This document provides an intelligence brief on the economic growth prospects of several countries in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region. It discusses factors supporting and hindering growth for each country, including natural resources, infrastructure development, political stability, education and health issues, corruption, and dependence on commodity prices and foreign investment. Key challenges across many countries are high unemployment, especially among youth; inadequate power supply and infrastructure bottlenecks; and the impacts of HIV/AIDS on the labor force and economic growth.
China has experienced rapid economic growth averaging 10% annually, making it the world's second largest economy. While GDP growth has slowed recently to around 6.5%, the government is taking steps to transition to a more consumption-based economy with a focus on sustainability. Manufacturing dominates China's economy, accounting for over 45% of GDP, while the services sector is growing rapidly and now represents around 44% of GDP. Inequality remains an issue, with the Gini coefficient between 0.47-0.49.
South Korea has experienced strong economic growth and development in recent decades. In 2015, South Korea had a GDP per capita of $33K and GDP growth of 3.7%. South Korea has a highly developed industrial economy led by electronics and machinery exports. However, South Korea faces challenges in transitioning to new sources of growth and reforming its large corporations as its population ages and labor market becomes more polarized.
The document summarizes the proceedings of a pre-budget seminar organized by the Centre for Policy Studies at COMSATS Institute of Information Technology in Islamabad. The objective of the seminar was to evaluate the current state of Pakistan's economy and provide policy recommendations for the upcoming 2017-18 federal budget. Over 130 participants from academia, civil society and the government attended. Key speakers at the seminar included economists, experts and a chairman of the National Assembly's finance committee. Sessions covered topics such as the state of the economy, employment, China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, microfinance, energy challenges, trade, public debt, institutions and tax policy. The seminar provided a platform for discussion on improving Pakistan's
Economic Growth and Development in Ethiopiatutor2u
This is a revision presentation on aspects of growth and development in the fast-growing country of Ethiopia. There are many ways in which the Ethiopian economy can be applied to different areas of the A level economics course.
The Maoist era from 1949-1978 saw tight control of finances and the nationalization of the banking system. Agricultural reforms eliminated landlords and the Great Leap Forward occurred. From 1978-1990, China began economic reforms to introduce capitalist aspects and encourage personal income and consumption. Special economic zones permitted foreign investment starting in 1978. In the 1990s, China continued rapid growth over 10% annually though faced issues like inflation and bad loans. Reforming state enterprises and the banking system remained challenges into the 2000s. Since 2010, China has been the world's largest creditor nation and goods exporter but faces a slowing economy and loss of skilled professionals.
This document is the 2015 Budget Speech given by Nhlanhla Nene, the Minister of Finance of South Africa, on February 25, 2015. In the speech, Nene outlines the economic context for the budget, noting slow global growth. He presents South Africa's budget framework, with consolidated deficit projected to fall from 3.9% of GDP in 2015/16 to 2.5% in 2017/18. Nene discusses expenditure priorities like infrastructure, agriculture, mining, and support for small businesses to create jobs.
The document provides an overview of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) economy, including:
1) The UAE has transitioned from a largely undeveloped economy to one with a GDP comparable to industrialized nations due to large oil revenues, which allowed the country to invest heavily in infrastructure.
2) The economy has become more diversified with growing sectors like banking, tourism, and real estate, though oil still accounts for about 30% of GDP.
3) Data on starting a business in the UAE is presented, noting procedures, time, and costs required to formally operate a business.
This document summarizes 5 articles from a policy review on Pakistan's Federal Budget for 2020-21. The first article discusses how the budget aims to balance the country's needs and resources during difficult times, having to deal with the impacts of COVID-19, locust attacks, and ongoing issues. It notes key challenges including health infrastructure, economic impacts, and revenue collection. The second article provides an overview of the macroeconomic impacts of COVID-19, including contractions in various sectors and challenges relating to supply chains, demand, exports, and household purchasing power. The third article discusses whether the budget's expansionary fiscal policy will be able to meet IMF fiscal targets. The fourth reviews impacts on Pakistan's power sector. And the fifth discusses
China has experienced rapid economic growth averaging 10% annually, making it the world's second largest economy. While GDP growth has slowed recently to around 6.5%, the government is taking steps to transition to a more consumption-based economy with a focus on sustainability. Manufacturing dominates China's economy, accounting for over 45% of GDP, while the services sector is growing rapidly and now represents around 44% of GDP. Inequality remains an issue, with the Gini coefficient between 0.47-0.49.
South Korea has experienced strong economic growth and development in recent decades. In 2015, South Korea had a GDP per capita of $33K and GDP growth of 3.7%. South Korea has a highly developed industrial economy led by electronics and machinery exports. However, South Korea faces challenges in transitioning to new sources of growth and reforming its large corporations as its population ages and labor market becomes more polarized.
The document summarizes the proceedings of a pre-budget seminar organized by the Centre for Policy Studies at COMSATS Institute of Information Technology in Islamabad. The objective of the seminar was to evaluate the current state of Pakistan's economy and provide policy recommendations for the upcoming 2017-18 federal budget. Over 130 participants from academia, civil society and the government attended. Key speakers at the seminar included economists, experts and a chairman of the National Assembly's finance committee. Sessions covered topics such as the state of the economy, employment, China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, microfinance, energy challenges, trade, public debt, institutions and tax policy. The seminar provided a platform for discussion on improving Pakistan's
Economic Growth and Development in Ethiopiatutor2u
This is a revision presentation on aspects of growth and development in the fast-growing country of Ethiopia. There are many ways in which the Ethiopian economy can be applied to different areas of the A level economics course.
The Maoist era from 1949-1978 saw tight control of finances and the nationalization of the banking system. Agricultural reforms eliminated landlords and the Great Leap Forward occurred. From 1978-1990, China began economic reforms to introduce capitalist aspects and encourage personal income and consumption. Special economic zones permitted foreign investment starting in 1978. In the 1990s, China continued rapid growth over 10% annually though faced issues like inflation and bad loans. Reforming state enterprises and the banking system remained challenges into the 2000s. Since 2010, China has been the world's largest creditor nation and goods exporter but faces a slowing economy and loss of skilled professionals.
This document is the 2015 Budget Speech given by Nhlanhla Nene, the Minister of Finance of South Africa, on February 25, 2015. In the speech, Nene outlines the economic context for the budget, noting slow global growth. He presents South Africa's budget framework, with consolidated deficit projected to fall from 3.9% of GDP in 2015/16 to 2.5% in 2017/18. Nene discusses expenditure priorities like infrastructure, agriculture, mining, and support for small businesses to create jobs.
The document provides an overview of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) economy, including:
1) The UAE has transitioned from a largely undeveloped economy to one with a GDP comparable to industrialized nations due to large oil revenues, which allowed the country to invest heavily in infrastructure.
2) The economy has become more diversified with growing sectors like banking, tourism, and real estate, though oil still accounts for about 30% of GDP.
3) Data on starting a business in the UAE is presented, noting procedures, time, and costs required to formally operate a business.
This document summarizes 5 articles from a policy review on Pakistan's Federal Budget for 2020-21. The first article discusses how the budget aims to balance the country's needs and resources during difficult times, having to deal with the impacts of COVID-19, locust attacks, and ongoing issues. It notes key challenges including health infrastructure, economic impacts, and revenue collection. The second article provides an overview of the macroeconomic impacts of COVID-19, including contractions in various sectors and challenges relating to supply chains, demand, exports, and household purchasing power. The third article discusses whether the budget's expansionary fiscal policy will be able to meet IMF fiscal targets. The fourth reviews impacts on Pakistan's power sector. And the fifth discusses
China’s Economic Miracle Under A Macro Economic Viewhong_nona
This is my MBA Business Economic project addressing China’s robust economic growth from a top-10 global economy to the top 3-global economy in 10 years in-row.
Even if the economic outlook for Latin America shows a relatively positive picture for the coming years it is important to know that the General Regional Economic Forecast was trimmed from 4.2% to a 3.9%, by the FMI.
Session 4 Youth Unemployment China Presentationwbeap
The document summarizes challenges around youth unemployment in China and proposes a 4E strategy to address it: Employment Creation, Entrepreneurship, Employability, and Equal Opportunity. It outlines specific government programs and policies to promote each element of the strategy. Priority groups are college graduates and rural migrant youth. The All-China Youth Federation plays a key role in coordinating efforts through its large network across China. Future plans include advocating for a national youth employment policy and expanding programs to promote entrepreneurship and international cooperation.
Peru has experienced strong and stable economic growth over the past 16 years, with an average annual growth of 5.1% and total GDP growth of 121%. It has developed into a true economic success story and is now considered one of the leading emerging markets. Peru has a solid macroeconomic framework supported by consistent policies and management of public finances, debt, and fiscal balances. Major factors driving growth include mining, infrastructure projects, a growing middle class, and developing industries like agriculture and tourism. Peru offers attractive conditions for foreign investment including political stability, respect for private property, low inflation, and a supportive legal framework.
An Analysis of Constraints to Economic and Trade Cooperation between the Chin...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The constraints in the economic and trade cooperation of the China-Africa community of shared future that cannot neglect. The main constraints to the development of China-Africa economic cooperation include the imbalance of China-Africa economic and trade, the unitary commodity structure, and competition in the international market. There are differences in the political and legal values between China and Africa. Western developed countries restrict and exclude the economic cooperation between the Chinese and African communities, fabricate the China threat theory, and seek energy and political interests to disrupt the smooth development of China-Africa economic and trade cooperation.
This document discusses economic development in developing countries. It provides characteristics of developing countries such as low per capita income, shortage of capital, underutilization of natural resources, high population growth rate, weak infrastructure, political instability, high illiteracy, poor health, and heavy reliance on foreign aid and debt.
It also discusses the "vicious circle of poverty", where low incomes lead to low savings and investment, which further decreases productivity and incomes. This perpetuates a cycle of poverty. Several measures to break this cycle are proposed, such as optimizing resource use, promoting savings, increasing skills and education, attracting foreign investment, and using foreign aid effectively.
Finally, the document analyzes different methods to
Mexico has one of the largest economies in the world, with GDP largely comprised of household consumption and government spending. Inflation has been low and stable in recent years. Mexico ranks 39th in ease of doing business, with corporate taxes at 30% from 2010-2014. Foreign direct investment and trade have grown steadily, with the US as the largest trading partner. India and Mexico have sought to increase bilateral trade and investment through agreements like a 2007 memorandum of understanding.
This document discusses Pakistan's response to and challenges from the COVID-19 pandemic. It notes that Pakistan's economy is projected to contract by 1.5% in 2020 due to lockdown measures affecting jobs and businesses. Pakistan's response has included expanding social safety nets, loans for small businesses, and stimulus for the construction sector. Key challenges include relaxing lockdowns safely, increasing healthcare capacity as cases rise, and ensuring social programs reach all in need. The document argues Pakistan must enhance domestic resource mobilization to finance COVID response and recovery given constraints on foreign aid.
2019 Election| World Economy| Slow Growth| Canada| July 2019paul young cpa, cga
The document discusses issues facing Canada's slowing economic growth and potential solutions. It analyzes GDP trends, key industries, employment, exports and other factors. The economic advisory council is proposing ideas like increasing immigration, retraining workers, and public-private infrastructure projects to boost growth. However, there are no easy fixes as many interconnected challenges contribute to slow growth. The government will need to pursue pro-business policies while balancing the budget to create an environment where new industries and jobs can thrive.
Final project unlocking investment & finance in emerging markets and develo...Damian Attah
National Financing Strategy for Nigeria to Access Additional Sources of Finance for its Development
Nigeria requires an estimated $3 trillion by 2044 to meet its infrastructure needs but generates only $16.55 billion in annual revenue, leaving a large financing gap. The strategy proposes leveraging development partners and private investment through public-private partnerships. It recommends reforms like tax increases, export diversification, and transparency to boost domestic resources and attract foreign financing. Nigeria will work with multilateral banks by strengthening private-public collaboration, issuing sovereign bonds, improving resource mobilization and governance, and integrating sustainability into its financial system to address barriers to accessing funds.
Re-Engineering the fiscal Budget of PakistanWaqas Siddiqui
The National Budgeting process of Pakistan fails to entertain and cater the national aspiration of the fiscal demands and people, hence severely disappoint year by year the people and the institutions of country every time. To fill this , this paper considers a number of Problem areas in Budgeting Policies, Processes, and Priorities along with concise yet clear indicative studies.
Economy of the philippines and it's neighborsVictoria Rock
The document compares the economies of the Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia. It provides key economic statistics for each country such as GDP, GDP growth rates, inflation rates, and economic sector breakdowns. The largest economic sectors for the Philippines are services and manufacturing. Malaysia and Indonesia also rely heavily on manufacturing and have significant agriculture sectors focused on commodities like palm oil and rubber. All three countries face challenges from economic instability and natural disasters but are working to improve their economic situations.
This document provides an overview of the 2010 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Trade and Development Report. It summarizes that while the global economic recovery remains fragile, developing countries are leading the recovery due to strong countercyclical policies. However, developed countries' recoveries are uneven, with the US recovering domestic demand faster than Germany and Japan which rely more on exports. The recovery in Europe remains weak, and a shift toward fiscal austerity there could risk a double-dip recession. Coordinated global efforts are still needed to rebalance demand and prevent a resurgence of imbalances.
China has experienced phenomenal economic development over the last 30 years through an approach of scale, speed, and low cost. It has rapidly built up huge industrial capacities, infrastructure networks like highways and airports, and power generation capabilities. Decision making and implementation are very quick due to a single political party system and emphasis on execution without questioning. This fast growth has made China the world's second largest economy and third largest trading nation.
This report summarizes the findings and policy recommendations from discussions on building an inclusive, resilient and sustainable economy for Pakistan. It suggests short-term measures to maintain macroeconomic stability through prudent fiscal and monetary policies. Long-term recommendations include promoting inclusive growth through improving agricultural productivity, supporting manufacturing competitiveness, and fiscal and trade reforms. Specific policies are proposed to strengthen key sectors like energy, labour markets, women's empowerment, and tourism. The overall goal is an economy that achieves sustainable development and improves living standards.
The document discusses the relationship between economic growth and economic development. It defines development as a dynamic and progressive process, while defining growth as the result of development. It outlines several factors that influence development, including reducing poverty, unemployment, illiteracy, and inequality. Economic development aims to improve living standards and expand economic and social choices. Key elements that drive development are human resources, natural resources, capital formation, and technological innovation.
The document discusses underdeveloped economies around the world. It begins by defining an underdeveloped economy as having low living standards, high poverty, low income, poor health services, and reliance on foreign aid. It then compares developed and underdeveloped economies, noting that underdeveloped economies typically have lower income, more poverty, reliance on agriculture, and underutilized resources.
The document goes on to list the top 10 most underdeveloped economies by region, including countries in Asia like North Korea, Nepal, and Pakistan. It provides details on the economic conditions of Pakistan, Nepal, Moldova, and Ukraine, highlighting factors contributing to their underdevelopment such as political instability, corruption, lack of industrialization, and difficulties transitioning to a
Developing the Nigeria Manufacturing sector is a route to opening up a new frontier for the expansion of trade, productivity & competitiveness
• Currently, Industrial capacity is very low with critical industries within the real sector performing below expectations
• The contribution of manufacturing to Nigeria’s GDP is less than 10%
• This is very sad given the fact that retail and wholesale trade are growing at a very fast rate
• And given the fact that Agriculture account for almost 24% of Nigeria’s GDP, there are indications that if a proper framework is put in place, Nigeria’s manufacturing can begin to witness phenomenal growth
• Part of the factors that will help shore up local production and reduce the cost of doing business in Nigeria are:
• The Power Sector reforms - this needs to be fine-tuned
• The strengthening of a policy framework which removes double taxation and encourages investment in the vertical integration of primary sector, Agriculture to secondary sector, production
• Such policies must be backed with the right fiscal policies which give a measure of comfort to infant industry against global competition
City brands index 2011.101311.bod.presentationjoemacnichol
This document summarizes the results of a 2011 study that measured the image and brand strength of 50 major cities across 10 countries. Philadelphia ranked 24th overall. It scored highest in potential (12th) due to strong ratings for job and education opportunities. Pre-requisites, pulse, and people were also relatively strong areas for Philadelphia. However, it ranked lowest in presence (29th) and place (28th) due to weak ratings for buildings, cleanliness, and climate. American respondents viewed Philadelphia more positively than global citizens, ranking it ahead of other US cities. The study highlights both Philadelphia's reputational assets like history and education, as well as challenges like safety, business environment, and cleanliness.
This document discusses foreign direct investment (FDI) in Africa. It defines FDI and outlines the two main forms it takes - greenfield investments that create new assets, and mergers and acquisitions that involve transferring ownership of existing assets. The document notes that most FDI in Africa has been through acquisitions rather than new investments. It also discusses why African countries view attracting FDI as important for economic development, highlighting their efforts to provide incentives and promote investment. However, it cautions that the costs and benefits of FDI depend on whether it is greenfield or acquisitions. The document concludes by recommending African countries implement policies to maximize the benefits of FDI.
China’s Economic Miracle Under A Macro Economic Viewhong_nona
This is my MBA Business Economic project addressing China’s robust economic growth from a top-10 global economy to the top 3-global economy in 10 years in-row.
Even if the economic outlook for Latin America shows a relatively positive picture for the coming years it is important to know that the General Regional Economic Forecast was trimmed from 4.2% to a 3.9%, by the FMI.
Session 4 Youth Unemployment China Presentationwbeap
The document summarizes challenges around youth unemployment in China and proposes a 4E strategy to address it: Employment Creation, Entrepreneurship, Employability, and Equal Opportunity. It outlines specific government programs and policies to promote each element of the strategy. Priority groups are college graduates and rural migrant youth. The All-China Youth Federation plays a key role in coordinating efforts through its large network across China. Future plans include advocating for a national youth employment policy and expanding programs to promote entrepreneurship and international cooperation.
Peru has experienced strong and stable economic growth over the past 16 years, with an average annual growth of 5.1% and total GDP growth of 121%. It has developed into a true economic success story and is now considered one of the leading emerging markets. Peru has a solid macroeconomic framework supported by consistent policies and management of public finances, debt, and fiscal balances. Major factors driving growth include mining, infrastructure projects, a growing middle class, and developing industries like agriculture and tourism. Peru offers attractive conditions for foreign investment including political stability, respect for private property, low inflation, and a supportive legal framework.
An Analysis of Constraints to Economic and Trade Cooperation between the Chin...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The constraints in the economic and trade cooperation of the China-Africa community of shared future that cannot neglect. The main constraints to the development of China-Africa economic cooperation include the imbalance of China-Africa economic and trade, the unitary commodity structure, and competition in the international market. There are differences in the political and legal values between China and Africa. Western developed countries restrict and exclude the economic cooperation between the Chinese and African communities, fabricate the China threat theory, and seek energy and political interests to disrupt the smooth development of China-Africa economic and trade cooperation.
This document discusses economic development in developing countries. It provides characteristics of developing countries such as low per capita income, shortage of capital, underutilization of natural resources, high population growth rate, weak infrastructure, political instability, high illiteracy, poor health, and heavy reliance on foreign aid and debt.
It also discusses the "vicious circle of poverty", where low incomes lead to low savings and investment, which further decreases productivity and incomes. This perpetuates a cycle of poverty. Several measures to break this cycle are proposed, such as optimizing resource use, promoting savings, increasing skills and education, attracting foreign investment, and using foreign aid effectively.
Finally, the document analyzes different methods to
Mexico has one of the largest economies in the world, with GDP largely comprised of household consumption and government spending. Inflation has been low and stable in recent years. Mexico ranks 39th in ease of doing business, with corporate taxes at 30% from 2010-2014. Foreign direct investment and trade have grown steadily, with the US as the largest trading partner. India and Mexico have sought to increase bilateral trade and investment through agreements like a 2007 memorandum of understanding.
This document discusses Pakistan's response to and challenges from the COVID-19 pandemic. It notes that Pakistan's economy is projected to contract by 1.5% in 2020 due to lockdown measures affecting jobs and businesses. Pakistan's response has included expanding social safety nets, loans for small businesses, and stimulus for the construction sector. Key challenges include relaxing lockdowns safely, increasing healthcare capacity as cases rise, and ensuring social programs reach all in need. The document argues Pakistan must enhance domestic resource mobilization to finance COVID response and recovery given constraints on foreign aid.
2019 Election| World Economy| Slow Growth| Canada| July 2019paul young cpa, cga
The document discusses issues facing Canada's slowing economic growth and potential solutions. It analyzes GDP trends, key industries, employment, exports and other factors. The economic advisory council is proposing ideas like increasing immigration, retraining workers, and public-private infrastructure projects to boost growth. However, there are no easy fixes as many interconnected challenges contribute to slow growth. The government will need to pursue pro-business policies while balancing the budget to create an environment where new industries and jobs can thrive.
Final project unlocking investment & finance in emerging markets and develo...Damian Attah
National Financing Strategy for Nigeria to Access Additional Sources of Finance for its Development
Nigeria requires an estimated $3 trillion by 2044 to meet its infrastructure needs but generates only $16.55 billion in annual revenue, leaving a large financing gap. The strategy proposes leveraging development partners and private investment through public-private partnerships. It recommends reforms like tax increases, export diversification, and transparency to boost domestic resources and attract foreign financing. Nigeria will work with multilateral banks by strengthening private-public collaboration, issuing sovereign bonds, improving resource mobilization and governance, and integrating sustainability into its financial system to address barriers to accessing funds.
Re-Engineering the fiscal Budget of PakistanWaqas Siddiqui
The National Budgeting process of Pakistan fails to entertain and cater the national aspiration of the fiscal demands and people, hence severely disappoint year by year the people and the institutions of country every time. To fill this , this paper considers a number of Problem areas in Budgeting Policies, Processes, and Priorities along with concise yet clear indicative studies.
Economy of the philippines and it's neighborsVictoria Rock
The document compares the economies of the Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia. It provides key economic statistics for each country such as GDP, GDP growth rates, inflation rates, and economic sector breakdowns. The largest economic sectors for the Philippines are services and manufacturing. Malaysia and Indonesia also rely heavily on manufacturing and have significant agriculture sectors focused on commodities like palm oil and rubber. All three countries face challenges from economic instability and natural disasters but are working to improve their economic situations.
This document provides an overview of the 2010 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Trade and Development Report. It summarizes that while the global economic recovery remains fragile, developing countries are leading the recovery due to strong countercyclical policies. However, developed countries' recoveries are uneven, with the US recovering domestic demand faster than Germany and Japan which rely more on exports. The recovery in Europe remains weak, and a shift toward fiscal austerity there could risk a double-dip recession. Coordinated global efforts are still needed to rebalance demand and prevent a resurgence of imbalances.
China has experienced phenomenal economic development over the last 30 years through an approach of scale, speed, and low cost. It has rapidly built up huge industrial capacities, infrastructure networks like highways and airports, and power generation capabilities. Decision making and implementation are very quick due to a single political party system and emphasis on execution without questioning. This fast growth has made China the world's second largest economy and third largest trading nation.
This report summarizes the findings and policy recommendations from discussions on building an inclusive, resilient and sustainable economy for Pakistan. It suggests short-term measures to maintain macroeconomic stability through prudent fiscal and monetary policies. Long-term recommendations include promoting inclusive growth through improving agricultural productivity, supporting manufacturing competitiveness, and fiscal and trade reforms. Specific policies are proposed to strengthen key sectors like energy, labour markets, women's empowerment, and tourism. The overall goal is an economy that achieves sustainable development and improves living standards.
The document discusses the relationship between economic growth and economic development. It defines development as a dynamic and progressive process, while defining growth as the result of development. It outlines several factors that influence development, including reducing poverty, unemployment, illiteracy, and inequality. Economic development aims to improve living standards and expand economic and social choices. Key elements that drive development are human resources, natural resources, capital formation, and technological innovation.
The document discusses underdeveloped economies around the world. It begins by defining an underdeveloped economy as having low living standards, high poverty, low income, poor health services, and reliance on foreign aid. It then compares developed and underdeveloped economies, noting that underdeveloped economies typically have lower income, more poverty, reliance on agriculture, and underutilized resources.
The document goes on to list the top 10 most underdeveloped economies by region, including countries in Asia like North Korea, Nepal, and Pakistan. It provides details on the economic conditions of Pakistan, Nepal, Moldova, and Ukraine, highlighting factors contributing to their underdevelopment such as political instability, corruption, lack of industrialization, and difficulties transitioning to a
Developing the Nigeria Manufacturing sector is a route to opening up a new frontier for the expansion of trade, productivity & competitiveness
• Currently, Industrial capacity is very low with critical industries within the real sector performing below expectations
• The contribution of manufacturing to Nigeria’s GDP is less than 10%
• This is very sad given the fact that retail and wholesale trade are growing at a very fast rate
• And given the fact that Agriculture account for almost 24% of Nigeria’s GDP, there are indications that if a proper framework is put in place, Nigeria’s manufacturing can begin to witness phenomenal growth
• Part of the factors that will help shore up local production and reduce the cost of doing business in Nigeria are:
• The Power Sector reforms - this needs to be fine-tuned
• The strengthening of a policy framework which removes double taxation and encourages investment in the vertical integration of primary sector, Agriculture to secondary sector, production
• Such policies must be backed with the right fiscal policies which give a measure of comfort to infant industry against global competition
City brands index 2011.101311.bod.presentationjoemacnichol
This document summarizes the results of a 2011 study that measured the image and brand strength of 50 major cities across 10 countries. Philadelphia ranked 24th overall. It scored highest in potential (12th) due to strong ratings for job and education opportunities. Pre-requisites, pulse, and people were also relatively strong areas for Philadelphia. However, it ranked lowest in presence (29th) and place (28th) due to weak ratings for buildings, cleanliness, and climate. American respondents viewed Philadelphia more positively than global citizens, ranking it ahead of other US cities. The study highlights both Philadelphia's reputational assets like history and education, as well as challenges like safety, business environment, and cleanliness.
This document discusses foreign direct investment (FDI) in Africa. It defines FDI and outlines the two main forms it takes - greenfield investments that create new assets, and mergers and acquisitions that involve transferring ownership of existing assets. The document notes that most FDI in Africa has been through acquisitions rather than new investments. It also discusses why African countries view attracting FDI as important for economic development, highlighting their efforts to provide incentives and promote investment. However, it cautions that the costs and benefits of FDI depend on whether it is greenfield or acquisitions. The document concludes by recommending African countries implement policies to maximize the benefits of FDI.
Bologna City Branding: How to Create a Generative LogoRoberto Grandi
The competition among cities and territories increases globally and is mainly manifested in the increasing necessity to clearly define the identificational features and positioning of cities and territories with the objective of constructing a territorial brand able to attain greater visibility, to increase the capacity for attraction and to improve the perceived image through a plurality of planning and communication actions.
Analysis of the perception of Bologna’s image at a local, national and international level was in fact the first phase of the process of construction of the identity of the city.
This phase developed through different types of researches.
A research with a questionnaire to a sample constituted by visitors to Bologna in the last ten years.
A second research summed up the results of preceding researches on the perception of Bologna by residents.
A third investigation used the knowledge mining technology to make a Grammatical, Logical, Semantic and Sentiment analysis of the 20,000 or so posts on the web containing the word “Bologna.” This analysis made it possible to identify how this perception influenced the reputation of the city of Bologna on the Web.
seven focus .
Caroamicotiinvito: an online contest
The indications deriving from these researches were taken as a guide for addressing the subsequent repositioning of the city enacted in the second phase of the process of city branding.
The transition to the second phase was characterized by the identification of the logo and the identificational concept of the Bologna brand on the basis of the results of the research in the first phase, summed up in the briefing that orientated the International Contest for the logo and payoff of the city of Bologna
In the briefing there emerged the indication of the city as a “real city” with a contemporary, vital and experimental image, not a historicized and museum one but one in which the visitor does not feel treated like a tourist, and instead is put in a condition to have a personal experience not enclosed in forced pathways, but inspired by his or her curiosity to discover this “hidden jewel” through open expressive codes that can be customized. The desire is expressed to identify a logo and concept able to arouse in people curiosity and the desire to come to Bologna because this is an open, innovative and welcoming city in which it is possible to have experiences and authentic emotions according to one’s own inspirations.
The graphic project that won among the 504 proposals from various countries was done by Matteo Bartoli and Michele Pastore.
Bartoli and Pastore designed a system of writing replacing the graphemes of the Latin alphabet, of abstract characterising signs. There was thus designed a new alphabet of geometric signs, based on five signs to be found in the tangible historical memories of the city of Bologna. The first generative logo!!!
From Selling the City to City Branding. A Critical PerspectivePrivate
Lecture on city branding at the University of Groningen, The Netherlands by Eduardo Oliveira.
"Cities and mega-cities, rather than countries, are increasingly becoming the principal protagonists between geographical regions. The competition between cities to establish their credentials as the best choice for prospective visitors, investors, business, students and talented people will intensify as places focus on how to convey their competitive edge and relevance" (Baker, 2011).
This document discusses nation branding and its value. It summarizes that in today's globalized world, nations must compete for attention, resources, and talent. Nation branding involves reducing a country's complexities into simple stereotypes to better manage its global image. While nation branding aims to attract investment, tourism, and talent, some argue invented nation brands do not truly reflect a people. The document questions who has the right to brand a nation and examines Canada's experience with its national symbol and brand awareness over 30 years of use.
This document summarizes key aspects of nation branding for Australia and Thailand. It discusses how countries establish a national brand through symbols, culture, governance, exports, tourism, immigration/investment to differentiate themselves and compete for attention, resources and influence globally. Specific examples provided for Australia include using sports like the Olympics and promoting tourism through campaigns. Thailand's efforts to host the Southeast Asian Games and modernize its sports brand are also examined. The document evaluates whether Australia and Thailand currently have strong, neutral or weak national brands.
City Branding: The case of Stockholm (Sweden).SmartCitiesTeam
Stockholm's City Branding.
AthensCoCreation BrandingProject
Panteion University Of Social And Political Sciences
Department of Communication, Media and Culture
MA in Cultural Management
Course: Cultural Marketing and Communication
Course Instructor: Betty Tsakarestou, Assistant Professor and Head of Advertising and Public Relations Lab
Every bustling city with global attraction has many functions and deals with many stakeholders. It’s a lot more complex to define and manage a city brand than a product brand. But if you take the right steps at the right moment and have a bit of luck at your side, you might end up with something similarly comprehensive and cohesive as the Amsterdam city brand. This presentation tells the story of how Amsterdam became an international showcase example for city branding.
City branding and smart city. How do these two work together at the example of Lyon?
AthensCoCreation BrandingProject
Panteion University Of Social And Political Sciences
Department of Communication, Media and Culture
MA in Cultural Management
Course: Cultural Marketing and Communication
Course Instructor: Betty Tsakarestou, Assistant Professor and Head of Advertising and Public Relations Lab
Through a couple of branding workshops in combination with desk research we have developed the narrative of The Hague City. Based on the narrative we have created an inspiring brand promise that has been translated into adaptations of the visual language of The Hague showing more emotion and pleasure. The main goal is to attract more tourists and business people to the city in the coming years through engaging and attractive campaigns and promotions.
A presentation held by ms Margareta Irenaus, Pwc, at the seminar "Are attractive cities also sustainable?" at Global Utmaning on the 15th of October 2012.
A presentation held by Ms Mia Wahlström, Thyréns, at the seminar "Are attractive cities also sustainable?", at Global Utmaning on the 15th of October 2012
Zimbabwe faces challenges to its economic development including high public debt, the need to clear arrears with international creditors to resume development financing, and effects of drought and currency fluctuations. To address these challenges, Zimbabwe must mobilize domestic resources through improving tax administration and capturing revenue from informal sectors, cut public spending, attract private investment by improving the business environment and enabling policies, and access climate finance for projects. With effective domestic resource mobilization, public sector efficiency, and an enabling business climate, Zimbabwe can boost its economy.
Investment windows in Post Conflict Sierra LeoneJadesola Bello
This document discusses opportunities for economic development in Sierra Leone through investment in infrastructure such as electricity, transportation, and agriculture. It notes that Sierra Leone has significant infrastructure gaps and high youth unemployment that could be addressed through public-private partnerships utilizing the Private Sector Window of the International Development Association. Specific projects mentioned include expanding electricity generation capacity, improving transportation and logistics, developing agribusiness, and leveraging tourism potential. Overall the document argues that infrastructure investment could catalyze economic growth and job creation in Sierra Leone.
The document summarizes Egypt's economic progress over the past 6 months under an interim government. It describes how the economy was in dire straits on June 30th, 2013 but is now more stable. The government implemented an economic program with 3 pillars: 1) Measures to reduce costs for citizens, farmers and students. 2) Stimulating the economy through increased public investment. 3) Legal and institutional reforms. Key achievements include securing basic supplies, spending over EGP 11 billion on infrastructure projects, and a second stimulus package for housing, schools and transportation.
This presentation elaborates the economic crisis in Sri Lanka. It explains the causes of economic instability in Sri Lanka and the factors worsening it. Such miserable economic situation is presenting valuable lessons for other sister asian countries to counter their economic instability. Pakistan, a sister country of Sri Lanka is facing severe political and economic instability these days. Pakistan is learning from the Sri Lankan economic situation and tending to improve its economy but the extreme political instability is hurdling and exacerbating the economic crisis. However, policies are underway to counter the economic crisis and more probably Pakistan will escape the Sri Lankan experience.
Trevor Manuel is not worried about union opposition to the National Development Plan because:
1) The plan was developed through extensive research to identify South Africa's challenges and propose evidence-based solutions, setting it apart from previous policy approaches.
2) An evidence-based approach prioritizes monitoring and evaluating policies over time to test what interventions are working and what could work better, rather than relying on ideology.
3) This focus on empirical evidence and results is meant to build consensus across different stakeholders in South Africa, including unions, by focusing on what improves lives rather than political positions.
This document outlines the strategic action plan of the Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in India. It discusses the context and role of MSMEs in India's economy. It then outlines the ministry's vision to support a vibrant MSME sector. The document assesses the current situation of MSMEs, including external factors impacting them, key stakeholders, and strengths and weaknesses of the sector. It identifies areas for the ministry to focus on in order to better promote the growth and development of MSMEs in India.
This strategic action plan summarizes the context, vision, mission, objectives and functions of India's Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises. The MSME sector contributes significantly to India's GDP, exports, manufacturing output and employment. However, MSMEs face challenges including lack of access to credit, technology and markets. The Ministry's vision is for a vibrant and growing MSME sector graduating into larger enterprises. Its mission is to promote MSME growth by removing roadblocks and supporting entrepreneurship. Key functions include skill development, credit facilitation, competitiveness improvement and marketing support.
This document discusses factors affecting Nepal's economic development. It identifies both economic factors such as natural resources, infrastructure, agriculture and industry development, monetary and fiscal policy, as well as non-economic factors including human resources, public administration, entrepreneurship, technology, geographical conditions, and social values and attitudes. Some key constraints to Nepal's development mentioned are underutilization of natural resources, low capital formation and savings rates, a small domestic market, inadequate infrastructure, lack of industrial and agricultural modernization, and weaknesses in education and vocational training systems. Overall the document analyzes how a variety of interconnected economic and non-economic factors influence a country's development process.
Dr Dev Kambhampati | Doing Business in Mozambique - 2014 Country Commercial G...Dr Dev Kambhampati
This document provides an overview and guidance for doing business in Mozambique. It discusses Mozambique's growing but challenging economy, opportunities in sectors like natural resources, infrastructure, and agriculture, and strategies for market entry. Key recommendations include using agents to navigate bureaucracy, establishing a local office, partnering with local companies, and attending the annual FACIM trade fair to build connections and promote products and services. Political stability, improving governance, and developing human and physical infrastructure are important for attracting further foreign investment and realizing Mozambique's economic potential.
Slide deck for the Public Lecture by Deshal de Mel on "What's wrong with the Sri Lankan Economy". #1 talk from a series of talks hosted by the Advocata Institute.
This document discusses rural development policies and strategies in Ethiopia. It outlines that Ethiopia has a large agricultural sector constrained by low productivity and incomes. A key strategy adopted was Agricultural Development Led Industrialization (ADLI), which aimed to boost agricultural output and productivity to serve as an engine for industrialization and overall economic growth. The goals of rural development policies included enhancing smallholder farmers, ensuring food security, developing infrastructure and basic services, and promoting non-farm enterprises. Government intervention was needed due to issues like income inequality, poverty, and the small and unorganized nature of rural enterprises.
Africa experienced strong economic growth prior to the global financial crisis, but growth has not benefited all groups equally. Inequality remains in access to education, health, jobs, and economic opportunity despite reforms. For growth to reduce poverty, it must be inclusive and shared by all actors in society. Key barriers to inclusive growth include ineffective governance, lack of economic diversification, lack integration, and an unsupportive environment for business. The African Development Bank aims to promote inclusive growth through initiatives in agriculture, integration, human development, governance, and climate change.
Economic transformation in africa drivers, challenges and optionsDr Lendy Spires
This document discusses economic transformation in Africa and the challenges to promoting transformation. It defines economic transformation as a process involving a declining share of agriculture, rural to urban migration, rising modern industry and services, and demographic transition. The key challenges to transformation in Africa include weak economic management, limited policy space, trade barriers, low investment in infrastructure and human capital, and the dominance of agriculture and commodity exports. The document argues that addressing these challenges through policies and investments is necessary for Africa to diversify its economies, promote inclusive growth, and achieve sustainable development.
South Africa has a population of over 51 million people from diverse cultures and ethnic groups. Africans make up the majority at 79% of the population, while people of color and whites each make up around 9%. The population is growing and became more urbanized in recent decades. South Africa has a stable political system and growing economy, with key industries like mining, manufacturing, and tourism. However, it faces challenges like infrastructure issues, lack of skilled labor, and high unemployment.
Madam Speaker
In A Tale of Two Cities, Charles Dickens opens with:
“It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity… we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way...”
So too is the present time. As a country, we stand at a crossroads. We can choose a path of hope; or a path of despair. We can go directly to Heaven, or as Dickens so politely puts it, we can go the other way.
The document summarizes budgets from Lesotho, Namibia, and Swaziland. Key points:
- Lesotho's budget projects government expenditure to increase 7.6% to M15.4 billion, with M10.4 billion for recurrent spending and M5 billion for capital projects. It aims to reduce reliance on volatile SACU revenue and improve the investment climate.
- Namibia's budget forecasts the deficit to narrow to 5.4% of GDP and GDP growth to average 5%. Government expenditure is set to rise 26.7% to N$60.28 billion, with 79.6% for operational costs.
- The budgets overall aim to diversify revenues amid uncertainty over
The document discusses private equity investment in Africa. It notes that private equity firms seeking exposure to sub-Saharan Africa's high growth markets have been one of the key drivers of M&A activity on the continent over the past five years. According to reports, sub-Saharan Africa attracted $3.2 billion in private equity investment in 2013, up from $1.6 billion in 2012, making Africa the most popular investment destination globally for private equity firms ahead of Brazil, Russia, India and China. The trend of increasing private equity investment flows into Africa is expected to continue gaining momentum in the medium to long term.
The document discusses South Africa's economic history and challenges. It describes the country's economic growth in the 2000s due to fiscal prudence and rising commodity prices. However, since 2012, economic growth has stagnated. The document outlines different economic policies and programs implemented since the end of apartheid, and factors that have hindered growth, including high unemployment, wasteful government spending, and electricity shortages. It stresses the importance for investors to understand these economic challenges and consider diversifying portfolios with offshore investments.
This document discusses opportunities for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Africa to support economic growth and job creation. It notes that while Africa has experienced economic growth in recent years, this growth has largely been driven by commodity exports and has not effectively reduced poverty or inequality. For growth to be more inclusive and sustainable, SMEs will need to play a larger role by diversifying economies, creating jobs, boosting skills development, and improving access to capital, markets, and infrastructure. The document advocates for solutions that support SMEs through skills training, financing, market access, and innovative business models.
Financing for Development: Getting Nigeria out of RecessionLinda Odume
In 2016, the Nigerian economy shrank by 1.5% being its first recession in over 20 years. The country in this circumstance will never be able to address participate in the achieving the sustainable development goals. The brief slide hopes to give a concise option of what the Nigerian government can do to be able to get out recession into the path of economic growth.
Financing for Development: Getting Nigeria out of Recession
BI - SADC 2013 (1)
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Subject Intelligence Brief – Economic Growth Prospects
Date 16 May 2013
Data contained in this brief has been obtained from Business Monitor International
Angola
With an abundance of natural resources, the country has been able to use that to an advantage of
being able to see positive growth over the years 2005-2008. Rich fertility in soil and the favourable
climate conditions conducive for agricultural produce have increased investment opportunities in this
sector/industry. Public investment Infrastructure programmes continue to boost economic
competitiveness. The energy, transportation and construction sectors are all expected to benefit and
improve from the infrastructure programs. The lack of reliable power supply will hamper growth in the
highly energy-intensive manufacturing sector. The country’s electricity infrastructure is largely
inadequate to be able to meet the demands of the economy, thus the government largely welcomes
foreign investment within the energy/power generation sector. Plans are in place by the state to boost
power generation to 7000MW by 2017 – this will be done through the country’s hydropower
generation potential.
As one of the healthiest countries within the region, its labour force poses a positive growth outlook in
the economy.
In achieving good growth levels, there has to be an improvement in human capital and a reform in
the private sector and the financial markets in the country need to be more stringent and deepened.
Botswana
The country has a well-established track record in terms of its prudent economic management
methods. The investments in social services and infrastructure are well vested, such that the
population is at a point of contentment with the political conditions in the country and thus likely to be
very productive. There’s potentially significant international interest in the country because of its good
record in terms of stability. With a welcoming attitude towards foreign investment, the country has
many opportunities, more so recently now that there’s a spur in the privatisation programme. A
continued improvement in the current business environment will further improve Botswana to be an
attractive base for companies that seek to invest in Southern Africa. There’s a stable democracy, low
corruption, investor-friendly laws, legal system that generally upholds commercial rights and the
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government is highly attuned to private enterprise. The government has plans in place to improve
education, infrastructure and health services.
The economy is very much exposed to external factors outside the government’s control – these
could be the downturns in global market conditions, since the country is very much dependent on
global spending (trading). As a landlocked country the economic diversification opportunities are
hampered, thus regional integration will be an impertinent determinant for the country’s growth.
Although the government has reacted positively with its HIV/AIDS policies, there’s still a high level of
prevalence of this pandemic in the population, which could reduce the labour force’s ability to
productive on a global scale.
Concerns are with the skills and development of the labour force in the country, Skill labour still boast
a very short supply. Unemployment is a particular concern among the youth with ages 15-19 at 41.4%
and 34% for ages 20-24, whilst the young age group is much more vulnerable to HIV/AIDS, with the
country’s infection rate at 25%.
Democratic Republic of Congo
One of the richest mineral resourced country, which will see the mining sector flourish over the years.
Besides mining, the agricultural sector will also post robust growth in the country, when it gets much
more stabilised. The government is keen on growing the mining sector, thus looking at ways to
finance infrastructure development in the country.
The country has a lot of dependence on the mining industry so much so that it’s largely the source of
fiscal revenues and accounts for 70% exports, thus making the country very vulnerable to global
swings in commodity prices. Policy uncertainty which hinders investment will deter economic growth,
and recent declining trends in the prices of copper (major export commodity) may not attract
investment. The country’s business environments are not conducive to attract foreign investment.
The presence of the numerous rebel movements in the country which poses a threat to the
government, could likely influence the government institutionalised in the country (due to the citizens
dissatisfaction with the president and cabinet ministers) and will definitely have an impact on the
country’s policies which may very well be strenuous for foreign investors – this decreases the possible
growth in the country’s economy. Structural weaknesses in the Congolese economy and difficult
business environment will result in slow growth in the country. Violence could very well be a
widespread problem in the country if the government continues to fail in its attempts to demonstrate
authority amongst potential rebels.
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Lesotho
Over the medium term Lesotho’s growth will be moderate, underpinned by the good performance of
the mining sector, reconstruction activities (infrastructure) to repair damages caused by floods in
2011. Private sector participation in the economy is challenged by different structural constraints, yet
the sector has a very high potential of alleviating poverty through the creation of employment.
Economic diversification with emphasis in agriculture, industry and mining will help mitigate the
potential risks from the expiration of the WTO concessions (expiration of concessions on textile) and
their impact on the textile industry. Such diversification, together with an improvement in business
environment will attract both domestic investment and Foreign Direct Investment, which will effectively
have a positive impact on economic growth in the med-term. With the private sector being the main
contributor of domestic investment, this further enhances the point that there needs to be an enabling
business environment between private and public sector partnership. Lesotho has a long history of
membership in regional groupings. It is currently a member of the Southern Africa Development
Community (SADC) and Southern African Customs Union (SACU). The country has been very active
in joining new initiatives. Cross border trade plays an important role in improving the social and
economic well-being of border communities by generating employment and incomes to support the
livelihoods of these communities. Cross border trade is sensitive to government policies with respect
to border controls for visa and onerous procedures for customs clearance at the border including
delays due to limited working hours.
Youth unemployment is a critical development challenge in Lesotho. The effort to ease the challenges
of integrating youth into the labour market through the promotion of self-employment led to the
creation of the Youth Employment Promotion Project (YEP). Poverty, which is closely linked to
inequality and unemployment, especially among the youth, and HIV/AIDS will remain the main
challenge to the country’s growth. The country’s competitiveness is largely affected by structural
factors which include high utility costs in particular telecommunications and energy supply shortages.
The overall standard of living is still low. Government is taking measures to improve the efficiency of
the health system. The goal of promoting gender equality and empowerment of women is on track.
Malawi
Malawi’s economic growth has slowed down due to reduced donor inflows which are used by the
government for development, and shortages in essential commodities such as fuel and other inputs in
the manufacturing sector. The government’s new national development plan, the Malawi Growth and
Development Strategy (MGDS II, 2011-2016), identifies nine key priority areas -- Agriculture and Food
Security; Energy, Industrial Development, Mining and Tourism; Transport Infrastructure and the
Nsanje World Inland Port; Public Health, Sanitation, Malaria and HIV and AIDS Management;
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Integrated Rural Development; Education, Science and Technology; Green Belt Irrigation and Water
development; Child and Youth development and Empowerment and; Climate Change Natural
Resources and Environment Management.
The country is making considerable progress in meeting its targets on reducing infant mortality and
combatting HIV, AIDS, Malaria and other diseases. The improvement in the HIV incidence rate
reflects increased awareness of the disease, better reproductive health and child health programs,
improved diagnosis and universal access to treatment. Challenges still remain though with regard to
the high cost of care, shortages of essential supplies and socio-cultural and economic issues.
The prospect is of higher inflation if the government cannot resolve the wider economic problems it
faces. Political context/climate will continue to have an impact on macroeconomic outlook policy
making. Infrastructure limitations, shortages in electricity supply and macroeconomic challenges
continue to slow down growth. Challenges that hinder private sector growth include structural
bottlenecks -- poor infrastructure and inadequate electricity supply -- as well as cumbersome
legislation and weak private sector support institutions
Namibia
With a favourable political risk factor, policy making and implementation is much easier and effective.
The lack of regional or internal security risk, one can be almost certain about the stability of their
investment in the country. Public investment levels are robust, but government has realised that
inward investment and diversification of the economic base is politically important to bring jobs,
expertise and opportunity, thus it is open for foreign investment. With political stability, good economic
management and a welcoming attitude towards foreign investment, the country presents many
investment opportunities, particularly in natural resources. A positive outlook in Namibia is induced by
the government’s long term plan of privatising the state owned companies. As a member of the
Southern African Customs Union, cross-border trade is cost effective, therefore increasing the
potential to trade on a large scale. An improvement in the business environment will make Namibia a
highly favoured country for foreign investment in the Southern Africa region.
Power shortages form a key role in Namibia's electricity market, as domestic energy -generating
capabilities are insufficient to meet demand. The trend in the shortfall of electricity is expected to
continue, and until a new coal-fired power station is completed in 2016 or Kudu Gas, Namibia will
have to continue to turn to expensive energy imports to meet demand.
Overwhelming dominance of the ruling party is likely to reduce government accountability. The labour
unions considerable power in the country, often result in a disruption in production. Significant
population displacement caused by floods, will often lead to unequal social differences, thus inflicting
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all sorts of social difficulties (crime, health, education etc.). Instability in the neighbouring countries,
such as Zimbabwe, will likely increase the number of immigrants in the country which thus poses
further poses a significant impact on social risk.
The country is vulnerable to fluctuating commodity prices, in terms of their energy imports, and also
its major exports.
Tanzania
Tanzania has a reputation as one of the more stable countries in the continent, in terms of its political
systems. With a lot less ethnicity violence, which is prevalent in other countries, living in unity is
achieved and thus a much happier population who contribute positively to the growth of the country.
Unity with other countries in the continent will improve Tanzania’s position in Africa, and thus present
an opportunity for better regional cooperation on economic affairs, which will improve the foreign
affairs. Political stability provides reassurance to foreign investors, especially compared with more
politically volatile neighbours. Several underdeveloped natural resources sector and mining deposits
(gold, diamonds, industrial minerals etc.) make the country an attraction to investors. There’s a
competitive labour force that can be unleashed, if the government can be able to resolve the issue of
basic services and education. Integration with the Eastern African community will provide a large and
attractive market for foreign investors. Tying the country's growth path to the weather is Tanzania's
dependence on hydroelectricity. A sustained drought could cut the electricity supply to the growing
non-agricultural sector, while plentiful rainfall could make power readily available for expanding
operations.
Corruption is a huge problem in the country, with the government reporting that up to 30% of the
budget in the country is lost to graft. The government is reliant on foreign assistance for budget
support, which could easily resort to the government not being able to fulfil their fiscal obligations if
the foreign countries cannot support it anymore (resulting in unhappy citizens). The level of poverty is
high and a large proportion of the population has limited access to education, health and other basic
services. HIV/AIDS is a major threat to Tanzania’s economic future, with about 11% of the adult
population HIV-positive. Estimates show that the country’s GDP could be 15-20% lower by 2015
compared with what it would be without the high infection rate.
Infrastructure bottlenecks in the power sector are a serious constraint to growth and private
investment in Tanzania. Tanzania's power infrastructure has been plagued by inefficiencies and
under-investment for years, both in terms of installed capacity and the transmission and distribution
network. In addition to greater diversification, Tanzania's power sector thus needs a considerable
amount of new investment to meet current and future energy demand; this is expected to grow
rapidly, due to rising population levels and economic growth
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South Africa
Considering the country's high degree of unionisation, the threat of industrial action and disruption to
economic activity is a constant concern. Demands for greater social expenditure and labour
protectionism could undermine South Africa's reform credentials. The country has rich mineral
resources and is the continent's financial hub. The business infrastructure is modern, enabling South
Africa to serve as a financial and business hub of the continent. It has close trading ties with Europe
and can serve as a manufacturing and export hub for both European and Asian markets.
Persistently high levels of poverty have led to political disenfranchisement and the attraction of new
political groupings. Corruption allegations have tainted the party's (the ANC which continues to boast
dominance as the ruling party) image and raised suspicions over its excessive influence over the
judicial system. In terms of land reform, the willing buyer/willing seller principle may be dropped in
order to speed up the process, although a Zimbabwe style 'land grab' (nationalisation) is unlikely –
which if implemented would badly taint the image of the country, and subsequently direct investors
away. South Africa suffers a high prevalence of HIV/AIDS; a nationwide study conducted in 2010
found that 30.2% of pregnant women (aged 15-49) were living with HIV in 2010. This presents social
risks. High levels of HIV/AIDS will reduce long-term growth. Currency volatility over the years has
hampered industry planning. The lack of investment in education under apartheid has left a legacy of
high structural unemployment and poverty, which will take a generation to meaningfully reduce.
HIV/AIDS tends to strike victims during their most economically active years, which will increase
social costs for industry.
Zambia
Economic policy has significantly improved over the last couple of years; key macroeconomic
indicators such as inflation, real GDP growth, fiscal balance and current account balance have
strengthened substantially since 2003. Zambia has large metals reserves and strong potential for
growth in the mining industry. Copper dominates, but the country boasts deposits of iron ore, coal,
uranium and manganese. Investment in key non-mining sectors, especially tourism, has contributed
to high growth. Hydroelectricity accounts for almost all of the electricity generated in Zambia, and this
brings with it considerable risks - particularly in dry years.
Tension between the Zambian population and Chinese investors has risen, with riots and strikes a
frequent occurrence. Corruption remains a major problem, with Transparency International giving the
country a score of only 37 out of 100 in its 2012 Corruption Perceptions Index, ranking the country
88th out of the 176 countries assessed. Zambia is a landlocked country with poor transport
infrastructure, making trade costly and time-consuming. The working population has a low skill base
and high HIV infection.
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Zambia is heavily dependent on its mining sector for foreign income, despite its failed attempts of
diversification. As a result, it remains very vulnerable to the state of the global economy. A major
slowdown in Chinese growth and subdued copper prices could weaken long-term foreign investment
in the country. Single-digit inflation has been difficult to achieve.
Shortfalls in national power supply curtailed copper production in 2007-2008. The impact of irregular
supply has been muted as power demand fell, but this could potentially restrain growth as demand
resurges once again.
Zimbabwe
After more than a decade of economic contraction, Zimbabwe is forecast to register rapid growth over
the coming years. The economy will remain vulnerable over the medium term, given the dependence
on political stability. Any future democratic government will have to welcome foreign investors. The
new government (“shared-power”) is gradually re-engaging with the international development
community. The country has abundant natural resources and a relatively developed whilst dilapidated
infrastructure. Once stabilised, there could be substantial inflows of FDI, particularly from South
Africa. In the future, Zimbabwe’s trade with its neighbours is expected to expand significantly.
Zimbabwe has the potential to have a relatively stable power market, with electricity generating
capacity spread across many sources of power: coal- and oil-fired power stations and hydroelectricity.
The potential for domestic political violence still remains high. Living standards have plummeted and,
according to estimates, unemployment is as high as 80% – meaning that domestic demand is very
weak. Years of underinvestment mean that the country's power stations are now out-dated and
unreliable, meaning power outages are a regular occurrence. Both the public and private sector are
starved of financial resources and this is constraining Zimbabwe’s economic recovery. Government
organs and large segments of business are controlled by politicians and are in a position to disrupt
attempts at reform for some time. Publication of a set of indigenisation laws that require all
businesses to be majority Zimbabwean-owned risks scaring off foreign investors. Many skilled
workers and professionals have emigrated, and an HIV/AIDS infection rate estimated at 25% is
further reducing the skills endowment. There is deep uncertainty about how long the country’s political
woes will persist. As a result, business planning for the future is extremely difficult. More
expropriations and restrictions on commerce are quite possible, with the energy, transport, retail and
mining sectors all possible targets. The business environment will remain challenging due to death of
skills, infrastructure deficiencies etc.