This document discusses different types of railway stations and yards. It defines a station as a place where trains regularly stop to load and unload passengers or freight. Stations can be classified based on their operational role as junction stations, terminal stations, or wayside stations. Yards are complexes of railroad tracks used for storing, sorting, and loading/unloading rail cars and locomotives. Yards contain many parallel tracks to store rolling stock off the mainline. The document discusses passenger yards, goods yards, and marshalling yards.
This document discusses traffic engineering and road intersections. It defines traffic engineering as using techniques to safely and efficiently move people and goods. It describes different types of at-grade and grade-separated intersections. At-grade intersections can be unchannelized or channelized using islands. Grade-separated intersections include roundabouts, flyovers, diamond intersections, and cloverleaf junctions. The document also discusses different types of traffic islands like circular, turbine, rhombus, and tangent islands that help direct traffic flow at intersections.
The document discusses various methods used for origin-destination surveys in traffic engineering. It describes roadside interview surveys, home interview surveys, telephone surveys, taxi surveys, and other methods for collecting data on vehicle origins, destinations, routes, and passengers. It also discusses analyzing the data for purposes like evaluating existing routes, locating new roads or parking, and regulating vehicle movement.
* DOWNLOAD AND PLAY IT IN MICROSOFT POWERPOINT CAUSE IT CONTAINS ANIMATION AND CAN'T WATCH WITHOUT IT *
Stations and Yards of Railway powerpoint presentation in Transport Engineering.
The document discusses reasons for laying new railway lines and the process of railway surveys. It outlines six main reasons for proposing new railway lines: 1) strategic connections, 2) linking trade centers, 3) connecting ports to inland areas, 4) shortening existing routes, 5) laying branch lines, and 6) developing undeveloped areas. It then describes the three main types of railway surveys - reconnaissance, preliminary, and location surveys - conducted to determine the optimal route. The reconnaissance survey gathers initial data, preliminary survey evaluates alternative routes, and location survey establishes the final track centerline.
Railway secondary part of the transportation . Railway use of maximum materials transport of one place to other place. Particular time of number of trains are move of particular junction so these part are used of points and crossing.
Best helpful of these ppt of railway track and design purposes.
This document discusses different types of traffic speed studies including spot speed studies, travel time studies, and speed delay studies. It then provides details on specific objectives, scope, and methods of conducting traffic speed studies. The document presents data from a traffic speed study conducted at two intersections in Dhaka, including spot speeds, histograms, frequency and cumulative frequency curves. It analyzes the data to determine weighted average speed, pace, modal speed and compares time mean speed to space mean speed based on the Wardrop relationship. Finally, it calculates delay time, value of travel time and vehicle operating costs.
This document discusses traffic engineering and road intersections. It defines traffic engineering as using techniques to safely and efficiently move people and goods. It describes different types of at-grade and grade-separated intersections. At-grade intersections can be unchannelized or channelized using islands. Grade-separated intersections include roundabouts, flyovers, diamond intersections, and cloverleaf junctions. The document also discusses different types of traffic islands like circular, turbine, rhombus, and tangent islands that help direct traffic flow at intersections.
The document discusses various methods used for origin-destination surveys in traffic engineering. It describes roadside interview surveys, home interview surveys, telephone surveys, taxi surveys, and other methods for collecting data on vehicle origins, destinations, routes, and passengers. It also discusses analyzing the data for purposes like evaluating existing routes, locating new roads or parking, and regulating vehicle movement.
* DOWNLOAD AND PLAY IT IN MICROSOFT POWERPOINT CAUSE IT CONTAINS ANIMATION AND CAN'T WATCH WITHOUT IT *
Stations and Yards of Railway powerpoint presentation in Transport Engineering.
The document discusses reasons for laying new railway lines and the process of railway surveys. It outlines six main reasons for proposing new railway lines: 1) strategic connections, 2) linking trade centers, 3) connecting ports to inland areas, 4) shortening existing routes, 5) laying branch lines, and 6) developing undeveloped areas. It then describes the three main types of railway surveys - reconnaissance, preliminary, and location surveys - conducted to determine the optimal route. The reconnaissance survey gathers initial data, preliminary survey evaluates alternative routes, and location survey establishes the final track centerline.
Railway secondary part of the transportation . Railway use of maximum materials transport of one place to other place. Particular time of number of trains are move of particular junction so these part are used of points and crossing.
Best helpful of these ppt of railway track and design purposes.
This document discusses different types of traffic speed studies including spot speed studies, travel time studies, and speed delay studies. It then provides details on specific objectives, scope, and methods of conducting traffic speed studies. The document presents data from a traffic speed study conducted at two intersections in Dhaka, including spot speeds, histograms, frequency and cumulative frequency curves. It analyzes the data to determine weighted average speed, pace, modal speed and compares time mean speed to space mean speed based on the Wardrop relationship. Finally, it calculates delay time, value of travel time and vehicle operating costs.
Objective and classification of highway maintenance works. Distresses and maintenance measures in flexible and rigid pavements. Concept of pavement evaluation: Functional and Structural
Railway Engineering-Curves and superelevationMani Vel
This document discusses curves and superelevation on railways. It defines horizontal and vertical curves, and explains that superelevation involves raising the outer rail on a curve to provide a comfortable ride. Superelevation counters the effects of lateral forces when negotiating a curve. The key points are:
- Superelevation is the difference in height between the inner and outer rails and helps distribute load on both rails.
- Equilibrium speed is when the centrifugal force is balanced by the cant (superelevation), providing no unbalanced radial acceleration.
- Maximum permissible speed considers factors like radius, cant, cant deficiency/excess, and transition length.
- Examples are provided to calculate supere
1. Traffic engineering deals with the safe and efficient movement of people and goods on roadways. It uses engineering techniques and applies scientific principles to achieve this.
2. A traffic study should be conducted when a new development is proposed, for financial assessments, major road projects, to address existing transportation problems, or for developments in sensitive areas.
3. Traffic signs, signals, markings, and islands are traffic control devices used to inform, guide, and regulate traffic and pedestrians.
This document discusses various topics related to traffic engineering including:
1. Definitions of traffic volume, average annual daily traffic, travel time, running speed, and journey speed.
2. Methods for traffic studies and analysis such as spot speed studies, cumulative speed distribution curves, and origin-destination studies.
3. Factors that influence traffic capacity such as traffic volume, density, speed, space headway, and time headway.
4. Traffic control devices including traffic signals, signs, road markings, and designs of traffic signals and parking layouts.
5. Accident analysis methods for different collision types at intersections and between moving and stationary objects.
The document discusses a traffic volume study conducted at Russell Square in Dhaka. It defines key terms like average daily traffic (ADT) and level of service (LOS). Data was collected manually over three hours and analyzed to find a service flow rate of 1,131 passenger car units per hour, indicating an LOS of D. The average daily traffic was calculated as 16,080 passenger cars with an annual average of 22,432. Traffic movement was found to be nearly equal in both directions.
this slides will contains some information about 'turnouts in railways', it's component parts and its classification. if any mistakes present, please tell me i will rectify them.
This presentation discusses the points and crossings used in railways. Especially It deals with the types of turnout - Right-Hand Turnout and Left-hand Turnout. parts of turnout and also the different types of crossings based on the angle.
This document is a presentation on trumpet interchanges that is presented by 7 students from the Department of Civil Engineering. It defines a trumpet interchange as a road junction that uses grade separation and looped ramps to allow traffic to pass through without directly crossing other traffic streams. It provides information on the purpose of interchanges in reducing conflicts from vehicle crossings. It discusses some photos, advantages like lower construction costs and reduced accidents, disadvantages like requiring more land, and limitations to implementing trumpet interchanges in Bangladesh.
Transition curve and Super-elevation
Transition Curve
Objectives of Transition Curve
Properties Of Transition Curve
Types Of Transition Curve
Length Of Transition Curve
Superelevation
Objective of providing superelevation
Advantages of providing superelevation
Superelevation Formula
Numerical
This document provides an overview of the Transportation Engineering II course syllabus and discusses various topics that will be covered, including railway geometric design, station and yard design, airport engineering, and harbor and dock engineering. It also summarizes key concepts related to permanent way design, including subgrade, formation, embankment, track drainage, rails, rail fastenings, sleepers, and ballast. Modern trends in rail such as MAGLEV, tube, and metro rail systems are also introduced.
This document discusses various traffic control devices used in highway engineering, including signs, signals, markings, and islands. It describes the requirements and purposes of traffic control devices, as well as common sign types (regulatory, warning, informative), colors, and designs. Signalized intersections are discussed as are different types of pavement markings and their purposes. Maintaining orderly traffic flow, reducing accidents, and ensuring safety are goals of implementing proper traffic control measures.
The overtaking sight distance or passing sight distance is measured along the center line of the road over which a driver with his eye level 1.2 m above the road surface can see the top of an object 1.2 m above the road surface.
passing sight distance formula
aashto intersection sight triangles
highway sight distance
stopping sight distance formula
stopping sight distance calculator
headlight sight distance equation
headlight sight distance
aashto sight triangle standards
stopping site distance
safe stopping sight distance
aashto stopping sight distance
sight distance in geometric design
stopping sight distance example
ssd stopping sight distance
stopping site distance calculation
headlight sight distance
Railway Engineering - Geometric design of trackMani Vel
This document discusses the importance of proper geometric design of railway tracks. It outlines key considerations for geometric design including gradients, curvature, and track alignment. Proper design is needed to ensure safe train operation at maximum speeds and loads. Specific geometric design elements are described, such as ruling gradients, helper gradients, momentum gradients, and standards for station yard gradients. Grade compensation is also outlined, where steeper gradients are allowed on curved tracks compared to straight tracks.
Signalling systems are used to safely and efficiently control train movements on tracks. The main purposes of signalling are to provide for safe train operations, maximize track usage, and maintain safety for passengers, staff and trains. Early signalling in the 1820s-1830s involved uniformed men guiding trains by hand or flags. Signals are classified by their operating characteristics, functions, locations, and special purposes. Operating characteristics include hand, fixed, and detonating signals. Functional signals include stop/semaphore, warner, and shunting signals. Signalling has evolved from manual methods to include fixed, colour light, and other automated signals to safely direct train operations.
Location controls and highway classificationRana Ibrahim
This document discusses factors that affect the location of highways in urban areas and classifications of highways. It outlines several location factors for urban highways, including existing land use and transportation systems, anticipated traffic, town planning considerations, parking availability, and existing utilities. It then describes different classification approaches and defines a functional classification system that categorizes highways based on their intended use and traffic mobility. The functional classes for both urban and rural highways are outlined.
This document discusses the key elements of highway geometric design including cross-section elements, sight distance considerations, horizontal and vertical alignment details, and intersection elements. It covers factors that affect highway geometric design such as design speed, topography, traffic, capacity, and environmental factors. It provides details on cross-section components, sight distance requirements, horizontal and vertical curves, and overtaking sight distance calculations. The objective of highway geometric design is to provide efficient traffic operation with maximum safety at reasonable cost.
Railway Engineering: signaling, interlocking, train control systemBathla Tuition Centre
This Presentation Contains Railway engineering concepts. The contents covered are Railway Signaling, Interlocking & trail control system.
Feel free to write in Comment Section or drop a line in my Inbox amanbathla710@gmail.com
Traffic engineering deals with measuring and analyzing traffic to achieve safe and efficient movement of people and goods. Key aspects include conducting traffic studies to understand volume, speed, origin-destination, and accidents. The arrangements made to control traffic flow and avoid accidents include road signs, markings, signals, and traffic islands. Signs are used to warn, direct, and guide users through regulatory, warning, and informational signs. Markings are lines and symbols applied to roadways to warn, inform and guide users. Together signs and markings help control traffic and ensure safety.
Railway engineering By T.Ravi Prakash/Kongu Engineering Collegeravicivil
The document discusses rail transport in India. It provides an overview of:
1) The history of railways in India, beginning with the first line opened in 1853 between Mumbai and Thane.
2) The development of Indian Railways over successive five-year plans, with increasing focus on expansion, electrification, and modernization.
3) The organization of Indian Railways, divided into 16 zones administered by general managers and further divided into divisions run by divisional railway managers.
4) Key facts about Indian Railways, which operates over 67,000 route km and carries over 1.3 billion passengers and freight daily.
These are the arrangements provided in a railway track to divert a train from the main line to a branch line, such as turnouts that use pairs of points and crossings. The document defines various railway track components like the tongue rail, stock rails, stretcher bar, and switch. It describes different types of turnouts like left and right hand turnouts. The document also discusses railway signaling, explaining different types of signals based on their operation, function, and location. Signaling facilitates efficient train movement, safety between trains, and maximum track utilization.
Presentation on
Railway STATION LAYOUT
it 's Define of Railway Station
• A Railway Station or a Railroad Station and often shortened to Just Station, is a Railway facility where trains regularly stop to load or unload passengers and/or freight/goods.
• To enable the trains on a single line track to cross from opposite directions.
• To enable the following express trains to overtake
• For taking diesel or coal and water for locomotives
• For detaching engines and running staff
• For detaching or attaching of compartments and wagons
• For sorting of bogies to form new trains, housing of locomotive in loco sheds.
Objective and classification of highway maintenance works. Distresses and maintenance measures in flexible and rigid pavements. Concept of pavement evaluation: Functional and Structural
Railway Engineering-Curves and superelevationMani Vel
This document discusses curves and superelevation on railways. It defines horizontal and vertical curves, and explains that superelevation involves raising the outer rail on a curve to provide a comfortable ride. Superelevation counters the effects of lateral forces when negotiating a curve. The key points are:
- Superelevation is the difference in height between the inner and outer rails and helps distribute load on both rails.
- Equilibrium speed is when the centrifugal force is balanced by the cant (superelevation), providing no unbalanced radial acceleration.
- Maximum permissible speed considers factors like radius, cant, cant deficiency/excess, and transition length.
- Examples are provided to calculate supere
1. Traffic engineering deals with the safe and efficient movement of people and goods on roadways. It uses engineering techniques and applies scientific principles to achieve this.
2. A traffic study should be conducted when a new development is proposed, for financial assessments, major road projects, to address existing transportation problems, or for developments in sensitive areas.
3. Traffic signs, signals, markings, and islands are traffic control devices used to inform, guide, and regulate traffic and pedestrians.
This document discusses various topics related to traffic engineering including:
1. Definitions of traffic volume, average annual daily traffic, travel time, running speed, and journey speed.
2. Methods for traffic studies and analysis such as spot speed studies, cumulative speed distribution curves, and origin-destination studies.
3. Factors that influence traffic capacity such as traffic volume, density, speed, space headway, and time headway.
4. Traffic control devices including traffic signals, signs, road markings, and designs of traffic signals and parking layouts.
5. Accident analysis methods for different collision types at intersections and between moving and stationary objects.
The document discusses a traffic volume study conducted at Russell Square in Dhaka. It defines key terms like average daily traffic (ADT) and level of service (LOS). Data was collected manually over three hours and analyzed to find a service flow rate of 1,131 passenger car units per hour, indicating an LOS of D. The average daily traffic was calculated as 16,080 passenger cars with an annual average of 22,432. Traffic movement was found to be nearly equal in both directions.
this slides will contains some information about 'turnouts in railways', it's component parts and its classification. if any mistakes present, please tell me i will rectify them.
This presentation discusses the points and crossings used in railways. Especially It deals with the types of turnout - Right-Hand Turnout and Left-hand Turnout. parts of turnout and also the different types of crossings based on the angle.
This document is a presentation on trumpet interchanges that is presented by 7 students from the Department of Civil Engineering. It defines a trumpet interchange as a road junction that uses grade separation and looped ramps to allow traffic to pass through without directly crossing other traffic streams. It provides information on the purpose of interchanges in reducing conflicts from vehicle crossings. It discusses some photos, advantages like lower construction costs and reduced accidents, disadvantages like requiring more land, and limitations to implementing trumpet interchanges in Bangladesh.
Transition curve and Super-elevation
Transition Curve
Objectives of Transition Curve
Properties Of Transition Curve
Types Of Transition Curve
Length Of Transition Curve
Superelevation
Objective of providing superelevation
Advantages of providing superelevation
Superelevation Formula
Numerical
This document provides an overview of the Transportation Engineering II course syllabus and discusses various topics that will be covered, including railway geometric design, station and yard design, airport engineering, and harbor and dock engineering. It also summarizes key concepts related to permanent way design, including subgrade, formation, embankment, track drainage, rails, rail fastenings, sleepers, and ballast. Modern trends in rail such as MAGLEV, tube, and metro rail systems are also introduced.
This document discusses various traffic control devices used in highway engineering, including signs, signals, markings, and islands. It describes the requirements and purposes of traffic control devices, as well as common sign types (regulatory, warning, informative), colors, and designs. Signalized intersections are discussed as are different types of pavement markings and their purposes. Maintaining orderly traffic flow, reducing accidents, and ensuring safety are goals of implementing proper traffic control measures.
The overtaking sight distance or passing sight distance is measured along the center line of the road over which a driver with his eye level 1.2 m above the road surface can see the top of an object 1.2 m above the road surface.
passing sight distance formula
aashto intersection sight triangles
highway sight distance
stopping sight distance formula
stopping sight distance calculator
headlight sight distance equation
headlight sight distance
aashto sight triangle standards
stopping site distance
safe stopping sight distance
aashto stopping sight distance
sight distance in geometric design
stopping sight distance example
ssd stopping sight distance
stopping site distance calculation
headlight sight distance
Railway Engineering - Geometric design of trackMani Vel
This document discusses the importance of proper geometric design of railway tracks. It outlines key considerations for geometric design including gradients, curvature, and track alignment. Proper design is needed to ensure safe train operation at maximum speeds and loads. Specific geometric design elements are described, such as ruling gradients, helper gradients, momentum gradients, and standards for station yard gradients. Grade compensation is also outlined, where steeper gradients are allowed on curved tracks compared to straight tracks.
Signalling systems are used to safely and efficiently control train movements on tracks. The main purposes of signalling are to provide for safe train operations, maximize track usage, and maintain safety for passengers, staff and trains. Early signalling in the 1820s-1830s involved uniformed men guiding trains by hand or flags. Signals are classified by their operating characteristics, functions, locations, and special purposes. Operating characteristics include hand, fixed, and detonating signals. Functional signals include stop/semaphore, warner, and shunting signals. Signalling has evolved from manual methods to include fixed, colour light, and other automated signals to safely direct train operations.
Location controls and highway classificationRana Ibrahim
This document discusses factors that affect the location of highways in urban areas and classifications of highways. It outlines several location factors for urban highways, including existing land use and transportation systems, anticipated traffic, town planning considerations, parking availability, and existing utilities. It then describes different classification approaches and defines a functional classification system that categorizes highways based on their intended use and traffic mobility. The functional classes for both urban and rural highways are outlined.
This document discusses the key elements of highway geometric design including cross-section elements, sight distance considerations, horizontal and vertical alignment details, and intersection elements. It covers factors that affect highway geometric design such as design speed, topography, traffic, capacity, and environmental factors. It provides details on cross-section components, sight distance requirements, horizontal and vertical curves, and overtaking sight distance calculations. The objective of highway geometric design is to provide efficient traffic operation with maximum safety at reasonable cost.
Railway Engineering: signaling, interlocking, train control systemBathla Tuition Centre
This Presentation Contains Railway engineering concepts. The contents covered are Railway Signaling, Interlocking & trail control system.
Feel free to write in Comment Section or drop a line in my Inbox amanbathla710@gmail.com
Traffic engineering deals with measuring and analyzing traffic to achieve safe and efficient movement of people and goods. Key aspects include conducting traffic studies to understand volume, speed, origin-destination, and accidents. The arrangements made to control traffic flow and avoid accidents include road signs, markings, signals, and traffic islands. Signs are used to warn, direct, and guide users through regulatory, warning, and informational signs. Markings are lines and symbols applied to roadways to warn, inform and guide users. Together signs and markings help control traffic and ensure safety.
Railway engineering By T.Ravi Prakash/Kongu Engineering Collegeravicivil
The document discusses rail transport in India. It provides an overview of:
1) The history of railways in India, beginning with the first line opened in 1853 between Mumbai and Thane.
2) The development of Indian Railways over successive five-year plans, with increasing focus on expansion, electrification, and modernization.
3) The organization of Indian Railways, divided into 16 zones administered by general managers and further divided into divisions run by divisional railway managers.
4) Key facts about Indian Railways, which operates over 67,000 route km and carries over 1.3 billion passengers and freight daily.
These are the arrangements provided in a railway track to divert a train from the main line to a branch line, such as turnouts that use pairs of points and crossings. The document defines various railway track components like the tongue rail, stock rails, stretcher bar, and switch. It describes different types of turnouts like left and right hand turnouts. The document also discusses railway signaling, explaining different types of signals based on their operation, function, and location. Signaling facilitates efficient train movement, safety between trains, and maximum track utilization.
Presentation on
Railway STATION LAYOUT
it 's Define of Railway Station
• A Railway Station or a Railroad Station and often shortened to Just Station, is a Railway facility where trains regularly stop to load or unload passengers and/or freight/goods.
• To enable the trains on a single line track to cross from opposite directions.
• To enable the following express trains to overtake
• For taking diesel or coal and water for locomotives
• For detaching engines and running staff
• For detaching or attaching of compartments and wagons
• For sorting of bogies to form new trains, housing of locomotive in loco sheds.
The branch of Civil Engineering which deals with the design, construction and maintenance of the railway tracks for safe and efficient movements of trains is called Railway Engineering
BALLAST
RAILS
SLEEPERS
POINTS OF CROSSINGS
POINTS OF SWITCH
The rolled steel sections laid
end to end in two parallel lines
over sleepers to form a railway
track are known as RAILS The rails used in the construction of railway track can be divided into the following three types :
(1) Double Headed Rails (D.H. Rail)
(2) Flat Footed Rails (F.F. Rail)
(3) Bull Headed Rails (B.H. Rail)
Signaling systems in railways convey information to train drivers regarding train movements. The two main types are time interval and space interval methods. The space interval method divides tracks into blocks and only allows one train per block, ensuring space between trains. It uses visual signals like semaphore arms and color light signals, as well as audible signals. Track circuits, points, and slots are also key signaling elements that detect train presence and enable route setting and dual control of infrastructure. The goal of signaling is to safely dispatch and receive trains at stations by controlling train movements between stations through block systems.
Turnouts allow trains to change tracks and directions by using a combination of points and crossings. Points consist of movable tongue rails and stationary stock rails, while crossings connect intersecting tracks using wing rails and a V-shaped nose. There are two main types of turnouts - left-hand and right-hand - depending on the direction trains divert. Proper turnout design and components like check rails are important for train safety given they are weak points on the track. Different types of crossings exist depending on the angle of track intersection, including acute, obtuse, and square crossings.
Adventure Works is an outdoor equipment company. It sells a variety of products for activities like hiking, camping, fishing and more. The document then provides information about railway stations around the world, including key details about major stations in India and other countries. It discusses station features, histories and importance as transportation hubs. Accidents and facts about the world's oldest stations are also mentioned.
The document discusses Mumbai Suburban Railways, which carries over 6.6 million passengers daily and has one of the highest passenger densities of any urban rail system. It notes strengths like being a large employer but also weaknesses like delays, overcrowding, and lack of infrastructure upgrades. It analyzes demand and capacity constraints and surveys problems reported by passengers and employees. Suggestions are made to increase frequency and capacity of trains to better meet passenger needs.
Signalling in railways involves conveying information to loco drivers through visual or audible signals to control train movement. There are two main signalling systems - time interval and space interval. Space interval method divides tracks into blocks and uses fixed signals like semaphore or colour light signals to indicate if a block is occupied or clear. Solid state interlocking (SSI) systems have replaced older relay-based interlocking to reduce costs and improve maintainability through use of electronic components instead of relays.
This document discusses railway signaling and communication systems in India. It provides background on Indian Railways, the largest commercial employer in the world. It then describes different types of railway signaling such as block signaling and color light signaling used to safely direct train traffic. Interlocking systems using mechanical and electrical devices are also discussed to prevent conflicting train movements. The document concludes by covering various wired and wireless communication systems used by Indian Railways including microwave transmission, overhead lines, and optical fiber networks.
The document discusses the history and features of the Indian railway system, the largest in the world under one management. It describes how the first line opened in 1853 between Mumbai and Thane, and over the past 150+ years the railway has expanded to carry over 1.4 crore passengers and 16 lakh tonnes of goods daily on its 12,000 trains. The document also provides details on the types of tracks, trains, and infrastructure that make up the Indian railway system.
This document discusses various aspects of railway engineering including ballast, sleepers, rails, points and crossings, tractive resistance, track stresses, hauling capacity, buckling due to temperature stresses, and stresses in rails, sleepers, ballast, and formation. It covers topics such as the components that make up the track, factors that influence tractive resistance and track stresses, and how stresses are distributed throughout the track components and subsurface.
The document discusses various aspects of tunnel engineering. It begins by introducing tunnels and their uses for transportation. It then discusses the Thames Tunnel in London as an example. The document outlines several advantages of tunneling over other methods. It also discusses considerations for selecting tunnel routes and economies of tunneling. The remainder of the document describes various tunneling methods through both rock and soft ground, as well as tunnel drainage, lighting, ventilation, lining, and maintenance.
Points and crossings are railroad track components that allow trains to be diverted from one track to another. A point, or switch, is a movable section of rail that can be aligned to direct trains to the left or right. A crossing is a section of overlapping rails that allows trains to pass through an intersection. Together, points and crossings make up a turnout, which consists of a stock rail, tongue rail, heel block, and other parts to smoothly guide trains between tracks in either a left-hand or right-hand configuration.
modern methods of railway track maintanencekrishnacp
The document discusses modern methods of track maintenance including mechanized maintenance using tamping machines, measured shovel packing, and directed track maintenance. Mechanized maintenance uses tamping machines to consolidate ballast and maintain tracks more efficiently. Measured shovel packing involves accurately measuring track defects, lifting the track, and placing measured quantities of stone chippings to level the track without blocking traffic. Directed track maintenance identifies track geometry defects using measuring devices and only rectifies defects at indicated locations to maintain tracks to standards.
The document discusses the construction and maintenance of railway tracks. It covers the need for constructing new railway lines, the process of construction including earth work, plate laying, and ballast laying. It also discusses track drainage systems, including surface drainage with side drains and sub-surface drainage. Maintenance of tracks is important and includes daily and periodic maintenance to replace components and ensure safety. Regular maintenance extends the life of tracks and rolling stock.
A novel signaling system for better railway network managementAbhijeet Kumar Singh
This presentation proposes a novel signaling system to better manage railway networks. It uses infrared, radio frequency, GSM, and RFID technologies to address challenges like delays during fog, track congestion, automatic signaling, speed regulation, remote information display and control. The system implementation involves hardware on trains, signal posts, and stations. A LabVIEW interface is also developed to receive and process data from the system for graphical user display and control. The proposed concept aims to regulate train timing and utilize tracks better, as well as enable automatic train driving with remote decision-making capabilities.
The document discusses various components of railroad track systems including points and crossings, turnouts, and crossings. It describes the purpose and components of turnouts, including switches, stock rails, V crossings, check rails, lead rails, and locking systems. It also discusses different types of crossings according to angle (acute, obtuse, right angle) and according to diversion (spring, gathering lines, diamond, scissors). Additional components discussed include ash pits, which collect ash from steam engines, and turn tables, which are used to turn railroad engines. Diagrams are provided to illustrate many of the components.
This document discusses land pollution and degradation. It begins by defining land pollution as the addition of substances that negatively impact soil properties and productivity. It then describes the three main layers of the Earth's crust (lithosphere, mantle, core) before discussing various land uses including agriculture, housing, industry, and transportation. Causes of land degradation like soil erosion, salination, shifting cultivation, and desertification are also outlined. The document concludes by recommending measures to control land pollution such as proper waste disposal, reforestation, use of biofertilizers, and recycling.
Railway stations serve several essential functions: handling passenger and freight traffic, receiving and departing trains, and performing technical operations like passing, overtaking, and crew changes. Stations are classified based on their technical operations and traffic volumes. Their distribution and location must consider transportation needs, topography, infrastructure connections, and accessibility. Proper station layout includes tracks, turnouts, platforms, buildings, and yards to efficiently manage passenger and freight movement.
This document discusses various aspects of railway track components and infrastructure. It describes points and crossings which allow trains to divert from one track to another. It then discusses turnouts, their components like stock rails, crossings, and operating mechanisms. The document covers different types of stations like wayside, junction and terminal stations. It also discusses railway yards for passengers, goods, and locomotives along with their key facilities.
This document discusses railway points and crossings, which are special arrangements used to divert trains from one track to another. It describes the components of points/switches and crossings and their functions. It also summarizes the different types of railway stations including wayside, junction, and terminal stations. Additionally, it outlines the typical layout and facilities provided at stations, yards, and sidings used for sorting trains and cargo.
This document provides an overview of railway stations and yards. It defines a railway station as a place where trains stop for passengers and goods. Stations are selected based on factors like adequate land availability, level ground, proximity to towns, and infrastructure like approach roads and water supply. Facilities at stations include booking offices, platforms, lighting, waiting areas, and traffic infrastructure. Stations are classified based on passenger and goods volume. Station yards require adequate platforms, signaling infrastructure, and sidings. Different types of yards include passenger, goods, marshalling, and locomotive yards. Marshalling yards are designed to receive, sort, and form new trains, with considerations like unidirectional wagon movement and future expansion.
Chapter 3 station,yards,points and crossing,signalling and interlockingdhara dattani
This document discusses different aspects of railway stations and yards. It begins by describing the functions of railway stations which include exchange of passengers and goods, control of train movements, and enabling trains to overtake or cross. It then discusses factors considered in selecting sites for stations and the requirements of stations from public, traffic, engine, and general perspectives. The document categorizes stations based on operational and functional classifications. It also describes different types of yards including passenger, goods, and marshalling yards. Marshalling yards are described in detail including their components and functions.
This document provides information about the Transportation Engineering-II course taught by Prof. Rajesh Bhagat. It includes details about the course objectives, outcomes, and units which cover topics like railway transportation systems, design of tracks, air transportation development, and tunnel construction. The units will help students develop an ability to understand, design, and keep updated about various transportation infrastructure and technologies. The document also lists textbooks and reference books recommended for the course.
Railway stations can be classified according to their operational and functional characteristics. Operationally, stations are classified as block or non-block stations. Block stations require trains to obtain permission to proceed into the next block section, and are further divided into A, B, and C class stations based on signaling and safety requirements. Functionally, stations can be way-side (non-junction), junction, terminal, or halt stations. Way-side stations are small stations along a route, junction stations are where lines diverge, terminal stations are where lines end, and halt stations are temporary stops.
This PPT is very useful for the beginners interested for Metro Railway signalling system. It covers an overview of Signalling from fixed block to CBTC moving block system. It also includes the importance of CBTC over fixed block.
A railway station has platforms for passengers to board and disembark trains. It also has a station building for ticket sales and waiting areas. Stations range in size from small stops to large terminals. A station yard contains multiple tracks for sorting trains, including passenger, goods, locomotive, and marshalling yards. Marshalling yards separate incoming cars and reform them into outbound trains using flat, gravity, or hump yard designs. Larger stations have more facilities for passengers and goods handling.
This presentation helps you to understand all concepts as per DBATU, Lonere for Last Year BTech Civil Subject- Infrastructural Engg.
Module-II
Points and Crossings:
Standard types, Design of simple turnout, various types of Junctions, Stations and Yards: Purpose, Location, Site selection, general layouts of Terminus and Junction, Signaling and Interlocking, Construction and Maintenance of Track, Modern trends in Railways
etc.
The document provides information about railway signalling systems. It discusses the objectives of signalling such as ensuring safety between trains and maximizing track utility. It describes different types of signals according to function and location like stop signals, warner signals, and home signals. The types and purpose of various signalling equipment are explained, including semaphore signals, disc signals, colour light signals, and calling-on signals. The document also covers signalling methods like absolute block system and centralized traffic control to regulate train movements. Interlocking systems that prevent conflicting train movements at junctions are also summarized.
The document discusses the planning of central railway stations and their facilities. It covers the history of railways, defines common terminology, and describes the roles and activities at railway stations. It discusses issues at urban terminals and criteria for site selection. The document presents a planning proposal and case studies of stations in Gujarat, including Ahmedabad, Vadodara, and Surat stations. It focuses on providing efficient transportation and maximizing passenger experience and movement at central railway stations.
Passenger stations are classified based on their location and functions. There are three main types of passenger stations: transit stations which pass through trains, final stations where trains begin or end routes, and mixed stations which serve all train categories. Stations can also be classified based on their layout as wayside stations, junction stations, or terminal stations. Wayside stations serve all passenger traffic without changing directions, junction stations have multiple platforms for trains going to different destinations, and terminal stations provide good passenger access to other transportation.
The document discusses various aspects of signalling systems used in Indian metro rail networks such as Kolkata Metro, Delhi Metro, and Bangalore Metro. It describes signalling equipment like point machines, track circuits, and different types of signals including cab signals, fixed signals, and flag signals. The document also provides information on interlocking, train control systems, and operation control centres used for train movement and safety.
Metro rail India has been a success story. Yet cities with lower projected ridership are also aspiring for rail based mass rapid transit system, being safe, punctual and reliable. The wish list can be fulfilled by Light Urban Rail Transit System named "Metrolite" policy by the Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs (MoHUA) which proposes lesser capacity, at less cost, and low O& M costs.
All Tier Two cities and suburban areas of Metropolitan cities are the key clients as the systems appears viable.
'Metrolite' would also act as feeder system to high capacity Metro.
Similar to cc ppt Transportation engg poly unit 4(2) (20)
Bulldozers are large, powerful tractors equipped with a substantial metal blade used to push soil, sand, rubble and other materials. They are commonly tracked vehicles but some have wheels. Bulldozers come in various sizes with engine power ranging from 62-1150 hp and blade capacities of 1.6-14.6 cubic meters. They are used widely in construction, mining, quarrying, engineering projects and agriculture to move large volumes of material and level ground.
Front-end loaders, also known as wheel loaders or bucket loaders, are heavy construction equipment used to load materials into trucks or other machinery. They have a front-mounted bucket connected to two boom arms. Loaders come in various sizes, with bucket capacities ranging from 0.5 to 36 cubic meters. Common manufacturers of loaders include Caterpillar, John Deere, Komatsu, Volvo, and JCB. Safety is important when operating loaders, and machines display signs warning of risks like rollovers.
The document discusses earth moving and construction equipment. It begins with an introduction to earthmoving processes, equipment selection, and the production of earthmoving equipment. It then discusses the earthmoving process in detail, including site preparation, excavation, loading, hauling, embankment construction, and dredging. Key factors in equipment selection are discussed such as matching equipment to the required work and maximizing profit. Common earthmoving equipment types are also outlined.
1. Dumpers and dump trucks are vehicles used to transport bulk materials. Dumpers have the load skip in front of the driver that tips to dump the load, while dump trucks have the cab in front of the load.
2. Modern dumpers can carry payloads of up to 10 tons and usually steer by articulating in the middle. They are powered by diesel engines and use hydraulics for tipping, steering, and body lifting. Larger dump trucks ranging from 10-400 tons are used for construction and mining to transport materials over long distances.
3. There are different types of dump trucks including rear dump, bottom dump, articulated, and tipper trucks which are suited to different haul
This document discusses railway signaling systems. It begins by listing the objectives of signaling such as ensuring safety between trains and maximizing track utilization. It then categorizes signaling types based on operating characteristics (e.g. fixed signals), functional characteristics (e.g. stop signals), and location (e.g. home signals). Specific signal types are defined, such as semaphore signals, warner signals, and shunting signals. The document provides details on aspects, positions, and purposes of different signal types used in railway signaling.
The document discusses renewable energy sources and the availability of various energy resources and their future trends. It provides details on:
- The availability of conventional resources like fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas), hydroelectric power, and nuclear power. Fossil fuel reserves will last 40-200 more years depending on the resource. Only one-third of hydro potential is tapped.
- Non-conventional sources like solar, wind, biomass, geothermal, tidal, wave and ocean thermal energy are discussed with notes on their current status and potential.
- The energy scenario in India is summarized, noting that India is a major producer and consumer of energy but also imports fossil fuels. Renewable energy makes
The document discusses renewable energy sources and fundamentals of energy. It covers introduction to energy sources and classification of energy resources. It describes importance of renewable energy and advantages and disadvantages of conventional energy sources. It also discusses energy scenario in India including production, consumption, availability of primary resources and growth of energy sector. Key points covered are types of pollutants from energy sources, their harmful effects, and environmental aspects of increasing energy usage.
The document discusses the classification and fundamentals of energy. It defines energy as the ability to do work and classifies energy resources in several ways:
- By usability as primary, intermediate, or secondary resources depending on the degree of processing. Primary resources include coal, oil, sunlight, and are extracted from nature.
- By traditional use as conventional resources like fossil fuels, nuclear, and hydro that have been used for decades, or non-conventional renewable resources continually produced in nature like solar, wind, biomass.
- By long term availability as non-renewable resources like fossil fuels that will deplete over time, or renewable resources from perpetual natural flows that can be sustainably harnessed
This document provides an overview of various Total Quality Management (TQM) tools, including Benchmarking (BM), Quality Function Deployment (QFD), Total Productive Maintenance (TPM), and Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA). For BM, it describes the process, reasons for using it, types, benefits, and limitations. For QFD, it introduces the concept and "House of Quality" tool. For TPM, it discusses the concept and need for improvement. Finally, it briefly introduces FMEA and its stages.
Statistical process control (SPC) uses statistical methods to analyze processes and identify opportunities for improvement by comparing process parameters to standards. The document discusses several statistical techniques used in SPC, including control charts for variables, attributes, defects and process capability. Control charts are used to determine if a process is in statistical control by monitoring for deviations from standards.
The document discusses the principles of total quality management, including agreeing with customer requirements, continuous improvement, management leadership, effective communication, and recognizing successful involvement. It also explains that total quality management is a philosophy that should underscore corporate strategy and maximize gains for both for-profit and not-for-profit organizations through fulfilling customer needs. The principles are meant to explain how total quality management is implemented and the rules by which it operates within an organization.
This document provides an overview of Total Quality Management (TQM). It defines TQM as both a philosophy and set of principles for continuously improving an organization through applying quantitative methods and human resources to improve all processes and exceed customer needs now and in the future. The document outlines some of the key foundations and tools of TQM, including the four Ps (planning, processes, people, performance), three Cs (commitment, communication, culture) and contributions from quality gurus like Deming, Juran, Crosby and Taguchi. It also discusses definitions and dimensions of quality.
The Key Summaries of Forum Gas 2024.pptxSampe Purba
The Gas Forum 2024 organized by SKKMIGAS, get latest insights From Government, Gas Producers, Infrastructures and Transportation Operator, Buyers, End Users and Gas Analyst
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NewBase 20 June 2024 Energy News issue - 1731 by Khaled Al Awadi_compressed.pdfKhaled Al Awadi
Greetings,
Hawk Energy is pleased to present you with the latest energy news
NewBase 20 June 2024 Energy News issue - 1731 by Khaled Al Awadi
Regards.
Founder & S.Editor - NewBase Energy
Khaled M Al Awadi, Energy Consultant
MS & BS Mechanical Engineering (HON), USAGreetings,
Hawk Energy is pleased to present you with the latest energy news
NewBase 20 June 2024 Energy News issue - 1731 by Khaled Al Awadi
Regards.
Founder & S.Editor - NewBase Energy
Khaled M Al Awadi, Energy Consultant
MS & BS Mechanical Engineering (HON), USAGreetings,
Hawk Energy is pleased to present you with the latest energy news
NewBase 20 June 2024 Energy News issue - 1731 by Khaled Al Awadi
Regards.
Founder & S.Editor - NewBase Energy
Khaled M Al Awadi, Energy Consultant
MS & BS Mechanical Engineering (HON), USAGreetings,
Hawk Energy is pleased to present you with the latest energy news
NewBase 20 June 2024 Energy News issue - 1731 by Khaled Al Awadi
Regards.
Founder & S.Editor - NewBase Energy
Khaled M Al Awadi, Energy Consultant
MS & BS Mechanical Engineering (HON), USAGreetings,
Hawk Energy is pleased to present you with the latest energy news
NewBase 20 June 2024 Energy News issue - 1731 by Khaled Al Awadi
Regards.
Founder & S.Editor - NewBase Energy
Khaled M Al Awadi, Energy Consultant
MS & BS Mechanical Engineering (HON), USAGreetings,
Hawk Energy is pleased to present you with the latest energy news
NewBase 20 June 2024 Energy News issue - 1731 by Khaled Al Awadi
Regards.
Founder & S.Editor - NewBase Energy
Khaled M Al Awadi, Energy Consultant
MS & BS Mechanical Engineering (HON), USA
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cc ppt Transportation engg poly unit 4(2)
1. Poly unit 4.2
Transportation Engineering
- C. Coomarasamy
Formerly Professor / Director, JRPC Trichy.
4.2 Stations and yards:
Definition of station and yard – Types of stations –
Wayside stations – Junctions and Terminal station –
Classification of yards – Passenger yard – Goods yard
– Marshalling yard – Level crossing.
2. Transportation Engineering
Unit 4.2
Stations and yards
Definition of station and yard
Types of stations
Wayside stations
Junctions and Terminal station
Classification of yards
Passenger yard
Goods yard
Marshalling yard
Level crossing.
3. 4.2 Stations and yards
A train station, also called a
railroad station or
railway station and often shortened to just
station, is defined as any
place on a railway line where traffic is booked and dealt with and
is a railway facility where trains regularly stop to
load or unload passengers or freight.
It generally consists of a platform next to the track and a
station building (depot) providing related services such as
ticket sales and waiting rooms.
If a station is on a single track main line, it usually has a
passing loop to facilitate the traffic.
The smallest stations are referred to as
'stops' or, mainly in the British Commonwealth,
'halts' (flag stops).Connections may be available to
intersecting rail lines or other transport modes such as
buses or rapid transit systems Development
4. 4.2 Stations and yards
A rail yard, or railroad yard, is a complex series of
railroad tracks for storing, sorting, or loading/unloading,
railroad cars and/or
locomotives.
Railroad yards have many tracks in parallel for
keeping rolling stock stored off the mainline, so that they do
not obstruct the flow of traffic.
Railroad cars are moved around by specially designed
yard switchers, a type of locomotive.
Cars in a railroad yard may be sorted by numerous categories,
including railroad company, loaded or unloaded,
destination, car type, or whether they need repairs.
Railroad yards are normally built where there is a need to store
cars while they are not being loaded or unloaded, or
are waiting to be assembled into trains.
Large yards may have a tower to control operations.
Many railway yards are located at strategic points on a main line.
Main line yards are often composed of an Up yard and a Down
yard, linked to the associated railroad direction.
There are different types of yards, and different parts within a yard,
depending on how they are built.
7. 4.2 Stations and yards
Station facilities
• The typical non-terminus Passengers reach the island platform (on
right) by a pedestrian footbridge. Two further platforms are out of
view.
• Railway stations usually have ticket booths (British English: "ticket
office" or "booking office"), ticket machines, or both, although on
some lines tickets are sold on board the trains.
• Ticket sales may also be combined with customer service desks or
convenience stores.
• Many stations include a form of convenience store. Larger stations
usually have fast-food or restaurant facilities.
• In some countries, stations may also have a bar or pub. Other
station facilities may include: toilets, left-luggage, lost-and-found,
departures and arrivals boards, luggage carts, waiting rooms, taxi
ranks and bus bays.
• Larger or manned stations tend to have a greater range of facilities.
• A most basic station might only have platforms, though it might
still be distinguished from a halt, a stopping or halting place that
may not even have platforms.
8. 4.2 Stations and yards
Station facilities
The interior of the Chennai Central,
one of the busiest train stations in India
A small terminus station in St Ives,
Cornwall, England, United Kingdom
A remote railway halt in
Wales, United Kingdom
9. 4.2 Stations and yards
Purpose of a railway station:
• For exchange of passengers
• For exchange of goods.
• For control of train movements
• To enable the trains on a single line track
to cross from opposite directions.
• To enable the following express trains to overtake
• For taking diesel or coal and water for locomotives
• For detaching engines and running staff
• For detaching or attaching of compartments and wagons
• For sorting of bogies to form new trains,
housing of locomotive in loco sheds.
• In emergencies in ease of dislocation of track due to
rains, accidents etc...
10. 4.2 Stations and yards
Classifications of Railway stations:
Railway stations
Operational
Block
Functional
Non-Block
1.Class A
1.Class D
2.Class B
2.Flag
3.Class C
3.Spl.class
1. Wayside
2.Junction
3.Terminal
11. 4.2 Stations and yards
Block stations:
Block sections- are
compartments into which
railway lines are
divided, & are
established so as to
safety space the trains behind each other.
Block Stations –are made at the
end of block sections and are
equipped with signals which
demarcate the limits of the
block sections
12. Home signal
Starter signal
Warner signal
4.2 Stations and yards
Braaking distance
Class A: Such a station is one where the
Line Clear indication for the block may not be given
unless the line where the train is to be received is clear at least
for up to the starter signal (or, in some cases, for at least 400m
ahead of the home signal).
These are stations where many trains normally
run through without stopping at a high speed, hence the
need for the safety margin to
prevent accidents in cases of trains overrunning signals.
Class B: Such a station is one where the
Line Clear indication may be given
before the section of the line within the station has been
cleared for reception of a train.
Branch lines and routes with lower running speeds fall into
180 m
this category.
Sand hump
Sand hump
400 m
13. 4.2 Stations and yards
Class C: This is a
station (or block hut) marking an
Braking distance
Adequate distance
end of a block section, with
light traffic or
where no trains are booked to stop, such as an
intermediate block post.
(Sometimes these stations exist only in the form of
a signal cabin that controls the approach to another station.)
Permission to approach
may not be given for a train unless the
whole of the
last preceding train has passed complete at least 400m
beyond the home signal and is known to be
continuing on its journey.
14. 4.2 Stations and yards
Class D: This is a
station which
does not form the
boundary of a block section but which
does form a stopping place for trains.
Flag station:
Trains are stopped by various
ad hoc arrangements prescribed in view of the local conditions -the driver may simply know to
stop the train there, or it may be
flagged down on demand, etc. Also known as a
non-block station or
flag station.
15. 4.2 Stations and yards
Stations of
Classes A through C are known as block stations.
The Class C stations are also sometimes known as
block huts or block posts.
Class D stations are known as non-block stations - they
do not mark the ends of block sections.
(Note that there also exist Intermediate Block Posts where block
sections can be terminated without the presence of a station.)
Special Station Any station that is not classified under one of the
classes A through D is known as a Special Station and must
use specific working rules issued by the Commissioner of Rail
Safety.
Sometimes stations are classified as Class A
if there is a bridge or steep gradient just
before the station in one or both directions,
so that it is not safe for trains to stop there before
entering station limits.
16. 4.2 Stations and yards
Commercial Classification: Stations are also classified based on
their commercial importance into categories
'A', 'B', ... etc., which is rather confusing.
The particular classification scheme used has to be inferred
from the context.
In the commercial importance classification scheme,
a non-suburban station with annual passenger earnings
over Rs 60 million is a Category A station.
Category B stations- earnings between
Rs 30 million and 60 million.
Any suburban station not falling into the 'B' category is
considered to be a Category C station.
17. 4.2 Stations and yards
Non-suburban stations with earnings between
Rs 10 million and 30 million are
Category D stations while
non-suburban stations with lower earnings fall into
Category E.
Halt stations are classified as
Category F stations.
Interestingly, the commercial classification determines many of the
construction aspects of the station:
Stations of
Category A or C have
high level platforms, while those in
categories B and D have
low level platforms.
Stations of categories E and F have
only rail-level platforms.
18. 4.2 Stations and yards
The "Road" after the station indicates that it's the nearest railhead for
that particular town.
The road to that town originates at this station:
you still need to travel a while by road to get to that town.
Examples: Kodaikanal Road, Khurda Road, Mantralayam
Road, Jajhpur Kheonjar Road, Nasik Road, etc.
Jajpur Keonjhar Road is an interestingly named station as the
station serves as the railway access point for two towns, Jajpur
which is 32km south-east of the station and Keonjhar which is
127km north-west of the station.
At some such "Road" stations, e.g., Kodaikanal Road, there exists a
Railway Out Agency, which is an agency which can issue combined
road-rail tickets to passengers, and which operates the road portion
of the journey from the station to the town.
The bus connections are provided to coincide with train arrivals.
Out agencies used to be listed in the Indian Bradshaw before it
ceased publication in its detailed form.
19. 4.2 Stations and yards
A wayside Station :
on a Single line
on a Double line
On a Triple line
Simplest layoutA through line,
A loop line to enable
trains to cross
each other,
A passenger
platform
and
a station building
and
A goods loop
and
a goods platform
one or two
passenger-platforms
over bridges or
subways
a crossover
to facilitate movement
of trains
a refuge line to allow
fast moving trains to
overtake slow moving
trains in the same
direction
a goods platform
a goods shed
station building
a shunting track
a sand hump
a main line consists of
two loops on either side
i.e., all up trains on one loop
all down trains on the other
one platform
because the use of two
platforms foot-over bridge
necessary
+other facilities
22. 4.2 Stations and yards
A junction is a train station where
two or more rail routes meet. It could be a
terminus or an en-route train station.
During a journey, the term
station stop may be used in announcements, to differentiate a
halt during which passengers may
alight from a halt for another reason, such as a
locomotive change.
A railway stop is a spot along a
railway line, usually between stations or at a seldom-used station,
where passengers can board and exit the train.
While a junction or
interlocking usually divides two or more
railway lines or routes, and thus has remotely or locally operated
signals, a station stop does not.
A station stop usually does not have any tracks other than the
main tracks, and may or may not have
switches (points, crossovers).
23. 4.2 Stations and yards
A "terminal" or "terminus" is a station at the end of a railway
line.
Trains arriving there have to end their journeys (terminate) or
reverse out of the station.
Depending on the layout of the station, this usually permits travellers
to reach all the platforms without the need to cross any tracks
– the public entrance to the station and the main reception
facilities being at the far end of the platforms.
Sometimes, however,
the railway line continues for a short distance beyond the
station, and
terminating trains continue forwards after depositing
their passengers,
before either proceeding to sidings or reversing to the station
to pick up departing passengers.
24. 4.2 Stations and yards
Terminus
.
Aerial view of the Hauptbahnhof (Main Station)
in Zurich, Switzerland;
As well as being a terminus, the station now has
underground S-Bahn platforms serving a newer
line that runs beneath the city centre.
Grand Central Terminal in New York City is the
world's largest railway station by number of platforms,
having 67 tracks on two levels.
25. 4.2 Stations and yards
Yards
.
Passenger
bogie Yards
Main function:
-to provide
facilities for the
safe movement
of passengers and
vehicles for the
use of passengers.
e.g.,
-passenger platforms
-specific importance
at terminals or
junctions where
extra bogies are
accommodated
and cleaning,
washing,
or storing is done.
Goods
Yards
Main function:
-to provide
facilities for
receiving , loading
and unloading ,
delivery of goods
and the movement
of goods-vehicles
-all stations
except
flag stations are
provided with
goods yards .e.g.,
-goods platforms
-storing goods.
-goods sidings.
Marshalling
Yards
Machine to
receive, break up
re-form, and
dispatch trains
onwards.
-provided at
important junction
stations.
-loaded and empty
goods wagons are
first received,
-then separated
sorted and
dispatched
( at wayside stations)
onwards in full
trains.
Locomotive
Yards
Locomotives are
housed, and where
all facilities for
coaling, watering,
repairing, oiling,
cleaning etc., are
provided for
servicing and
stability of
Locomotives
-installed at
Junction
Stations
-constructed on
the same side
as the
Marshalling yards.
26. 4.2 Stations and yards
.
Classification yards or
Marshalling yards or
Sorting yard
Flat-shunted yards
Gravity yard
Hump yard
A flat yard has no
hump, and relies on
locomotives for all
car movements.
-costly due to
more consumption
of Power
-justified where
limited
space availability
A gravity yard
is built on a natural
slope and relies
less on locomotives
-controlled by
manual wagon
brakes
-requires certain
slope for formation
-but topography
may not permit
-requires more area
A hump yard
has a
constructed hill,
over which freight
cars are shoved by
yard locomotives,
and then gravity
is used to propel
the cars to
Various sorting
tracks;
-requires more area
28. 4.2 Stations and yards
Hump yards
These are the largest and most effective classification yards with the
largest shunting capacity – often several thousand cars a day.
The heart of these yards is the hump: a lead track on a hill (hump) over which
the cars are pushed by the engine.
Single cars, or some coupled cars in a block, are uncoupled just before or at the
crest of the hump and roll by gravity into their destination tracks in the
classification bowl (the tracks where the cars are sorted).
A switch engine pushes a
car over the hump at
Kornwestheim yard
Hump yard in Vienna, Austria
29. 4.2 Stations and yards
Level crossing:
A point at which
a railway and
a road cross, especially one with barriers that close the road when
a train is scheduled to pass is called
Level crossing.
The surface of the
road is kept at rail level and
grooves are left in the road surface along the
inner edges of the rails for the
movement of wheel flanges.
These grooves are provided with
guard rails which are spiked to wooden sleepers.
Classification Factors :
1. Nature of the road
2. Nature of the traffic on the road
3. Number of trains passing over the level crossing
30. 4.2 Stations and yards
Classification of Level Crossings (1) The classification of level crossings should be settled in consultation with
the Road authorities concerned keeping in view the class of the road,
visibility conditions, the volume of the road traffic and the number of trains
passing over the level crossing.
(2) The classification of level crossings shall be as under(a) Special..............: for roads - where traffic is exceptionally heavy
(b) 'A' Class..............: for roads - grant trunk roads
(c) 'B' Class..............: for roads - metaled roads
(d) 'C Class..............: for roads – unmetaled roads
(e) 'D' Class for cattle crossings.
(3) Level crossings over colliery, factory and other similar sidings where
Railway traffic is light may however be dealt with according to local
conditions, subject to the approval of the Commissioner of Railway Safety
concerned being obtained in each case to the measures adopted for the
safe working of trains over the crossing.
31. 4.2 Stations and yards
Categories of Roads - (1) For the purpose of this standard,
Roads shall be categorised as under(a) Class I roads (i) National Highways,
(ii) State Highways,
(iii) Important roads within municipal towns, and
(iv) Roads in and around towns where road and rail traffic is heavy.
(b) Class II roads (i) Major and other District roads,
(ii) Unimportant roads within municipal towns,
(iii) Roads within non-Municipal towns including those within shunting limits
of Railway stations, and
(iv) Other surfaced roads.
(c) Class III roads –
(i) Earth roads, and
(ii) Cart tracks.
(d) Class IV roads –
Cattle crossings and foot-path.
32. 4.2 Stations and yards
Grade Crossing
Surface Dimensions
Road, including a path or trail
33. 4.2 Stations and yards
(b) Sidewalk, path, or trail alongside a road