion: 2020
27. UAE - Northern
Emirates 500,000 Ton /
Yr. WTE Plant The UAE’s Ministry of Climate Change and
Environment is planning to invite private-sector
bidders to run a huge project to handle waste in the
Northern Emirates, capable of processing between
1,000 and 1,500 tons per day.
Location: Northern
Emirates
Project Investment :
TBA
Key Stakeholders:
UAE’s Ministry of
Climate Change and
Environment
28. UAE, Abu Dhabi -
Mussaffah 1,000,000
Ton / Yr. WTE Plant
With more than 1.5 million tons waste per year, this
facility will help Abu Dhabi to reach its ambitious 80%
land fill diversion target and reduce CO2 emissions by
more than one million tons per year and generate at
least 7% of its power from renewable energy by 2020.
The Abu Dhabi, National Energy Company (TAQA), has
developed a facility near the sea port in Mussaffah
that has an annual capacity of 1 million tons of solid
waste which can be converted into 100 MW of energy,
sufficient to power around 20,000 Abu Dhabi homes.
The proposed plant would be up and running by 2017,
its size is around 200 meters by 500 meters costing
near $850m project
Location: Near
Mussaffah, Abu
Dhabi
Project Investment:
$859 million
Key Stakeholders:
TAQA, Ramboll
Project Initiation
date: Feb 2013
Estimated Project
Completion: Project
on hold
29. Qatar - Messaieed
800,000 Ton / Yr.
DSWMC
Qatar is the only Gulf region country to have a fully completed and
operational large-scale WTE facility.
Qatar Domestic Solid Waste Management Centre (DSWMC) located
near Messaieed is capable of processing 2,300 tons of mixed solid
domestic waste every day around 95% of which is recycled (producing
solid and liquid organic fertilizers) or converted to energy producing
around 50 megawatt (MW) of clean energy 8 of which will be used to
run the center. The remaining 5% goes for landfill in the form of ash.
Qatar has invested (funded) around QR 4bn for the center, with QR2bn
to be spent on designing and building while QR2bn will be for
operating it for 20 years averaging around QR 100m annual
expenditure.
The center is composed of five sections, including areas for waste
segregation, landfill, a compost area, an area for construction and
demolition materials, and staff accommodation. The center was
executed by Singaporean company, Keppel Seghers.
Further Qatar is putting in place measures that enhance the capacity of
its DSWMC from 2,300 to 5,300 tons of waste a day to gain full
capacity by 2022 with the aim to integrate all recycling facilities in one
place such as incinerators, composting plant, segregation areas, as well
as landfill and energy recovery facilities. Also within three to four
years, another 3,000 tons a day WTE plant is planned on an area of 3
sqkm in the north.
Location: Near
Mesaieed, Qatar
Project Investment:
$1.7 billion
Key Stakeholders:
Keppel Integrated
Engineering (KIE)
Project Initiation
date: Early 2007
Project Completion:
June 2012
30. Bahrain - 390,000
Ton / Yr. WTE Plant
(BOT) Earlier , Bahrain planned to construct a 390,000 tons
per year waste to energy facility on a Build Own
Transfer (BOT) basis under a 25 Year Public-Private
Partnership Concession.
Although originally posted as a waste processing
project, an alternative “Waste to Water Facility” bid
from a consortium including ACWA Water, local waste
management company Beatona and Spanish
infrastructure firm, FCC, has been submitted to the
Ministry of Works, Municipalities Affairs and Urban
Planning.
Currently Bahrain studies having a full strategy of
solid waste management such as Construction waste
recycling , Green compost , Sludge to energy plant
Location: Bahrain
Project Investment:
Key Stakeholders:
Ministry of Works,
Municipalities Affairs
and Urban Planning
Project Initiation
date: TBA
Project Completion:
TBA
31. Planning a WtE Project
Survey of waste characteristics, calorific value,
amount of waste and Waste stream are paramount
32. WtE Project Planning - Feasibility
Research of Technical Feasibility
– Survey of waste characteristics, CV (calorific value) and amount of
waste. Calorific value in GCC usually from 2000 – 2500 Kcal due to non
uniform norms of segregation.
– Waste stream
– Proposal of suitable waste treatment system
– Estimation of electricity output
Evaluation of Environmental and Social Impacts
– GHG Emission Reduction Effect
– Research of legal system and procedure related to Environmental
Assessment
Site Location & Size
Power Purchase Price
Technology Options & Costs (including O&M)
Financial and Economic Model
Financing Options (Funded, Subsidy, PPP, Etc.)
Terms of Contract
34. WtE Project Planning - Technology
A Number of technologies are currently available for Waste to Energy (WtE);
• Thermal Treatments
– Combustion / Incineration
– Autoclaving
– Thermal Treatment
• Gasification
• Pyrolysis
• Biological Treatments
– Composting
– Anaerobic Digestion
• Mechanical Biological Treatments (MBT) and Mechanical Heat Treatments
The optimum combination of technologies depend on the following parameters:
– Landfill diversion targets
– CO2 reduction / Environmental targets
– Energy recovery and material recovery targets
– Affordability targets (Capex, Opex, household levy /gate fee)
– Procurement, ownership & financing strategy (risk allocation)
NOTES!
– A 1,000 ton-per-day WTE plant produces enough electricity for 15,000
households.
– Each ton of waste can power a household for a month. 34
35. Combustion
/Incineration
Typical fuels
• Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
• Commercial & Industrial Waste (C&I)
• Refuse derived fuel (RDF) or Solid Recovered
Fuel (SRF)
Outputs
• Electricity or Heat – or both together if a
Combined Heat and Power Plant (CHP)
• Bottom ash - This is what is left after combustion
and it can be used as an aggregate or road bed
material.
• If metal was not removed pre-combustion, it is
recycled at this point.
• Fly ash - This is the material collected by the
pollution control equipment.
Combustion plants are
often referred simply as
EfW plants.
The residual waste is burned
at 850 C and the energy
recovered as electricity or
heat.
They have a boiler to
capture and convert the
released heat into electricity
and steam, and extensive air
pollution control systems
that clean the combustion.
These plant typically use
between 50 – 300 thousand
tons per year of fuel.
36. Gasification &
Pyrolysis
Typical fuels
• Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
• Commercial & Industrial Waste (C&I)
• Refuse derived fuel (RDF) or Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF)
• Non-waste fuels, e.g. wood / other forms of biomass
Outputs
• Electricity or Heat – or both together if a Combined Heat
and Power Plant (CHP)
• Syngas, which can be purified to produce “biomethane”,
• biofuels, chemicals, or hydrogen
• Pyrolysis oils – these can be used to fuel engines, or
turned into diesel substitute
• Feedstocks for the chemical industry – allowing biomass to
substitute for oil in the production of plastics for example
• Bottom ash, Char, or Slag – by-products which can be used
for beneficial purposes such as aggregates or road bed
material
• Fly ash - produced by some but not all plants
Sometimes referred to as
ATTs (Advanced Thermal
Treatments).
The fuel is heated with little or
no oxygen to produce
“syngas” which can be used to
generate energy or as a
feedstock for producing
methane, chemicals, biofuels,
or hydrogen.
They are typically smaller and
more flexible than combustion
plants
Typically they consume
between 25 and 150
thousand tons of waste per
year, although some can
consume up to 350 thousand
tons per year.
37. Anaerobic
Digestion (AD) /
Biogas
Typical fuels
• Food wastes
• Some forms of industrial and commercial waste,
e.g. abattoir waste
• Agricultural materials and sewage sludge
Outputs
• Biogas, which can be used to generate electricity
and heat – CHP is the norm for such plants
• Biomethane for the gas grid, with the
appropriate gas scrubbing and injection
technologies
• Digestate - a material which can be used as a
useful fertiliser / soil conditioner on agricultural
land in lieu of chemical fertilisers
• Biogas/AD plants operate at
low temperature, allowing
microorganisms to work on
organic or food waste,
turning it into biogas.
• The biogas is a mixture of
carbon dioxide and methane
that can be combusted to
generate electricity and heat
or converted to bio methane.
The other output is a bio
fertilizer.
• They are typically much
smaller than the combustion
or gasification plants.
38. Notes On Technologies for Waste to Energy
(WtE).
• Lack of standardization of the complete waste disposal
cycle is a major constraint.
• Best technology should fulfill the following criterion;
– Lowest life cycle cost
– Least land area requirement
– Meets air , water and land pollution standards.
– Produce more power with less waste
– Result in Maximum volume reduction.
• The EU issued (BAT) - Best Available European Technologies
for WtE
40. The grate transports the waste through the
combustion chamber. Unburnable material is
left as bottom ash at the end of the grate.
The boiler recovers over 80% of the
energy contained in the waste and
makes it usable as steam.
The energy recovered is
usable as electricity and/or
heat.
Pollutants contained in the waste and
transferred into the flue gas through
combustion are eliminated
41. For Efficient Combustion
Waste material is received in an enclosed receiving area, where it is more thoroughly mixed
in preparation for combustion.
Mixed waste enters the combustion chamber on a timed moving grate, which turns it over
repeatedly to keep it exposed and burning.
Highly efficient superheated steam powers the steam turbine generator. The cooling steam
is cycled back into water through the condenser or diverted as a heat source for buildings
or desalinization plants. Cooled stream is reheated in the economizer and super heater to
complete the steam cycle.
Although fly ash is captured throughout the process, the finest airborne particulates are
removed in the filter bag house. Ash is generated at a ratio of about 10 percent of the
waste’s original volume and 30 percent of the waste’s original weight.
The acidic combustion gasses are neutralized with an injection of lime or sodium hydroxide.
The chemical reaction produces gypsum. This process removes 94 percent of the
hydrochloric acid.
The bottom ash are passed by magnets and eddy current separators to remove both
ferrous and other non ferrous metals. The remaining ash can be used as aggregate for
roadbeds and rail embankments. Activated carbon (charcoal treated with oxygen to
increase its porosity) is injected into the hot gases to absorb and remove heavy metals,
such as mercury and cadmium.
Nitrogen oxide in the rising burn gases is neutralized by the injection of ammonia or urea.
42. WtE – Technology Issues
Scale Of Operations : Smaller WtE Projects 3 to 24 MW, resulting in higher
cost per MW.
Fuel Preparation : Full scale pre-processing plant for conversion to Good
quality waste derived fuel involves higher capital cost.
Boiler : Waste derived fuel being low density fuel, generates more fly ash
during combustion. Fly ash acts as catalyst for production of dioxins &
Furans. THUS fly ash should be removed before gases cool which results
in a bigger boiler size.
Flue Gas Treatment: Flue gases from WtE Plants have many pollutants
which need to be treated before discharge through stack.
Manpower To Operate: WtE Plant is manpower intensive. Skill
Development of the workers is necessary.
Corrosive Nature Of Fuel : Heterogeneous nature of Waste and emissions
being corrosive in nature, the equipment used in pre-processing has
typically 7 years life and needs to be replaced.
44. The Leading Companies in WtE in 2015 / 2016
A2A
AEB Amsterdam
Attero
AVR
Babcock & Wilcox / B&W Vølund
China Everbright
Chongqing Iron & Steel Company (CISC) /
Chongqing Sanfeng Covanta
EDF / TIRU
EQT / EEW Energy from Waste
GCLPoly
Grandblue Environment
Hunan Junxin Environmental Protection
China Metallurgical Group (MCC) / ENFI
MVV Energie / MVV Umwelt / MVV Environment
Shenzhen Energy
National Environment Agency of Singapore
Suez Environnement / SITA
Tianjin Teda
Clean Association of Tokyo 23
Veolia
Viridor
Wheelabrator / Energy Capital Partners
45. To Get The Municipal Waste-to-Energy Market
Up And Running
• Low-cost landfills will need to be addressed as “Land Filling of
Waste” is no longer the economically sound process that it
used to be a few years ago.
• A secondary recycling market need to open up with the by-
products from these plants being used in areas such as road
construction.
46. PPP in WtE
Most often absence of capacity is the hurdle in
rationalizing Tariff and user charges in PPP.
47. Public Private Partnership (PPP)
• A PPP is a long-term public & private sector partner relationship to deliver
public services. It Makes optimal use of public and private sectors’
expertise, resources and innovation;
– More value for money public services
– Meet public needs effectively and efficiently
• PPP Shifts most risks to private sector; Public sector focus on acquiring
services at most cost-effective basis.
• Project bankability depends on; tenure, tariff adjustment, transparency,
private sector risk exposure.
• Implementation of PPP project can be complex and requires specialist
financial, legal, and contracts expertise that are not readily available in the
public sector. Thus selection of Transaction Advisors is important.
• Also , a proactive top level management on both sides and close
partnership approach in needed to reach a win-win implementation.
48. PPP in Waste to Energy (WtE).
• The rationale for bringing in private sector participation in this
sector is primarily to; leverage private sector efficiency, expertise
and technology and gauge the commercial potential of the
operation and viability of tipping fee as O&M cost.
• Significant cost reduction can be done with private sector
participation in MSW service delivery.
• Step-in agreements by financers or Government are key feature in
most WtE PPP’s.
• Most often absence of capacity is the hurdle in rationalizing Tariff
and user charges in PPP.
• The collection is usually undertaken by private companies other
than the consortium.
49. WTE Key Features of DBOO/BOT Schemes
• Client buys services for incineration of refuse, instead of
owning an incineration plant.
• Take-or-Pay payment structure with guaranteed refuse
amount or conversion coefficient from MSW to grid-
connected power is needed to make the project bankable.
• Long term contract : 20 - 30 years from commencement of
plant operation
• Private sector financing : both equity and debt financing for
the scheme provided by the private sector
50. WTE Key Performance Indicators of a Typical
DBOO/BOT Scheme
• Clear and measurable outcomes specified for
performance;
– Quantity: Available Plant Capacity; Contracted Unit of
Electricity Export
– Quality: water quality to meet contractual
requirements ; flue gas to meet emission standards
– Plant Service Level : EHS, turnaround time
• Penalty imposed for non-conformance of quality
and quantity requirements
52. State Grid
Corporation
Private Sector
(Equity) Consortium
Project
Company
Residents
Treatment
Subsidy /
Contribution
Fees & Subsidies in WtE Transaction
*Government Treatment Subsidy / Contribution depends on the transaction
53. Evolving Model: Direct Business to Business
Scheme w/ Commercial Areas
Applies when Local Government / Municipality Does not Collect
Waste from Commercial / Industrial Areas
54. Key PPP Agreements in WtE
Incineration Services Agreement (ISA)
• Provides for the delivery of refuse incineration service by the BOT
contractor to the Client, based on agreed prices, terms and conditions.
• Contains technical, commercial , environmental and legal terms and
conditions for refuse incineration services to be rendered.
• Its a long-term ‘take-or-pay’ agreement to purchase 100% of capacity.
The Tripartite Agreement
• Signed between SPV, Financier and Client
• Financier reserves the right to step-in and take over the plant and
/or its operation when the SPV is in default.
• Client may at any time, step in if in the reasonable opinion of the
Client, there is a real and immediate risk that the SPV’s ability to
render service is affected due to an insolvency event.
Power Purchase Agreement (PPA)
• Export of electricity to grid
• Technical, commercial and legal terms & conditions
57. Key Commercial Risks in WtE
• Equitable Risk Allocation
• Fixed + Variable Tariff Structure
• Partial indexation on tariff
• Contractual review at agreed interval
Risk Allocation
/Tariff
Adjustment
• Refuse quality and quantity
• Plant service level
• Appropriate construction and
operations insurances
Non-
Conformance/
Penalty
58. Key Long Term Risks in WtE
• Capital Investments are sizeable and are with
long term horizon
• Built-in Indexation for tariff adjustment,
mismatch in Inflation Index; Fuel oil price index.
• Foreign Exchange exposure and mismatch in
foreign exchange exposure for foreign suppliers.
Financial
Exposure
• Long term (20 - 30 years) performance commitment
with penalty clauses, However, supplier warranty
are short term, hence mismatch in
warranty/guarantee
• Mismatch in exposure: SPV risk exposure is much
higher than subcontractors/suppliers which are
limited to size of contract.
Long-
Term
Risk
Exposure
59. Key Management Risks in WtE
• Fostering of good Multi-parties (Procurer, Public
and Service Provider) relationship to encourage
improvements and quality of services provided
• Active role of Client
Management of Client-
Contractor Relationship
• Levels of Communications (Strategic, Business and
Operational)
Continuous monitoring
of quality relationship
and management
process
• Mechanism needs to be in place for change in
scope and basis for payment without need for
tariff re-negotiation, new financial modeling,
contract change, or supplemental agreements
Flexibility in Contracts
60. PPP Financial/Commercial Learning Points
Choice of payment structure important for viability of project.
DBOO (Design, Build, Own, Operate) scheme is common.
Step-in agreements by financers or Government are key feature
in most WtE PPP’s.
USUALLY Government to enter into ‘take-or-pay’ agreement
with developer to buy 100% of incineration capacity at a price
determined through the tender).
Two-part payment structure
Fixed payment (available incineration capacity) and
Variable payment (consumables).
Developers unable to bear the demand risks owing to
Uncertain waste growth; and
Waste stream for plant not guaranteed
Project Tenure : should be long enough for capital recovery by
the private sector.