Constraints to Accessing Micro-Credit and Loan Scheme of Bank of Agriculture among Farmers in Enugu State, Nigeria: Implications for Extension Service Delivery

International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development, Volume 1(4), ISSN: 2456-6470
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IJTSRD | May-Jun 2017
Available Online @www.ijtsrd.com
Constraints to Accessing Micro-Credit and Loan Scheme of Bank of
Agriculture among Farmers in Enugu State, Nigeria: Implications for
Extension Service Delivery
Mbah, E.N.*, Jiriko, R. & Agada, M.O.
Department of Agricultural Extension and Communication, University of Agriculture Makurdi, Nigeria
ABSTRACT
The study examined constraints to accessing micro-
credit/loan scheme of Bank of Agriculture (BOA) among
farmers in Enugu State, Nigeria: Implications for extension
service delivery. Purposive and simple random sampling
techniques were used in selecting one hundred (100)
respondents for the study. Data were collected using
structured interview schedule/questionnaire and analyzed
using frequency, percentage, mean scores and standard
deviation. The study revealed that micro-credit/ loan
scheme (88.6%) were the most patronized among the rural
farmers. Others such as ECOWAS, IFAD project and
ATHP programme were not patronized at all, probably
because the type of projects sponsored by these credit/loan
scheme are not important to the respondents. The
respondents (farmers) were highly constrained by late
release of funds (M= 1.27), grace period too short (M= 1.
17), excessive bureaucracy (M= 1. 14), too short payback
period (M= 1. 13), services not regular (M= 1. 13), among
others. The Bank of Agriculture staff also noted that they
were constrained by late release of approved funds by head
quarters of the Bank of Agriculture (M= 1.43), loan
diversion (M= 1.27), poor funding of field officers (M=
1.20), lack of awareness by borrowers (M= 1.10) and
insufficient staff (M= 0.93). The study recommends that
adequate awareness campaign on the availability of micro-
credit/loan scheme by Bank of Agriculture should be
created in order for the beneficiaries to be knowledgeable
about it. It highlights the need for approval of more funds
under the scheme and timely release of funds when needed
especially during planting season in order to enable the
farmers to make judicious use of it for optimum
productivity.
Key words: Bank of Agriculture, micro-credit, loan,
farmers, programme, Nigeria
Introduction
Agriculture has been and is still the bedrock on which
every successful and stable economy the world over is
built. In Nigeria today, agriculture accounts for one third of
the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and employs about two
third of the labour force (Oyeyinka, 2002).
Small-scale farmers in Nigeria are greatly involved in
agriculture sector and produce the bulk of food and fiber
used in the country (Ekong, 2003). Additionally, critical
factors that affect productivity at the farm level include
factors of production such as land, capital, agricultural
research, technology, infrastructure and access to support
service such as extension services and credit. Financial
innovations aimed at providing such services like credit in
a suitable way should be identified, since credit is an
important support service for increased agricultural
productivity. This is because credit enables producers to
procure inputs, hire labour and equipment, etc (Ugbajah
and Orji, 2006). Credit is also important because equity
capital is seldom sufficient to meet the expenditure
requirements for higher productivity and expand
production. The need for credit is more severe in rural
areas because access to local financial resources is
restricted by the low productivity and widespread poverty
of rural people (CBN, 2006). Furthermore, due to the fact
that rural people are thought to be too poor to save or
receive credits, efforts to mobilize domestic savings and
provision of credit have for too long been concentrated in
other sectors of the economy (UNDP, 2004).
The available sources of external funds for agriculture in
Africa are development banks like the Bank of Agriculture,
and the informal credit sources. It is in a bid to strengthen
both credit sources to farmers that government merged it
with Peoples Bank of Nigeria (PBN) and risks assets of the
Family Economic Empowerment Programme (FEAP) to

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54
become Bank of Agriculture. This started when
preliminary report on rural financing was released on 27th
May, 1999. Poor performance and duplication of duties
were major reasons for merging them. The bank is a
registered limited liability company. It is wholly owned
and controlled by the federal government with the share
capital fully subscribed by the Federal Ministry of Finance
in corporation, having 60% share, while Central Bank of
Nigeria has 40%. The banks broad mandate encompasses
savings mobilization and the timely delivery of affordable
credit to meet the funding requirements of the farming
Nigerian population in agricultural and non- agricultural
sectors of the national economy (CBN, 2006).
According to CBN (2006), Bank of Agriculture provides
all classes of agricultural loans for farming, livestock,
fisheries, etc. under different portfolios. It is also charged
with developing the economic base of the low income
groups through the provision of loans, accepting savings to
facilitate the repayment of such loans together with
appropriate interest. It encourages the formation of
cooperatives, good banking habits among Nigerians,
especially the target group, capacity building through the
training of beneficiaries on proper loan utilization,
repayment, savings and the formulation of strategies for
the profitable marketing of products. The credits are
designed to target specific groups of beneficiaries for the
execution of projects such as micro and macro credit loan
scheme, livestock development project and fish production
projects. The significance of the credit/loan scheme is
aimed at increased agricultural productivity and improving
farmers’ income. It was believed that the introduction of
the different credit loans in Bank of Agriculture would
provide solutions to the credit problems of farmers.
Adejobi and Atobatele (2008) noted that loan default could
limit access to credit, while Agnet (2004) asserted that the
complex mechanism of commercial banking is least
understood by the small-scale farmers, thus limits their
access. Rahji and Fakayode (2009) blamed the limitation
on imperfect and costly information problems encountered
in the financial markets; credit rationing policy; and banks’
perception of agricultural credit as a highly risky venture,
while Philip et al (2009) reiterated that high interest rate
and short term nature of loans with fixed repayment
periods do not suit annual cropping, thus constitute a
hindrance to credit access. Small-scale farmers in Enugu
State, Nigeria are expected to have benefited from these
credit/loan scheme. The question therefore is how many of
these small-scale farmers have benefitted from the
credit/loan scheme? Specifically, the objectives of the
study were to:
➢ identify sources of awareness of Bank of
Agriculture credit/loan scheme;
➢ ascertain benefits of credit/loan scheme to the
respondents;
➢ identify who guides the respondents on use of
credits/loans;
➢ ascertain problems of Bank of Agriculture
credit/loan scheme; and
➢ draw implications of credit/ loan scheme for
extension service delivery.
Methodology
The study was conducted in Enugu State, Nigeria.
Purposive and simple random sampling method were used
to select four branches of Bank of Agriculture from the
four agricultural zones in Enugu State. The beneficiaries
were also purposively selected from Bank of Agriculture
field offices thus Nsukka (15), Enugu town (15), Mgbowo
(10) and Oji River (10) because of variance in population
from existing list of participants. Also, 30 field
officers/staff, eight (8) from three branches and six (6)
from one of the branches were selected according to
available staff size in each, giving a total of 100
respondents for the study. Data were collected through the
use of interview schedule/structured questionnaire
administered to both the farmers and Bank of Agriculture
staff. Oral interview and focus group discussion (FGD)
were also used to collect information from the respondents.
Data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean
scores and standard deviation.
Results and Discussion
Sources of awareness of Bank of Agriculture credit/loan
scheme
Results of the study indicated that most farmers (35.7%)
learnt about the Bank of Agriculture facilities through
radio (Table 1). This implies that radio play a prominent
role in dissemination of agricultural information on loans,
therefore more awareness can be created through the use of
radio. About 23% of the respondents learnt about the
credit/loan scheme from fellow farmers and colleagues,
indicating that this means of communication also play

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fairly an important role. The table also revealed that 11.4%
of the respondents learnt about the credit/loan scheme from
extension agents. This implies that extension agents did not
play prominent role in the dissemination of information to
the farmers. The role of television (7.1%) was the least.
This could be attributed to the poor resources of the
respondents in procuring and owning such electronic
devices in their places of domicile as well as availability of
electricity as indicated by the respondents through focus
group discussions (FGD) and oral interviews.
Table 1: Distribution of respondents based on sources of
awareness of Bank of Agriculture credit/loan scheme
Sources of Awareness Frequency Percentage
Television 5 7.1
Radio 25 35.7
Extension
agents/services
16 22.9
Cooperative societies 8 11.4
Friends/neighbors/fellow
Farmers/ colleagues
16 22.9
Loan repayment by the beneficiaries
Data in table 2 show the extent of loan repayment by
the beneficiaries. The result of the study revealed that
100% of the respondents repaid loans within 1-3 years
after collection. It is mandatory that a given loan is
paid back within a period of 1 to 3 years of
disbursement indicating that the respondents kept to
the rules in order to continue to enjoy benefits from
the credit/loan scheme.
Table 2: Distribution of respondents based on loan
repayment (n= 70)
No of years Frequency Percentage
< 1 -
1-3 70 100
4-6 - -
7-9 - -
Above 10 - -
Data in table 3 revealed that out of the 5 schemes
available, micro-credit was mostly patronized by
farmers (88.6%). Livestock development scheme was
rated 11.4%. The data also revealed that both the
Economic Community of West African States
(ECOWAS) fund scheme and International Fund for
Agricultural Development (IFAD) project are meant
to target fisher folks. Fishing is not a major
occupation in Enugu State. This explains the non-
patronage of the two schemes together with animal
traction and hand tools technology programme
(ATHP).
Table 3: Distribution of respondents according to benefiting schemes (n=70)
Benefiting schemes Frequency Amount applied Amount received Percentage%
Micro-credit scheme 62 Above 25,000.00 Above 25,000.00 88.6
On-lending Scheme - - - -
ECOWAS fund scheme - - - -
IFAD project - - - -
Livestock dev. Project
8 Above 25,000.00 Above 25,000.00 11.4

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Benefits of credit/loan scheme to the respondents
Data in table 4 showed that 7.1% of the respondents
use the credit for purchase of inputs for agricultural
production, 55.7% of the respondents indicated using
it for expansion of their farms, 32.9% use theirs for
purchase of farm machineries, while 1.4% use it for
solving family problems. Only 2.9% use the credit for
processing of agricultural products. This implies that
majority of the farmers spend the credits on expansion
of their farms and purchase of farm machineries. This
will enhance agricultural production, increase income
as well as improve their standard of living.
Table 4: Distribution of respondents according to
benefits of credit/loan scheme (n=70)
Benefits Frequency Percentage
(%)
Purchase of farm inputs 5 7.1
Expansion of farm 39 55.7
Purchase of farm
machineries
23 32.9
Building of house - -
Solving pressing family
problem
1 1.4
Processing of
agricultural products
2 2.9
Guidance on credit and loan usage
Table 5 revealed that 10% of the respondents were
guided by fellow farmers, 22.9% were by cooperative
societies, 15.7% by extension agents, while 51.4%
were guided by Bank of Agriculture staff/officers in
procuring loans. This implies that extension agents
only play a minor role in guiding farmers on effective
use of loans. This might lead to farmers diverting the
loans / credits to other uses. This also implies that
Bank of Agriculture staff played a major role in
advising the farmers on how to use the loan. This is an
indication that they are effective in the management
of the credit facilities being offered; this will help to
hasten timely loan repayment.
guidance for effective loan usage (n =70)
Guidance
source
Frequency Percentage
Fellow farmers 7 10.0
Cooperative
society
16 22.9
Extension
agents
11 15.7
Bank of
Agriculture staff
/officers
36 51.4
Problems of Bank of Agriculture credit/loan
scheme
It is evident on Table 6 that the respondents were
constrained by late release of funds (M= 1.27), grace
period too short (M= 1. 17), excessive bureaucracy
(M= 1. 14), too short payback period (M= 1. 13),
services not regular (M= 1. 13), among others.
Standard deviation was also presented in Table 6. It
was observed that standard deviation for all the
problems were less than one. This shows that there is
uniformity as regards the responses of the respondents
which gave rise to no disparities on the various
problems indicated by the respondents. This implies
that late release of funds is a major problem hindering
the respondents from obtaining credit/loans from
Bank of Agriculture. Farming activities are seasonal
so farmers need to have access to funds in time in
order to commence planting of crops at the
appropriate time.

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57
problems of Bank of Agriculture credit/loan scheme
(n =70)
Problem Mean Score Standard
Deviation
High interest rate 0.96 0.73
Late release of funds 1.27 0.815
Amount approved not
sufficient
1.06 0.883
Too short payback
period
1.13 0.883
Grace period too short 1.17 0.816
Excessive bureaucracy 1.14 0.839
Services not regular 1.13 0.867
Problems of Bank of Agriculture credit/loan
scheme by staff
The major problems faced by staff of Bank of
Agriculture on credit/loan scheme were late release of
approved funds by head quarters of the Bank of
Agriculture (M= 1.43), loan diversion (M= 1.27),
poor funding of field officers (M= 1.20), lack of
awareness by borrowers (M= 1.10) and insufficient
staff (M= 0.93) (Table 7). Standard deviation was
also shown in Table 7 which indicates that all the
problems were less than one, showing the uniformity
in responses of the respondents on constraints to
credit/loan scheme. The late release of funds can lead
to misuse when it is finally made available because
the respondents may not have the need for its usage as
a result of wrong timing. Ayegba (2013) stated that
banks should understand that cropping is
seasonal and depends on several climatic conditions
and must endeavour to fast track the loan processing
turnaround time in the best interest of rural farmers.
Oyeyinka (2002) reiterated that improved access to
credit enables households to invest in farm assets and
therefore increase income levels of beneficiaries.
Table 7: Mean scores on problems of Bank of
Agriculture credit /loan facilities by staff (n=30)
Problem Mean
Score
Standard
Deviation
Lack of awareness by
borrowers
1.10 0.71
Insufficient staff 0.93 0.52
Late release of approved
funds by head quarters
1.43 0.73
Loan diversion 1.27 0.74
Poor funding of field
officers
1.20 0.76
Implications for sustainable credit/loan scheme
provision to farmers
Findings of the study indicated that funds were made
available to the farmers through the new credit/loan
scheme created in Bank of Agriculture. The branch
network of the bank in Enugu State and other parts of
the country make it easier to reach the remote areas
provided that adequate logistic is made available to
the staff of the bank. The implication of this is that the
rural farmers should exploit the opportunity of the
credit /loan scheme within their areas to boost food
production to ensure self-sufficiency in agricultural
production. Extension agents should therefore
intensify efforts in popularizing the benefits of the
credit/loan scheme to the rural farmers. Major
constraint to provision of the credit/loan scheme was
late release of funds. This problem should be
addressed adequately through timely release of funds
especially the popular micro-credit scheme commonly
patronized by the rural farmer beneficiaries. There is
therefore need for more awareness campaigns to be
created by Bank of Agriculture to enable farmers
become aware of their services and equally benefit

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58
from them. This could be achieved through radio and
television advertisement, church announcement,
public announcements during village and town
meeting, use of print media such of newspapers,
bulletins, etc. More extension agents and credit
experts should be employed and trained for more
effective and wider coverage of small holder farmers
in terms of supervision and guidance. This will ensure
easy dissemination of information and proper
monitoring on the use of such funds. Also, mandatory
deposit scheme should be organized and introduced.
This will help beneficiaries cultivate the habit of
saving, thus increasing the ability to repay the loans.
Conclusion and Recommendations
Radio is the major source of awareness of Bank of
Agriculture credit/loan scheme in Enugu State,
Nigeria for the respondents. The respondents were
mostly guided on the use of funds by staff of Bank of
Agriculture in order to avoid inappropriate usage.
Major constraint to accessing funds as observed by
the farmers was late release of funds, while staff of
Bank of Agriculture also indicated late release of
approved funds at the head quarters of the Bank of
Agriculture. The study recommends that adequate
awareness campaign on the availability of micro-
credit/loan scheme by Bank of Agriculture should be
created in order for the beneficiaries to be
knowledgeable about it. It highlights the need for
approval of more funds under the scheme and timely
release of funds when needed especially during
planting season in order to enable the farmers to make
judicious use of it for optimum productivity.
References
Adejobi O. and Atobatele,J.T. (2008) An analysis of
loan delinquency among small-scale farmers in
Southwestern Nigeria: Application of Logit and Loan
Performance Indices. East
African Agricultural and forestry Journal, 74 (3):34-
38. Agnet (2004). Making Farm Credit Work for the
Small Scale farmers (www.agnet.org/library).
Ayegba, O. and Ikani, D.I. (2013). An Impact
Assessment of Agricultural Credit on Rural Farmers
in Nigeria. Research Journal of Finance and
Accounting, 4 (18): 80- 89.
Central Bank of Nigeria (2006). Economic Review, 6
(2):24.
Ekong, E. E. (2003). An introduction to Rural
Sociology, 2nd ed.; Dove education publishers, Uyo,
pp. 404.
Oyeyinka, R. A. (2002). Impact of (NACRDB)
Smallholder Direct Loan Scheme on Farmers in Oyo
State Nigeria, Ph.D. Thesis Department of
Agricultural Extension and Rural Development,
University of Ibadan.
Phillip, D, Nkonya, E, Pender. J and Oni, O.A.
(2009). Constraints to Increasing Agricultural
Productivity in Nigeria: A review. Nigeria Strategy
Support Program (NSSP), Background paper No.
NSSP006.
Rahji, M. A. Y and Fakayode, S.A. (2009). A
Multinomial Logit analysis of Agricultural Credit
Rationing by Commercial Banks in Nigeria.
International Research Journal of Finance and
Economics, 24: 91. www.eurojournals.com/finance.
Ugbajah M.O. and Orji E.C. (2006). Studies on the
determinants of access to financial services among
male and female farmers in Anambra State.
Proceedings of the 40th Annual conference of the
Agricultural Society of Nigeria, pp.110-114.
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
(2004). Nigeria Development profile. Development
Profile. March 2004.

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