The document discusses routers and Cisco IOS. It describes how Cisco IOS is the operating system that controls routing and switching functions. It then explains the basic components and functions of routers, including memory components like ROM, RAM, NVRAM and Flash memory. It also discusses router interfaces, bootup sequence, and configuration modes.
The document discusses Cisco IOS, the operating system used in Cisco networking devices. It describes Cisco IOS features like routing, switching and security services. It also covers Cisco IOS access methods such as console, Telnet, SSH and AUX ports. The document then discusses Cisco IOS modes like user EXEC, privileged EXEC and global configuration modes. It provides examples of basic IOS commands and configuration tasks like configuring device information, passwords, interfaces and testing connectivity.
The document discusses Cisco routers and routing concepts. It provides details about Cisco router components, configuration, interfaces, routing protocols like RIP and IGRP, and autonomous systems. Cisco routers range from small access layer routers like the 700 series to large core routers like the 12000 series. Configuration is done through the console port initially and involves tasks like setting the hostname, passwords, interfaces and routing.
The document provides an overview of common CCNA commands for configuring routing protocols like RIP, OSPF, EIGRP, and IGRP on Cisco routers. It also covers topics like static routing, default routing, VLAN configuration on switches, trunking, ACLs, and basic router and switch configuration/management. The commands are organized by topic and include brief explanations and examples.
The document discusses the internal components of a router, including RAM, NVRAM, Flash, and ROM. RAM stores temporary configuration files and routing tables, while NVRAM stores backup configuration files. Flash holds the Cisco IOS operating system, and ROM contains the POST and bootstrap programs. Interfaces provide network connections for packets. When booted, the router loads the IOS from Flash into RAM, along with configuration files from NVRAM and routing tables. Status commands like "show version" and "show running-config" display information about the router's components, configuration, and protocols.
Day 1 INTRODUCTION TO IOS AND CISCO ROUTERSanilinvns
The document provides an introduction to Cisco IOS and routers. It discusses that Cisco IOS runs on most Cisco routers and is responsible for carrying out network protocols, connecting traffic between devices, adding security, and ensuring network reliability. It also describes how routers can connect different network types and the internal and external components of routers. It explains how to connect to routers through the console, auxiliary, or Telnet sessions and brings up topics like router memory, configurations, and IOS images.
Routing is the method by which network devices direct messages across networks to arrive at the correct destination. Routers use routing tables containing information about locally-connected networks and remote networks to determine the best path to send packets. The routing table includes details like the destination, mask, gateway, and cost for each route.
A PROJECT REPORT
On
CISCO CERTIFIED NETWORK ASSOCIATE
A computer network, or simply a network, is a collection of computer and other hardware components interconnected by communication channels that allow sharing of resources and information. Where at least one process in one device is able to send/receive data to/from at least one process residing in a remote device, then the two devices are said to be in a network. Simply, more than one computer interconnected through a communication medium for information interchange is called a computer network.
The document discusses Cisco IOS, the operating system used in Cisco networking devices. It describes Cisco IOS features like routing, switching and security services. It also covers Cisco IOS access methods such as console, Telnet, SSH and AUX ports. The document then discusses Cisco IOS modes like user EXEC, privileged EXEC and global configuration modes. It provides examples of basic IOS commands and configuration tasks like configuring device information, passwords, interfaces and testing connectivity.
The document discusses Cisco routers and routing concepts. It provides details about Cisco router components, configuration, interfaces, routing protocols like RIP and IGRP, and autonomous systems. Cisco routers range from small access layer routers like the 700 series to large core routers like the 12000 series. Configuration is done through the console port initially and involves tasks like setting the hostname, passwords, interfaces and routing.
The document provides an overview of common CCNA commands for configuring routing protocols like RIP, OSPF, EIGRP, and IGRP on Cisco routers. It also covers topics like static routing, default routing, VLAN configuration on switches, trunking, ACLs, and basic router and switch configuration/management. The commands are organized by topic and include brief explanations and examples.
The document discusses the internal components of a router, including RAM, NVRAM, Flash, and ROM. RAM stores temporary configuration files and routing tables, while NVRAM stores backup configuration files. Flash holds the Cisco IOS operating system, and ROM contains the POST and bootstrap programs. Interfaces provide network connections for packets. When booted, the router loads the IOS from Flash into RAM, along with configuration files from NVRAM and routing tables. Status commands like "show version" and "show running-config" display information about the router's components, configuration, and protocols.
Day 1 INTRODUCTION TO IOS AND CISCO ROUTERSanilinvns
The document provides an introduction to Cisco IOS and routers. It discusses that Cisco IOS runs on most Cisco routers and is responsible for carrying out network protocols, connecting traffic between devices, adding security, and ensuring network reliability. It also describes how routers can connect different network types and the internal and external components of routers. It explains how to connect to routers through the console, auxiliary, or Telnet sessions and brings up topics like router memory, configurations, and IOS images.
Routing is the method by which network devices direct messages across networks to arrive at the correct destination. Routers use routing tables containing information about locally-connected networks and remote networks to determine the best path to send packets. The routing table includes details like the destination, mask, gateway, and cost for each route.
A PROJECT REPORT
On
CISCO CERTIFIED NETWORK ASSOCIATE
A computer network, or simply a network, is a collection of computer and other hardware components interconnected by communication channels that allow sharing of resources and information. Where at least one process in one device is able to send/receive data to/from at least one process residing in a remote device, then the two devices are said to be in a network. Simply, more than one computer interconnected through a communication medium for information interchange is called a computer network.
This document provides an introduction to routing and packet forwarding. It discusses routers and their components, how routers operate at the network, data link and physical layers, and how routers determine the best path and switch packets. Specifically, it describes how routers examine a packet's destination IP address to determine the best path using the routing table. It then re-encapsulates the packet and forwards it out the exit interface towards the destination.
Este documento describe los pasos para configurar el enrutamiento por defecto entre tres routers (Centre, Boaz y Mobile) utilizando los protocolos RIP e IGRP. Inicialmente, se configuran las interfaces, las contraseñas y el protocolo RIP en los tres routers. Luego, se agrega una ruta por defecto estática en Centre para dirigir el tráfico a una interfaz loopback que simula una conexión a un ISP. Finalmente, se migra la red de RIP a IGRP y se verifica que la ruta por defecto siga funcionando, incluso para una
Free CCNP switching workbook by networkershome pdfNetworkershome
This document provides instructions for configuring various networking features like VLANs, trunking, routing, spanning tree, port security, and macros on Cisco switches and routers. The tasks include:
1. Configuring VLANs, trunking between switches, and IP addresses on switches and routers according to a logical diagram.
2. Configuring EtherChannel between switches and verifying the EtherChannel status.
3. Configuring MSTP on switches to have two STP instances, with one switch as the root bridge for each instance.
4. Configuring SPAN/RSPAN between switches to monitor traffic on one switch port and send it to an analyzer connected to another switch port.
CCNA 2 Routing and Switching v5.0 Chapter 3Nil Menon
This document discusses VLANs and trunking. It covers VLAN segmentation and implementation, including assigning ports to VLANs, configuring trunk ports, and troubleshooting VLAN and trunking issues. It also addresses VLAN security concerns like spoofing attacks and mitigation techniques like private VLANs. The document provides best practices for VLAN design such as separating management and user traffic into different VLANs.
This document provides an overview of routing concepts and router configuration. It covers the basic functions of routers, including routing decisions, packet forwarding methods, and building routing tables through directly connected networks, static routes, and dynamic routing protocols. The document also describes how to initially configure a router by setting the hostname, interfaces, and verifying connectivity between networks.
A router is a networking device that connects different networks and selects the best path to forward packets between them. It operates at the network layer and uses routing tables to determine the best path. Major router vendors include Cisco, Juniper, and Huawei. Routers have different types of ports including LAN ports to connect to local networks, WAN ports to connect between routers, and administrative ports for management. Routers also run an operating system like Cisco IOS to perform routing functions.
This document provides a cheat sheet of commands for configuring Cisco switches using both IOS and CLI switches. It lists commands for setting the hostname and system name, passwords, remote access, CDP configuration, port descriptions, port speeds, duplex settings, static VLAN configuration, trunk line configuration, VTP configuration, port channel configuration, STP settings, enabling Port Fast and UplinkFast, and recovering router passwords. It also provides contact information for a Cisco networking equipment wholesaler.
The document provides instructions and examples for configuring various routing protocols like RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF on Cisco routers and switches. It also includes commands for configuring basic device settings like IP addresses, passwords, VLANs, trunk ports and CDP. Examples are given for initial configurations of Cisco 1900 and 2950 switches.
This document provides instructions for basic router operations and commands on a Cisco router including:
- How to access user and privileged modes, exit the router, and use keyboard shortcuts.
- Commands for viewing router information like the IOS version, configurations, interfaces, neighbors, and protocols.
- How to manage configuration files by backing up, restoring, and editing configurations.
- Instructions for configuring passwords, router identification, and auto-install.
- An overview of commands for configuring TCP/IP, IPX/SPX, serial interfaces, and basic routing protocols.
- Details on access lists, frame relay, and PPP configuration.
This document provides an introduction to routing and packet forwarding. It describes routers as computers that specialize in sending packets between networks by selecting the best path using routing tables. The document outlines router components, the boot-up process, interface types, and how routers examine packet headers to determine the best path and switch packets between incoming and outgoing interfaces. It also discusses topics like routing table structure, static and dynamic routing, path determination, and how packets are forwarded hop-by-hop between routers while headers are updated.
Hot standby router protocol (hsrp) usingShubhiGupta94
Hot Standby Router Protocol (HSRP) provides redundancy for local subnets by allowing routers to share a virtual IP address and MAC address. HSRP configures one router as the active router that forwards traffic, while one or more standby routers take over if the active router fails. Routers in an HSRP group elect an active router using priority values and exchange hello messages to monitor each other. If the active router fails to send hellos, a standby router will become active to maintain network connectivity and avoid traffic interruption.
The document describes the startup process and configuration of Cisco routers. It explains that routers go through a boot process including hardware tests, loading the bootstrap and Cisco IOS. IP and routing can then be configured on interfaces. Connectivity can be tested using tools like ping, telnet and show commands. The document also covers topics like CDP, passwords, firmware and using SDM for security configurations.
CCNA 1 Routing and Switching v5.0 Chapter 4Nil Menon
This document discusses network access and connectivity at the physical and data link layers. It covers various physical media including copper, fiber optic and wireless technologies. Frame structure and data link layer protocols are explained. Media access control methods for local area and wide area networks are also summarized. The objectives are to understand device connectivity options, physical and data link layer standards and protocols, and selecting the appropriate physical media.
The document discusses MPLS VPN configurations. It covers VPN concepts like overlay and peer models, benefits of MPLS VPNs, and how routing information is propagated between provider edge (PE) routers using MP-BGP. Key aspects include using virtual routing and forwarding (VRF) instances to isolate customer routes, extending prefixes with route distinguishers (RDs) to handle overlapping addresses, and exchanging VPN routes between PE routers in the provider network.
Cisco Live! :: Introduction to Segment Routing :: BRKRST-2124 | Las Vegas 2017Bruno Teixeira
This session provides an overview of the segment routing technology and its use cases. This new routing paradigm provides high operational simplicity and maximum network scalability and flexibility. You will get an understanding of the basic concepts behind the technology and its wide applicability ranging from simple transport for MPLS services, disjoint routing, traffic engineering and its benefits in the context of software defined networking. Previous knowledge of IP routing and MPLS is required.
This document discusses how networks impact daily life and the fundamentals of network components and architecture. It describes how instant communication benefits life and popular communication tools like IM, blogs and podcasts. Networks improve learning through collaboration. The key components of networks are devices, medium, messages and rules. Converged networks carry voice, video and data. Network architecture must consider fault tolerance, scalability, quality of service and security.
Lab practice 1 configuring basic routing and switching (with answer) Arz Sy
This document describes a lab activity to configure basic routing and switching between two routers and connected devices. The objectives are to configure static routes and RIP routing between the routers, configure VLAN and management interfaces on a switch, and test connectivity between hosts connected to each network. Students will configure interfaces, IP addresses, routing protocols and verify connectivity using commands like ping, show ip route and show cdp neighbors.
CCNA certification is a cornerstone of many IT careers. This book is a comprehensive study guide for the CCNA Intro, CCNA ICND, and CCNA Certification exams. Its target audience is a high school student, a first-year community college or any adult wanting to understand networking better.
Un hub repite las señales recibidas por sus puertos permitiendo ampliar una red centralizando el cableado. Un switch es un dispositivo que opera en la capa 2 del modelo OSI interconectando redes de computadoras de forma digital.
El documento describe diferentes tipos de medios de transmisión y redes de datos. Los medios de transmisión incluyen cables alámbricos como cable de cobre y fibra óptica, e inalámbricos como Wi-Fi, microondas y satelital. Los dispositivos de red comunes son switches, routers y modems. Las redes descritas son redes de área local (LAN), redes de área metropolitana (MAN), redes personales (PAN), redes de área amplia (WAN) y redes privadas virtuales (VPN).
This document provides an introduction to routing and packet forwarding. It discusses routers and their components, how routers operate at the network, data link and physical layers, and how routers determine the best path and switch packets. Specifically, it describes how routers examine a packet's destination IP address to determine the best path using the routing table. It then re-encapsulates the packet and forwards it out the exit interface towards the destination.
Este documento describe los pasos para configurar el enrutamiento por defecto entre tres routers (Centre, Boaz y Mobile) utilizando los protocolos RIP e IGRP. Inicialmente, se configuran las interfaces, las contraseñas y el protocolo RIP en los tres routers. Luego, se agrega una ruta por defecto estática en Centre para dirigir el tráfico a una interfaz loopback que simula una conexión a un ISP. Finalmente, se migra la red de RIP a IGRP y se verifica que la ruta por defecto siga funcionando, incluso para una
Free CCNP switching workbook by networkershome pdfNetworkershome
This document provides instructions for configuring various networking features like VLANs, trunking, routing, spanning tree, port security, and macros on Cisco switches and routers. The tasks include:
1. Configuring VLANs, trunking between switches, and IP addresses on switches and routers according to a logical diagram.
2. Configuring EtherChannel between switches and verifying the EtherChannel status.
3. Configuring MSTP on switches to have two STP instances, with one switch as the root bridge for each instance.
4. Configuring SPAN/RSPAN between switches to monitor traffic on one switch port and send it to an analyzer connected to another switch port.
CCNA 2 Routing and Switching v5.0 Chapter 3Nil Menon
This document discusses VLANs and trunking. It covers VLAN segmentation and implementation, including assigning ports to VLANs, configuring trunk ports, and troubleshooting VLAN and trunking issues. It also addresses VLAN security concerns like spoofing attacks and mitigation techniques like private VLANs. The document provides best practices for VLAN design such as separating management and user traffic into different VLANs.
This document provides an overview of routing concepts and router configuration. It covers the basic functions of routers, including routing decisions, packet forwarding methods, and building routing tables through directly connected networks, static routes, and dynamic routing protocols. The document also describes how to initially configure a router by setting the hostname, interfaces, and verifying connectivity between networks.
A router is a networking device that connects different networks and selects the best path to forward packets between them. It operates at the network layer and uses routing tables to determine the best path. Major router vendors include Cisco, Juniper, and Huawei. Routers have different types of ports including LAN ports to connect to local networks, WAN ports to connect between routers, and administrative ports for management. Routers also run an operating system like Cisco IOS to perform routing functions.
This document provides a cheat sheet of commands for configuring Cisco switches using both IOS and CLI switches. It lists commands for setting the hostname and system name, passwords, remote access, CDP configuration, port descriptions, port speeds, duplex settings, static VLAN configuration, trunk line configuration, VTP configuration, port channel configuration, STP settings, enabling Port Fast and UplinkFast, and recovering router passwords. It also provides contact information for a Cisco networking equipment wholesaler.
The document provides instructions and examples for configuring various routing protocols like RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF on Cisco routers and switches. It also includes commands for configuring basic device settings like IP addresses, passwords, VLANs, trunk ports and CDP. Examples are given for initial configurations of Cisco 1900 and 2950 switches.
This document provides instructions for basic router operations and commands on a Cisco router including:
- How to access user and privileged modes, exit the router, and use keyboard shortcuts.
- Commands for viewing router information like the IOS version, configurations, interfaces, neighbors, and protocols.
- How to manage configuration files by backing up, restoring, and editing configurations.
- Instructions for configuring passwords, router identification, and auto-install.
- An overview of commands for configuring TCP/IP, IPX/SPX, serial interfaces, and basic routing protocols.
- Details on access lists, frame relay, and PPP configuration.
This document provides an introduction to routing and packet forwarding. It describes routers as computers that specialize in sending packets between networks by selecting the best path using routing tables. The document outlines router components, the boot-up process, interface types, and how routers examine packet headers to determine the best path and switch packets between incoming and outgoing interfaces. It also discusses topics like routing table structure, static and dynamic routing, path determination, and how packets are forwarded hop-by-hop between routers while headers are updated.
Hot standby router protocol (hsrp) usingShubhiGupta94
Hot Standby Router Protocol (HSRP) provides redundancy for local subnets by allowing routers to share a virtual IP address and MAC address. HSRP configures one router as the active router that forwards traffic, while one or more standby routers take over if the active router fails. Routers in an HSRP group elect an active router using priority values and exchange hello messages to monitor each other. If the active router fails to send hellos, a standby router will become active to maintain network connectivity and avoid traffic interruption.
The document describes the startup process and configuration of Cisco routers. It explains that routers go through a boot process including hardware tests, loading the bootstrap and Cisco IOS. IP and routing can then be configured on interfaces. Connectivity can be tested using tools like ping, telnet and show commands. The document also covers topics like CDP, passwords, firmware and using SDM for security configurations.
CCNA 1 Routing and Switching v5.0 Chapter 4Nil Menon
This document discusses network access and connectivity at the physical and data link layers. It covers various physical media including copper, fiber optic and wireless technologies. Frame structure and data link layer protocols are explained. Media access control methods for local area and wide area networks are also summarized. The objectives are to understand device connectivity options, physical and data link layer standards and protocols, and selecting the appropriate physical media.
The document discusses MPLS VPN configurations. It covers VPN concepts like overlay and peer models, benefits of MPLS VPNs, and how routing information is propagated between provider edge (PE) routers using MP-BGP. Key aspects include using virtual routing and forwarding (VRF) instances to isolate customer routes, extending prefixes with route distinguishers (RDs) to handle overlapping addresses, and exchanging VPN routes between PE routers in the provider network.
Cisco Live! :: Introduction to Segment Routing :: BRKRST-2124 | Las Vegas 2017Bruno Teixeira
This session provides an overview of the segment routing technology and its use cases. This new routing paradigm provides high operational simplicity and maximum network scalability and flexibility. You will get an understanding of the basic concepts behind the technology and its wide applicability ranging from simple transport for MPLS services, disjoint routing, traffic engineering and its benefits in the context of software defined networking. Previous knowledge of IP routing and MPLS is required.
This document discusses how networks impact daily life and the fundamentals of network components and architecture. It describes how instant communication benefits life and popular communication tools like IM, blogs and podcasts. Networks improve learning through collaboration. The key components of networks are devices, medium, messages and rules. Converged networks carry voice, video and data. Network architecture must consider fault tolerance, scalability, quality of service and security.
Lab practice 1 configuring basic routing and switching (with answer) Arz Sy
This document describes a lab activity to configure basic routing and switching between two routers and connected devices. The objectives are to configure static routes and RIP routing between the routers, configure VLAN and management interfaces on a switch, and test connectivity between hosts connected to each network. Students will configure interfaces, IP addresses, routing protocols and verify connectivity using commands like ping, show ip route and show cdp neighbors.
CCNA certification is a cornerstone of many IT careers. This book is a comprehensive study guide for the CCNA Intro, CCNA ICND, and CCNA Certification exams. Its target audience is a high school student, a first-year community college or any adult wanting to understand networking better.
Un hub repite las señales recibidas por sus puertos permitiendo ampliar una red centralizando el cableado. Un switch es un dispositivo que opera en la capa 2 del modelo OSI interconectando redes de computadoras de forma digital.
El documento describe diferentes tipos de medios de transmisión y redes de datos. Los medios de transmisión incluyen cables alámbricos como cable de cobre y fibra óptica, e inalámbricos como Wi-Fi, microondas y satelital. Los dispositivos de red comunes son switches, routers y modems. Las redes descritas son redes de área local (LAN), redes de área metropolitana (MAN), redes personales (PAN), redes de área amplia (WAN) y redes privadas virtuales (VPN).
Un hub es un dispositivo de red que conecta otros equipos retransmitiendo paquetes de datos entre ellos, pero ya no se usa debido al alto nivel de colisiones. Un conmutador es un dispositivo similar a un puente que interconecta segmentos de red pasando datos de una red a otra.
Un hub es un punto de apoyo y giro importante en máquinas como las ruedas. En comunicaciones, un hub es un dispositivo que permite compartir una red de datos o puertos USB entre varios ordenadores. En transporte, un hub puede ser un centro de intercambio o distribución de tráfico de personas y mercancías, como un aeropuerto, puerto o centro de distribución.
Un switch es un dispositivo de red situado en la capa 2 del modelo OSI que permite conectar varios dispositivos de red, como placas de red o puentes.
Cloud computing como herramienta facilitadora para el emprendimiento en colom...ACORN-REDECOM
Este documento propone el uso de la nube (cloud computing) como una alternativa que puede impulsar la creación y el funcionamiento de empresas en Colombia gracias a sus bajos costos y fácil implementación. Presenta una guía metodológica de 3 pasos para la implementación del modelo cloud computing en nuevas empresas: 1) Conocer los procesos, flujos de información y necesidades de la empresa, 2) Dimensionar los requerimientos de informática e infraestructura, y 3) Seleccionar proveedores y aplicaciones cloud adecuadas.
A hub is a networking device that connects multiple devices together but can only handle data transmission to one device at a time. It broadcasts all incoming data to all ports, which can cause collisions and reduce network performance. Switches have become more common because they are able to transmit data to multiple devices simultaneously without collisions by keeping track of what devices are connected to each port.
El documento habla sobre los switches, que son dispositivos de interconexión utilizados para conectar equipos en una red local. Explica que hay diferentes tipos de switches como los de escritorio, perimetrales gestionables/no gestionables, troncales de medianas/altas prestaciones. Cada tipo se diferencia por su número de puertos y funcionalidades, siendo los troncales los que ofrecen mayores prestaciones para redes grandes.
Este documento describe los pasos para configurar la configuración básica de un dispositivo Cisco, incluida la configuración del nombre del host, las contraseñas y el banner MOTD. También incluye instrucciones para configurar las interfaces del dispositivo.
This document provides instructions for basic configuration of Huawei routers, including commands to display device information, configure interfaces and IP addresses, set the host name and password, enable routing protocols like RIP and OSPF, and configure static and dynamic routing. It also provides examples of extended access list configuration and address translation. Additional links are included for VPN configuration, PPPOE client setup, and information on purchasing Huawei networking equipment from a distributor.
Este documento describe los pasos para configurar una red de computadoras conectadas a un switch y un router. Se conectan 6 computadoras a un switch usando cables straight-through y se les asignan direcciones IP privadas. Luego, se conectan 3 computadoras a puertos diferentes de un router, dándoles cada una una dirección IP de red diferente. Finalmente, se realizan pings entre los equipos para verificar la conectividad a través del switch y el router.
The document discusses the basics of Cisco routers and the Cisco IOS. It describes the router user interface, including different access methods and configuration modes. It also covers router components, passwords, and the functions of ROM, flash memory, NVRAM, RAM and interfaces.
This document provides an overview of routing protocols RIP and OSPF, access lists, and frame relay configuration in Cisco routers. It summarizes the key features of RIP and OSPF, including how they calculate routes differently. Configuration steps are shown for implementing routing protocols, access lists to filter traffic, and frame relay. The document concludes that future work will involve studying additional routing protocols and frame relay in more depth.
The document discusses routing protocols and summarizes:
- It differentiates between nonroutable, routed, and routing protocols and describes common examples like NetBEUI and TCP/IP.
- It explains interior and exterior gateway protocols and the two types of interior gateway protocols: distance-vector and link-state routing protocols.
- It provides details on RIP, a common distance-vector protocol, including how to enable and configure it.
El documento proporciona instrucciones para configurar varios parámetros básicos en un router, incluyendo el nombre del host, contraseñas, interfaces, enrutamiento estático y dinámico, DHCP, y recuperación de contraseñas olvidadas. También incluye comandos para configurar switches, como interfaces de administración, dúplex y velocidad.
CCNA Basic Switching and Switch ConfigurationDsunte Wilson
This document provides an overview of basic switching concepts and Cisco switch configuration. It explains Ethernet and how switches work to segment networks and reduce collisions. Switches operate at the data link layer and learn MAC addresses to forward frames efficiently. The document discusses switch configuration using commands like hostname, interface, duplex, and port security. It compares switching methods like store-and-forward and cut-through forwarding. The summary reiterates how switches divide collision domains to improve performance over shared-medium Ethernet.
Cisco IOS is the operating system that controls routing and switching functions on Cisco networking devices. It allows routers and switches to function by running configuration files that control traffic flow. Understanding Cisco IOS is essential for network administrators to properly configure and manage Cisco devices on their networks.
The Cisco IOS is the operating system that controls the routing and switching functions of Cisco networking devices. It allows routers and switches to function by running configuration files that contain parameters controlling traffic flow. The IOS software is stored in flash memory and loads the startup configuration from NVRAM on bootup. Setting a hostname, banner, and passwords are among the first configuration tasks for a new router.
Cisco IOS is the operating system that controls routing and switching functions on Cisco networking devices. It allows routers and switches to function by running configuration files that control traffic flow. Understanding Cisco IOS is essential for network administrators to properly configure and manage Cisco devices on their networks.
he content of the exams is proprietary.[4] Cisco and its learning partners offer a variety of different training methods,[5] including books published by Cisco Press, and online and classroom courses available under the title "Interconnecting Cisco Network Devices."
Cisco IOS is the operating system that controls routing and switching functions on Cisco networking devices. It allows routers and switches to function by running configuration files that control traffic flow. Understanding Cisco IOS is essential for network administrators to properly configure and manage Cisco devices on their networks.
Here are the key steps in the IP routing process:
1. Host A checks its ARP table to see if it has the MAC address for Host B's IP address. Since Host B is on a different network, it does not have this information.
2. Host A sends the packet to its default gateway, Router A. The default gateway is the IP address of the router on the same network as Host A.
3. Router A checks its routing table to see how to reach the destination network for Host B. It sees that the next hop for that network is out its E1 interface.
4. Router A forwards the packet out its E1 interface towards Router B.
5. Router B receives
Routers are networking devices that connect different networks. This document discusses router basics including Cisco router models, external and internal parts of routers, software used to configure routers, and basic router configuration tasks like setting passwords, configuring interfaces, and setting static and default routes. It provides a step-by-step guide to initial router setup and configuration.
A router is a networking device that operates at the network layer and connects different networks. It selects the best and shortest path for packet forwarding based on its routing table, and can filter traffic using access control lists. Routers have various ports including console, auxiliary, Ethernet LAN ports, and serial WAN ports used to connect to other routers and modems. The Cisco IOS software controls router functions and is loaded during bootup from flash memory or a TFTP server.
Router connects different networks located at geographical locations. It has various interfaces like Ethernet, Serial and supports protocols like RIP, OSPF for dynamic routing. The document provides details about Cisco router components, configuration, interfaces, routing protocols, troubleshooting commands and backup/restoration process using TFTP server.
One of the most basic networking courses is provided by Cisco Systems via the Cisco Networking Academy.
The academy provides a comprehensive program allowing students to get started in information technology and have multiple certifications.
Cisco created academies in 9,000 learning institutions spread across more than 170 countries that offer the Cisco Networking Academy curriculum.
The Associate level of Cisco Certifications can begin directly with CCNA for network installation, operations and troubleshooting or CCDA for network design. Think of the Associate Level as the foundation level of networking certification.
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This document provides an overview of Cisco router configuration, including:
1) The various components of a Cisco router and their functions, such as ROM, RAM, flash memory, and NVRAM.
2) The steps to initially configure a new Cisco router, such as setting the hostname and passwords, configuring interfaces with IP addresses, and saving the configuration.
3) Where the running and startup configurations are stored and how they can be viewed, copied between locations, or restored from an external host.
This document discusses the basic components and configuration of a Cisco router. It describes the hardware components such as RAM, ROM, flash memory and NVRAM that store data and software. It also explains the boot process and how the configuration register controls boot options. The document provides an overview of how to configure interfaces, routing protocols, and view configurations through commands.
The document provides an overview of configuring a network operating system using Cisco IOS. It discusses accessing Cisco IOS devices through the console port or remotely using Telnet or SSH. It describes the command line interface and command structure of Cisco IOS, including different modes like privileged EXEC mode, global configuration mode, and interface configuration mode. It also covers setting the hostname, limiting access, saving configurations, and verifying connectivity between devices on the network.
Static routing is a manual process where the network administrator manually enters routes into the routing table of a router. Some key points about static routing:
- Routes are manually configured on each router and do not change unless the administrator makes changes.
- Not scalable for large networks as routes need to be configured on each router.
- Useful for small networks or as a backup when dynamic routing protocols fail.
- Implemented using the ip route command on Cisco routers.
B) Dynamic routing protocols
- Routing tables are automatically updated as network changes occur.
- Routing protocols like RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF are routing protocols that dynamically learn routes and share this
This document provides an overview of a workshop on CCNA simulations using Packet Tracer. It includes an agenda with topics such as configuring routers, assigning IP addresses, DHCP, NAT, routing protocols, access lists, and switches. It then goes into more detail on topics like the Packet Tracer software, basic router configuration, components of a router like RAM, NVRAM, flash memory, and interfaces. It also covers commands for viewing configurations and interface status. The workshop aims to help participants learn how to configure common networking features in Packet Tracer to prepare for CCNA certification.
Cisco Internetworking Operating System (ios)Netwax Lab
Cisco IOS (originally Internetwork Operating
System) is software used on most Cisco Systems
routers and current Cisco network switches.
(Earlier switches ran CatOS.) IOS is a package of
routing, switching, internetworking and
telecommunications functions integrated into a
multitasking operating system.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. It states that regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness and happiness.
This document provides an overview and guide for a technical training course on IP routing foundations. The course objectives are to learn the basic concepts of IP routing, how routing protocols work, and how to configure routing on ProCurve networking devices. It is comprised of two modules, the first covering basic routing concepts like route tables, interface types, routing protocols RIP and OSPF, and route redistribution. The second module dives deeper into OSPF, explaining concepts like adjacency, areas, LSAs, SPF calculation, and how routing updates are exchanged. The document also includes an agenda laying out the topics to be covered in the course.
The document discusses various reading strategies to help understand texts. It identifies six key strategies: 1) Overviewing a passage to understand the topic and purpose before reading in detail, 2) Identifying the main point of each paragraph through summary sentences, 3) Understanding relationships between ideas using connectors like addition and sequence, 4) Checking references where words refer back to ideas mentioned earlier, 5) Finding specific information by focusing on the objective and key words, and 6) Guessing meanings of unknown words from context rather than using a dictionary. Mastering these strategies helps readers comprehend texts more effectively and efficiently.
Tenses are verb forms that indicate time in the English language. There are three main tenses: past, present, and future. The past tense is used to describe actions that have already occurred, the present tense describes actions that are happening now or ongoing, and the future tense describes actions that have not happened yet.
H P2 K19 Selling Storage Business Class. R2darulquthni
This document appears to be a set of questions and answers related to HP storage products and solutions. It does not provide a coherent narrative and so cannot be effectively summarized in 3 sentences or less. The document would need to be examined in more detail to understand the specific topics, questions, and answers being presented.
This document provides information about Masjid Al Aqsa in Jerusalem. It explains that Masjid Al Aqsa was the second mosque built for the worship of Allah. The initial structure was made of timber and later reconstructed under Abd Al-MalikIbnMarwan and completed by his son Al-Walid in 708 AD. The current structure has remained largely the same since its last reconstruction in 1033 AD. It also gives the coordinates and names the Dome of Rock located within the Al Aqsa compound.
The document describes an Arabic language laboratory that uses virtual computing and multimedia content to provide Arabic proficiency courses, Islamic knowledge, and Middle East culture information. It also details a Middle East business information centre that targets various professional and economic groups to facilitate business opportunities through a strategic B2B forum, think-tank services, and social media communities. The laboratory and centre are associated with Al-Azhar Arabic Centre.
P O T R E T I N T E L E K T U A L M A H A S I S W Adarulquthni
Dokumen ini membahas tentang gerakan mahasiswa dan intelektualitas mahasiswa. Gerakan mahasiswa biasanya dilakukan melalui diskusi, seminar, dan pertemuan ilmiah untuk mengaktualisasikan potensi. Gerakan ini juga berusaha mengungkap kebenaran melalui kekuatan intelektual dengan memperhatikan moralitas. Dokumen ini juga menyebutkan beberapa tokoh sejarah penting di Banten.
Situs Cihunjuran Salakanagara merupakan peninggalan Kerajaan Salakanagara yang didirikan oleh Aki Tirem. Terdapat makam Aki Jangkung, menhir, dolmen, dan batu berlubang yang menunjukkan adanya kehidupan pada zaman kerajaan batu. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Salakanagara mungkin merupakan kerajaan pertama di Indonesia.
H A S I L P E N E L I T I A N D I C I T A M A N J I P U T P A N D E G L ...darulquthni
Dokumen ini merangkum hasil penelitian situs peninggalan budaya zaman Megalitik di Citaman, Pandeglang. Terdapat kolam megalitik berukuran 350 m2 yang digunakan untuk mensucikan diri sebelum ritual, situs Batu Goong yang mengandung batu bergores dan pecahan keramik, serta Sumber Cikajayaan yang dipercaya dapat memberi keberuntungan.
The document discusses wireless LAN standards and components. It describes the 802.11b standard which uses Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum in the 2.4GHz range with channels of 20MHz bandwidth. It lists wireless LAN specifications for 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11a and 802.11b+ including data transfer rates and frequencies. Components of a wireless LAN include client cards, access points, and antennas. Modes discussed are ad-hoc peer-to-peer and infrastructure with access points. Outdoor applications using central and remote units are also covered.
The HP Virtual Library System provides significant benefits over traditional backup solutions:
- It seamlessly integrates into existing environments while dramatically improving restore and backup times through the use of data deduplication and virtual tape drives/libraries.
- Models range from a single-node system to larger multi-node configurations that scale to petabytes of storage capacity and terabytes per second of performance.
- Features include accelerated deduplication to reduce storage needs by up to 50x, virtualization of tape drives and libraries, and integration with backup software.
This document discusses various types of home networking technologies including power line communication, direct cable connections, USB networking, wireless LAN, and internet connection sharing to connect devices within a home network. It also mentions local area networks, wide area networks, networking components like switches, hubs, and modems, as well as thin client and server-based computing configurations.
The document summarizes an HP StorageWorks webinar about new modular smart array products. The MSA2000fc G2 was introduced, which supports small form factor drives, increases total capacity to 60 LFF or 99 SFF drives, and expands OS support. Performance is improved over previous MSA2000 arrays. The MSA2000fc G2 is positioned above the MSA2000 iSCSI and SAS models but below the EVA4400. New SKUs and pricing were provided. SAN starter kits for the MSA2000fc G2 were also described.
The document discusses the HP Enterprise Virtual Array (EVA) storage solution. It provides an overview of the EVA4400 model, highlighting that it offers enterprise-class performance and availability at an affordable price through virtualization that hides management complexity. Key features of the EVA4400 include snapshots, replication, and support for up to 96 drives.
2. Cisco IOS Cisco technology is built around the Cisco Internetwork Operating System (IOS), which is the software that controls the routing and switching functions of internetworking devices. A solid understanding of the IOS is essential for a network administrator.
3. The Purpose of Cisco IOS As with a computer, a router or switch cannot function without an operating system. Cisco calls its operating system the Cisco Internetwork Operating System or Cisco IOS.
4. Introduction to Routers A router is a special type of computer. It has the same basic components as a standard desktop PC. However, routers are designed to perform some very specific functions. Just as computers need operating systems to run software applications, routers need the Internetwork Operating System software (IOS) to run configuration files. These configuration files contain the instructions and parameters that control the flow of traffic in and out of the routers. The many parts of a router are shown below:
5. Router Memory Components ROM - Read Only Memory – Bootstrap/POST FLASH Memory - IOS Images are kept here - Erasable reprogrammable ROM - Contents are kept on Power down or reload RAM - Random Access memory - Routing Tables - Running Configuration - Contents are lost on reboot NVRAM - Start up configuration - Configuration Register - Contents are kept on reload
14. After the Post… After the POST, the following events occur as the router initializes: Step 1 The generic bootstrap loader in ROM executes. A bootstrap is a simple set of instructions that tests hardware and initializes the IOS for operation. Step 2 The IOS can be found in several places. The boot field of the configuration register determines the location to be used in loading the IOS. Step 3 The operating system image is loaded. Step 4 The configuration file saved in NVRAM is loaded into main memory and executed one line at a time. The configuration commands start routing processes, supply addresses for interfaces, and define other operating characteristics of the router. Step 5 If no valid configuration file exists in NVRAM, the operating system searches for an available TFTP server. If no TFTP server is found, the setup dialog is initiated.
22. Establishing a HyperTerminal Session Take the following steps to connect a terminal to the console port on the router: First, connect the terminal using the RJ-45 to RJ-45 rollover cable and an RJ-45 to DB-9 or RJ-45 to DB-25 adapter. Then, configure the terminal or PC terminal emulation software for 9600 baud, 8 data bits, no parity, 1 stop bit, and no flow control.
25. Router LED Indicators Cisco routers use LED indicators to provide status information. Depending upon the Cisco router model, the LED indicators will vary. An interface LED indicates the activity of the corresponding interface. If an LED is off when the interface is active and the interface is correctly connected, a problem may be indicated. If an interface is extremely busy, its LED will always be on. The green OK LED to the right of the AUX port will be on after the system initializes correctly.
27. Router User Interface Modes The Cisco command-line interface (CLI) uses a hierarchical structure. This structure requires entry into different modes to accomplish particular tasks. Each configuration mode is indicated with a distinctive prompt and allows only commands that are appropriate for that mode. As a security feature the Cisco IOS software separates sessions into two access levels, user EXEC mode and privileged EXEC mode. The privileged EXEC mode is also known as enable mode .
30. CLI Command Modes All command-line interface (CLI) configuration changes to a Cisco router are made from the global configuration mode. Other more specific modes are entered depending upon the configuration change that is required. Global configuration mode commands are used in a router to apply configuration statements that affect the system as a whole. The following command moves the router into global configuration mode Router# configure terminal (or config t) Router(config)# When specific configuration modes are entered, the router prompt changes to indicate the current configuration mode. Typing exit from one of these specific configuration modes will return the router to global configuration mode. Pressing Ctrl-Z returns the router to all the way back privileged EXEC mode.
31. Show Version Command wg_ro_a# show version Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software IOS (tm) 2500 Software (C2500-JS-L), Version 12.0(3), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1) Copyright (c) 1986-1999 by cisco Systems, Inc. Compiled Mon 08-Feb-99 18:18 by phanguye Image text-base: 0x03050C84, data-base: 0x00001000 ROM: System Bootstrap, Version 11.0(10c), SOFTWARE BOOTFLASH: 3000 Bootstrap Software (IGS-BOOT-R), Version 11.0(10c), RELEASE SOFTWARE(fc1) wg_ro_a uptime is 20 minutes System restarted by reload System image file is "flash:c2500-js-l_120-3.bin" (output omitted) --More-- Configuration register is 0x2102
36. Configuring a Router’s Name A router should be given a unique name as one of the first configuration tasks. This task is accomplished in global configuration mode using the following commands: Router(config)#hostname Gates Gates(config)# As soon as the Enter key is pressed, the prompt changes from the default host name (Router) to the newly configured host name (which is Gates in the example above).
38. Message Of The Day (MOTD) A message-of-the-day (MOTD) banner can be displayed on all connected terminals. Enter global configuration mode by using the command config t Enter the command banner motd # Welcome to Gates Training # . Save changes by issuing the command copy run start
73. Removing IP Route S0 S0 R1 R2 E0 10.0.0.1 10.0.0.2 30.0.0.2 20.0.0.1 20.0.0.2 30.0.0.1 A S0 E0 40.0.0.2 40.0.0.1 B S1 R3 R1# config t R1(config)#no ip route 30.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 20.0.0.2 R1(config)#no ip route 40.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 20.0.0.2 R2# config t R2(config)#no ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 20.0.0.1 R2(config)#no ip route 40.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 30.0.0.2 R3# config t R3(config)#no ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 30.0.0.1 R3(config)#no ip route 20.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 30.0.0.1
74.
75.
76. Configuring Default Routes Default routes are used to route packets with destinations that do not match any of the other routes in the routing table. A default route is actually a special static route that uses this format: ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 [ next-hop-address | outgoing interface ] This is sometimes referred to as a “Quad-Zero” route. Example using next hop address: Router(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 172.16.4.1 Example using the exit interface: Router(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 s0/0
81. IGP Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) AS 1000 AS 2000 AS 3000 Fig. 49 The use of IGP and EGP protocols (TI1332EU02TI_0004 The Network Layer, 67) Routing Categories Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) EGP EGP EGP
112. Router Configuration The router command starts a routing process. The network command is required because it enables the routing process to determine which interfaces participate in the sending and receiving of routing updates. An example of a routing configuration is: Gates(config)# router rip Gates(config-router)# network 172.16.0.0 The network numbers are based on the network class addresses, not subnet addresses or individual host addresses.
118. RIP Version 2 (RIPv2) R1# config t R1(config)# )#router rip R1(config)#network 192.168.10.0 R1(config)#network 192.168.20.0 R1(config)#version 2
119. Exercise - RIP Version 2 Configuration S0 S0 R1 R2 E0 E0 192.168.0.16/29 S0 S1 R3 192.168.0.4/30 192.168.0.8/30 192.168.0.32/28 1. Find out the IP Address and SNM of each interfaces A B
Enable router to connect other devices Based on the type we have modular and non modular Non modular are fixed Modular can be added interfaces Ethernet or FA – connecting to switch Line – for the local configuration Router – console port PC- Serial Port Aux – for remote configuration using a modem BRI – for ISDN WAN connectivity Ports are numbered serially
Note: RAM—Packet buffers, running configurations, running Cisco IOS ROM—POST, ROM monitor, baby Cisco IOS (Rxboot) NVRAM—Backup configurations, config register Flash—Cisco IOS Flash memory is nonvolatile. It behaves like a file system. It is more expensive than NVRAM. It is readable and writeable. The 2500 routers run from Flash. If it is running Cisco IOS from Flash, then the Flash is in the readable state. Use the boot system command to boot Cisco IOS from a TFTP server so the 2500 can run from RAM if you need to write or erase Flash online.
Emphasize: In a later slide, there is a very detailed flowchart of the router startup process.
Rommonitor – Safe Mode Rxboot – TFTP Server Flash
Note: The 2500 series routers do not operate this way. The 2500 series routers normally run Cisco IOS from Flash. The Cisco IOS in Flash is not compressed but it is relocatable. Relocatable means the Cisco IOS image can be run from Flash or from RAM. The 2500 can run from RAM if you use the boot system tftp command to boot the Cisco IOS image. The Rxboot mode is also run from RAM on the 2500 routers.
Emphasize: Using the default config register value (0x2102), the router will load the config from NVRAM at startup.
Purpose: This slide presents the show version command. Emphasize: Point out that this command is useful when troubleshooting problems because it gives the versions of the various software components and files. It also displays how long the router has been in operation and where it obtained the image file. Config register is discussed in Chapter 6, “Catalyst Switch Operations.”
Emphasize: When you exit the setup mode, the configuration can be saved to RAM and NVRAM at the same time. Note: The Catalyst 1900 has no show start command. It automatically saves the running configuration to NVRAM.
Purpose: This slide shows the format and output of the show running-config and show startup-config commands, which display the active and backup configuration files, respectively. Emphasize: We put these two commands on the same page because it is easy to confuse the two. The show running-config command displays the configuration information in memory, while the show startup-config command displays the backup file. Often in class someone will enter commands and then say that the router did not accept them. This scenario might indicate that the person entered the commands to modify the configuration information in memory, and then entered a show startup-config (show config) to look at the backup file that has not yet been updated to reflect the changes. You must use another command to update the backup file. Default parameters do not display in the running configuration. In Cisco IOS Release 10.2 and earlier, the write terminal command shows the running configuration, and the show config command shows the startup configuration.
As its name suggests, the most common use of the show version command is to determine which version of the Cisco IOS a device is running. However, this command does much more than that—it actually offers several different uses. Let David Davis introduce you to the many uses of Cisco's show version command, and see how its output varies according to which device you're using. 1. The version of the IOS operating system 2. The version of the ROM bootstrap 3. The version of the boot loader 4. How someone last powered on the device (In addition to powering on in the usual manner, you can also power on a device with a system reset (i.e., warm reboot) or by a system panic.) 5. The time and date the system last started 6. The "uptime" for the system (i.e., how much time has passed since the last power-on) 7. The image file that the device last started (i.e., the actual path to the IOS software) 8. How much RAM the device has 9. The processor board ID, which you can use to determine the version of the device's motherboard 10. The number and type of each interface on the device (e.g., Qty 2 Ethernet, Qty 6 Serial, etc.) 11. The number of terminal lines on the router if a router has asynchronous serial lines attached 12. The amount of nonvolatile RAM (NVRAM), used to hold the SAVED version of the configuration file, also known as the startup-configuration 13. The amount and type of Flash on the device (except on a switch), used to hold the operating system when it isn't in use (Think of it as the equivalent to a hard drive on a PC.) 14. The configuration register on the device, which is a hexadecimal number used to tell the device what to do when it boots. (Typically, this only changes when you need to bypass the configuration file because of a lost password, but you can also change it for other special cases.) 15. The hostname of the device SHOW HISTORY will give all commands available in history bufer By default the buffer size is 10, this can be seen by SHOW TERMINA: Command The terminal history size can be increased by #Terminal History size 25
Connecting to the Auxiliary Port When a modem is connected to the auxiliary port, a remote user can dial in to the router and configure it. Use the light blue console cable and the DB-9-to-DB-25 connector adapter that came in the router accessory kit. To connect a modem to the router, follow these steps: Step 1- Connect the RJ-45 end of the adapter cable to the black AUX port on the router. Step 2-Connect the DB-9 end of the console cable to the DB-9 end of the modem adapter. Step 3-Connect the DB-25 end of the modem adapter to the modem.
The router Serial to serial AUI to Host Change Host name to R1 AND R2
To see the route #Show IP route
Purpose: this figure states the chapter objectives. Emphasize: Read or state each objective so each student has a clear understanding of the chapter objectives.
In internetworking , the process of moving a packet of data from source to destination . Routing is usually performed by a dedicated device called a router . Routing is a key feature of the Internet because it enables messages to pass from one computer to another and eventually reach the target machine. Each intermediary computer performs routing by passing along the message to the next computer. Part of this process involves analyzing a routing table to determine the best path. Routing is often confused with bridging, which performs a similar function. The principal difference between the two is that bridging occurs at a lower level and is therefore more of a hardware function whereas routing occurs at a higher level where the software component is more important. And because routing occurs at a higher level, it can perform more complex analysis to determine the optimal path for the packet. A routing protocol sends and receives routing information packets to and from other routers. A routed protocol can be routed by a router, which means that it can be forwarded from one router to another. Yes, there are protocols that can't be routed, such as NetBEUI (Network Basic Input Output System Extended User Interface). That a routed protocol can be routed may seem obvious, but unless you know how to differentiate it from a routing protocol, you may have trouble with the wording for some questions on the exam. A protocol is a set of rules that defines how two devices communicate with one another. It also defines the format for the packets used to transmit data over communications lines. A routed protocol contains the data elements required for a packet to be sent outside its host network or network segment. In other words, a routed protocol can be routed. Protocols used to communicate routing information between routers within an autonomous system are Interior Gateway Protocols (IGP), which are routing protocols, but not routed protocols. Routing protocols gather and share the routing information used to maintain and update routing tables. That routing information is in turn used to route a routed protocol to its final destination. Routing Information Protocol (RIP) and Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) are the routing protocols you need to know for the exam. If you can remember what the abbreviations mean, you'll remember that they are routing protocols because they have routing in their names. Remember, too, that they are not routed protocols. In short, routed protocols route your data and routing protocols send routing updates between routers about the status of the network so that your routed protocol data can be routed. Got that? No? Well, try this to help keep it straight:
Purpose: This figure introduces students to routing. The router must accomplish the items listed in the figure for routing to occur. Emphasize: Path determination occurs at Layer 3, the network layer. The path determination function enables a router to evaluate the available paths to a destination and to establish the best path. Routing services use network topology information when evaluating network paths. This information can be configured by the network administrator (static routes) or collected through dynamic processes (routing protocols) running in the network. Transition: How do you represent the path to the packet’s destination?
Purpose: This figure explains that routers must learn about paths not directly connected. Emphasize: The router already knows about directly connected networks. It must learn about those networks not connected. This chapter describes how routers learn about those paths.
1. Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) creates an echo request payload (which is just the alphabet in the data field). 2. ICMP hands that payload to Internet Protocol (IP), which then creates a packet. 3. Once the packet is created, IP determines whether the destination IP address is on the local network or a remote one. 4. Since IP determines that this is a remote request, the packet needs to be sent to the default gateway so the packet can be routed to the remote network. The Registry in Windows is parsed to find the configured default gateway. 5. The default gateway of host 172.16.10.2 (Host_A) is configured to 172.16.10.1. To be able to send this packet to the default gateway, the hardware address of the router’s interface Ethernet 0 (configured with the IP address of 172.16.10.1) must be known. 6. Next, the ARP cache is checked to see if the IP address of the default gateway has already been resolved to a hardware address: If the hardware address isn’t already in the ARP cache of the host, an ARP broadcast is sent out onto the local network to search for the hardware address of 172.16.10.1. The router responds to the request and provides the hardware address of Ethernet 0, and the host caches this address. The router also caches the hardware address of Host_A in its ARP cache. 7. Once the packet and destination hardware address are handed to the Data Link layer, the LAN driver is used to provide media access via the type of LAN being used (in this example, Ethernet). A frame is then generated, encapsulating the packet with control information. Within that frame are the hardware destination and source addresses, plus, in this case, an Ether-Type field that describes the Network layer protocol that handed the packet to the Data Link layer—in this instance, IP. At the end of the frame is something called a Frame Check Sequence (FCS) field that houses the result of the cyclic redundancy check (CRC). 8. Once the frame is completed, it’s handed down to the Physical layer to be put on the physical medium (in this example, twisted-pair wire) one bit at a time. 9. Every device in the collision domain receives these bits and builds the frame. They each run a CRC and check the answer in the FCS field. If the answers don’t match, the frame is discarded. _ If the CRC matches, then the hardware destination address is checked to see if it matches, too (which, in this example, is the router’s interface Ethernet 0). If it’s a match, then the Ether-Type field is checked to find the protocol used at the Network layer. 10. The packet is pulled from the frame, and what is left of the frame is discarded. The packet is handed to the protocol listed in the Ether-Type field—it’s given to IP. 11. IP receives the packet and checks the IP destination address. Since the packet’s destination address doesn’t match any of the addresses configured on the receiving router itself, the router will look up the destination IP network address in its routing table. 12. The routing table must have an entry for the network 172.16.20.0, or the packet will be discarded Immediately and an ICMP message will be sent back to the originating device with a “destination network unreachable” message. 13. If the router does find an entry for the destination network in its table, the packet is switched to the exit interface—in this example, interface Ethernet 1. 14. The router packet-switches the packet to the Ethernet 1 buffer. 15. The Ethernet 1 buffer needs to know the hardware address of the destination host and first checks the ARP cache. If the hardware address of Host_B has already been resolved, then the packet and the hardware address are handed down to the Data Link layer to be framed. If the hardware address has not already been resolved, the router sends an ARP request out E1 looking for the hardware address of 172.16.20.2. Host_B responds with its hardware address, and the packet and destination hardware address are both sent to the Data Link layer for framing. 16. The Data Link layer creates a frame with the destination and source hardware address, Ether-Type field, and FCS field at the end of the frame. The frame is handed to the Physical layer to be sent out on the physical medium one bit at a time. 17. Host_B receives the frame and immediately runs a CRC. If the result matches what’s in the FCS field, the hardware destination address is then checked. If the host finds a match, the Ether-Type field is then checked to determine the protocol that the packet should be handed to at the Network layer—IP, in this example. 18. At the Network layer, IP receives the packet and checks the IP destination address. Since there’s finally a match made, the protocol field is checked to find out whom the payload should be given to. 19. The payload is handed to ICMP, which understands that this is an echo request. ICMP responds to this by immediately discarding the packet and generating a new payload as an echo reply. 20. A packet is then created including the source and destination address, protocol field, and payload. The destination device is now Host_A. 21. IP then checks to see whether the destination IP address is a device on the local LAN or on a remote network. Since the destination device is on a remote network, the packet needs to be sent to the default gateway. 22. The default gateway IP address is found in the Registry of the Windows device, and the ARP cache is checked to see if the hardware address has already been resolved from an IP address. 23. Once the hardware address of the default gateway is found, the packet and destination hardware addresses are handed down to the Data Link layer for framing. 24. The Data Link layer frames the packet of information and includes the following in the header: _ The destination and source hardware address _ The Ether-Type field with 0x0800 (IP) in it _ The FCS field with the CRC result in tow 25. The frame is now handed down to the Physical layer to be sent out over the network medium one bit at a time. 26. The router’s Ethernet 1 interface receives the bits and builds a frame. The CRC is run, and the FCS field is checked to make sure the answers match. 27. Once the CRC is found to be okay, the hardware destination address is checked. Since the router’s interface is a match, the packet is pulled from the frame and the Ether-Type field is checked to see what protocol at the Network layer the packet should be delivered to. 28. The protocol is determined to be IP, so it gets the packet. IP runs a CRC check on the IP header first, and then checks the destination IP address. 29. But the router does know how to get to network 172.16.10.0—the exit interface is Ethernet 0—so the packet is switched to interface Ethernet 0. 30. The router checks the ARP cache to determine whether the hardware address for 172.16.10.2 has already been resolved. 31. Since the hardware address to 172.16.10.2 is already cached from the originating trip to Host_B, the hardware address and packet are handed to the Data Link layer. 32. The Data Link layer builds a frame with the destination hardware address and source hardware address, and then puts IP in the Ether-Type field. A CRC is run on the frame, and the result is placed in the FCS field. 33. The frame is then handed to the Physical layer to be sent out onto the local network one bit at a time. 34. The destination host receives the frame, runs a CRC, checks the destination hardware address, and looks in the Ether-Type field to find out whom to hand the packet to. 35. IP is the designated receiver, and after the packet is handed to IP at the Network layer, it checks the protocol field for further direction. IP finds instructions to give the payload to ICMP, and ICMP determines the packet to be an ICMP echo reply. 36. ICMP acknowledges that it has received the reply by sending an exclamation point (!) to the user interface. ICMP then attempts to send four more echo requests to the destination host.
The router Serial to serial AUI to Host Change Host name to R1 AND r2
The router Serial to serial AUI to Host Change Host name to R1 AND R2
Purpose: This figure describes the command syntax used to establish an IP static route. Emphasize: A static route allows manual configuration of the routing table. No dynamic changes to this table entry will occur as long as the path is active. Routing updates are not sent on a link that is only defined by a static route; hence, conserving bandwidth. The ip route field descriptions are as follows: network —Destination network or subnet mask —Subnet mask address —IP address of next-hop router interface —Name of the interface to use to get to the destination network Transition: The next figure provides a static route configuration example.
Purpose: This figure describes the command syntax used to establish an IP static route. Emphasize: A static route allows manual configuration of the routing table. No dynamic changes to this table entry will occur as long as the path is active. Routing updates are not sent on a link that is only defined by a static route; hence, conserving bandwidth. Describe the The ip route field descriptions: network—destination network or subnet mask—subnet mask address—IP address of next hop router interface—name of interface to use to get to destination network. Transition: The next figure provides a static route configuration example.
The router Serial to serial AUI to Host Change Host name to R1 AND R2
The router Serial to serial AUI to Host Change Host name to R1 AND R2
Purpose: This figure gives an example of a default route configuration. Emphasize: With an address and subnet mask of 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 in the ip route statement, packets for any network not listed in the routing table will be sent to the next hop, 172.16.2.2.
The router Serial to serial AUI to Host Change Host name to R1 AND r2
Purpose: This figure introduces students to routing protocols and compares routing protocols to routed protocols. Emphasize: If network 10.120.2.0 wants to know about network 172.16.2.0, it must learn it from its S0 (or possibly S1) interface. If you have100’s of routers it become difficult to configure static routes Static has less overhead,
Purpose: This figure discusses autonomous systems, IGPs and EGPs. Emphasize: Introduce the interior/exterior distinctions for routing protocols, as follows: Interior routing protocols are used within a single autonomous system Exterior routing protocols are used to communicate between autonomous systems The design criteria for an interior routing protocol require it to find the best path through the network. In other words, the metric and how that metric is used is the most important element in an interior routing protocol. Exterior protocols are used to exchange routing information between networks that do not share a common administration. IP exterior gateway protocols require the following three sets of information before routing can begin: A list of neighbor (or peer) routers or access servers with which to exchange routing information A list of networks to advertise as directly reachable The autonomous system number of the local router
Purpose: This figure introduces the three classes of routing protocols. Emphasize: There is no single best routing protocol. Note: Distance vector routing protocol operation is covered in detail later in this course. Link state and hybrid are only briefly explained after the distance vector discussion. Refer students to the ACRC to learn more about link-state and hybrid routing protocols.
Distance vector algorithms do not allow a router to know the exact topology of an internetwork. This information is somewhat same to the information found on signs at a highway intersection. A sign points toward a road leading away from the intersection and indicates the distance to the destination. Further down the highway, another sign also points toward the destination, but now the distance to the destination is shorter. Distance is interm of HOPS Vector is direction Exchange entire routing tables with all neighbors at regular intervals More BW consumed This is also know as routing by rumor
Basis for All other routing protocol Algorithm Think that you are going for a trip from Mumbai to Delhi, there are two paths one 1500 Kms and another 1200Kms The routing table contains information about two routes But there is a piece of information which tells one route is better than other, that is known as Metric
RIP uses Hop count as metric, IGRP uses Composite Metric The composite Metric are bandwidth, Delay, Load, Reliability and MTU
When Network 5 fails, Router E tells Router C. This causes Router C to stop routing to Network5 through Router E. But Routers A, B, and D don’t know about Network 5 yet, so they keep sending out update information. Router C will eventually send out its update and cause B to stop routing to Network 5, but Routers A and D are still not updated. To them, it appears that Network 5 is still available through Router B with a metric of 3. The problem occurs when Router A sends out its regular 30-second “Hello, I’m still here these are the links I know about” message, which includes the ability to reach Network 5 and now Routers B and D receive the wonderful news that Network 5 can be reached from Router A, so Routers B and D then send out the information that Network 5 is available. Any packet destined for Network 5 will go to Router A, to Router B, and then back to Router A. This is a routing loop
Layer 3 of 3 Emphasize: Layer 3 adds the final entries received some time later that have distances of 2 from routers A and C.
Slide 1 of 4 Purpose: This figure describes the first of the general problems that a distance vector protocol could face without the corrective influence of some countermeasure. Emphasize: Layer 1 shows the original state of the network and routing tables. All routers have consistent knowledge and correct routing tables. In this example, the cost function is hop count, so the cost of each link is 1. Router C is directly connected to network 10.4.0.0 with a distance of 0. Router A’s path to network 10.4.0.0 is through router B, with a hop count of 2.
Slide 2 of 4 Emphasize: In Layer 2, router C has detected the failure of network 10.4.0.0 and stops routing packets out its E0 interface. However, router A has not yet received notification of the failure and still believes it can access network 10.4.0.0 through router B. Router A’s routing table still reflects a path to network 10.4.0.0 with a distance of 2.
Slide 3 of 4 Emphasize: Because router B’s routing table indicates a path to network 10.4.0.0, router C believes it now has a viable path to 10.4.0.0 through router B. Router C updates its routing table to reflect a path to network 10.4.0.0 with a hop count of 2.
Slide 4 of 4 Emphasize: In Layer 4, router A receives the new routing table from router B, detects the modified distance vector to network 10.4.0.0, and recalculates its own distance vector to network 10.4.0.0 as 3. If all routers in an internetwork do not have up-to-date, accurate information about the state of the internetwork, they might use incorrect routing information to make a routing decision. The use of incorrect information might cause packets to take less-than-optimum paths or paths that return packets to routers that they have already visited.
Purpose: This figure describes another of the general problems that a distance vector protocol could face without the corrective influence of some countermeasure. Emphasize: Both routers conclude that the best path to network 10.4.0.0 is through each other and continue to bounce packets destined for network 10.4.0.0 between each other, incrementing the distance vector by 1 each time. This condition, called count to infinity, continuously loops packets around the network, despite the fundamental fact that the destination network 10.4.0.0 is down. While the routers are counting to infinity, the invalid information allows a routing loop to exist. A related concept is the Time-to-Live (TTL) parameter. The TTL is a packet parameter that decreases each time a router processes the packet. When the TTL reaches zero, a router discards or drops the packet without forwarding it. A packet caught in a routing loop is removed from the internetwork when its TTL expires.
Slide 4 of 4 Emphasize: In Layer 4, router A receives the new routing table from router B, detects the modified distance vector to network 10.4.0.0, and recalculates its own distance vector to network 10.4.0.0 as 3. If all routers in an internetwork do not have up-to-date, accurate information about the state of the internetwork, they might use incorrect routing information to make a routing decision. The use of incorrect information might cause packets to take less-than-optimum paths or paths that return packets to routers that they have already visited.
Purpose: This figure describes a corrective measure that attempts to solve the routing loop problems that a distance vector protocol could face. Emphasize: Routing loops occur only when routing knowledge being propagated has not yet reached the entire internetwork—when the internetwork has not converged after a change. Fast convergence minimizes the chance for a routing loop to occur, but even the smallest interval leaves the possibility open. To avoid prolonging the count-to-infinity time span, distance vector protocols define infinity as some maximum number. This number refers to a routing metric, such as a hop count. With this approach, the routing protocol permits the routing loop until the metric exceeds its maximum allowed value. This example shows this defined maximum as 16 hops. Once the metric value exceeds the maximum, network 10.4.0.0 is considered unreachable.
Purpose: This figure introduces the corrective measure known as “split horizon.” The split horizon technique attempts to solve routing loops. Emphasize: The split horizon technique attempts to eliminate routing loops and speed up convergence. The rule of split horizon is that it is never useful to send information about a route back in the direction from which the original packet came. In the example: Router C originally announced a route to network 10.4.0.0 to router B. It makes no sense for router B to announce to router C that router B has access to network 10.4.0.0 through router C. Given that router B passed the announcement of its route to network 10.4.0.0 to router A, it makes no sense for router A to announce its distance from network 10.4.0.0 to router B. Because router B has no alternative path to network 10.4.0.0, router B concludes that network 10.4.0.0 is inaccessible. In its basic form, the split-horizon technique simply omits from the message any information about destinations routed on the link. This strategy relies either on routes never being announced or on old announcements fading away through a timeout mechanism. Split horizon also improves performance by eliminating unnecessary routing updates. Under normal circumstances, sending routing information back to the source of the information is unnecessary. * Splithorizon - the routing protocol advertises routes out an interface only if they were not learned from updates entering that interface.
Split Horizon. In looking at the routing loop example, you should have noticed that Router A ultimately let Router B know about a route to network 172.16.0.0, even though it originally learned that route from Router B. Split horizon is a rule that specifies that a router can never send information about a route back to the router that originally supplied the information. Had split horizon been used in our example, Router A would not have included information about network 172.16.0.0 in its update to Router B.
Triggered Updates. Obviously the interval between routing table updates is part of the problem that leads to routing loops. Instead of relying on regular periodic updates, distance vector protocols will send out a triggered update when a metric to reach a network increases. In our example, Router C would immediately send out an update about network 172.16.0.0 not being available to Router B, who would then immediately send out an update to Router A. While triggered updates cause a little more network traffic in the short term, they go a long way towards faster convergence on a distance-vector network
When a router receives an update from a neighbor indicating that a previously accessible network isn’t working and is inaccessible, the holddown timer will start. If a new update arrives from a neighbor with a better metric than the original network entry, the holddown is removed and data is passed. But if an update is received from a neighbor router before the holddown timer expires and it has an equal or lower metric than the previous route, the update is ignored and the holddown timer keeps ticking. This allows more time for the network to stabilize before trying to converge
RIP versions 1 and 2 also use the concept of hold timers. When a destination has become unreachable (or the metric has increased enough to cause poisoning), the destination goes into "holddown". During this state, no new path will be accepted for the same destination for this amount of time. The hold time indicates how long this state should last. * Hold-down timer - After finding out that a router to a subnet has failed, a router waits a certain period of time before believing any other routing information about that subnet.
RIP uses only hop count to determine the best path to a network. If RIP finds more than one link to the same remote network with the same hop count, it will automatically perform a round-robin load balancing. RIP can perform load balancing for up to six equal-cost links (four by default). However, a problem with this type of routing metric arises when the two links to a remote network are different bandwidths but the same hop count. Figure 5.9, for example, shows two links to remote network 172.16.10.0. Since network 172.16.30.0 is a T1 link with a bandwidth of 1.544Mbps, and network 172.16.20.0 is a 56K link, you’d want the router to choose the T1 over the 56K link, right? But because hop count is the only metric used with RIP routing, the two links would be seen as being of equal cost. This little snag is called pinhole congestion .
The router Serial to serial AUI to Host Change Host name to R1 AND r2
Purpose : This figure displays the show ip route command, which displays the contents of the router’s IP routing table. Emphasize : Discuss the IP routing table in detail. Show the locations of the hop count (metric) and the administrative distance (120). Discuss the following fields: R—Refers to routes learned from RIP. via—Refers to the router that informed us about this route. 00:00:07 timer value—RIP updates are every 30 seconds. Ask, “How long until the next update?” The interfaces used for the best path
Purpose : This figure shows the debug ip rip command. Emphasize : Explain that debug commands also provide information for monitoring IP. The first highlighted line lists the source of the updates. The router returned information about two destinations. The last highlighted line shows the broadcast address to which the router sent updates.
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Purpose: This chapter introduces the Cisco IOS™ CLI on the Catalyst® 1900 switch and router. Timing: This chapter should take about 2 hours to present. Note: The Catalyst 1900 switch only has a subset of the router Cisco IOS commands available. Contents: Introduction to Cisco IOS. Explain to the student what is IOS? Cisco Device startup procedures in general. IOS configuration source. General introduction to the IOS CLI . Cat 1900 switch startup procedures. Intro to Cat 1900 CLI. This part covers the basic configuration on the switch, like setting the IP address and hostname. More details about the various Cat 1900 switch configuration commands are explained in Chapter 6 and 7. Router startup procedures. More details on the router startup process is discussed in chapter 5. Router IOS CLI.
Purpose : The figure introduces the IGRP routing protocol. IGRP is a sophisticated distance vector routing protocol. Emphasize: The Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) is a dynamic distance-vector routing protocol designed by Cisco in the mid-1980s for routing in an autonomous system that contains large, arbitrarily complex networks with diverse bandwidth and delay characteristics. Historically, IGRP became one of the success factors for the early Cisco IOS software capabilities because of its superiority to RIP version 1. The important IGRP characteristics are as follows: More scalability than RIP Fast response to network changes Sophisticated metric Multiple-path support
Purpose : This figure presents the IGRP metric with its five possible components. Emphasize : Bandwidth and delay are the two metrics that are most commonly used. They also comprise the default metric. Note : Changing IGRP metrics can have great impact on network performance. Describe the IGRP 24-bit metric field, as follows: Bandwidth—Minimum bandwidth on the route, in kilobits per second. Delay—Route delay, in tens of microseconds. Reliability—Likelihood of successful packet transmission, expressed as an integer from 0 to 255. Loading—Effective bandwidth of path. MTU—Minimum MTU in path, expressed in bytes. The following equation calculates the metric. It is presented for instructors and is not required to be taught: metric = [k1 x bandwidth + (k2 x bandwidth) / (256 - load) + k3 x delay] If k5 does not equal 0, an additional operation is done: metric = metric x (k5/(reliability + k4)) The default constant values are k1 = k3 = 1 and k2 = k4 = k5 = 0. Again, if default values are set, metric = bandwidth + delay. The constants (k1, k2, k3) can be changed using the metric weights command. Changes to the IGRP constant values should be made with great care.
Can explain pin hole congestion how RIP and IGRP Handles (Load Balancing) IGRP – Hop count 25, default - 100
The router Serial to serial AUI to Host Change Host name to R1 AND r2