this ppt is useful for both b.e/b.tech students as well as for mca students. in this ppt u will find different types of security issues in manet and their countermeasures.
This document discusses subnetting and provides examples. It describes subnetting as breaking up a large network into smaller subnets. Subnetting allows creating multiple networks from a single address block and maximizes addressing efficiency. The document then provides examples of subnetting a network using CIDR notation and calculating the number of subnets, hosts per subnet, valid IP ranges, and broadcast addresses. It also discusses an example of optimally subnetting the IP addresses needed across different departments within a university based on their host requirements.
This document discusses network architecture and design. It covers component architectures including addressing/routing, network management, performance, and security architectures. It describes common addressing mechanisms like sub-netting, super-netting, dynamic addressing, private vs public addressing, VLANs, IPv4 vs IPv6, and network address translation. For routing, it discusses strategies like unicast, broadcast, multicast, anycast and geocast as well as routing protocols like BGP, mobile IP, and IGP confederations. The document provides an overview of network architecture concepts.
Department Of computer Application- Advanced computer network
Main office:
Remote locations
Branch offices:
Home offices:
Mobile users
Resource-Sharing Functions and Benefits
Network User Applications
Characteristics of a Network
Foundation
Advance Internet working
Congestion Control & Resource Allocation
Network Security
Symmetric Key Encryption
Cryptographic Building Blocks
DSR is a source routing protocol for wireless ad hoc networks. It uses source routing whereby the source specifies the complete path to the destination in the packet header. Route discovery is done through route request broadcasts, and routes are cached for future use. Route maintenance is done through acknowledgements; if a link breaks, a route error is sent back to the source. Simulation results showed high packet delivery ratios even with high node mobility. DSR performs well for dynamic wireless networks.
The document discusses the TCP/IP protocol stack and the headers used at each layer.
It describes that TCP works to divide files into packets and send them to workstations, while IP handles routing packets through networks. The TCP header includes fields like source/destination port numbers, sequence numbers, flags, and checksums. The IP header treats the TCP header+data as a datagram and adds its own header fields like version, length, identification, flags, time to live, and source/destination addresses.
An Authentication Header can also be added for security purposes to authenticate senders and protect against modification of packets.
Broadband-ISDN (B-ISDN) is an extension of ISDN that provides broadband capabilities over digital networks. B-ISDN uses asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) and supports transmission speeds greater than 1.544 Mbps. It provides fully integrated services including high-speed data, audio, and full-motion video. The goal of B-ISDN is to achieve complete integration of services from low-bit rate bursty signals to high-bit rate continuous real-time signals.
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is a data link layer protocol used to transmit data over point-to-point links. It establishes and configures connections, encapsulates network layer data, and provides authentication. PPP uses link establishment, packet framing, encapsulation, error detection, and other procedures to transmit data packets between two directly connected nodes. It supports multiple network layer protocols and can transmit packets from protocols like IP, OSI, Xerox, DECnet, and AppleTalk.
this ppt is useful for both b.e/b.tech students as well as for mca students. in this ppt u will find different types of security issues in manet and their countermeasures.
This document discusses subnetting and provides examples. It describes subnetting as breaking up a large network into smaller subnets. Subnetting allows creating multiple networks from a single address block and maximizes addressing efficiency. The document then provides examples of subnetting a network using CIDR notation and calculating the number of subnets, hosts per subnet, valid IP ranges, and broadcast addresses. It also discusses an example of optimally subnetting the IP addresses needed across different departments within a university based on their host requirements.
This document discusses network architecture and design. It covers component architectures including addressing/routing, network management, performance, and security architectures. It describes common addressing mechanisms like sub-netting, super-netting, dynamic addressing, private vs public addressing, VLANs, IPv4 vs IPv6, and network address translation. For routing, it discusses strategies like unicast, broadcast, multicast, anycast and geocast as well as routing protocols like BGP, mobile IP, and IGP confederations. The document provides an overview of network architecture concepts.
Department Of computer Application- Advanced computer network
Main office:
Remote locations
Branch offices:
Home offices:
Mobile users
Resource-Sharing Functions and Benefits
Network User Applications
Characteristics of a Network
Foundation
Advance Internet working
Congestion Control & Resource Allocation
Network Security
Symmetric Key Encryption
Cryptographic Building Blocks
DSR is a source routing protocol for wireless ad hoc networks. It uses source routing whereby the source specifies the complete path to the destination in the packet header. Route discovery is done through route request broadcasts, and routes are cached for future use. Route maintenance is done through acknowledgements; if a link breaks, a route error is sent back to the source. Simulation results showed high packet delivery ratios even with high node mobility. DSR performs well for dynamic wireless networks.
The document discusses the TCP/IP protocol stack and the headers used at each layer.
It describes that TCP works to divide files into packets and send them to workstations, while IP handles routing packets through networks. The TCP header includes fields like source/destination port numbers, sequence numbers, flags, and checksums. The IP header treats the TCP header+data as a datagram and adds its own header fields like version, length, identification, flags, time to live, and source/destination addresses.
An Authentication Header can also be added for security purposes to authenticate senders and protect against modification of packets.
Broadband-ISDN (B-ISDN) is an extension of ISDN that provides broadband capabilities over digital networks. B-ISDN uses asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) and supports transmission speeds greater than 1.544 Mbps. It provides fully integrated services including high-speed data, audio, and full-motion video. The goal of B-ISDN is to achieve complete integration of services from low-bit rate bursty signals to high-bit rate continuous real-time signals.
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is a data link layer protocol used to transmit data over point-to-point links. It establishes and configures connections, encapsulates network layer data, and provides authentication. PPP uses link establishment, packet framing, encapsulation, error detection, and other procedures to transmit data packets between two directly connected nodes. It supports multiple network layer protocols and can transmit packets from protocols like IP, OSI, Xerox, DECnet, and AppleTalk.
Detailed description about Hubs Switches Modems and their workingrockingprashik
The document discusses various networking devices including hubs, switches, and modems. It provides details on how each device works, types of each device, their applications and merits and demerits. Hubs connect devices on a network but do not filter or manage traffic. Switches can filter traffic and improve network performance by sending data only to its destination port. Modems modulate digital signals for transmission over phone lines and are used to connect networks across long distances.
1) Computer networks allow communication and sharing of resources between computer systems and devices through communication channels. There are several types of networks including LANs, WANs, and MANs.
2) For communication between systems, both must agree on a protocol which sets rules for data transmission. The two main protocol stacks are OSI and TCP/IP.
3) The network layer is responsible for delivering packets from source to destination. It uses services from the data link layer and provides services to the transport layer. Common network layer protocols are IP (Internet Protocol) for connectionless service and MPLS for connection-oriented service.
WANs use carrier services to connect organizational locations and provide access to external services and remote users. WANs carry various traffic types like voice, data, and video, with telephone and data services being most common. Physical equipment includes customer premises equipment (CPE) connected to the service provider's central office via local loops.
This document discusses and compares different topologies for interconnection networks in parallel and distributed systems. It describes static interconnection networks like complete graphs, linear arrays, rings, d-dimensional meshes, d-dimensional toruses, and k-dimensional hypercubes. For each topology, it provides the degree, diameter, edge connectivity, and bisection bandwidth to characterize the properties of the network. The document explains that different topologies provide different tradeoffs between properties like hardware cost, fault tolerance, message transmission time, and data throughput.
Data communication and network Chapter - 2Zafar Ayub
The document discusses network protocols and Ethernet. It provides details on:
- Common network protocols include Ethernet, LocalTalk, Token Ring, FDDI, and ATM. Ethernet is the most widely used protocol.
- Ethernet uses CSMA/CD access method where nodes listen before transmitting and can detect collisions. It operates at speeds of 10 Mbps, 100 Mbps, 1 Gbps, and 10 Gbps.
- Ethernet standards include IEEE 802.3 for 10BASE-T, 802.3u for 100BASE-TX, 802.3z for 1000BASE-T, and 802.3ae for 10 Gbps.
Data Communication And Networking - DATA RATE LIMITSAvijeet Negel
This document discusses data rate limits in communications. It covers:
1. Data rate depends on bandwidth, signal levels, and channel noise.
2. Nyquist's theorem gives the maximum bit rate for a noiseless channel based on bandwidth and number of signal levels. Shannon's theorem calculates capacity for noisy channels based on bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio.
3. Examples show calculating bit rates and required signal levels using Nyquist and Shannon's formulas for different channel scenarios.
Network Layer addresses data at the logical and physical levels. Logical addresses are generated by CPUs and allow virtual addressing, while physical addresses map to specific memory locations. The network layer provides routing across multiple physical links from one device to another. IP addresses uniquely identify devices on the Internet, though they can change over time as connections change. IPv6 was developed to address the impending exhaustion of IPv4 addresses by expanding the address space to 128 bits.
This document provides an overview of various topics related to the network layer, including IPv4, IPv6, ARP, RARP, mobile IP, routing algorithms, and routing protocols. It begins with basics of IPv4 such as its addressing scheme and role in interconnecting networks. IPv6 is then introduced, along with reasons for its development and key features like its large 128-bit addresses. Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) and Reverse ARP (RARP) are also covered. The document concludes by discussing routing algorithms like link-state and distance-vector, as well as protocols including RIP, OSPF, and BGP.
Dc ch10 : circuit switching and packet switchingSyaiful Ahdan
This document discusses different communication switching techniques for networks, including circuit switching and packet switching. Circuit switching establishes a dedicated communication path between stations but is inefficient for bursty data traffic. Packet switching divides messages into packets that are transmitted independently through the network, allowing dynamic sharing of network bandwidth. It supports data rate conversion and priority handling. Packet switching can use either a datagram approach, treating each packet independently, or a virtual circuit approach, pre-establishing routes for packets.
- Access control lists (ACLs) allow or deny network traffic passing through a router based on source and destination IP addresses, protocols, and port numbers.
- There are two main types of ACLs: standard ACLs which filter based on source IP addresses, and extended ACLs which filter on source/destination IP addresses, protocols, and port numbers.
- ACLs can be numbered or named, with named ACLs allowing selective editing of statements not possible with numbered ACLs.
The document outlines a syllabus for a computer networks course taught by Usha Barad. The syllabus covers 5 topics: 1) introduction to computer networks and the Internet, 2) application layer, 3) transport layer, 4) network layer, and 5) link layer and local area networks. It also lists recommended reference books for the course.
In this PPT you can learn a firewall and types which help you a lot and you can able to understand. So, that you must read at once I sure that you are understand
Thank you!!!
I
The document describes Cisco's three-tier network model consisting of core, distribution, and access layers. The core layer contains the largest, fastest routers and acts as the backbone. The distribution layer is located between the core and access layers and defines network policy. The access layer includes switches connected to end devices like computers and printers. The three-tier model provides benefits like improved performance, management, scalability, and redundancy.
A computer network is network of computer .It connects multiple computer in manner to enable meaningful transmission and exchange of data among them.Main objective of CN is sharing of information ,resources and processing load among the connected computer.
you can easily get basic introduction of COMPUTER NETWORK
The document describes how to configure active/active failover on Cisco ASA firewalls. Key steps include:
1) Configuring both ASA devices in multiple context mode.
2) Creating failover groups and assigning contexts to each group.
3) Configuring failover and stateful failover interfaces on each device.
4) Assigning IP addresses to interfaces in each context.
This allows both devices to remain active and share the load, improving firewall throughput and availability.
INTERNET PROTOCOL (IP)
, Datagram Format
, Fragmentation
, Options
, Security of IPv4 Datagrams
,ICMPv4
, MESSAGES
, Debugging Tools
, ICMP Checksum
, MOBILE IP
, Addressing
, Agents
, Three Phases
, Inefficiency in Mobile IP
This document provides an introduction to IP addressing, including:
- A brief history of IP development and the OSI and TCP/IP models.
- An overview of IP address classes (A, B, C, D, E), how they are determined, and their characteristics like address ranges and network/host portions.
- Explanations of limitations of classful addressing, subnetting, and how classless or CIDR addressing helps address those limitations by allowing flexible prefix lengths.
- An example is given of how CIDR allows efficient allocation of addresses to networks of different sizes.
This document summarizes error detection and correction techniques. It discusses types of errors like single-bit errors and burst errors. It covers basic concepts of error detection, including adding redundant bits and using techniques like parity checks. Error correction requires knowing the number and positions of errors. Linear block codes and cyclic codes are introduced. Hamming distance and minimum distance are important metrics for error detection and correction capability. Specific codes like parity codes, Hamming codes, and cyclic redundancy checks (CRCs) are described through examples.
Delay refers to the time taken to transfer a message from sender to receiver. It is calculated based on processing delay, queuing delay, transmission delay, and propagation delay. Packet loss occurs when a router's queue is full and it must drop packets. Bandwidth is the maximum rate of data transfer, while throughput is the actual rate of successful data transfer from one point to another.
This podcast module provided an overview of wireless access points (APs). It discussed what an AP is and its main function of converting radio signals to Ethernet data. Key AP components like antennas, radios, and Ethernet ports were examined. The module covered AP installation considerations like mounting locations and cabling. It also reviewed configuring AP settings such as IP addresses, SSIDs, VLANs, and security. Finally, it provided an overview of IEEE 802.11 wireless networking standards and common amendments.
Determining Client And Networking RequirementsSteven Cahill
The document discusses determining client and network requirements before designing a network. It emphasizes identifying organizational needs through meetings with clients to understand business objectives. These objectives include sizing the network, following standards, defining connectivity and security needs, ensuring interoperability, compatibility and ease of use. The network plan should address existing infrastructure and provide the best value for the client. Conducting meetings requires skills like speaking, listening, observing, questioning and note taking to obtain necessary information to analyze requirements.
A proper site survey is necessary when planning a network upgrade to gather key information about the existing network infrastructure, user needs, physical layout, and future growth requirements. The site survey involves documenting details like the number of users and devices, applications used, existing hardware and configurations, wireless needs, reliability expectations, and budget constraints. This information provides an accurate baseline for designing an upgraded network that supports current and future business needs. A site survey also identifies any deficiencies in the current network to be addressed in the upgrade proposal.
Detailed description about Hubs Switches Modems and their workingrockingprashik
The document discusses various networking devices including hubs, switches, and modems. It provides details on how each device works, types of each device, their applications and merits and demerits. Hubs connect devices on a network but do not filter or manage traffic. Switches can filter traffic and improve network performance by sending data only to its destination port. Modems modulate digital signals for transmission over phone lines and are used to connect networks across long distances.
1) Computer networks allow communication and sharing of resources between computer systems and devices through communication channels. There are several types of networks including LANs, WANs, and MANs.
2) For communication between systems, both must agree on a protocol which sets rules for data transmission. The two main protocol stacks are OSI and TCP/IP.
3) The network layer is responsible for delivering packets from source to destination. It uses services from the data link layer and provides services to the transport layer. Common network layer protocols are IP (Internet Protocol) for connectionless service and MPLS for connection-oriented service.
WANs use carrier services to connect organizational locations and provide access to external services and remote users. WANs carry various traffic types like voice, data, and video, with telephone and data services being most common. Physical equipment includes customer premises equipment (CPE) connected to the service provider's central office via local loops.
This document discusses and compares different topologies for interconnection networks in parallel and distributed systems. It describes static interconnection networks like complete graphs, linear arrays, rings, d-dimensional meshes, d-dimensional toruses, and k-dimensional hypercubes. For each topology, it provides the degree, diameter, edge connectivity, and bisection bandwidth to characterize the properties of the network. The document explains that different topologies provide different tradeoffs between properties like hardware cost, fault tolerance, message transmission time, and data throughput.
Data communication and network Chapter - 2Zafar Ayub
The document discusses network protocols and Ethernet. It provides details on:
- Common network protocols include Ethernet, LocalTalk, Token Ring, FDDI, and ATM. Ethernet is the most widely used protocol.
- Ethernet uses CSMA/CD access method where nodes listen before transmitting and can detect collisions. It operates at speeds of 10 Mbps, 100 Mbps, 1 Gbps, and 10 Gbps.
- Ethernet standards include IEEE 802.3 for 10BASE-T, 802.3u for 100BASE-TX, 802.3z for 1000BASE-T, and 802.3ae for 10 Gbps.
Data Communication And Networking - DATA RATE LIMITSAvijeet Negel
This document discusses data rate limits in communications. It covers:
1. Data rate depends on bandwidth, signal levels, and channel noise.
2. Nyquist's theorem gives the maximum bit rate for a noiseless channel based on bandwidth and number of signal levels. Shannon's theorem calculates capacity for noisy channels based on bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio.
3. Examples show calculating bit rates and required signal levels using Nyquist and Shannon's formulas for different channel scenarios.
Network Layer addresses data at the logical and physical levels. Logical addresses are generated by CPUs and allow virtual addressing, while physical addresses map to specific memory locations. The network layer provides routing across multiple physical links from one device to another. IP addresses uniquely identify devices on the Internet, though they can change over time as connections change. IPv6 was developed to address the impending exhaustion of IPv4 addresses by expanding the address space to 128 bits.
This document provides an overview of various topics related to the network layer, including IPv4, IPv6, ARP, RARP, mobile IP, routing algorithms, and routing protocols. It begins with basics of IPv4 such as its addressing scheme and role in interconnecting networks. IPv6 is then introduced, along with reasons for its development and key features like its large 128-bit addresses. Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) and Reverse ARP (RARP) are also covered. The document concludes by discussing routing algorithms like link-state and distance-vector, as well as protocols including RIP, OSPF, and BGP.
Dc ch10 : circuit switching and packet switchingSyaiful Ahdan
This document discusses different communication switching techniques for networks, including circuit switching and packet switching. Circuit switching establishes a dedicated communication path between stations but is inefficient for bursty data traffic. Packet switching divides messages into packets that are transmitted independently through the network, allowing dynamic sharing of network bandwidth. It supports data rate conversion and priority handling. Packet switching can use either a datagram approach, treating each packet independently, or a virtual circuit approach, pre-establishing routes for packets.
- Access control lists (ACLs) allow or deny network traffic passing through a router based on source and destination IP addresses, protocols, and port numbers.
- There are two main types of ACLs: standard ACLs which filter based on source IP addresses, and extended ACLs which filter on source/destination IP addresses, protocols, and port numbers.
- ACLs can be numbered or named, with named ACLs allowing selective editing of statements not possible with numbered ACLs.
The document outlines a syllabus for a computer networks course taught by Usha Barad. The syllabus covers 5 topics: 1) introduction to computer networks and the Internet, 2) application layer, 3) transport layer, 4) network layer, and 5) link layer and local area networks. It also lists recommended reference books for the course.
In this PPT you can learn a firewall and types which help you a lot and you can able to understand. So, that you must read at once I sure that you are understand
Thank you!!!
I
The document describes Cisco's three-tier network model consisting of core, distribution, and access layers. The core layer contains the largest, fastest routers and acts as the backbone. The distribution layer is located between the core and access layers and defines network policy. The access layer includes switches connected to end devices like computers and printers. The three-tier model provides benefits like improved performance, management, scalability, and redundancy.
A computer network is network of computer .It connects multiple computer in manner to enable meaningful transmission and exchange of data among them.Main objective of CN is sharing of information ,resources and processing load among the connected computer.
you can easily get basic introduction of COMPUTER NETWORK
The document describes how to configure active/active failover on Cisco ASA firewalls. Key steps include:
1) Configuring both ASA devices in multiple context mode.
2) Creating failover groups and assigning contexts to each group.
3) Configuring failover and stateful failover interfaces on each device.
4) Assigning IP addresses to interfaces in each context.
This allows both devices to remain active and share the load, improving firewall throughput and availability.
INTERNET PROTOCOL (IP)
, Datagram Format
, Fragmentation
, Options
, Security of IPv4 Datagrams
,ICMPv4
, MESSAGES
, Debugging Tools
, ICMP Checksum
, MOBILE IP
, Addressing
, Agents
, Three Phases
, Inefficiency in Mobile IP
This document provides an introduction to IP addressing, including:
- A brief history of IP development and the OSI and TCP/IP models.
- An overview of IP address classes (A, B, C, D, E), how they are determined, and their characteristics like address ranges and network/host portions.
- Explanations of limitations of classful addressing, subnetting, and how classless or CIDR addressing helps address those limitations by allowing flexible prefix lengths.
- An example is given of how CIDR allows efficient allocation of addresses to networks of different sizes.
This document summarizes error detection and correction techniques. It discusses types of errors like single-bit errors and burst errors. It covers basic concepts of error detection, including adding redundant bits and using techniques like parity checks. Error correction requires knowing the number and positions of errors. Linear block codes and cyclic codes are introduced. Hamming distance and minimum distance are important metrics for error detection and correction capability. Specific codes like parity codes, Hamming codes, and cyclic redundancy checks (CRCs) are described through examples.
Delay refers to the time taken to transfer a message from sender to receiver. It is calculated based on processing delay, queuing delay, transmission delay, and propagation delay. Packet loss occurs when a router's queue is full and it must drop packets. Bandwidth is the maximum rate of data transfer, while throughput is the actual rate of successful data transfer from one point to another.
This podcast module provided an overview of wireless access points (APs). It discussed what an AP is and its main function of converting radio signals to Ethernet data. Key AP components like antennas, radios, and Ethernet ports were examined. The module covered AP installation considerations like mounting locations and cabling. It also reviewed configuring AP settings such as IP addresses, SSIDs, VLANs, and security. Finally, it provided an overview of IEEE 802.11 wireless networking standards and common amendments.
Determining Client And Networking RequirementsSteven Cahill
The document discusses determining client and network requirements before designing a network. It emphasizes identifying organizational needs through meetings with clients to understand business objectives. These objectives include sizing the network, following standards, defining connectivity and security needs, ensuring interoperability, compatibility and ease of use. The network plan should address existing infrastructure and provide the best value for the client. Conducting meetings requires skills like speaking, listening, observing, questioning and note taking to obtain necessary information to analyze requirements.
A proper site survey is necessary when planning a network upgrade to gather key information about the existing network infrastructure, user needs, physical layout, and future growth requirements. The site survey involves documenting details like the number of users and devices, applications used, existing hardware and configurations, wireless needs, reliability expectations, and budget constraints. This information provides an accurate baseline for designing an upgraded network that supports current and future business needs. A site survey also identifies any deficiencies in the current network to be addressed in the upgrade proposal.
Part I Identifying Your Customer’s Needs and Goals Chapter 1 A.pdfanandatalapatra
Part I
Identifying Your Customer’s
Needs and Goals
Chapter 1 Analyzing Business Goals and Constraints
Chapter 2 Analyzing Technical Goals and Tradeoffs
Chapter 3 Characterizing the Existing Internetwork
Chapter 4 Characterizing Network Traffic
Chapter 1
Analyzing Business
Goals and Constraints
This chapter serves as an introduction to the rest of the book by describing top-down
network design. The first section explains how to use a systematic, top-down process
when designing computer networks for your customers. Depending on your job, your
customers might consist of other departments within your company, those to whom you
are trying to sell products, or clients of your consulting business.
After describing the methodology, this chapter focuses on the first step in top-down network
design: analyzing your customer’s business goals. Business goals include the capability
to run network applications to meet corporate business objectives, and the need to
work within business constraints, such as budgets, limited networking personnel, and
tight timeframes.
This chapter also covers an important business constraint that some people call the
eighth layer of the Open System Interconnection (OSI) reference model: workplace politics.
To ensure the success of your network design project, you should gain an understanding
of any corporate politics and policies at your customer’s site that could affect
your project.
The chapter concludes with a checklist to help you determine if you have addressed the
business issues in a network design project.
Using a Top-Down Network Design Methodology
According to Albert Einstein:
“The world we’ve made as a result of the level of thinking we have done thus far creates
problems that we cannot solve at the same level at which we created them.”
To paraphrase Einstein, networking professionals have the ability to create networks that
are so complex that when problems arise they can’t be solved using the same sort of
thinking that was used to create the networks. Add to this the fact that each upgrade,
patch, and modification to a network can also be created using complex and sometimes
4 Top-Down Network Design
convoluted thinking, and you soon realize that the result is a network that is hard to
understand and troubleshoot. A network created with this complexity often doesn’t perform
as well as expected, doesn’t scale as the need for growth arises (as it almost always
does), and doesn’t match a customer’s requirements. A solution to this problem is to use a
streamlined, systematic methodology in which the network or upgrade is designed in a
top-down fashion.
Many network design tools and methodologies in use today resemble the “connect-thedots”
game that some of us played as children. These tools let you place internetworking
devices on a palette and connect them with LAN or WAN media. The problem with this
methodology is that it skips the steps of analyzing a customer’s requirements and selecting
devices and media based on .
1 IT 340 Final Project Guidelines and Rubric O.docxhoney725342
1
IT 340 Final Project Guidelines and Rubric
Overview
A computer network is the foundation of every organization’s information technology (IT) infrastructure. Computing networks provide the backbone and
framework for running business applications, sharing content, communication, and collaboration. In your assessment in this course you will take on the role of a
junior network administrator, with responsibility for managing, supporting, and recommending networking solutions. Within this role, you will create a report
for the senior administrators, based on the scenario provided in which the organization is looking to expand to a new location. While writing your report you will
apply networking concepts, fundamentals, and troubleshooting skills in developing recommendations to a real-world scenario. This report provides an
opportunity for you to illustrate critical thinking in evaluating and solving networking business requirements that would assist in meeting organizational goals
and objectives.
The Project in Context: Course Learning Objectives and the Newton Ad Agency: There are two key contexts that should help to guide your work in this project.
The first is the function of this project in the organizational culture and business drivers of your imagined employer, Newton Ad Agency. Be sure to carefully
review the scenario below to help you formulate your recommendations.
The second key context is your learning in the whole of this course. This project has been selected and developed in part because it allows you to directly
address the following course outcomes:
Analyze standard network designs and infrastructures for informing optimal support practices
Explain troubleshooting approaches to network problems for informing potential solutions to network errors and ensuring rapid resolution
Explain network technology suggestions based on how they support business goals and objectives
Apply networking concepts to real-world situations for informing management and upgrade suggestions
As you can see, these outcomes ask you to relate your scholarly engagement with networking theory and practice to specific business cases. In your final project,
this connection comes to life in your recommendations for networking a new office for Newton Ad Agency.
You will work toward a successful final project throughout the course, most notably through the completion of two milestones, which will be submitted at
various points throughout the course to scaffold learning and ensure quality final submissions. In Milestone One, due in Module Three, you will draft the
introduction of the project and the first section of the body. This milestone will address key considerations for network design and local area network (LAN)
topology. In Milestone Two, due in Module Five, you will draft additional sections of the project. These sections are on the selection of an internet service
provider and networking consideration ...
Running head CIS 532 Term PaperAssignment 5 .docxtodd271
Running head: CIS 532 Term Paper
Assignment 5: Technical Term PaperStrayer UniversityDATEExecutive summaryThis summary endeavors to present the Network design project needs that are desired for Fiction Corporation. The documentation provided is a structured study of the problem and the actions to be taken in resolving the aforementioned. To begin we will conduct a study of the various parts of the existing network topology and the various types of technologies that are currently in use. After judicious evaluation, we will create a plan to transition the Data-center. Some proposals related to network design changes may also be recommended. The approach our company takes keeps in mind the business needs of Fiction Corporation. This includes noting the required uptime and financial constraints into consideration. Finally, a complete implementation plan has been constructed with the time-line and budget figures. We stand confidently behind our work and can boldly stake claim that our team has the qualifications to complete the project. We have expertise in project management, networking and internetworking. To support this, we have certifications under our belt (CISSP, CCNP, PMP, Network+). A team of 10-12 such subject matter experts will be dedicated to Fiction Corporation’s project.
Project goals
The project takes aim to deal with the major Data-center problem of Fiction Corporation, and will be an aggressive project with several project goals and sub-goals. The following represent the major project goals:
· Migration of Data center: Fiction Corporation needs to shift one of its data centers from its current location to the headquarters, which is located several miles away. The shift needs to be a seamless transition. Measures must be taken not to affect daily operational activities of the company. As a backup measure, there will be a duplication of data storage at the remote location. Once the new site is ready for hosting operations, the old site will be dismantled or made dis-functional.
· Network and infrastructure upgrade: Fiction Corporation’s management looks to seize this as an opportunity to upgrade the infrastructure and network. While making the transition, our team will also work on an analysis of current network designs and its supplementary inventiveness. There is a sub-goal for the optimization and quality control of operations. New network architecture and technologies can be deployed as a part of migration.
· Cost-effective Implementation: Fiction Corporation’s management has set budget on migration costs of $500,000. We consider project costs to be non-elastic and having to be kept under the limits as set by Fiction Corporation’s executive committee. Such major projects can only be accepted if it provides a positive return on a short or long-term basis. While designing the network, Return on Investment (ROI) will be kept in mind for the project duration.
Project scope:
The data center and network infrastructure of a.
Network designers ensure that communication networks can adjust and scale to demands for new services by creating hierarchical network designs. The core layer of this design transports large amounts of data quickly and reliably between different parts of the network. Design considerations for the core layer include using routers or multilayer switches, redundant links in a partial- or full-mesh topology, fast and aggregated links, and routing protocols that converge quickly like EIGRP and OSPF to provide 100% uptime, maximize throughput, and facilitate network growth.
This document outlines the plans for a network infrastructure project for Orange Creek Inc. The project will design and implement a wired and wireless network, including email, file sharing, and two software development labs. A project charter defines the team and code of conduct. Components, requirements, scope, stakeholders, risks, and approach are documented. The project organization details communication, approvals, and change management plans. A schedule includes a Gantt chart and bill of materials. Contingency plans cover disaster recovery and risk management.
West Consulting Modular Design ProposalMichael BoddieNetwork.docxphilipnelson29183
West Consulting Modular Design Proposal
Michael Boddie
Network Design Associate
NTC/320
January 29, 2018
-Welcome-
1
Introduction
West Consulting Firm is a large company with 1000+ devices
The best Network design for West Consulting Firm is Hierarchical structure as proposed in the network summary document
Hierarchical network design is a three layer model.
West Consulting is a large organization as it currently have 1000 users and it intends to increase the number of users to 1500
The reason as to why the organization should opt for a hierarchical network design due to:
Better scalability
Better redundancy
Better performance
Batter management and troubleshooting
Better policy creating and scalability
2
Hierarchical Network Design
In each layer in the hierarchy provides specific functions which helps the network designer to select and optimize the right network hardware , features and software
The access layer provides user access to the organization network
The distribution layer provides policy-based connectivity
Core layer provides fast transport between the distribution switches
Access layer is where the switches are located which are then connected to the end users or computers
The distribution layer separates the access and the core layer. It in this layer where the policy of the network is defined
The core layer consists of the layer with the fastest, biggest, and the most expensive routers. This layer is considered to be the backbone of the organizational network. It is in this layer that routers are used to merge geographically separated network of the organization
3
Cisco Design Principles of a Hierarchical Structure
When designing hierarchical network structure there four design principles to consider which are:
Network diameter: This term is used to measure the number of devices
Bandwidth aggregation: This is the art of considering the specific bandwidth requirements
Redundancy: This is the practice of duplicating critical elements so as to achieve reliability (Thomadsen, 2005).
Network diameter is the first thing to consider when designing a hierarchical network structure. Network diameter is the number of gadgets or devices that a certain packet have to cross before it reaches its destination. This means that when designing west consulting network structure, the network designer must keep network diameter low.
Bandwidth aggregation: The designers of West Consulting firm network structure they must consider the bandwidth requirement for every party of the hierarchy. Link aggregation is said to allow multiple switch ports links to be combined. This in turn achieves a high throughput between the organizational switches
To ensure redundancy the network designer can double the network links
4
How Design a Hierarchical Network .
EarthLink Top 5 Questions Asked of EarthLInk Network Engineers 2016Eric Hyman
The document summarizes the top 5 questions network engineers at EarthLink are asked by prospective customers. The questions focus on business issues like redundancy, availability, compliance, cloud services, and simplifying operations. For each question, the engineers provide insights into how they evaluate customers' needs and focus on understanding applications and business objectives rather than technical specifications. They emphasize the importance of consolidation with a single network provider and helping customers free up time and resources.
Good network work is quick and seamless. And, with a plan that comes prior to this is permitted, you can stand guaranteed that your network is operating with constant top-level performance. This is very apparent in your application response time as well as the amount of time it takes for your network to react across computers when you can hold a better Network Planning and Design to start with.
CHAPTER 10 SystemArchitectureChapter 10 is the final chapter.docxcravennichole326
This chapter discusses system architecture, which translates the logical design of an information system into a physical blueprint. It covers a wide range of topics to support the overall system design, including servers, clients, processing methods, networks, and related issues. When planning the system architecture, a systems analyst must consider issues like corporate organization, costs, scalability, legacy systems, security, and processing options. The chapter traces the evolution of system architecture from early mainframe-based designs to current client/server architectures and cloud-based solutions.
WWTC Office Layout Diagram.htmlAmerican State & Local Po.docxericbrooks84875
WWTC Office Layout Diagram.html
American State & Local Politics
This is a series of six questions that needs to be done in APA format with in text citations and references. My book needs to be used as at least one of the references. NO PLAGIARISM! Each question has a minimum amount of words that are required--the amount required will follow each question in parenthesis. Please keep questions together as they are numbered so it doesnt get confusing when submitting awnsers back to me. I need this assignment back by Sunday 11/02/14 by 10:00 P.M No later unless you can get it back to me by today late evening. I have a lot of errands to run today so I will be looking for handshake off and on today please go ahead and start working on the assignments because as always I dont let anyone else do my work--I always give it all to you. I have a paper coming up for this clas for Unit 7 that I will soon be submitting to you-please be looking for that! Thanks for all your hard work and Please NO PLAGIARISM!!!
My book is:
Dye, T. R., & MacManus, S. A. (2012). Politics in states and communities (14th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.
Unit 6--Question 1
Discuss the factors that tend to distance local government from citizen control. ( Min. 75 words)
Unit 6--Question 2
Compare and contrast the roles of city managers and mayors. (Min. 200 words)
Unit 6--Question 3
Describe the trends in representation of minorities and women in local politics and the impact of their participation. (Min. 500 words)
Unit 7--Question 1
Compare and contrast the elite and pluralist models of community power. (Min. 75 words)
Unit 7--Question 2
Contrast four major planning practices: PUDs, impact fees, exaction, and developer agreements. ( Min. 200 words)
Unit 7--Question 3
Discuss the types of taxes state and local communities implement and the necessity of these taxes. Explain how governments manage budgets when there is a lack of revenue. (Min. 500 words)
Background Information for World-Wide Trading Company
World-Wide Trading (WWTC) is a large online broker firm in the Hong Kong. The trading company has a staff of 9,000 who are scattered around the globe. Due to aggressive growth in business, they want to establish a regional office in New York City. They leased the entire floor of a building on Wall Street. You were hired as the director of the IT Department. The President of the company asked you to set up the state of the art network by December 15, 2013. He shared with you the organizational structure and a list of the staff. You hired a consultant to test the network infrastructure and power requirement at WWTC office space. The consultant reported that the network infrastructure is solid and gigabit network can be set up on existing network wiring. Also, the existing power supply will meet their current and future demand. The President has reiterated these business goals.
Business and Technical Goals
· Increaserevenue from 10 billion to 40 b.
CLASS NAMEMIS600PROFESSORS NAME STUDENTS NAME PRO.docxmonicafrancis71118
CLASS NAME:MIS600
PROFESSORS NAME:
STUDENTS NAME:
PROJECT NAME: NETWORK DESIGN
Content
Topic Page No.
Cover Page 1
Content 2
Executive summary 3
Project Charter 3
Earn Value Statement 11
Executive Summary
Network under a set of confined region is known as Intranet. It uses an IP protocol and IP-based tools like the file transfer application and web browsers that is provided by the server to only assigned IP address. Computer network communication is an important installation in a contemporary organization organisation. As the organization's service provision is improved through the reliable communication, its competition with related firms is enhanced and, therefore, valued competence. Ultimate network design as a mode of flow of information among employees and stakeholders in promotes coordination in the management, team work and services the business offer. This automatically improves the performance of the organisation at the good will of all workers.
It should be noted that an organisation's communication systems alone holds a large percentage in its performance that it should not be compromised, even on the slightest default. This would mean that the organisation would require an Information System that when a default occurs at any single point in the connection system, it would be easier to detect and reach that point as soon as possible. The design should be design with backbone network so temporally technical problem with not upset the performance of network communication. This is more appropriate in big organisations to maintain their data and communication confidentiality, integrity and accessibility. In networking design approach, the choice of device should be intelligently selected for the desired function, this will enhance performance in terms of managing security, traffic, errors in storage and transmitting information.
Documents and programs that are sensitive are run through LAN security domain system to create passwords for their protection against cybercrimes. The protected file would then be accessed by authorised personnel only. This would be an important idea where security of flowing information is paramount. Each set of the employee has got a privilege to prevent the access of any restricted file in the company.
Project Charter
Project Name
Network Design
Project Number
DW2
Project Team
Sponsor: Robert Elson
Author : Jacobs Adam
Manager: Joyce Rob.
Network designers ensure complex networks can scale and adapt by following design principles and methodology. They create hierarchical designs with core, distribution, and access layers to control traffic and filter broadcasts. The core layer connects distribution layers to transport data quickly and reliably with redundancy and protocols like EIGRP and OSPF. Design goals include 100% uptime, throughput, and facilitating growth.
The document discusses the relevance and opportunities of the Computer Systems Servicing National Certificate Level II Qualification. It explains that the course covers basic concepts, competencies, and career opportunities in computer hardware servicing. Obtaining this qualification allows graduates to work as computer service technicians, which is a growing field. As a technician, one would install, maintain, and repair computer systems and equipment. The document also lists the skills, interests, and qualities needed to succeed in this career.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document outlines steps for confirming client requirements for a network design project. It discusses arranging meetings with the client to understand their business needs and tasks. Key areas to discuss include network size, connectivity requirements, security concerns, software and hardware compatibility, ease of use, warranty and cost considerations. The goal is to create a network plan that addresses the client's priorities and business functions.
When it comes to understanding the fundamentals of computer networking the user would have to be able to links several different relevant and connective element to create the ideal computing network. This networking is the proactive of linking two or more computing devices to enable the sharing of data conveniently and safely. Ideally this is achieved with the combined use of both computer hardware and computer software. Get all the info you need here.
Similar to Design Scenario Network Analysis & Design (20)
This document discusses troubleshooting networks using a systematic approach. It covers developing network documentation, including topology diagrams and performance baselines. The troubleshooting process begins by gathering symptoms, then uses layered models to isolate issues starting from physical up to application layers. Common troubleshooting tools are also described, such as network analyzers and protocol analyzers. Specific examples of troubleshooting physical, data link and other layers are provided. The document concludes with steps for troubleshooting end-to-end connectivity issues.
Visualization of Computer Forensics Analysis on Digital EvidenceMuhd Mu'izuddin
- This is my first article, its for my Final Year Project for Bachelor's of Computer Science (Systems and Networking)
- It also will be uploaded into CyberSecurity Malaysia E-Bulletin for 2017
This document provides instructions for configuring basic inter-VLAN routing between VLANs on switches and a router. It includes:
- Configuring VLANs, trunk ports, and IP addresses on switches to segment traffic into VLANs 10, 20, 30, and 99.
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The document compares Layer 2 and Layer 3 switching. Layer 2 switching uses MAC addresses to forward frames within a broadcast domain, while Layer 3 switching uses IP addresses to forward packets, allowing for greater scalability and security. Some benefits of Layer 2 switching include hardware-based bridging and high speeds, while benefits of Layer 3 switching include scalability, security, QoS, and lower latency.
Genetic algorithms imitate natural selection by evolving a population of potential solutions. They use fitness functions to evaluate how close each solution is to the desired outcome. Roulette wheel selection probabilistically selects solutions for reproduction based on their fitness, giving fitter solutions a greater chance of being selected. This process is repeated over multiple generations until an optimal solution emerges.
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1. ∀x(ComputerScience(x) → Programming(x))
2. ∀x(┐Impressive(x))
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This document contains a 3 month analysis of textbook sales from May to July at Pekan Buku Uniten in Kajang, Malaysia. It includes a table showing the number of each textbook sold and the total stationary sales. The document recommends replacing the low selling Bahasa Melayu textbook with more in demand subjects. It also recommends adding new stationary, restocking the top selling textbooks, and introducing new books based on student needs.
This document summarizes a student group project on discovering bacteria on mobile phones. The group members are listed. They discovered that hundreds of bacteria can grow on phones, including some that cause skin infections, though most bacteria are harmless. To conduct their research, the students placed their phones in petri dishes of agar to monitor bacterial growth over three days. Their findings suggest people should clean their phones weekly with disinfectant to prevent bacteria buildup.
The Iban people traditionally live in longhouses along river banks in Sarawak. They practice shifting cultivation and will move their longhouse every 15-20 years as the land is exhausted. Reasons for moving also include enemy attacks, epidemics, or bad luck. The Iban have strong cultural traditions including rituals involving clay crocodile figures. They are skilled boat builders and value decorated jars. Women weave patterned cloth using natural dyes. The culture emphasizes maintaining traditions passed down from ancestors.
This proposal recommends strategies for a new bank entering the Malaysian market. It suggests a location that is strategic, accessible by various transportation, and near other businesses. It also recommends using EMC storage solutions like SAN and CAS technologies for data backup and management. RAID-6 is proposed for its ability to store large amounts of customer data safely while tolerating two simultaneous drive failures. Finally, suitable hot and cold site options are presented to ensure business continuity in case of a disaster.
This document summarizes a group project on computer storage technologies. It discusses various storage technologies like SAN, EMC storage solutions, enterprise content management, and storage virtualization using OpenStack. It also discusses implementing RAID 6 in a bank and considerations for placing hot and cold disaster recovery sites.
The document describes a system for a Preparatory Programme for Excellent Students (PPES) that allows a coordinator to add student information and examination results, and view student results and CGPAs. The system can be accessed by PPES coordinators and authorized CFGS staff for full access, and by students to view their results, CGPAs, and GPAs. It provides functions for adding, deleting, and editing data and includes an entity relationship diagram.
This document outlines a long report on dengue fever. It provides an overview of the contents which are organized into six main sections: 1) details on dengue fever, 2) its history and geography, 3) how it is transmitted, 4) symptoms, 5) treatment, and 6) other key information. The report will examine dengue fever as a viral disease spread by infected mosquitos that affects millions globally each year, its symptoms and potential severity, as well as current treatment approaches and prevention challenges.
The document provides step-by-step instructions for installing Windows 7 on a computer from a DVD. The process involves booting the computer from the Windows 7 DVD, selecting the language and keyboard settings, accepting the license agreement, choosing an installation type, selecting the installation location, providing a username and computer name, activating Windows with a product key, configuring updates and time zone, and selecting a firewall setting based on the computer's location. Upon completing these steps, the Windows 7 installation is finished.
The document defines structures for students and courses with various attributes like ID, name, etc. It then declares arrays to store student and course data. The main function displays a menu to add/view students and courses or assign subjects. It uses the arrays and structures to manage storing and displaying the student and course data based on the menu choices selected by the user. The program allows adding up to 5 students and 2 courses and assigning each student a subject from the available courses.
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3) Dakwah para nabi dan rasul memberikan contoh terbaik bagaimana menyampaikan seruan agama Allah s.w.t walaupun dihadapkan den
This document contains SQL queries and commands for a database exercise. It includes queries to select data from the departments and employees tables, with various columns and formatting. It also includes a long query that concatenates all columns from the employees table into a single column with comma separated values.
This presentation summarizes a computer science diploma project for developing an online system called the Preparatory Programme for Excellent Student (PPES) System. Currently, the PPES coordinator manually enters student names, details, subjects and results for each semester to generate transcripts and calculate GPAs, which is an inefficient process. The project aims to design a database and develop an online system with administrator and student interfaces to allow viewing of student results. It will use PHP, HTML, CSS for programming, MySQL for the database, and follow a waterfall development methodology of planning, analysis, design, implementation and maintenance.
QA or the Highway - Component Testing: Bridging the gap between frontend appl...zjhamm304
These are the slides for the presentation, "Component Testing: Bridging the gap between frontend applications" that was presented at QA or the Highway 2024 in Columbus, OH by Zachary Hamm.
Dev Dives: Mining your data with AI-powered Continuous DiscoveryUiPathCommunity
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Database Management Myths for DevelopersJohn Sterrett
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Design Scenario Network Analysis & Design
1. Assignment 1
CSNB423 Network Analysis and Design
Fahmy Khawarizmy BinZainan SN097085
Muhammad Irfan Bin Hashim SN097050
Muhammad Mu'izuddinBinMuhsinon SN097083
2. Assignment 1
CSNB423 Network Analysis and Design
Instructions:
1. Work in group, maximum 4 persons. Study the scenario below and answer the
questions given.
2. You need to do some research in order to get the suitable solutions. Please provide
references at the end of your report.
3. Full report submission in hardcopy is required with maximum 10 pages, not including
the front page and the reference page.
4. Use your creativity in arranging your solution, you may have appropriate diagrams to
support your solution.
5. Use Times New Roman with font size of 12 in your report.
6. Submit your report on 19/8/2016 before 5 pm.
DesignScenario1 - “Analyzing Business Goals andConstraints”
You are a network consultant who has been asked to attend an initial meeting with the
executive management team of ElectroMyCycle. ElectroMyCycle manufactures motorcycles. Its
new electric motorcycle was just picked up by a large retail chain.
ElectroMyCycle is upgrading its manufacturing capacity and hiring new employees. recently,
ElectroMyCycle employees have started saying, “The Internet is slow.” They are also
experiencing problems sending email, accessing web-based applications, and printing.
In the past, when the company was small, it didn’t have these problems. The operations
manager outsourced computer services to a local business called Network Rogues, which
installed new workstations and servers as needed, provided desktop support, and managed the
switches, router, and firewall. ElectroMyCycle is now considering bringing computer services in-
house and is wondering how its network should evolve as it increases production of its electric
motorcycle.
3. 1. What research will you do before your initial meeting with the executive management
team?
Before our initial meeting with the executive management team of
ElectroMyCycle we would research their external relations such as the market that
they are in, their customers, suppliers, competitors, products produced, services
supplied, financial viability, and competitive advantages.
By identify the business requirements, it can help to modify the network
design according to their specific requirement. This will allow us to position
technologies and products to help strengthen the customer’s status in their industry.
By understanding the customer’s business goals and constraints we will be able to
propose a network design that would meet the customer needs.
2. What general problems does ElectroMyCycle seem to be experiencing? What network
design principles may have been ignored when Network Rogues designed and operated the
existing network?
The problem that ElectroMyCycle encounter:
i. Slow Internet
ii. Sending email
iii. Network printing problem
iv. Slow Surfing website
Design principles that may have been ignored by Network Rogues could include
analyzing
ElectroMyCycle’s initial requirements, scalability (the ability of a network to handle a
growing
amount of work or its ability to be enlarged toaccommodate that growth), bandwidth
(the average rate of successful data transfer through a communication path), and
latency (the measure of the time delay experienced by a system).
We don’t believe that Network Rogues were expecting the major jump in growth of
the company which was caused by the increase in the production of the electric
motorcycle and unfortunately did not design the network to handle this growth and
the complexity of ElectroMyCycle’s network.
4. 3. List four major stakeholders for a new network design for ElectroMyCycle. For each
stakeholder, list some design goals, constraints, and biases.
i. End Users
Design goals – ease of use, good performance, response time
Constraints – number of stations, size of the network
Biases – may only want to use certain applications or certain e-mail programs,
equipment preferences
ii. Executives
Design goals – increased employee productivity, increased profits, less
overhead
Constraints – budget, staffing
Biases – biases toward certain technologies, acquisition
iii. Managers
Design goals – network performance, security, availability
Constraints –scheduling, politics and policies
Biases – familiarity of the system and how rapidly the system is available for
use
iv. Customers
Design goals – better customer support, offer new customer service, ease of
access
Constraints – data security, ease of use
Biases – has to be easy to access, simple, appearance of ease of use or they
won’t use it, has to look like what the customers are used to using
5. 4. List five questions you will pose to the executive management team. Why will you pose
those questions?
1. What is your organizational structure?
Posing this question will allow us to gain an understanding of how the
company is structured in
departments, lines of business, vendors, partners, and field or remote offices.
This will eventually
help us locate major user communities and will suggest users to account for as
well as suggest
geographical locations to account for. By Understanding their organizational
structure can also help us recognize their management hierarchy which will
allow us to determine who the decision makers are.
2. What is your overall goal of the network design project?
Asking the customer for a concise statement of their goals will allow us to
determine the problems they are trying to solve and how the new technology
will help them be more successful in their business. It will enable for us to
understand what the business is trying to achieve so that we can create a
compelling proposal for their new network.
3. What will the new network be used for?
As a network designer we need to have a good understanding of what the
network will be used for and also what network assets should be protected.
We need to know who will be using this network and also what type of
activities it will be used for. With a better understanding of our client’s
expectations and needs for the new network, thus we will be able to
concentrate on exactly what they are looking for and design the network per
their request.
4. What is the expected budget for this project?
We need to know how much customer’s budget to meet with their network
requirement. Their budget should include allocations for equipment purchases,
software licenses, maintenance and support agreements, testing, training, and
staffing. It should also include consulting fees and fees for outsourcing. In order
for this project to be successful we have to try to stay in the company’s budget
and chose the most affordable solution determined by their budget.
5. May we obtain your security policy?
We would ask the executive management team for a copy of their security
policy so that we would able to get a better understanding of how the policy
will affect the new design, how the new design would affect the policy, and
whether or not the policy is too strict to where we won’t be able to do our job.
6. DesignScenario2
ElectroMyCycle has chosen you to design a new network that will let the company scale to a
larger size. In Scenario 2, you learned that ElectroMyCycle’s network will support about 200
employees. The network will include a data center and a new state-of-the-art manufacturing
facility. Users in the campus network will access the servers in the data center from their PCs.
For online sales, ElectroMyCycle plans to have a DMZ that connects a web server, a DNS server,
and an email server. ElectroMyCycle also plans to open a branch sales office in a city that is
about 500 miles from ElectroMyCycle’s headquarters.
Design and document an IP addressing scheme to meet ElectroMyCycle’s needs. Specify
which IP address blocks will be assigned to different modules of your network design.
Document whether you will use public or private addressing for each module. Document
whether you will use manual or dynamic addressing for each module. Specify where (if
anywhere) route summarization will occur.
Review Questions
1. Many basic networking books state that there are three network topologies, a bus, a ring,
and a star. Based on the knowledge you gained in this course, explain why these simple
topologies may not meet the needs of modern networks.
Modern network is more focusing onto using the established technologies to solve
client business problems rather than just make a good component selection and
configuration towards the network architecture. Same goes to the network topologies
likes bus, ring and star topologies. These simple topologies may not meet the needs of
modern network that will be built in ElectroMyCycle. Their new network must support
about 200 employees. At this point, bus topology can’t be chosen due it is suitable for
low traffic networks. The high traffic networks at their environment will dropdowns
the network efficiency.
Furthermore, ElectroMyCycle will include data center in their modern network to
allow the user get data faster from the server in the data center. However, ring
topology can’t be selected because the data sent must go through all intermediate
nodes that will make the transmission speed becoming slower. Lastly, the star
topology also not seems suitable with the modern network because the network
operation depends on the functioning of the central hub.
For instance, the ElectroMyCycle plans to have a web server, a DNS server and an
email server. Even they want to have a DMZ for their servers, this topology is still not
relevant hence central hub failure, and it leads to failure of the entire network. That’s
7. why another network topology is looks more suited with the modern network like
hybrid topology
2. Compare and contrast full- and partial-mesh topologies. What advantages does a partial
mesh have compared to a full mesh? What advantages does a full mesh have compared to a
partial mesh?
A mesh topology does not have a pattern when it comes to relaying the data. The flow
of the information comes in randomly since all of the nodes are interconnected with
each other. One of the most used network connection in the world that uses mesh
topology is the internet. The internet users consist of millions of people all over the
world. Data transmission is done through sending signals to different paths connected
in the internet connection.
Full Mesh Topology
The Mesh diagram is related with the Reed’s Law wherein communication of
groups is proportional with the exponent of the subscribers. It can be specified
into two categories; the full mesh topology and the partial mesh topology. Full
mesh topology requires each node to be interconnected with each other. This
is used to connect devices without the need to broadcast or switch.
Partial Mesh Topology
In Partial mesh topology, nodes are allowed to connect with more than one
node present in the network through the uses of a point-to-point link. The
point-to-point link advantage is that the redundancy provided by full mesh
topology can be taken to its maximum capability without the complexity
required for the node in the network.
Advantages
A broken node won’t distract the transmission of data in a mesh network. Each
node is connected to several other nodes which make it easier to relay data. A
broken device will be ignored by the signals and will then find a new one that is
connected with the node. Additional devices in a mesh topology will not affect
its network connection. Hence it will improve the traffic in the network. Mesh
topology makes a large data center that simulates useful information to its
nodes.
A mesh topology can handle high amount of network traffic since every
additional device into the network is considered a node. Interconnected
devices can simultaneously transfer data smoothly and will not complicate the
network connection.
Disadvantages
8. Maintaining mesh networks can be very hard to manage. It requires
continuous supervision because of the redundancy present in the network.
Skilled network administrators will find it easy to manage this kind of topology.
Due to the fact that building this topology requires a lot of devices it will need
a lot of capital to invest in. It may be expensive but the service it provides you
will definitely give back the invested capital.
Every network topology has its own ups and downs. It will only matter on how
you structure it very well and if the nature of your business requires a bigger
network system. It is important to keep learning about what you need in your
business or place to be able to come up with an effective system where in your
investment won’t go to waste and your revenue will give you excellent output.
3. The following network numbers are defined at a branch office. Can they be summarized,
and if so, what is the network number and prefix length?
10.108.48.0
10.108.49.0
10.108.50.0
10.108.51.0
10.108.52.0
10.108.53.0
10.108.54.0
10.108.55.0
10.108.48.0 = 00001010.01101100.00110000 .00000000
10.108.49.0 = 00001010.01101100.00110001 .00000000
10.108.50.0 = 00001010.01101100.00110010 .00000000
10.108.51.0 = 00001010.01101100.00110011 .00000000
10.108.52.0 = 00001010.01101100.00110100 .00000000
10.108.53.0 = 00001010.01101100.00110101 .00000000
10.108.54.0 = 00001010.01101100.00110110 .00000000
10.108.55.0 = 00001010.01101100.00110111 .00000000
21 Bits
Network number: 10.108.48.0/21
Subnet Mask: 255.255.248.0
9. 4. What is a discontiguous subnet? Why do some enterprise networks have discontiguous
subnets? Why don’t classful routing protocols support discontiguous subnets?
A discontiguous subnet is two or more portions of a major network that are divided by
another major network. A discontiguous network in a network is that there are one or
few route in the network for which they only route to a subnet passes through
subnets of other networks.
Discontiguous subnets are a mean to travel from one subnet to another on the same
network you would need togo through of a subnet on the different network. Classful
routing protocols don’t support discontiguous subnets because they summarize routes
to only one network they are on. Discontiguous subnets can’t access other networks
5. Compare and contrast distance-vector and link-state routing. If you were designing a new
routing protocol, which would you use and why?’
Distance Vector
Distance vector involved with two factors which are the distance, metric of a
destination and the vector or direction to take to get there. The routing information
only exchange between directly connected neighbors. This means a router will know
from which neighbor a route learned but it does not know where the neighbor learned
the route. This means that the router cannot see beyond it own neighbor. This aspect
of distance vector routing sometimes referred to as routing by rumor measures like
split horizon and poison reverse are employed to avoid routing loops.
Link-state
Link-state routing will require all routers that all router know about the path
reachable by all other router in the network. Link-state protocols track the status and
connection type of each link and produce a calculated metric based on these and
other factors, including some set by the network administrator. Link-state information
is flooded throughout the link state domain to ensure all routers possess a
10. synchronized copy of the area link-state database. From this database, each router
constructs it own relative shortest path tree with itself as the root for all known
routes.
11. Comparison Link-State and Distance Vector
If all routers were running a Distance Vector protocol, the path or 'route'
chosen would be from A B directly over the ISDN serial link, even though that link is
about 10 times slower than the indirect route from A C D B.
A Link State protocolwould choose the A C D B path because it's using a faster
medium (100 Mb Ethernet). In this example, it would be better to run a Link State
routing protocol, but if all the links in the network are the same speed, then a
Distance Vector protocol is better.
Design New protocol
From this routing protocol, I will choose link state because link state is design
to operate in large and enterprise level network. Even though the routing protocol are
very complex and are much more difficult to configure, maintain, and troubleshoot
than distance vector routing protocols. However, link state routing protocol
overcomes many of shortcomings of distance vector protocols. Link state protocols
use a different algorithm than distance vector protocols for calculating the best path
to a destination. This algorithm takes into account bandwidth as well as other factors
when calculating the best path for a packet to traverse the network. Additionally, link
state convergence occurs faster than distance vectorconvergence. This is because link
state establishes a neighbour relationship with directly connected peers and shares
12. routing information with its neighbours only when there are changes in the network
topology.
6. Analyze the routing table on your computer. In Windows you can view it with a route print
command. On a Mac, you can view it with a netstat -rn command. What entries are in your
routing table and why are they there? Is your default route in the table and, if yes, what is
it?
A routing table contains the information necessary to forward packet along the best
path forward its destination. Each packet contains information about its origin and
destination. When a packet is received, a network device examines the packet and
matches it to the routing table entry providing the best match for its destination. The
table provides the device with instruction for sending the packet to the next hop on its
route across the network
13. Basic Routing Table
Destination The IP address of the packet's final destination
Next hop The IP address to which the packet is forwarded
Interface The outgoing network interface the device should use when forwarding the
packet to the next hop or final destination
Metric Assigns a cost to each available route so that the most cost-effective path
can be chosen
Routes Includes directly-attached subnets, indirect subnets that are not attached
to the device but can be accessed through one or more hops, and default
routes to use for certain types of traffic or when information is lacking.
Default Route
Routes that is used when no other routes for the destination are found in the routing
table. If a router or end system (such as a PC running Microsoft Windows or Linux),
cannot find a route for a destination, the default route is used. The default route is
used if no other host or network route matches the destination address.
The default route generally points to another router, which treats the packet the same
way. If a route matches, the packet is forwarded. Otherwise the packet is forwarded
to the default route of that router. The route evaluation process in each router uses
the longest prefix match method to obtain the most specific route. The network with
the longest subnet mask that matches the destination IP address is the next-hop
network gateway. The process repeats until a packet is delivered to the destination.
Each router traversal counts as one hop in the distance calculation for the
transmission path.