*What is DBMS
*Database System Applications
*The Evolution of a Database
*Drawbacks of File Management System / Purpose of Database Systems
*Advantages of DBMS
*Disadvantages of DBMS
*DBMS Architecture
*types of modules
*Three-Tier and n-Tier Architectures for Web Applications
*different level and types
*Data Abstraction
*Data Independence
*Database State or Snapshot
*Database Schema vs. Database State
*Categories of data models
*Different Users
*Database Languages
*Relational Model
*ER Model
*Object-based model
*Semi-structured data model
1. The document discusses different types of database management systems and data models including DBMS, RDBMS, file systems, and manual systems.
2. It provides brief definitions and examples of each type as well as their advantages and disadvantages.
3. The key database models covered are hierarchical, network, relational, and object-oriented models, with descriptions of their characteristics and how they have evolved over time.
Database Management Systems - Management Information SystemNijaz N
A DBMS is software that:Acts as an interface between application programs and the data files.Helps to reduce data redundancy and eliminate data inconsistency by allowing a central, shared data source
This document provides an overview of database management systems (DBMS). It discusses what a database is and how a DBMS stores data to make it easier to retrieve, manipulate, and produce information. Some key characteristics of a DBMS include using real-world entities to design its architecture, allowing entities and relations to form tables, isolating data from applications, reducing data redundancy, maintaining consistency, supporting query languages, enabling multi-user access, providing multiple views for different users, and following ACID properties to help the database stay healthy in multi-transactional environments. The document also notes that DBMS users have different rights and permissions depending on their purpose.
The document discusses the key components and properties of database management systems (DBMS). It describes the core components as including data models, data structures, query languages, and transaction mechanisms. It notes that transaction mechanisms provide ACID properties like atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability. The document also outlines important properties of databases like data sharing, data integration, data security, data abstraction, and data independence.
This document discusses the key components of a database system including applications, file systems, data views, query processors, users and administrators, data languages, transaction management, and storage managers. It provides examples of common database applications and describes how data is abstracted at the physical, logical, and view levels. It also explains the roles of DDL, DML, transactions, and storage managers in database design and management.
Database management system is a computer software system that has been designed to manage databases, Oracle, DB2, Microsoft Access among others are examples of DBMS.
For more such innovative content on management studies, join WeSchool PGDM-DLP Program: http://bit.ly/ZEcPAc
A database management system (DBMS) is software that allows for the creation, management, and use of databases. A DBMS provides users and administrators with various tools and applications to store, organize, and access data. It allows for data to be easily retrieved, filtered, sorted, and updated efficiently. Some key components of a DBMS include the database users, the data itself, software and procedures, hardware, and database access languages. DBMSs are widely used in applications such as banking, universities, e-commerce, and more.
1. The document discusses different types of database management systems and data models including DBMS, RDBMS, file systems, and manual systems.
2. It provides brief definitions and examples of each type as well as their advantages and disadvantages.
3. The key database models covered are hierarchical, network, relational, and object-oriented models, with descriptions of their characteristics and how they have evolved over time.
Database Management Systems - Management Information SystemNijaz N
A DBMS is software that:Acts as an interface between application programs and the data files.Helps to reduce data redundancy and eliminate data inconsistency by allowing a central, shared data source
This document provides an overview of database management systems (DBMS). It discusses what a database is and how a DBMS stores data to make it easier to retrieve, manipulate, and produce information. Some key characteristics of a DBMS include using real-world entities to design its architecture, allowing entities and relations to form tables, isolating data from applications, reducing data redundancy, maintaining consistency, supporting query languages, enabling multi-user access, providing multiple views for different users, and following ACID properties to help the database stay healthy in multi-transactional environments. The document also notes that DBMS users have different rights and permissions depending on their purpose.
The document discusses the key components and properties of database management systems (DBMS). It describes the core components as including data models, data structures, query languages, and transaction mechanisms. It notes that transaction mechanisms provide ACID properties like atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability. The document also outlines important properties of databases like data sharing, data integration, data security, data abstraction, and data independence.
This document discusses the key components of a database system including applications, file systems, data views, query processors, users and administrators, data languages, transaction management, and storage managers. It provides examples of common database applications and describes how data is abstracted at the physical, logical, and view levels. It also explains the roles of DDL, DML, transactions, and storage managers in database design and management.
Database management system is a computer software system that has been designed to manage databases, Oracle, DB2, Microsoft Access among others are examples of DBMS.
For more such innovative content on management studies, join WeSchool PGDM-DLP Program: http://bit.ly/ZEcPAc
A database management system (DBMS) is software that allows for the creation, management, and use of databases. A DBMS provides users and administrators with various tools and applications to store, organize, and access data. It allows for data to be easily retrieved, filtered, sorted, and updated efficiently. Some key components of a DBMS include the database users, the data itself, software and procedures, hardware, and database access languages. DBMSs are widely used in applications such as banking, universities, e-commerce, and more.
This chapter introduces database systems and their advantages over traditional file systems. It discusses the components of a database system including the database, database management system (DBMS), and their roles in data storage and access. Databases have evolved from file systems to address issues like data redundancy, inconsistency, and dependence on structure and storage characteristics. The chapter outlines different types of databases and the importance of database design. It provides examples of problems in traditional file system data management to illustrate improvements made by modern database systems.
Introduction - Flat File System, DBMS, When RDBMS Came
Codd design who is started using- tech behind design
Future of RDBMS technology, conclusion
Physical architecture of SQL Server
Features of SQL Server
It includes:
Introduction to Database Management System
DBMS vs File System
View of data
Data models
Database Languages: DML, DDL
Database users and administrators
Transaction Management
Database System Structure
Application architectures
This document provides an overview of an introductory database course, including information about the instructors, schedule, topics to be covered, expectations for student conduct, and how to succeed in the course. The topics that will be covered include database fundamentals, the database development process, conceptual and logical data modeling, physical database design, implementation with SQL, and an advanced topic. Students are expected to attend lectures and labs, be punctual, not distract others, and are advised to attend lectures, read the textbook, review materials, and ask questions.
Mca ii-dbms- u-i-introductory concepts of dbmsRai University
This document provides an introduction to database management systems (DBMS). It defines what a database and DBMS are, and describes some key characteristics like controlling redundancy, supporting multiple views, and allowing data sharing. Examples of database applications are provided, ranging from small lists to large systems like Amazon and the IRS. The roles of different actors who interact with the database, like administrators, designers, and end users, are outlined. Finally, some advantages of using a DBMS over file processing are discussed, such as restricting unauthorized access and providing storage structures for efficient querying.
This document discusses the concepts of database systems and data modeling. It covers topics like the Entity-Relationship model and Enhanced Entity-Relationship model. Specialization and generalization concepts are also introduced. The document provides objectives, outcomes and topics to be covered in the database systems unit, including data models, database design, ER modeling and EER modeling.
The document discusses Amrapali Institute and provides an overview of its database management system course, including:
- The purpose of a database system and advantages of using a DBMS.
- Key concepts covered in the course like data manipulation languages, SQL, data models, database administrators, and database users.
- Examples of database applications in various domains like banking, airlines, universities, sales, manufacturing, and human resources.
- The role of the database administrator in coordinating the database system and defining the schema and user access permissions.
The document discusses databases and database applications. It defines a database as a collection of organized data that can be easily accessed and managed. A database management system (DBMS) is software that allows users to create, retrieve, update and manage this data. Examples of popular DBMS software include Microsoft SQL Server, MySQL, and Oracle. Database applications are computer programs designed to efficiently collect, manage and share information from a database. Common examples of database applications mentioned are library systems, airline reservation systems, and content management systems for websites.
Chapter 01 Fundamental of Database Management System (DBMS)Abdurehman Mahmud
This is an introduction to a fundamental database management system lecture Note. If it interests you please comment me and I will do it for the next chapters.... thanks a lot!!
The document discusses the advantages of database systems including data consistency, better data security, faster application development, economy of scale, better concurrency control, and better backup and recovery procedures. It also discusses the costs associated with database systems and different types of database users such as application programmers, end users including naive and sophisticated users, and database administrators.
This document provides an overview of key database concepts, including:
- Types of databases and database management systems (DBMS) functions
- Data models like relational, hierarchical, and object-oriented
- The three-schema architecture with conceptual, internal, and external schemas
- Languages used to define and manipulate database structures and data
- Centralized and client-server database system architectures
The document provides an overview of databases and their advantages over traditional file systems. It discusses key database concepts like data hierarchy, entities and attributes, database models, and components. The main points are:
- Databases organize related data centrally for efficient data sharing and management, avoiding data duplication found in file systems.
- Key concepts include data hierarchy, database components, architecture with three logical levels, and entity-attribute modeling.
- Popular database models include hierarchical, network, and relational models, with relational being most common today.
- Database languages like DDL and DML manipulate and query the database, while the data dictionary documents the stored data.
The document provides an introduction to database management systems and their components. It discusses that a database is a collection of related data representing some aspect of the real world. A database management system (DBMS) allows users to define, construct, manipulate and share databases. The key functions of a DBMS include data definition, data storage, data manipulation such as querying and updating, and sharing data among multiple users. The document also provides examples of database systems and their typical components such as utilities, tools, and centralized and client/server architectures.
The document provides an overview of example databases and database concepts. It discusses example databases from universities, banks, airlines, genetics research, and online bookstores. It also defines key database terminology like database, database management system, application programs, and client/server architecture. The basic data models and how to query, insert, update and retrieve data from databases is also summarized.
The document discusses database concepts including:
1. The relationship between data and information and how computers process data into meaningful information.
2. What a database is and how it allows users to organize, access, and use data through database management systems.
3. The process of conceptual and physical database design including entity-relationship modeling and normalization.
This chapter discusses database management and describes key concepts. It explains that data must be organized and processed to become useful information. Various techniques are presented for maintaining high quality data, including adding, changing, deleting records, and validating data. The chapter differentiates between a file processing system and database approach, describing how databases reduce redundancy and improve access. It also outlines the functions of database management systems and characteristics of different database types like relational, object-oriented and multidimensional. Finally, the roles of database analysts, administrators and users are discussed.
The document presents on database management systems. It defines a database as a collection of programs that stores and extracts information. It then gives examples of database applications and discusses the steps in database design such as requirements analysis and conceptual modeling. Several functions of database management systems are outlined including data storage, security, and transaction management. The roles and benefits of DBMS are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of database management systems (DBMS). It discusses the history and components of DBMS, including how they were developed to address limitations of earlier file-based data management systems by providing data independence, efficient access, integrity, security, concurrent access and recovery from crashes. The document also covers DBMS concepts such as data definition and manipulation languages, database administration, types of users and databases, and advantages and disadvantages of DBMS.
CP 121 introduces database systems. The lecture covers file-based systems, the database approach, common database uses, users, DBMS components and functions, and advantages and disadvantages of databases. Key points include: File-based systems are limited but the database approach offers data sharing and consistency. A DBMS manages data storage, transactions, integrity, security and more. Database users include administrators, designers, developers and end users who access data through applications.
Unit 1: Introduction to DBMS Unit 1 CompleteRaj vardhan
This document discusses database management systems (DBMS) and their advantages over traditional file-based data storage. It describes the key components of a DBMS, including the hardware, software, data, procedures, and users. It also explains the three levels of abstraction in a DBMS - the physical level, logical level, and view level - and how they provide data independence. Finally, it provides an overview of different data models like hierarchical, network, and relational models.
This document discusses database management systems (DBMS) and their components. It describes DBMS as a set of programs that allow for the storage and retrieval of data. It then discusses the key components of a DBMS including the physical, logical, and view levels of abstraction, data models, data independence, data definition and manipulation languages like SQL, and the roles of database administrators and users. The document provides an overview of the architecture and design of database systems.
This chapter introduces database systems and their advantages over traditional file systems. It discusses the components of a database system including the database, database management system (DBMS), and their roles in data storage and access. Databases have evolved from file systems to address issues like data redundancy, inconsistency, and dependence on structure and storage characteristics. The chapter outlines different types of databases and the importance of database design. It provides examples of problems in traditional file system data management to illustrate improvements made by modern database systems.
Introduction - Flat File System, DBMS, When RDBMS Came
Codd design who is started using- tech behind design
Future of RDBMS technology, conclusion
Physical architecture of SQL Server
Features of SQL Server
It includes:
Introduction to Database Management System
DBMS vs File System
View of data
Data models
Database Languages: DML, DDL
Database users and administrators
Transaction Management
Database System Structure
Application architectures
This document provides an overview of an introductory database course, including information about the instructors, schedule, topics to be covered, expectations for student conduct, and how to succeed in the course. The topics that will be covered include database fundamentals, the database development process, conceptual and logical data modeling, physical database design, implementation with SQL, and an advanced topic. Students are expected to attend lectures and labs, be punctual, not distract others, and are advised to attend lectures, read the textbook, review materials, and ask questions.
Mca ii-dbms- u-i-introductory concepts of dbmsRai University
This document provides an introduction to database management systems (DBMS). It defines what a database and DBMS are, and describes some key characteristics like controlling redundancy, supporting multiple views, and allowing data sharing. Examples of database applications are provided, ranging from small lists to large systems like Amazon and the IRS. The roles of different actors who interact with the database, like administrators, designers, and end users, are outlined. Finally, some advantages of using a DBMS over file processing are discussed, such as restricting unauthorized access and providing storage structures for efficient querying.
This document discusses the concepts of database systems and data modeling. It covers topics like the Entity-Relationship model and Enhanced Entity-Relationship model. Specialization and generalization concepts are also introduced. The document provides objectives, outcomes and topics to be covered in the database systems unit, including data models, database design, ER modeling and EER modeling.
The document discusses Amrapali Institute and provides an overview of its database management system course, including:
- The purpose of a database system and advantages of using a DBMS.
- Key concepts covered in the course like data manipulation languages, SQL, data models, database administrators, and database users.
- Examples of database applications in various domains like banking, airlines, universities, sales, manufacturing, and human resources.
- The role of the database administrator in coordinating the database system and defining the schema and user access permissions.
The document discusses databases and database applications. It defines a database as a collection of organized data that can be easily accessed and managed. A database management system (DBMS) is software that allows users to create, retrieve, update and manage this data. Examples of popular DBMS software include Microsoft SQL Server, MySQL, and Oracle. Database applications are computer programs designed to efficiently collect, manage and share information from a database. Common examples of database applications mentioned are library systems, airline reservation systems, and content management systems for websites.
Chapter 01 Fundamental of Database Management System (DBMS)Abdurehman Mahmud
This is an introduction to a fundamental database management system lecture Note. If it interests you please comment me and I will do it for the next chapters.... thanks a lot!!
The document discusses the advantages of database systems including data consistency, better data security, faster application development, economy of scale, better concurrency control, and better backup and recovery procedures. It also discusses the costs associated with database systems and different types of database users such as application programmers, end users including naive and sophisticated users, and database administrators.
This document provides an overview of key database concepts, including:
- Types of databases and database management systems (DBMS) functions
- Data models like relational, hierarchical, and object-oriented
- The three-schema architecture with conceptual, internal, and external schemas
- Languages used to define and manipulate database structures and data
- Centralized and client-server database system architectures
The document provides an overview of databases and their advantages over traditional file systems. It discusses key database concepts like data hierarchy, entities and attributes, database models, and components. The main points are:
- Databases organize related data centrally for efficient data sharing and management, avoiding data duplication found in file systems.
- Key concepts include data hierarchy, database components, architecture with three logical levels, and entity-attribute modeling.
- Popular database models include hierarchical, network, and relational models, with relational being most common today.
- Database languages like DDL and DML manipulate and query the database, while the data dictionary documents the stored data.
The document provides an introduction to database management systems and their components. It discusses that a database is a collection of related data representing some aspect of the real world. A database management system (DBMS) allows users to define, construct, manipulate and share databases. The key functions of a DBMS include data definition, data storage, data manipulation such as querying and updating, and sharing data among multiple users. The document also provides examples of database systems and their typical components such as utilities, tools, and centralized and client/server architectures.
The document provides an overview of example databases and database concepts. It discusses example databases from universities, banks, airlines, genetics research, and online bookstores. It also defines key database terminology like database, database management system, application programs, and client/server architecture. The basic data models and how to query, insert, update and retrieve data from databases is also summarized.
The document discusses database concepts including:
1. The relationship between data and information and how computers process data into meaningful information.
2. What a database is and how it allows users to organize, access, and use data through database management systems.
3. The process of conceptual and physical database design including entity-relationship modeling and normalization.
This chapter discusses database management and describes key concepts. It explains that data must be organized and processed to become useful information. Various techniques are presented for maintaining high quality data, including adding, changing, deleting records, and validating data. The chapter differentiates between a file processing system and database approach, describing how databases reduce redundancy and improve access. It also outlines the functions of database management systems and characteristics of different database types like relational, object-oriented and multidimensional. Finally, the roles of database analysts, administrators and users are discussed.
The document presents on database management systems. It defines a database as a collection of programs that stores and extracts information. It then gives examples of database applications and discusses the steps in database design such as requirements analysis and conceptual modeling. Several functions of database management systems are outlined including data storage, security, and transaction management. The roles and benefits of DBMS are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of database management systems (DBMS). It discusses the history and components of DBMS, including how they were developed to address limitations of earlier file-based data management systems by providing data independence, efficient access, integrity, security, concurrent access and recovery from crashes. The document also covers DBMS concepts such as data definition and manipulation languages, database administration, types of users and databases, and advantages and disadvantages of DBMS.
CP 121 introduces database systems. The lecture covers file-based systems, the database approach, common database uses, users, DBMS components and functions, and advantages and disadvantages of databases. Key points include: File-based systems are limited but the database approach offers data sharing and consistency. A DBMS manages data storage, transactions, integrity, security and more. Database users include administrators, designers, developers and end users who access data through applications.
Unit 1: Introduction to DBMS Unit 1 CompleteRaj vardhan
This document discusses database management systems (DBMS) and their advantages over traditional file-based data storage. It describes the key components of a DBMS, including the hardware, software, data, procedures, and users. It also explains the three levels of abstraction in a DBMS - the physical level, logical level, and view level - and how they provide data independence. Finally, it provides an overview of different data models like hierarchical, network, and relational models.
This document discusses database management systems (DBMS) and their components. It describes DBMS as a set of programs that allow for the storage and retrieval of data. It then discusses the key components of a DBMS including the physical, logical, and view levels of abstraction, data models, data independence, data definition and manipulation languages like SQL, and the roles of database administrators and users. The document provides an overview of the architecture and design of database systems.
This document provides an overview of database management systems and the entity relationship model. It discusses:
1) The components and purpose of a DBMS including data storage and management, data independence, and concurrent access.
2) Database users including administrators, designers, end users, and application developers.
3) The three schema architecture including the internal, conceptual, and external levels and mappings between them.
4) Entity relationship modeling concepts such as entities, attributes, relationships and constraints which allow conceptualization of data.
The document provides an introduction to database management systems (DBMS) and data modeling. It discusses the evolution of data models from hierarchical and network models to relational and object-oriented models. The relational model introduced tables and relationships between entities. The entity-relationship model uses diagrams to visually represent entities, attributes, and relationships. The object-oriented model treats data and relationships as objects that can contain attributes, methods, and inherit properties from classes.
Attributes are properties or characteristics that describe entities. In the EMPLOYEE entity example, attributes could include:
- Employee ID
- Name
- Date of birth
- Address
- Salary
These attributes describe and provide information about each employee entity instance. Attributes help define and differentiate entity instances from each other.
This document provides an overview of relational database management systems (RDBMS). It defines key terms like database, database management system, and data models. It describes the characteristics of a modern DBMS like using real-world entities, normalization to reduce redundancy, and query languages. The document also outlines the components of a database system including users, applications, the DBMS software, and the database itself. It explains common database architectures like single-tier, two-tier, and three-tier designs. Finally, it introduces some historical data models used in database design like the entity-relationship model, relational model, hierarchical model, and network model.
Database management system lecture notesUTSAHSINGH2
DBMS provide an organized collection of interrelated data stored and retrieved digitally in a computer system. A DBMS uses SQL to allow users to define, create, maintain and control access to the database. It consists of several components including a query processor, data dictionary, runtime database manager and data manager. The three schema architecture separates the logical and physical levels to provide data independence and abstraction.
This document provides an outline for a course on databases and database users. It introduces key concepts about databases including what a database is, database properties, database management systems, actors involved with databases like administrators and designers, advantages of databases over file systems, and common database applications. The outline covers topics that will be taught like introduction to PHP and MySQL, how to code applications with databases, and how to perform common tasks with databases.
This document provides an introduction to database management systems (DBMS). It defines key DBMS concepts like databases, data, schemas, and instances. It describes typical DBMS functionality like defining databases, loading data, querying data, and concurrent access. It introduces data models, DBMS languages, database users, and advantages of the database approach. It also discusses the hierarchical and network data models. The document aims to give an overview of fundamental DBMS concepts and components.
The document provides an overview of database systems and their components. It discusses the purpose of database systems, database languages, data models, database internals including storage management, query processing and transaction management. It also describes different types of database users and the role of the database administrator.
The document discusses different database concepts:
1) A database is a collection of organized data that can be easily retrieved, inserted, and deleted. Database management systems (DBMS) like MySQL and Oracle are software used to manage databases.
2) The two main data models are the relational model, which organizes data into tables and relations, and the object-oriented model, which represents data as objects with properties and methods.
3) DBMS provide advantages like data sharing, backup/recovery, security, and independence between data and applications. However, they also have disadvantages such as higher costs and complexity.
The document discusses database management systems (DBMS). It covers topics such as the introduction to databases, components of a DBMS, and applications of DBMS. It defines a DBMS as a system software used to create and manage databases. A DBMS provides users with tools to define, manipulate, retrieve, and manage data. It also discusses the different types of databases like hierarchical, network, relational, and object-oriented databases.
1. The document discusses the components and overall structure of a database management system (DBMS). It describes the various levels of database architecture including the physical, logical, and external levels.
2. The key components of a DBMS include users, a query processor, storage manager, and data structures. The query processor consists of a DML compiler, DDL interpreter, and query evaluation engine. The storage manager includes modules for authorization, transactions, file management, and buffering.
3. Data models help represent the design of a database and describe entities, attributes, relationships, and constraints. Common models include the entity-relationship model and object-oriented model.
The document discusses databases and database management systems. It provides examples of common database applications like banking, universities, sales, and airlines. It defines what a database is, the role of a database management system, and examples of DBMS software. It also compares the advantages and disadvantages of using a database system versus a traditional file system to store data. Key benefits of a DBMS include supporting complex queries, controlling redundancy and consistency, handling concurrent access from multiple users, and providing security and data recovery.
The document provides an overview of database management systems (DBMS). It defines DBMS as software that creates, organizes, and manages databases. It discusses key DBMS concepts like data models, schemas, instances, and database languages. Components of a database system including users, software, hardware, and data are described. Popular DBMS examples like Oracle, SQL Server, and MS Access are listed along with common applications of DBMS in various industries.
This document discusses database concepts and architecture. It covers data models including conceptual, physical and implementation models. It discusses the history of relational, network and hierarchical data models. It also covers the three-level database architecture including the external, conceptual and internal schemas. The architecture supports logical and physical data independence. The document discusses database languages like DDL and DML and different database interfaces and systems.
This document provides an overview of database management systems (DBMS). It defines DBMS as a software system for creating, organizing, and managing databases. It discusses key DBMS concepts like data, information, data models, database schemas and instances. It also describes common DBMS components, functions of a database administrator, database languages, different database system architectures, advantages and disadvantages of using a DBMS, and examples of popular DBMS software.
01-Database Administration and Management.pdfTOUSEEQHAIDER14
This document provides an introduction and overview of database systems. It discusses the purpose of database systems in addressing issues with file-based data storage like data redundancy, inconsistent data, and difficulty of data access. It also describes database applications, data models, database languages like SQL, database design, database architecture, and the major components of a database system including the storage manager, query processor, and transaction manager.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in database management systems including:
1) It describes the DIKW pyramid which organizes data, information, knowledge, and wisdom.
2) It explains what a database is and the role of a database management system (DBMS) in handling data storage, retrieval, and updates.
3) It provides examples of database systems and languages used including structured query language (SQL) and its components for data definition, manipulation, and control.
The document provides an introduction to database management systems (DBMS). It discusses what a database is and how it differs from traditional file processing systems. Some key points include:
1) A DBMS includes a system catalog that describes the database structure and metadata, allowing for data abstraction and independence between programs and data.
2) A DBMS supports multiple views of the data to suit different user needs. It also allows for sharing and concurrent access to data through transaction processing.
3) Characteristics like data abstraction, independence of programs from data structure/storage details, and enforcement of standards make a DBMS more powerful than file processing systems for managing organizational data.
The document contains a pie chart showing the percentage of students enrolled in different hobby classes at a school with a total student population of 3600. It then provides 5 questions and solutions related to calculating percentages and numbers of students enrolled in different classes based on the data in the pie chart. The questions include calculating percentages of students in one class compared to another, determining the number of students enrolled in a specific class, finding percentages of one class compared to another, determining ratios of enrollment between classes, and calculating total enrollment between two classes.
Simplification and data interpretation tableSurya Swaroop
This document contains a table with the number of books sold (in thousands) by different shops (P, Q, R, S, T) in different years (2001-2005). It also contains 9 questions that require referencing data from the table to solve. The questions include calculating ratios of books sold between shops in a given year, identifying the shop with the maximum total sales across all years, and calculating differences and totals of books sold by shops in specified years.
Environmental engineering textbook - civil engineering
topics-
Quality and Analysis of Water
Treatment of Water
Disinfection
Distribution of Water
Quality and Analysis of Water
water demand and Quantity Estimation
Sources of Water
Collection and Conveyance of Water etc .... more
engineering drawing - Development, METHOD OF Development, development of surfaces of solids, Development of a Right regular cylinder, Development of a Right Rectangular Prism, Truncated Cylinder.
*elasticity, elastic limit, stress, strain, and ultimate strength.
*Write and apply formulas for calculating Young’s modulus, shear modulus, and bulk modulus.
*types of stress
*longitudinal stress and strain
*elastic limit
*modulus of elasticity
*Solve problems involving each of the parameters in the above objectives.
The document is a scanned brochure that provides information about JNTU Fast updates, a website that offers updates and notifications about academic events, timetables, results, and other announcements related to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University. The brochure encourages students to visit the website or sign up for alerts to get important updates from their university.
Design of Columns: Built-up compression members – Design of lacings and battens. Design Principles of Eccentrically loaded columns, Splicing of columns.
INTRODUCTION: Advantages and Disadvantages of Steel structures, Loads and Load
combinations, Design considerations, Limit State Method (LSM) of design, Failure criteria for
steel, Codes, Specifications and section classification.
BOLTED CONNECTIONS: Introduction, Behaviour of Bolted joints, Design strength of
ordinary Black Bolts, Design strength of High Strength Friction Grip bolts (HSFG), Pin
Connections, Simple Connections, Moment resistant connections, Beam to Beam connections,
Beam and Column splices, Semi-rigid connections
Integral Calculus. - Differential Calculus - Integration as an Inverse Process of Differentiation - Methods of Integration - Integration using trigonometric identities - Integrals of Some Particular Functions - rational function - partial fraction - Integration by partial fractions - standard integrals - First and second fundamental theorem of integral calculus
1) The document discusses conditional probability, which is the probability of an event occurring given that another event has already occurred.
2) It provides an example of tossing 3 coins where the probability of getting at least 2 heads given the first coin is tails is calculated.
3) The key aspects of conditional probability are defined, including the formula for calculating conditional probability and some properties like the sum of probabilities of an event and its complement equals 1.
This document outlines the terms and conditions for a home loan agreement between John Doe and ABC Bank. It specifies that John Doe will receive a $200,000 loan at 4% annual interest to purchase a property located at 123 Main St. The loan is to be repaid over 30 years through monthly installments of principal and interest. The document details various rights and responsibilities of both parties regarding late payments, prepayment, and foreclosure.
Concurrency Control
Lock-Based Protocols
Timestamp-Based Protocols
Validation-Based Protocols
Multiple Granularity
Multi-version Schemes
Insert and Delete Operations
Concurrency in Index Structures
database management system
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
subject- database management system (dbms)
topic ppt present-
Transaction Concept
Transaction State
Implementation of Atomicity and Durability
Concurrent Executions
Recoverability
Serializability and schedule also types
ACID Properties
Transaction Operations
The document discusses relational algebra and tuple relational calculus. It describes relational algebra as a procedural query language that uses unary operations like select and project and binary operations like join and union to derive result relations from existing relations. It then explains tuple relational calculus as a nonprocedural query language where queries return tuples satisfying a predicate. Examples of queries using both languages on banking relations are provided to illustrate their usage.
*RDBMS ( Relational Database Management System)
*Network model
*Hierarchical Data Model
*Object-Oriented Model
*Attribute Types
*Relation Instance
*Relations are Unordered
*Database
*E-R Diagram for the Banking Enterprise
*Determining Keys from E-R Sets
The document describes an entity relationship diagram involving faculty, courses, and teaching. It states that faculty can take up to two courses, but some faculty have special duties and may not take courses. A single course can be taught by up to three faculty members.
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(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 2)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
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2. What is DBMS
• Database
– Is a collection of related Data.
– By data, we mean known facts that can be recorded and
that have implicit meaning. For example, consider the
names, telephone numbers, and addresses of the people
you know.
• Database Management System (DBMS)
– Collection of programs that enables users to create and
maintain a database.
– DBMS contains information about a particular enterprise
– Set of programs to access the data
– An environment that is both convenient and efficient to
use.
3. Database System Applications
– Banking: all transactions
– Airlines and Hotel: reservations, schedules
– Universities: registration, grades
– Sales: customers, products, purchases.
– Online retailers: order tracking, customized
recommendations
– Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders, supply chain
– Human resources: employee records, salaries, tax
deductions
4. • IBM DB2
• Microsoft SQL Server
• Oracle
• MySQL
• MariaDB
• PostgreSQL
• SQLite
• Microsoft Access
• SAP HANA
• Dbase
• FoxPro
• LibreOffice Base
• FireMaker Pro
• InterSystems Cache
5. The Evolution of a Database
Sql server 1.0 1987 (with sybase)
sql server 4.2 for window NT 1992 (with sybase)
sql server 6.0 june 1995 Exclusively
sql server 6.5 april 1996
sql server 7.0 december 1998 Sphnix
sql server 2000 august 2000 shiloh
sql server 2005 Yukon (oracle killer)
sql server 2008 august 2008
sql server 2012 2012 denali
7. • what is DBA
– The function of managing and maintaining
database management systems (DBMS)
• Responsibility of DBA ?
– Installation , Configuring, and upgrading
– Maintain Backup & recovery
– Grant and Revoke Access Permissions.
– Maintenance & performance monitoring.
9. Drawbacks of File Management
System / Purpose of Database Systems
– Data redundancy and inconsistency
• Multiple file formats, duplication of information in
different files
– Difficulty in accessing data
• Need to write a new program to carry out each new task
– Data isolation — multiple files and formats
– Integrity problems
• Integrity constraints (e.g. account balance > 0)
• Hard to add new constraints or change existing ones
10. – Atomicity of updates
• Failures may leave database in an inconsistent state with
partial updates carried out
• Example: Transfer of funds from one account to another
should either complete or not happen at all
– Concurrent access by multiple users
• Concurrent accessed needed for performance
• Uncontrolled concurrent accesses can lead to
inconsistencies
– Example: Two people reading a balance and
updating it at the same time
– Security problems
• Hard to provide user access to some, but not all, data
11. Advantages of DBMS
• Controlling Redundancy
• Restricting Unauthorized Access
• Centralized Control
• Backup and Recovery
• Enforcing Integrity Constraints
• Providing Multiple User Interface
• Shared Data
• Representing Complex Relationship among Data
12. Disadvantages of DBMS
• Number of problems are associated with
centralized data.
• Cost of hardware and software
• Complexity of Backup and Recovery
mechanism.
13. DBMS Architecture
• Two Level Architecture
– Client / Server Architecture.
– A standard called Open Database Connectivity
(ODBC) provides an application programming
interface (API), which allows client-side programs to
call the DBMS, as long as both client and server
machines have the necessary software installed.
• Three level Architecture
– The goal is to separate user applications and physical
database
– A major purpose of database system is to provide users
with an abstract view of the data
14. • In a basic client/server DBMS architecture,
two types of modules.
– A client module
• user workstation or personal computer. user interface
and application programs.
– A server module
• Data storage, access, search, and other functions. query
server or transaction server
15. Three-Tier and n-Tier Architectures
for Web Applications
This intermediate layer or middle tier is called the
application server or the Web server,
18. Data Abstraction
• Hiding details of data organization and
storage.
• different users can perceive data at their
preferred level of detail.
19.
20. Mapping
• Process of transforming the request and result
between different level is called as mapping.
– External / conceptual mapping :
– Conceptual / Internal mapping
21. Data Independence
• We can define two types of data independence
– Logical data independence is the capacity to change
the conceptual schema without having to change
external schemas or application programs
– Physical data independence is the capacity to
change the internal schema without having to
change the conceptual schema.
22.
23. Database State or Snapshot
• Actual data in the database may change
frequently
• The data in the database at a particular moment
in time is called a database state or snapshot
• Also called the current set of occurrences or
instances in the database
24. Database Schema vs. Database State
• The distinction is very important
• When we define a database, we specify its database schema
only to the DBMS
– Database state is the empty state (w/ no data)
– Initial state: when the database is first populated or loaded
with initial data
– Current State: State at any point in time. Every time an
update operation is applied to the database, database state
changes
25. • Valid State: A state that satisfies the structure
and the constraints specified in the schema
The DBMS is partly responsible for ensuring that
every state of the database is a valid state
• The schema is sometimes called the intension,
and a database state is called an extension of
the schema
26. Data Models, Schemas, and Instances
• Data model—a collection of concepts that can be
used to describe the structure of a database.
• By structure of a database we mean the data
types, relationships, and constraints that apply to
the data.
– High-level or conceptual data models : users perceive
data. Use concept such as entities, attributes, and
relationships.
– low-level or physical data models: details of how data
is stored.
27. • An entity represents a real-world object or concept.
– such as an employee or a project
• An attribute represents some property of interest
– employee’s name or salary.
• A relationship among two or more entities represents
an association among the entities.
– works-on relationship between an employee and a project.
• Scheme : The description and overall design of a
database is called the database schema.
• Instance : The collection of information stored in the
database at a particular moment is called an instance.
30. DBMS Component Modules
• The top part of the figure refers to the various users of the
database environment and their interfaces.
• The lower part shows the internals of the DBMS
responsible for storage of data and processing of
transactions.
• Access to the disk is controlled primarily by the operating
system (OS), which schedules disk read/write.
• Reducing disk read/write improves performance
considerably.
• Many DBMSs have their own buffer management module
to schedule disk read/write,
• A higher-level stored data manager module of the DBMS
controls access to DBMS information.
31. Different Users
• DBA staff: who define, monitor and Control the
whole Database access and performance.
• Casual users / Sophisticated User: who work with
interactive interfaces to formulate queries.
• Application programmers : who create programs
using some host programming languages.
• Parametric users/ Naive user/ Web user : who do
data entry work by supplying parameters to
predefined transactions.
32. • Storage Data Manager : minimize the movement
of data between the disk and main memory.
– Buffer manager : Fetch data from disk storage into
main memory. And decide what data to cache in main
memory.
– File manager: Manage the allocation of space on disk
storage and data structure used to represent info.
– Authorization and integrity Manager: test for
satisfaction of integrity constraints, and authority of
user to access the data.
– Transaction Manager: ensure that the database
remain in consistent state.
33. • The DDL compiler processes schema definitions and stores descriptions
of the schemas (meta-data) in the DBMS catalog.
• The catalog includes information such as the names and sizes of files,
names and data types of data items, storage details of each file,
mapping information among schemas, and constraints.
• query optimizer is concerned with the rearrangement and possible
reordering of operations, elimination of redundancies, and use of
correct algorithms and indexes during execution.
• Application programmers write programs in host languages such as Java,
C, or C++.
• The Precompiler extracts DML commands from an application program
written in a host programming language.
• These commands are sent to the DML compiler for compilation into
object code for database access.
• The rest of the program is sent to the host language compiler.
• The object codes for the DML commands and the rest of the program
are linked, forming a canned transaction
• Canned transactions are executed repeatedly by parametric users, who
simply supply the parameters to the transactions. Each execution is
considered to be a separate transaction. An example is a bank
withdrawal transaction where the account number and the amount may
be supplied as parameters.
34. • Runtime database processor executes
– (1) the privileged commands, (2) the executable
query plans, and (3) the canned transactions with
runtime parameters. It works with the system
catalog and also works with the stored data
manager.
– The runtime database processor handles other
aspects of data transfer, such as management of
buffers in the main memory.
35. Database Languages
• To perform operations on schema and data.
• DDL : data definition language. Deal with
structure of the database.
• DML : data manipulation language.
• DCL : data control language. Control access to
database.
36. Categories of data models
• Relational Model
• ER Model
• Object based model
• Semi structured data model
37. Representational or implementation
data models
• Entity-Relationship Model
• Relational data model
• Network data model.
• Hierarchical data models.
• Object-Oriented data model.
38. Logical structure (schema) of a
database can be expressed graphically
by an E-R diagram
• Rectangles- which represent entity sets
• Ellipses- which represent attributes
• Diamonds- which represent relationships
among entity sets
• Lines- which link attributes to entity sets and
entity sets to relationships.