This document contains descriptions of several code optimization practicals:
1. It describes taking an input string, generating three-address intermediate code, and then optimizing the code by combining operations like multiplication and addition wherever possible.
2. It provides an example input and output showing the original three-address code and optimized code.
3. The code optimization involves identifying operators like * and + and generating temporary variables to store sub-expressions, combining operations wherever adjacent operations use the same operands.
The document discusses various string handling, mathematical, and random number generation functions available in C++ library. It provides examples of functions like strlen(), strcpy(), strcmp(), sqrt(), pow(), randomize(), random(). It also provides programs to demonstrate the use of these functions for tasks like checking palindromes, searching strings, toggling case, generating random numbers in a given range.
The document discusses C programming concepts including operators, loops, functions, pointers, and file handling. It contains sample code to demonstrate:
1) Summing integers entered interactively using a while loop.
2) Calculating the average length of text lines using global variables and functions.
3) Adding and subtracting numbers using pointer variables and dereferencing operators.
4) Checking for a null pointer and using it as a placeholder.
5) Searching a specified file for a given character using command line arguments.
I am Arnold H. I am a C++ Programming Homework Expert at cpphomeworkhelp.com. I hold a Masters in Programming from The University of Sheffield, UK. I have been helping students with their homework for the past 6 years. I solve homework related to C++ Programming.
Visit cpphomeworkhelp.com or email info@cpphomeworkhelp.com. You can also call on +1 678 648 4277 for any assistance with C++ Programming Homework.
C++ and OOPS Crash Course by ACM DBIT | Grejo JobyGrejoJoby1
The slides from the C++ and OOPS Crash Course conducted for ACM DBIT by Grejo Joby.
Learn the concepts of OOPS and C++ Programming in the shortest time with these notes.
The document contains questions and explanations about C programming keywords and concepts like pointers, arrays, structures, unions, and bit manipulation. It provides definitions and examples for keywords like #define, #include, #pragma, #asm, #ifdef, and #endif. It also gives solutions to questions about pointers, counting bits to access specific bits or bytes of memory at a particular address, and explaining differences between array parameters and pointers in function definitions in C.
The document discusses various topics related to arrays, strings, and string handling functions in C programming language. It explains that arrays are collections of variables of the same type that can be accessed using indexes. One-dimensional and multi-dimensional arrays are declared along with examples. Common string functions like strlen(), strcpy(), strcat() etc. are described with examples to manipulate strings in C. Pointers and their usage with arrays and strings are also covered briefly.
The document discusses various string handling, mathematical, and random number generation functions available in C++ library. It provides examples of functions like strlen(), strcpy(), strcmp(), sqrt(), pow(), randomize(), random(). It also provides programs to demonstrate the use of these functions for tasks like checking palindromes, searching strings, toggling case, generating random numbers in a given range.
The document discusses C programming concepts including operators, loops, functions, pointers, and file handling. It contains sample code to demonstrate:
1) Summing integers entered interactively using a while loop.
2) Calculating the average length of text lines using global variables and functions.
3) Adding and subtracting numbers using pointer variables and dereferencing operators.
4) Checking for a null pointer and using it as a placeholder.
5) Searching a specified file for a given character using command line arguments.
I am Arnold H. I am a C++ Programming Homework Expert at cpphomeworkhelp.com. I hold a Masters in Programming from The University of Sheffield, UK. I have been helping students with their homework for the past 6 years. I solve homework related to C++ Programming.
Visit cpphomeworkhelp.com or email info@cpphomeworkhelp.com. You can also call on +1 678 648 4277 for any assistance with C++ Programming Homework.
C++ and OOPS Crash Course by ACM DBIT | Grejo JobyGrejoJoby1
The slides from the C++ and OOPS Crash Course conducted for ACM DBIT by Grejo Joby.
Learn the concepts of OOPS and C++ Programming in the shortest time with these notes.
The document contains questions and explanations about C programming keywords and concepts like pointers, arrays, structures, unions, and bit manipulation. It provides definitions and examples for keywords like #define, #include, #pragma, #asm, #ifdef, and #endif. It also gives solutions to questions about pointers, counting bits to access specific bits or bytes of memory at a particular address, and explaining differences between array parameters and pointers in function definitions in C.
The document discusses various topics related to arrays, strings, and string handling functions in C programming language. It explains that arrays are collections of variables of the same type that can be accessed using indexes. One-dimensional and multi-dimensional arrays are declared along with examples. Common string functions like strlen(), strcpy(), strcat() etc. are described with examples to manipulate strings in C. Pointers and their usage with arrays and strings are also covered briefly.
This document provides an introduction to C++ programming. It covers basic concepts like variables, data types, input/output statements, conditional statements, loops, arrays, functions, and classes. Some key points:
- A C++ program consists of variable declarations, input/output statements, computations, and printing output. Comments begin with //.
- Variables are declared with a data type like int or double followed by the name. Input is done with cin and output with cout.
- Conditional statements like if-else and loops like while are used to control program flow. Boolean conditions use comparison and logical operators.
- Arrays allow storing multiple values of a type. Functions can be predefined or programmer-
ECSE 221 - Introduction to Computer Engineering - Tutorial 1 - Muhammad Ehtas...Muhammad Ulhaque
This document provides an introduction to the computer engineering course ECSE 221. It discusses why C is used, the differences between C and Java, how to set up a C compiler, the general structure of C programs, basic data types, input/output commands, conditional statements, loops, pointers, and command line arguments.
Arrays allow storing multiple values of the same type sequentially in memory. An array is declared with the type, name, and size. Elements are accessed using indexes from 0 to size-1. Strings are represented as character arrays terminated with a null character. Arrays can be passed to and returned from functions, and multidimensional arrays store arrays within arrays. Standard libraries provide functions for string and character manipulation.
An array is a collection of similar data types stored in contiguous memory locations. Arrays in C can store primitive data types like int, char, float, etc. Elements of an array are accessed using indexes and they are stored sequentially in memory. Strings in C are arrays of characters terminated by a null character. Common functions to manipulate strings include strlen(), strcpy(), strcat(), strcmp(), strrev(), strlwr(), and strupr().
This document contains information about strings in C programming language. It defines strings as arrays of characters terminated by a null character. It discusses different ways to declare and initialize string variables including using character arrays and pointers. It also covers common string handling functions like strcat(), strcpy(), strlen(), strcmp(), strcmpi() which are used for string manipulation. Examples are given to demonstrate the use of these functions. The document also discusses pointers in C and provides examples of pointer declaration, initialization, dereferencing and using pointers to access structure members.
Dynamic memory allocation allows programs to request memory from the operating system at runtime. This memory is allocated on the heap. Functions like malloc(), calloc(), and realloc() are used to allocate and reallocate dynamic memory, while free() releases it. Malloc allocates a single block of uninitialized memory. Calloc allocates multiple blocks of initialized (zeroed) memory. Realloc changes the size of previously allocated memory. Proper use of these functions avoids memory leaks.
While porting 32-bit software to 64-bit systems there may appear some errors in the code of applications which were written in C++ language. The cause for these hides in the alteration of the base data types (to be more exact, in the relations between them) with the new hardware platform.
The document provides instructions for a C++ programming assignment involving functions, pointers, arrays, and calculating pi. It includes 6 problems to solve:
1. Write functions to demonstrate default arguments, constant arguments, and random number generation.
2. Analyze sample code and identify errors in provided code snippets.
3. Write functions to calculate sums of various data types.
4. Use a Monte Carlo simulation to approximate pi by simulating dart throws on a circle and square.
5. Write functions to print, reverse, and transpose arrays.
6. Write functions to operate on strings and pointers.
Dynamic memory allocation involves allocating memory at runtime using functions like malloc(), calloc(), and realloc(). Malloc() allocates a block of memory of a specified size and returns a pointer to it. Calloc() allocates memory for an array and initializes it to zero. Realloc() changes the size of a previously allocated memory block. The examples demonstrate allocating 2D arrays dynamically and performing operations like transpose and multiplication on them before freeing the allocated memory.
This document provides a summary of C# and .NET core concepts including:
1. Data types and their sizes in C# including primitive types like int, string, bool as well as arrays and array operations.
2. Methods for string operations in C# like Compare, IndexOf, Replace, Split, ToCharArray.
3. Formatting numeric values and dates using standard and custom formats in C#.
This document provides a summary of C# and .NET core concepts including:
1. Data types and their sizes in C#.
2. How to declare and perform operations on arrays such as sorting, clearing, and copying elements.
3. Methods for performing common string operations like comparison, indexing, replacing, and splitting.
C Programming Language is the most popular computer language and most used programming language till now. It is very simple and elegant language. This lecture series will give you basic concepts of structured programming language with C.
The document discusses data structures and abstract data types, specifically arrays. It defines arrays as structured data types that store a collection of elements of the same type that can be accessed by their position. It describes how arrays are implemented in C++ using static allocation, with elements accessed using an index. It provides examples of declaring, initializing, accessing, and passing arrays to functions.
The document discusses data structures and abstract data types. It introduces arrays as a data structure and abstract data type. Arrays allow storing a collection of data elements of the same type that can be accessed via an index. The document covers declaring, initializing, accessing, and passing single-dimensional arrays to functions in C++. It also briefly mentions multidimensional arrays.
The document discusses data structures and abstract data types, specifically arrays. It defines arrays as structured data types that store a collection of elements of the same type that can be accessed by their position. It provides examples of declaring and initializing single-dimensional arrays in C++ and passing arrays as arguments to functions. It also briefly discusses multidimensional arrays.
Control flow statements determine the order in which program instructions are executed. They include conditional branches (if/else), loops (while, for, do-while), and jumps. Arrays allow storing multiple values of the same type together in contiguous memory locations that can be individually referenced using an index. Multi-dimensional arrays generalize this by storing arrays inside other arrays, allowing modeling of matrices. They require nested loops for processing all elements.
This document provides an overview of key C# programming concepts such as declaring variables, data types, conditional statements, loops, namespaces, and more. It also discusses topics like initialization and scope of variables, predefined value and reference types, if statements, and using the console for input/output. The goal is to cover basic C# syntax, conventions, and compiler options to get started with programming in C#.
The document discusses HTML, including its definition as a markup language used to create web pages, its purpose to tell browsers how to display web page elements, and the requirements and basic implementation of HTML using tags. It also lists different versions of HTML and references for learning more.
Machine learning ppt
college presentation on Machine Learning Programming releated them. explain each and every Point in detail so. thats why they are easily to explain in the
This document provides an introduction to C++ programming. It covers basic concepts like variables, data types, input/output statements, conditional statements, loops, arrays, functions, and classes. Some key points:
- A C++ program consists of variable declarations, input/output statements, computations, and printing output. Comments begin with //.
- Variables are declared with a data type like int or double followed by the name. Input is done with cin and output with cout.
- Conditional statements like if-else and loops like while are used to control program flow. Boolean conditions use comparison and logical operators.
- Arrays allow storing multiple values of a type. Functions can be predefined or programmer-
ECSE 221 - Introduction to Computer Engineering - Tutorial 1 - Muhammad Ehtas...Muhammad Ulhaque
This document provides an introduction to the computer engineering course ECSE 221. It discusses why C is used, the differences between C and Java, how to set up a C compiler, the general structure of C programs, basic data types, input/output commands, conditional statements, loops, pointers, and command line arguments.
Arrays allow storing multiple values of the same type sequentially in memory. An array is declared with the type, name, and size. Elements are accessed using indexes from 0 to size-1. Strings are represented as character arrays terminated with a null character. Arrays can be passed to and returned from functions, and multidimensional arrays store arrays within arrays. Standard libraries provide functions for string and character manipulation.
An array is a collection of similar data types stored in contiguous memory locations. Arrays in C can store primitive data types like int, char, float, etc. Elements of an array are accessed using indexes and they are stored sequentially in memory. Strings in C are arrays of characters terminated by a null character. Common functions to manipulate strings include strlen(), strcpy(), strcat(), strcmp(), strrev(), strlwr(), and strupr().
This document contains information about strings in C programming language. It defines strings as arrays of characters terminated by a null character. It discusses different ways to declare and initialize string variables including using character arrays and pointers. It also covers common string handling functions like strcat(), strcpy(), strlen(), strcmp(), strcmpi() which are used for string manipulation. Examples are given to demonstrate the use of these functions. The document also discusses pointers in C and provides examples of pointer declaration, initialization, dereferencing and using pointers to access structure members.
Dynamic memory allocation allows programs to request memory from the operating system at runtime. This memory is allocated on the heap. Functions like malloc(), calloc(), and realloc() are used to allocate and reallocate dynamic memory, while free() releases it. Malloc allocates a single block of uninitialized memory. Calloc allocates multiple blocks of initialized (zeroed) memory. Realloc changes the size of previously allocated memory. Proper use of these functions avoids memory leaks.
While porting 32-bit software to 64-bit systems there may appear some errors in the code of applications which were written in C++ language. The cause for these hides in the alteration of the base data types (to be more exact, in the relations between them) with the new hardware platform.
The document provides instructions for a C++ programming assignment involving functions, pointers, arrays, and calculating pi. It includes 6 problems to solve:
1. Write functions to demonstrate default arguments, constant arguments, and random number generation.
2. Analyze sample code and identify errors in provided code snippets.
3. Write functions to calculate sums of various data types.
4. Use a Monte Carlo simulation to approximate pi by simulating dart throws on a circle and square.
5. Write functions to print, reverse, and transpose arrays.
6. Write functions to operate on strings and pointers.
Dynamic memory allocation involves allocating memory at runtime using functions like malloc(), calloc(), and realloc(). Malloc() allocates a block of memory of a specified size and returns a pointer to it. Calloc() allocates memory for an array and initializes it to zero. Realloc() changes the size of a previously allocated memory block. The examples demonstrate allocating 2D arrays dynamically and performing operations like transpose and multiplication on them before freeing the allocated memory.
This document provides a summary of C# and .NET core concepts including:
1. Data types and their sizes in C# including primitive types like int, string, bool as well as arrays and array operations.
2. Methods for string operations in C# like Compare, IndexOf, Replace, Split, ToCharArray.
3. Formatting numeric values and dates using standard and custom formats in C#.
This document provides a summary of C# and .NET core concepts including:
1. Data types and their sizes in C#.
2. How to declare and perform operations on arrays such as sorting, clearing, and copying elements.
3. Methods for performing common string operations like comparison, indexing, replacing, and splitting.
C Programming Language is the most popular computer language and most used programming language till now. It is very simple and elegant language. This lecture series will give you basic concepts of structured programming language with C.
The document discusses data structures and abstract data types, specifically arrays. It defines arrays as structured data types that store a collection of elements of the same type that can be accessed by their position. It describes how arrays are implemented in C++ using static allocation, with elements accessed using an index. It provides examples of declaring, initializing, accessing, and passing arrays to functions.
The document discusses data structures and abstract data types. It introduces arrays as a data structure and abstract data type. Arrays allow storing a collection of data elements of the same type that can be accessed via an index. The document covers declaring, initializing, accessing, and passing single-dimensional arrays to functions in C++. It also briefly mentions multidimensional arrays.
The document discusses data structures and abstract data types, specifically arrays. It defines arrays as structured data types that store a collection of elements of the same type that can be accessed by their position. It provides examples of declaring and initializing single-dimensional arrays in C++ and passing arrays as arguments to functions. It also briefly discusses multidimensional arrays.
Control flow statements determine the order in which program instructions are executed. They include conditional branches (if/else), loops (while, for, do-while), and jumps. Arrays allow storing multiple values of the same type together in contiguous memory locations that can be individually referenced using an index. Multi-dimensional arrays generalize this by storing arrays inside other arrays, allowing modeling of matrices. They require nested loops for processing all elements.
This document provides an overview of key C# programming concepts such as declaring variables, data types, conditional statements, loops, namespaces, and more. It also discusses topics like initialization and scope of variables, predefined value and reference types, if statements, and using the console for input/output. The goal is to cover basic C# syntax, conventions, and compiler options to get started with programming in C#.
The document discusses HTML, including its definition as a markup language used to create web pages, its purpose to tell browsers how to display web page elements, and the requirements and basic implementation of HTML using tags. It also lists different versions of HTML and references for learning more.
Machine learning ppt
college presentation on Machine Learning Programming releated them. explain each and every Point in detail so. thats why they are easily to explain in the
Seminar topic on holography, they are used for final year student or 3rd year student to get selection of topic on seminar and explain in front of collage students
Python lab manual all the experiments are availableNitesh Dubey
The document describes 10 experiments related to Python programming. Each experiment has an aim to write a Python program to perform a specific task like finding the GCD of two numbers, calculating square root using Newton's method, exponentiation of a number, finding the maximum of a list, performing linear search, binary search, selection sort, insertion sort, merge sort, and multiplying matrices. For each experiment, the algorithm and Python program to implement it is provided. The output for sample test cases is also given to verify the programs.
Web Technology Lab files with practicalNitesh Dubey
The document describes several experiments using HTML, CSS, JavaScript, Java, and SQL to develop web applications.
Experiment 1 involves creating a CV using HTML and JavaScript and displaying it on different websites. Experiment 2 creates a student details form in HTML that sends data to a database.
Experiment 3 uses JavaScript to display browser information on a web page. Experiment 4 develops a calculator application using JavaScript.
Experiment 5 defines document type definitions and cascading style sheets to style an XML document about books.
Experiment 6 connects to a database using JDBC and SQL. It retrieves and updates data, designing a simple servlet to query a book database.
Theory of automata and formal language lab manualNitesh Dubey
The document describes several experiments related to compiler design including lexical analysis, parsing, and code generation.
Experiment 1 involves writing a program to identify if a given string is an identifier or not using a DFA. Experiment 2 simulates a DFA to check if a string is accepted by the given automaton. Experiment 3 checks if a string belongs to a given grammar using a top-down parsing approach. Experiment 4 implements recursive descent parsing to parse expressions based on a grammar. Experiment 5 computes FIRST and FOLLOW sets and builds a LL(1) parsing table for a given grammar. Experiment 6 implements shift-reduce parsing to parse strings. Experiment 7 generates intermediate code like Polish notation, 3-address code, and quadruples
Here are the steps to develop a UML use case diagram for the given problem:
1. Identify the system and actors
The system is the "Supermarket Loyalty Program". The actors are "Customer" and "Supermarket Staff".
2. Identify the use cases
The key use cases are:
- Register for Loyalty Program
- Make Purchase
- View Purchase History
- Generate Prize Winners List
- Reset Purchase Entries
3. Draw and label the use case diagram
Draw oval shapes for the use cases and stick figures for the actors. Connect the actors to related use cases with lines. Label all elements.
4. Add descriptions to use cases
Principal of programming language lab files Nitesh Dubey
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help alleviate symptoms of mental illness and boost overall mental well-being.
The document discusses the benefits of meditation for reducing stress and anxiety. Regular meditation practice can help calm the mind and body by lowering heart rate and blood pressure. Making meditation a part of a daily routine, even if just 10-15 minutes per day, can offer improvements to mood, focus, and overall well-being over time.
design and analysis of algorithm Lab filesNitesh Dubey
This document contains details of experiments conducted as part of a "Design and Analysis of Algorithm Lab" course. It includes 10 experiments covering algorithms like binary search, heap sort, merge sort, selection sort, insertion sort, quick sort, knapsack problem, travelling salesman problem, minimum spanning tree (using Kruskal's algorithm), and N queen problem (using backtracking). For each experiment, it provides the objective, program code implementation, and result. The document is submitted by a student to their professor for the lab session.
Computer Organization And Architecture lab manualNitesh Dubey
The document discusses the implementation of various logic gates and flip-flops. It describes half adders and full adders can be implemented using XOR and AND gates. Binary to gray code and gray to binary code conversions are also explained. Circuit diagrams for 3-8 line decoder, 4x1 and 8x1 multiplexer are provided along with their truth tables. Finally, the working of common flip-flops like SR, JK, D and T are explained through their excitation tables.
industrial training report on Ethical hackingNitesh Dubey
This document outlines an industrial training report on ethical hacking conducted at Alison Online Training Institute. It begins with an introduction to ethical hacking and the different types of hacking. It then discusses the role of security and penetration testers and different penetration testing methodologies. The document provides an overview of what can and cannot be done legally as an ethical hacker. It also discusses the basics of networking and what it takes to be a successful security tester.
Project synopsis on face recognition in e attendanceNitesh Dubey
This document provides a project synopsis for a face recognition-based e-attendance system. It discusses developing an automated attendance system using face recognition technology to address issues with traditional manual attendance methods, such as being time-consuming and allowing for fraudulent attendance. The objectives are to help teachers track and manage student attendance and absenteeism more efficiently. The proposed system uses face detection and recognition algorithms to automatically mark student attendance based on detecting faces in the classroom. It includes modules for image capture, face detection, preprocessing, database development, and postprocessing for recognition. Feasibility analysis indicates the technical feasibility of the system using existing technologies. Methodology diagrams show the training and recognition workflows that involve face detection, feature extraction, and classification.
This document provides an overview of the system analysis conducted for developing a Human Resource Management System (HRMS) for BittCell Systems Pvt. Ltd. Key aspects of the analysis included collecting requirements, studying the current manual system, identifying needs and limitations, and conducting a feasibility study. Tools used in the analysis included data collection, charting, dictionaries, and ER diagrams to understand information flow and relationships. The proposed HRMS aims to increase efficiency by automating employee registration, leave management, payroll, and training processes.
Industrial training report on core java Nitesh Dubey
This document discusses the installation and configuration of Java. It begins with an overview of Java and its key features like platform independence. It then discusses the Java platform and how bytecode is run by the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) across different operating systems. The document also covers installing Java, configuring variables, writing and running a basic Java program, and some Java concepts like packages, classes, objects, and modifiers.
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT mini project reportNitesh Dubey
This document provides information about a research project analyzing the quality of treated sewage water from shipboard sewage treatment plants. Water samples were taken from 32 ships and analyzed for parameters like coliform bacteria, suspended solids, and biological oxygen demand. The results showed that none of the treated sewage water samples met standards in the MARPOL Annex IV regulations. The document also describes regulations for sewage discharge, potential health and environmental risks of untreated sewage, and common types of sewage treatment systems used on ships.
synopsis report on BIOMETRIC ONLINE VOTING SYSTEMNitesh Dubey
The document summarizes the design of a biometric-based online voting system. It discusses including voter secrecy, authentication, vote verification and accuracy. The design goals are to safely transfer votes from the user's computer to the server and securely store cast votes. The system will use fingerprint biometrics for voter verification and only allow each verified voter to cast one vote. It will also provide manuals for voters before the election and allow vote verification before finalizing.
A.I. refers to the capability of machines to imitate intelligent human behavior. The history of A.I. began in the 1950s but has improved greatly in recent decades with advances like Sophia robot. A.I. is needed because humans have physical limitations, while robots can perform dangerous jobs. A.I. is created through a combination of programming, hardware, and sensors. It has many applications like healthcare, education, industry, finance, and customer support. While A.I. provides benefits like low error rates and replacing humans in dangerous jobs, there are also disadvantages such as high costs, lack of creativity, and potential unemployment. The future of A.I. could include automated transportation, cyborg technology
Sajjad Ali Khan submitted a seminar on object-oriented programming that covered key concepts like classes, objects, messages, and design principles. The content included definitions of objects, classes, and messages. It discussed why OOP is used and requirements for object-oriented languages like encapsulation, inheritance, and dynamic binding. Popular OO languages were listed and concepts like polymorphism were explained with examples.
Better Builder Magazine brings together premium product manufactures and leading builders to create better differentiated homes and buildings that use less energy, save water and reduce our impact on the environment. The magazine is published four times a year.
Learn more about Sch 40 and Sch 80 PVC conduits!
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Email: ctube@c-tube.net
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji - Bandi Chor Guru.pdfBalvir Singh
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji (19 June 1595 - 3 March 1644) is revered as the Sixth Nanak.
• On 25 May 1606 Guru Arjan nominated his son Sri Hargobind Ji as his successor. Shortly
afterwards, Guru Arjan was arrested, tortured and killed by order of the Mogul Emperor
Jahangir.
• Guru Hargobind's succession ceremony took place on 24 June 1606. He was barely
eleven years old when he became 6th Guru.
• As ordered by Guru Arjan Dev Ji, he put on two swords, one indicated his spiritual
authority (PIRI) and the other, his temporal authority (MIRI). He thus for the first time
initiated military tradition in the Sikh faith to resist religious persecution, protect
people’s freedom and independence to practice religion by choice. He transformed
Sikhs to be Saints and Soldier.
• He had a long tenure as Guru, lasting 37 years, 9 months and 3 days
An In-Depth Exploration of Natural Language Processing: Evolution, Applicatio...DharmaBanothu
Natural language processing (NLP) has
recently garnered significant interest for the
computational representation and analysis of human
language. Its applications span multiple domains such
as machine translation, email spam detection,
information extraction, summarization, healthcare,
and question answering. This paper first delineates
four phases by examining various levels of NLP and
components of Natural Language Generation,
followed by a review of the history and progression of
NLP. Subsequently, we delve into the current state of
the art by presenting diverse NLP applications,
contemporary trends, and challenges. Finally, we
discuss some available datasets, models, and
evaluation metrics in NLP.
This is an overview of my current metallic design and engineering knowledge base built up over my professional career and two MSc degrees : - MSc in Advanced Manufacturing Technology University of Portsmouth graduated 1st May 1998, and MSc in Aircraft Engineering Cranfield University graduated 8th June 2007.
1. List of Practicals
Implementation of Lexical Analyzer to recognize a few patterns
Implementation of Intermediate Code Generation
Implementation of Heap storage Allocation
Implementation of Brute force technique of Top-down parsing
Implementation of Code Optimization
Implementation of Recursive Descent Parser
Implementation of Operator Precedence Parser
Implementation of Lexical Analyzer using flex
2. Implementation of Lexical Analyzer to recognize a few patterns
#include<string.h>
#include<ctype.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
void keyword(char str[10])
{
if(strcmp("for",str)==0||strcmp("while",str)==0||strcmp("do",str)==0||strcmp("int",str)==0||strcm
p("float",str)==0||strcmp("char",str)==0||strcmp("double",str)==0||strcmp("printf",str)==0||strcm
p("switch",str)==0||strcmp("case",str)==0)
printf("n%s is a keyword",str);
else
printf("n%s is an identifier",str);
}
void main()
{
FILE *f1,*f2,*f3;
char c,str[10],st1[10];
int num[100],lineno=0,tokenvalue=0,i=0,j=0,k=0;
f1=fopen("input","r");
f2=fopen("identifier","w");
f3=fopen("specialchar","w");
while((c=getc(f1))!=EOF)
{
if(isdigit(c))
{
tokenvalue=c-'0';
c=getc(f1);
while(isdigit(c))
{
tokenvalue*=10+c-'0';
c=getc(f1);
}
num[i++]=tokenvalue;
ungetc(c,f1);
}
else
if(isalpha(c))
{
putc(c,f2);
3. c=getc(f1);
while(isdigit(c)||isalpha(c)||c=='_'||c=='$')
{
putc(c,f2);
c=getc(f1);
}
putc(' ',f2);
ungetc(c,f1);
}
else
if(c==' '||c=='t')
printf(" ");
else
if(c=='n')
lineno++;
else
putc(c,f3);
}
fclose(f2);
fclose(f3);
fclose(f1);
printf("n the no's in the program are:");
for(j=0;j<i;j++)
printf("t%d",num[j]);
printf("n");
f2=fopen("identifier","r");
k=0;
printf("the keywords and identifier are:");
while((c=getc(f2))!=EOF)
if(c!=' ')
str[k++]=c;
else
{
str[k]='0';
keyword(str);
k=0;
}
fclose(f2);
f3=fopen("specialchar","r");
printf("n Special Characters are");
while((c=getc(f3))!=EOF)
printf("t%c",c);
printf("n");
fclose(f3);
printf("Total no of lines are:%d",lineno);
}
7. Implementation of Heap storage Allocation
ALGORITHM:-
1. Start
2. Assume memory size as 50 bytes
3. Allocation:---
Read variable name and size.
If continuous available free space is greater than or equal to variable size then
allocate. And make those bits in allocation array as 1.
If space not sufficient then allocation is not possible.
4. Deal location:---
Read variable name
Compare variable name with variable name presented in heap allocated array. If
match is found free the memory space allocated for that variable.
Make valid bit as zero in heap array for that variable.
Allocation bits in array make as 0 for that particular variable memory.
5. Deal located memory space will be utilized when new variable requires
Memory….
6. Stop.
//program
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
struct heaps
{
char var[10];
int no_byte;
int st_byte;
int valid;
}heaparr[20];
int alloc[50],harpos=0;
8. void main()
{
int ch,i;
/* if memory allocated then alloc[pos]=1 else 0*/
for(i=0;i<50;i++)
alloc[i]=0;
while(1)
{
clrscr();
printf("n enter u r choicen");
scanf("%d",&ch);
switch(ch)
{
case 1:allocat();
break;
case 2:deallocat();
break;
case 3: disp();
break;
case 4: exit(0);
getch();
}/*Closing of switch*/
}/* Closing of while*/
}/* Closing of main*/
allocat()
{
char vname[10],s;
int vsize,i,count,st,k;
printf("n enter variable name:");
scanf("%s",&vname);
printf("n enter how many bytes required for %s",vname);
scanf("%d",&vsize);
for(i=0;i<50;i++)
{ count=0;
while((alloc[i]==1)&&(i<50))
i++;
st=i;
while(count<vsize)
{
if(alloc[i]==0)
count++;
else
break;
i++;
11. Name of variable b
starting byte 10
number of bytes20
bytes allocated are 10..29
Enter u r choice 1
Enter variable name:c
Enter how many bytes required for c 10
Allocated successfully
Enter u r choice 3
Name of variable a
Starting byte 0
Number of bytes10
Bytes allocated are 0..9
Name of variable b
Starting byte 10
Number of bytes20
Bytes allocated are 10..29
Name of variable c
Starting byte 30
Number of bytes10
Bytes allocated are 30..39
Enter u r choice 2
variables presented are... a b c
ENTER VARIABLE NAME, WHICH IS TO BE DEALLOCATED b
Deal located successfully
Enter u r choice 3
Name of variable a
Starting byte 0
Number of bytes10
Bytes allocated are 0..9
12. Implementation of Brute force technique of Top-down parsing
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
char *inpt; /* pointer to the input*/
main()
{
char ipst[20];
int len;
clrscr();
printf("The productions are.....n s->aBc n B->b/cd/cen");
printf("Enter the string to be parsed t ");
gets(ipst);
inpt=ipst;
if(S())
printf("****String is Parsed***n");
else
printf("****Invalid String******n");
getch();
} /* closing of main*/
S()
{
if(*inpt=='a')
{
inpt++;
if(B())
{
if(*inpt=='c')
{
inpt++;
if(*inpt=='0')
return(1);
else
return(0);
}
else
return(0);
}
else
return(0);
}
}/* closing of s procedure*/
14. OUTPUT :-
1 ) The productions are.....
s->aBc
B->b/cd/ce
Enter the string to be parsed abc
****string is parsed***
2 ) The productions are.....
s->aBc
B->b/cd/ce
Enter the string to be parsed acdc
****string is parsed***
3 ) The productions are.....
s->aBc
B->b/cd/ce
Enter the string to be parsed acec
****string is parsed***
4 ) The productions are.....
s->aBc
B->b/cd/ce
Enter the string to be parsed acecd
****Invaid string ***
23. Output:
Enter the value for * *:>
Enter the value for * $:>
Enter the value for $ i:<
Enter the value for $ +:<
Enter the value for $ *:<
Enter the value for $ $:accept
**** OPERATOR PRECEDENCE TABLE ****
i + * $
i e > > >
+ < > < >
* < > > >
$ < < < a
*/
Enter the input string:
i*i
STACK INPUT STRING ACTION
$ i*i Shift i
$<i *i Reduce
$ *i Shift *
$<* i Shift i
$<*<i
String is not accepted
24. Implementation of Lexical Analyzer using flex
//Decalring two counters one for number of lines other for number of characters
%{
int no_of_lines = 0;
int no_of_chars = 0;
%}
/***rule 1 counts the number of lines,
rule 2 counts the number of characters
and rule 3 specifies when to stop
taking input***/
%%
n ++no_of_lines;
. ++no_of_chars;
end return 0;
%%
/*** User code section***/
int yywrap(){}
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
yylex();
printf("number of lines = %d, number of chars = %dn",
no_of_lines, no_of_chars );
return 0;
}
Output: -
雅虎竞拍
煤炉代买
paypay商城
乐天二手
日本亚马逊
乐天新品
ZOZOTOWN
![Implementation of Lexical Analyzer to recognize a few patterns
#include<string.h>
#include<ctype.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
void keyword(char str[10])
{
if(strcmp("for",str)==0||strcmp("while",str)==0||strcmp("do",str)==0||strcmp("int",str)==0||strcm
p("float",str)==0||strcmp("char",str)==0||strcmp("double",str)==0||strcmp("printf",str)==0||strcm
p("switch",str)==0||strcmp("case",str)==0)
printf("n%s is a keyword",str);
else
printf("n%s is an identifier",str);
}
void main()
{
FILE *f1,*f2,*f3;
char c,str[10],st1[10];
int num[100],lineno=0,tokenvalue=0,i=0,j=0,k=0;
f1=fopen("input","r");
f2=fopen("identifier","w");
f3=fopen("specialchar","w");
while((c=getc(f1))!=EOF)
{
if(isdigit(c))
{
tokenvalue=c-'0';
c=getc(f1);
while(isdigit(c))
{
tokenvalue*=10+c-'0';
c=getc(f1);
}
num[i++]=tokenvalue;
ungetc(c,f1);
}
else
if(isalpha(c))
{
putc(c,f2);](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)