Earthquake resistant building is an important for livelihood .To overcome the problem of earthquakes,it is necessary to find the methods of resisting of Earthquakes.so it provides better livelihood for people and lives
An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the shaking of the surface of the Earth, resulting from the sudden release of energy in the Earth's lithosphere that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes can range in size from those that are so weak that they cannot be felt to those violent enough to toss people around and destroy whole cities. The seismicity or seismic activity of an area refers to the frequency, type and size of earthquakes experienced over a period of time. The word tremor is also used for non-earthquake seismic rumbling.
At the Earth's surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by shaking and sometimes displacement of the ground. When the epicenter of a large earthquake is located offshore, the seabed may be displaced sufficiently to cause a tsunami. Earthquakes can also trigger landslides, and occasionally volcanic activity.
In its most general sense, the word earthquake is used to describe any seismic event — whether natural or caused by humans — that generates seismic waves. Earthquakes are caused mostly by rupture of geological faults, but also by other events such as volcanic activity, landslides, mine blasts, and nuclear tests. An earthquake's point of initial rupture is called its focus or hypocenter. The epicenter is the point at ground level directly above the hypocenter.
This document discusses various techniques for constructing earthquake resistant buildings. It explains how earthquake resistant construction differs from traditional building by designing for large seismic forces. It describes the effects of earthquakes on reinforced concrete structures and discusses the seismic design philosophy of allowing damage from minor quakes while preventing collapse during major quakes. The document also summarizes several earthquake resistant construction methods including using reinforced hollow concrete blocks, mid-level isolation, slurry infiltrated mat concrete, and traditional earthquake resistant housing techniques. It concludes by stressing the need for better earthquake disaster mitigation through awareness, avoidance of non-engineered structures, and updated building codes.
This document summarizes techniques for earthquake resistant building construction. It discusses how earthquake resistant buildings differ from traditional buildings in their design. Some techniques discussed include using reinforced hollow concrete block masonry, which uses reinforced blocks as load-bearing walls and shear walls. Mid-level isolation is described as installing base isolation systems on intermediate floors of existing buildings. Slurry infiltrated mat concrete is presented as a new type of concrete being developed to prevent building collapse. Traditional earthquake resistant housing styles from various regions of India are also overviewed.
This document discusses earthquake resistant structures and techniques. It covers topics such as plate tectonics, earthquake hazards, classification of earthquakes, principles of earthquake-resistant design, Indian seismic codes, shear walls, case studies of past earthquakes, and techniques like base isolation, energy dissipation devices, and keeping buildings uplifted. The overall aim is to educate on designing and building structures that can better withstand seismic activities and reduce damage through engineering strategies.
This document summarizes various earthquake resistant techniques used in building construction. It discusses conventional methods like shear walls and seismic bands and advanced methods like base isolation devices and energy dissipation dampers. Base isolation devices separate the building from its foundation using bearing pads to reduce earthquake forces. Energy dissipation dampers absorb seismic energy through viscous dampers and friction dampers. The document also presents case studies of buildings using these techniques and techniques under research like shape memory alloys, mussel fibers, and rubber cloaking devices. It concludes with discussing Indian codes for earthquake resistant design and seismic zones in India.
This document summarizes earthquake resistant techniques. It discusses conventional methods like strengthening buildings through stiffness and ductility. Advanced methods of base isolation and energy dissipation devices are explained. Case studies on buildings like Torre Mayor and Transamerica Pyramid are provided. Techniques under research like shape memory alloys, mussel fibers, visco-elastic dampers and rubber cloaking are outlined. Seismic zones and codes in India are briefly covered along with references.
This document summarizes various earthquake resistant techniques. It discusses conventional methods like strengthening buildings and providing shear walls. Advanced methods of base isolation and energy dissipation devices are described, with base isolation separating the building from its foundation using bearing pads. Case studies of buildings using tuned mass dampers and unique structural systems are provided. Techniques under research exploring shape memory alloys, mussel fibers, visco-elastic dampers, and rubber cloaking devices are outlined. Seismic design codes and zones in India are briefly discussed.
The document discusses earthquakes and techniques for improving earthquake resistance in buildings. It defines earthquakes and describes how they occur due to movement in the earth's crust. It then covers types of earthquakes, causes and effects, seismic waves, and performance and design considerations for improving earthquake resistance. Specific techniques discussed include using shear walls, base isolation methods, energy dissipation devices, and keeping buildings in compression. The conclusion emphasizes following construction standards and periodic training to help assure earthquake-resistant buildings.
An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the shaking of the surface of the Earth, resulting from the sudden release of energy in the Earth's lithosphere that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes can range in size from those that are so weak that they cannot be felt to those violent enough to toss people around and destroy whole cities. The seismicity or seismic activity of an area refers to the frequency, type and size of earthquakes experienced over a period of time. The word tremor is also used for non-earthquake seismic rumbling.
At the Earth's surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by shaking and sometimes displacement of the ground. When the epicenter of a large earthquake is located offshore, the seabed may be displaced sufficiently to cause a tsunami. Earthquakes can also trigger landslides, and occasionally volcanic activity.
In its most general sense, the word earthquake is used to describe any seismic event — whether natural or caused by humans — that generates seismic waves. Earthquakes are caused mostly by rupture of geological faults, but also by other events such as volcanic activity, landslides, mine blasts, and nuclear tests. An earthquake's point of initial rupture is called its focus or hypocenter. The epicenter is the point at ground level directly above the hypocenter.
This document discusses various techniques for constructing earthquake resistant buildings. It explains how earthquake resistant construction differs from traditional building by designing for large seismic forces. It describes the effects of earthquakes on reinforced concrete structures and discusses the seismic design philosophy of allowing damage from minor quakes while preventing collapse during major quakes. The document also summarizes several earthquake resistant construction methods including using reinforced hollow concrete blocks, mid-level isolation, slurry infiltrated mat concrete, and traditional earthquake resistant housing techniques. It concludes by stressing the need for better earthquake disaster mitigation through awareness, avoidance of non-engineered structures, and updated building codes.
This document summarizes techniques for earthquake resistant building construction. It discusses how earthquake resistant buildings differ from traditional buildings in their design. Some techniques discussed include using reinforced hollow concrete block masonry, which uses reinforced blocks as load-bearing walls and shear walls. Mid-level isolation is described as installing base isolation systems on intermediate floors of existing buildings. Slurry infiltrated mat concrete is presented as a new type of concrete being developed to prevent building collapse. Traditional earthquake resistant housing styles from various regions of India are also overviewed.
This document discusses earthquake resistant structures and techniques. It covers topics such as plate tectonics, earthquake hazards, classification of earthquakes, principles of earthquake-resistant design, Indian seismic codes, shear walls, case studies of past earthquakes, and techniques like base isolation, energy dissipation devices, and keeping buildings uplifted. The overall aim is to educate on designing and building structures that can better withstand seismic activities and reduce damage through engineering strategies.
This document summarizes various earthquake resistant techniques used in building construction. It discusses conventional methods like shear walls and seismic bands and advanced methods like base isolation devices and energy dissipation dampers. Base isolation devices separate the building from its foundation using bearing pads to reduce earthquake forces. Energy dissipation dampers absorb seismic energy through viscous dampers and friction dampers. The document also presents case studies of buildings using these techniques and techniques under research like shape memory alloys, mussel fibers, and rubber cloaking devices. It concludes with discussing Indian codes for earthquake resistant design and seismic zones in India.
This document summarizes earthquake resistant techniques. It discusses conventional methods like strengthening buildings through stiffness and ductility. Advanced methods of base isolation and energy dissipation devices are explained. Case studies on buildings like Torre Mayor and Transamerica Pyramid are provided. Techniques under research like shape memory alloys, mussel fibers, visco-elastic dampers and rubber cloaking are outlined. Seismic zones and codes in India are briefly covered along with references.
This document summarizes various earthquake resistant techniques. It discusses conventional methods like strengthening buildings and providing shear walls. Advanced methods of base isolation and energy dissipation devices are described, with base isolation separating the building from its foundation using bearing pads. Case studies of buildings using tuned mass dampers and unique structural systems are provided. Techniques under research exploring shape memory alloys, mussel fibers, visco-elastic dampers, and rubber cloaking devices are outlined. Seismic design codes and zones in India are briefly discussed.
The document discusses earthquakes and techniques for improving earthquake resistance in buildings. It defines earthquakes and describes how they occur due to movement in the earth's crust. It then covers types of earthquakes, causes and effects, seismic waves, and performance and design considerations for improving earthquake resistance. Specific techniques discussed include using shear walls, base isolation methods, energy dissipation devices, and keeping buildings in compression. The conclusion emphasizes following construction standards and periodic training to help assure earthquake-resistant buildings.
hie guys
Its a small presentation on Earthquake Resistant Structures
some basic fundamentals about its causes its effect and few techniques to resist it..
Earthquake Resistant designs with exp... all the things u need to knowPrateek Srivastava
This document provides information on earthquake resistant building designs. It discusses what earthquakes are, why they are deadly, India's earthquake risk profile, and the need for earthquake resistant design. Some important considerations for design include configuration, ductility, quality control, base isolation, passive energy dissipating devices, and active control systems. Historical examples of seismic vibration control techniques are also presented, such as dry stone walls and base isolators.
1. Structures in Kobe built since 1981 that were designed to strict seismic codes mostly withstood the 1995 Kobe earthquake, while newly built ductile-frame high-rise buildings were generally undamaged.
2. Modern earthquake engineering aims to create earthquake-resistant designs and construction techniques to build all types of structures, using state-of-the-art technology, materials science, and testing.
3. Key strategies for earthquake-resistant design include base isolation, increasing damping, and using devices like viscous and friction dampers to absorb seismic energy.
Aryyaka Sarkar 16011723001 Seminar on Earthquake Resistant Structures 23-24.pptxAryyakaSarkar
This document summarizes information about earthquakes and earthquake-resistant building techniques. It defines an earthquake as the sudden release of strain energy in the Earth's crust. It describes the two main types of earthquakes and explains how they occur due to the movement of tectonic plates. It also discusses seismic waves, the causes and effects of earthquakes, and techniques for improving earthquake resistance in buildings, such as using shear walls, base isolation, energy dissipation devices, and designs that keep buildings upright. The document emphasizes that earthquakes don't kill people directly, but rather damage to poorly designed structures can cause loss of life. It concludes that while earthquakes are inevitable, disasters can be prevented through safer building designs and construction practices.
This document discusses various earthquake-resistant features used in building design including:
1) Using beams as ductile weak links rather than columns through strong-column weak-beam design.
2) Improving masonry wall behavior by controlling wall dimensions and heights, ensuring proper construction and bonding, and adding horizontal reinforcement.
3) Using shear walls in reinforced concrete buildings to provide strength and stiffness throughout the building height.
this presentation is about how you can make a building more resistant to earthquakes. Different techniques and designs are discussed to make a building more resistant to earthquakes. examples of different earthquake resistant buildings are also discussed.
This document summarizes a student project on seismic retrofitting of buildings in Sikkim, India. The project aims to make existing buildings more earthquake resistant by modifying structural components and strengthening materials. Several retrofitting techniques are described, including reinforcement concrete jacketing, steel jacketing, steel caging, crack stitching, grouting, and shotcreting. The objectives are to prevent building collapse and loss of life during earthquakes by upgrading buildings to withstand seismic forces. The conclusion is that retrofitting provides sufficient strengthening to reduce earthquake damage to structures.
This document presents a major project on seismic retrofitting of building structures in Sikkim. The project is submitted by 7 students and aims to make buildings earthquake resistant through retrofitting. It provides background on the 2011 Sikkim earthquake and introduces various retrofitting techniques like reinforcement concrete jacketing, steel jacketing, steel caging, crack stitching, grouting, and shotcreting. The objective is to modify existing structures to protect them from earthquake damage and reduce risks to lives. In conclusion, retrofitting can significantly improve a building's seismic performance and provide sufficient protection.
This document is a project report on earthquake resistant buildings submitted by a civil engineering student. It begins with an acknowledgement thanking the project guide. The contents section lists topics that will be covered such as what is an earthquake, how they affect buildings, seismic zones in India, and popular earthquake resistant techniques. The introduction defines earthquakes and classifies their magnitudes. It also discusses how earthquakes can damage buildings and the impacts like structural damage, fires, and landslides. Popular earthquake resistant techniques discussed include shear walls, seismic dampers, base isolation, horizontal bands, and rollers.
This document discusses various methods for improving earthquake resistance in structures. It begins by describing traditional masonry and log construction techniques. As buildings grew taller, bracing systems and shear walls were introduced to resist lateral loads. The document then defines earthquake terminology and wave types. It outlines seismic zones in India and discusses techniques for minor buildings like strong columns, bands and brick infills. More advanced methods described are base isolation and energy dissipation devices. Examples of buildings using these methods are provided. The document concludes with suggestions for earthquake resistant design and references codes and research papers.
Reinforced concrete buildings in seismic regions often include vertical shear walls that run from the foundation to the roof. Shear walls help buildings withstand earthquakes by carrying lateral forces down to the foundation. They perform much better when properly designed with features like symmetrical placement, ductile reinforcement, and thickened boundary elements at the ends that experience high stresses. Buildings with sufficient shear walls have shown good performance during past earthquakes, making shear wall construction a popular approach in seismic design.
Earthquake resistant structure By Engr. Ghulam Yasin TaunsviShan Khan
The resistance structure is structures designed to withstand earthquakes. While no structure can be entirely immune to damage from earthquakes, the goal of earthquake-resistant construction is to erect structures that fare better during seismic activity than their conventional counterparts.
Earthquake resisting building structures are designed to minimize damage and loss of life from earthquakes. Passive systems like shear walls, bracing, and dampers are conventional techniques used to resist earthquake forces and absorb seismic energy. Active control systems integrate real-time processors to improve safety. Other earthquake resistant methods include using lightweight materials, rollers, base isolation, and avoiding weak structural elements. Properly designing buildings with features like thick slabs, cross walls, and symmetrical reinforcement can increase a building's ability to withstand earthquake forces.
1. The document discusses techniques for seismic retrofitting of existing structures, including adding new shear walls, steel bracing, jacketing columns and beams, using innovative materials like FRP composites, base isolation, seismic dampers, and tuned mass dampers.
2. It provides an overview of when seismic retrofitting is needed and objectives like ensuring public safety or maintaining structure functionality.
3. A case study describes retrofitting a historic structure in India damaged in an earthquake, including adding diagonal bracing, shotcreting walls, and cross pinning wall corners.
A technical approach to designing earthquake resistant buildings. Contains a brief overview of why a structure fails, building foundation problems and what are the possible solutions
The document discusses various techniques for making earthquake-resistant buildings, including:
1) Bearing wall systems that provide vertical support and lateral resistance through structural walls.
2) Frame systems that use diagonal braces or shear walls to provide lateral rigidity.
3) Moment-resisting frame systems that use rigid beam-column connections to resist lateral forces.
4) Dual systems that combine moment frames and walls/braces to resist both vertical and lateral loads.
5) Cantilever column systems. The document also discusses earthquake building codes in Japan and case studies like Shigeru Ban's paper tube schools.
The document presents information on techniques for earthquake resistant building structures. It begins with introducing the topic and defining earthquakes. It then discusses conventional construction methods that focus on strength and stiffness. A variety of innovative seismic design techniques are described, including shear walls, shock absorbers, pendulum systems, and flexible foundations. Case studies from Afghanistan highlight the need for robust seismic practices. The document also outlines Indian building codes for earthquake resistance and seismic zones. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of resilient structures for risk reduction and the need for ongoing research to improve safety.
The document discusses various types of tall buildings and earthquake resistant design strategies. It describes bundled tube, framed tube, braced tube, and tube-in-tube structural systems that are used for tall buildings. The document also summarizes the Bhuj earthquake that occurred in Gujarat in 2001 and killed over 19,000 people. It provides steps for seismic design including planning symmetrical buildings, avoiding soft stories, using ductile materials, and providing vertical load paths like shear walls, bracing, and tuned mass dampers.
hie guys
Its a small presentation on Earthquake Resistant Structures
some basic fundamentals about its causes its effect and few techniques to resist it..
Earthquake Resistant designs with exp... all the things u need to knowPrateek Srivastava
This document provides information on earthquake resistant building designs. It discusses what earthquakes are, why they are deadly, India's earthquake risk profile, and the need for earthquake resistant design. Some important considerations for design include configuration, ductility, quality control, base isolation, passive energy dissipating devices, and active control systems. Historical examples of seismic vibration control techniques are also presented, such as dry stone walls and base isolators.
1. Structures in Kobe built since 1981 that were designed to strict seismic codes mostly withstood the 1995 Kobe earthquake, while newly built ductile-frame high-rise buildings were generally undamaged.
2. Modern earthquake engineering aims to create earthquake-resistant designs and construction techniques to build all types of structures, using state-of-the-art technology, materials science, and testing.
3. Key strategies for earthquake-resistant design include base isolation, increasing damping, and using devices like viscous and friction dampers to absorb seismic energy.
Aryyaka Sarkar 16011723001 Seminar on Earthquake Resistant Structures 23-24.pptxAryyakaSarkar
This document summarizes information about earthquakes and earthquake-resistant building techniques. It defines an earthquake as the sudden release of strain energy in the Earth's crust. It describes the two main types of earthquakes and explains how they occur due to the movement of tectonic plates. It also discusses seismic waves, the causes and effects of earthquakes, and techniques for improving earthquake resistance in buildings, such as using shear walls, base isolation, energy dissipation devices, and designs that keep buildings upright. The document emphasizes that earthquakes don't kill people directly, but rather damage to poorly designed structures can cause loss of life. It concludes that while earthquakes are inevitable, disasters can be prevented through safer building designs and construction practices.
This document discusses various earthquake-resistant features used in building design including:
1) Using beams as ductile weak links rather than columns through strong-column weak-beam design.
2) Improving masonry wall behavior by controlling wall dimensions and heights, ensuring proper construction and bonding, and adding horizontal reinforcement.
3) Using shear walls in reinforced concrete buildings to provide strength and stiffness throughout the building height.
this presentation is about how you can make a building more resistant to earthquakes. Different techniques and designs are discussed to make a building more resistant to earthquakes. examples of different earthquake resistant buildings are also discussed.
This document summarizes a student project on seismic retrofitting of buildings in Sikkim, India. The project aims to make existing buildings more earthquake resistant by modifying structural components and strengthening materials. Several retrofitting techniques are described, including reinforcement concrete jacketing, steel jacketing, steel caging, crack stitching, grouting, and shotcreting. The objectives are to prevent building collapse and loss of life during earthquakes by upgrading buildings to withstand seismic forces. The conclusion is that retrofitting provides sufficient strengthening to reduce earthquake damage to structures.
This document presents a major project on seismic retrofitting of building structures in Sikkim. The project is submitted by 7 students and aims to make buildings earthquake resistant through retrofitting. It provides background on the 2011 Sikkim earthquake and introduces various retrofitting techniques like reinforcement concrete jacketing, steel jacketing, steel caging, crack stitching, grouting, and shotcreting. The objective is to modify existing structures to protect them from earthquake damage and reduce risks to lives. In conclusion, retrofitting can significantly improve a building's seismic performance and provide sufficient protection.
This document is a project report on earthquake resistant buildings submitted by a civil engineering student. It begins with an acknowledgement thanking the project guide. The contents section lists topics that will be covered such as what is an earthquake, how they affect buildings, seismic zones in India, and popular earthquake resistant techniques. The introduction defines earthquakes and classifies their magnitudes. It also discusses how earthquakes can damage buildings and the impacts like structural damage, fires, and landslides. Popular earthquake resistant techniques discussed include shear walls, seismic dampers, base isolation, horizontal bands, and rollers.
This document discusses various methods for improving earthquake resistance in structures. It begins by describing traditional masonry and log construction techniques. As buildings grew taller, bracing systems and shear walls were introduced to resist lateral loads. The document then defines earthquake terminology and wave types. It outlines seismic zones in India and discusses techniques for minor buildings like strong columns, bands and brick infills. More advanced methods described are base isolation and energy dissipation devices. Examples of buildings using these methods are provided. The document concludes with suggestions for earthquake resistant design and references codes and research papers.
Reinforced concrete buildings in seismic regions often include vertical shear walls that run from the foundation to the roof. Shear walls help buildings withstand earthquakes by carrying lateral forces down to the foundation. They perform much better when properly designed with features like symmetrical placement, ductile reinforcement, and thickened boundary elements at the ends that experience high stresses. Buildings with sufficient shear walls have shown good performance during past earthquakes, making shear wall construction a popular approach in seismic design.
Earthquake resistant structure By Engr. Ghulam Yasin TaunsviShan Khan
The resistance structure is structures designed to withstand earthquakes. While no structure can be entirely immune to damage from earthquakes, the goal of earthquake-resistant construction is to erect structures that fare better during seismic activity than their conventional counterparts.
Earthquake resisting building structures are designed to minimize damage and loss of life from earthquakes. Passive systems like shear walls, bracing, and dampers are conventional techniques used to resist earthquake forces and absorb seismic energy. Active control systems integrate real-time processors to improve safety. Other earthquake resistant methods include using lightweight materials, rollers, base isolation, and avoiding weak structural elements. Properly designing buildings with features like thick slabs, cross walls, and symmetrical reinforcement can increase a building's ability to withstand earthquake forces.
1. The document discusses techniques for seismic retrofitting of existing structures, including adding new shear walls, steel bracing, jacketing columns and beams, using innovative materials like FRP composites, base isolation, seismic dampers, and tuned mass dampers.
2. It provides an overview of when seismic retrofitting is needed and objectives like ensuring public safety or maintaining structure functionality.
3. A case study describes retrofitting a historic structure in India damaged in an earthquake, including adding diagonal bracing, shotcreting walls, and cross pinning wall corners.
A technical approach to designing earthquake resistant buildings. Contains a brief overview of why a structure fails, building foundation problems and what are the possible solutions
The document discusses various techniques for making earthquake-resistant buildings, including:
1) Bearing wall systems that provide vertical support and lateral resistance through structural walls.
2) Frame systems that use diagonal braces or shear walls to provide lateral rigidity.
3) Moment-resisting frame systems that use rigid beam-column connections to resist lateral forces.
4) Dual systems that combine moment frames and walls/braces to resist both vertical and lateral loads.
5) Cantilever column systems. The document also discusses earthquake building codes in Japan and case studies like Shigeru Ban's paper tube schools.
The document presents information on techniques for earthquake resistant building structures. It begins with introducing the topic and defining earthquakes. It then discusses conventional construction methods that focus on strength and stiffness. A variety of innovative seismic design techniques are described, including shear walls, shock absorbers, pendulum systems, and flexible foundations. Case studies from Afghanistan highlight the need for robust seismic practices. The document also outlines Indian building codes for earthquake resistance and seismic zones. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of resilient structures for risk reduction and the need for ongoing research to improve safety.
The document discusses various types of tall buildings and earthquake resistant design strategies. It describes bundled tube, framed tube, braced tube, and tube-in-tube structural systems that are used for tall buildings. The document also summarizes the Bhuj earthquake that occurred in Gujarat in 2001 and killed over 19,000 people. It provides steps for seismic design including planning symmetrical buildings, avoiding soft stories, using ductile materials, and providing vertical load paths like shear walls, bracing, and tuned mass dampers.
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2. CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
HOW EARTHQUAKE RESISTENT BUILDING IS DIFERENT?
EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE ON REINFORCED CONCRETE
BUILDINGS
SEISMIC DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
REMEDIAL MEASURES TO MINIMISE THE LOSSES DUE TO
EARTHQUAKES
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BUILDING CONSTRUCTION WITH
REINFORCED HOLLOW CONCRETE BLOCK (RHCBM)
MID-LEVEL ISOLATION
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE USING SLURRY INFILTRATED
MAT CONCRETE (SIMCON)
TRADITIONAL EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT HOUSING
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
3. INTRODUCTION
An earthquake is the vibration, sometimes violent to the earth’s
surface that follows a release of energy in the earth’s crust.
This energy can be generated by a sudden dislocation of segments
of the crust, by a volcanic eruption or even by a manmade
explosion.
The dislocation of the crust causes most destructive earthquakes.
4. HOW EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT CONSTRUCTION IS
DIFFERENT?
Since the magnitude of a future earthquake and shaking intensity
expected at a particular site cannot be estimated with a reasonable
accuracy, the seismic forces are difficult to quantify for the
purposes of design.
Further, the actual forces that can be generated in the structure
during an earthquake are very large and designing the structure to
respond elastically against these forces make it too expensive.
5. EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE ON REINFORCED
CONCRETE BUILDINGS
In recent times, reinforced concrete buildings have become common in India.
A typical RC building is made of horizontal members (beams and slabs) and
vertical members (columns and walls) and supported by foundations that rest on
the ground.
The system consisting of RC columns and connecting beams is called a RC
frame.
6. SEISMIC DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
Severity of ground shaking at a given location during earthquake
can be minor, moderate and strong.
Relatively speaking, minor shaking occurs frequently; moderate
shaking occasionally and strong shaking rarely.
Earthquake resistant building:
Earthquake design philosophy:
7. REMEDIAL MEASURES TO MINIMISE THE LOSSES DUE
TO EARTHQUAKES
Building planning
Foundation
Provision of band
Arches and domes
Staircases
8. EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BUILDING CONSTRUCTION WITH
REINFORCED HOLLOW CONCRETE BLOCK (RHCBM)
Reinforced hollow concrete blocks are designed both as load-
bearing walls for gravity loads and also as shear walls for lateral
seismic loads, to safely withstand the earthquakes.
This structural system of construction is known as shear wall-
diaphragm concept, which gives three-dimensional structural
integrity for the buildings.
9. MID-LEVEL ISOLATION
This includes mid-level isolation system installed while the
buildings are still being used.
This new method entails improving and classifying the columns
on intermediate floors of an existing building into flexible
columns that incorporate rubber bearings (base isolation systems)
and rigid columns which have been wrapped in steel plates to add
to their toughness.
10. EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE USING SLURRY
INFILTRATED MAT CONCRETE (SIMCON)
Following the devastating earthquakes in Turkey this summer that
killed as many as 20,000 people and injured another 27,000,
images of survivors trapped beneath the rubble of collapsed
buildings appeared daily in news reports worldwide.
Now a North Carolina State University engineer is developing a
new type of concrete to help prevent such scenes from happening
again.
11. TRADITIONAL EARTHQUAKE REISTANT HOUSING
The Pherols of Uttarkashi
The Dhajji-Diwari buildings of Kashmir
The Kat-Ki- Kunni Buildings of Kulu Valley
Quincha earthquake resistant buildings
12. CONCLUSIONS
There is a lack of awareness in the earthquake disaster
mitigations. Avoiding non-engineered structures with
unskilled labour even in unimportant temporary constructions
can help a great way.
Statewide awareness programmes have to be conducted by
fully exploiting the advancement in the information
technology.
Urgent steps are required to be taken to make the codal
provisions regarding earthquake resistant construction
undebatable.
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