A network connects two or more computers together. Networks are classified based on their topology, protocols, and architecture. Common topologies include bus, ring, and star. Protocols like Ethernet and Token Ring define how computers communicate. Architectures are either peer-to-peer or client/server. Devices connect directly in peer-to-peer while clients rely on a central server in a client/server network.
A network interface card (NIC) allows a computer to connect to a network by providing an interface between the computer and the networking medium. A NIC prepares data for transmission on the network, sends it, and controls the flow of data across the network. It has a unique hardware address and provides data transfer, buffering, and error checking functions. Common NIC types include Ethernet and wireless network adapters.
Chapter 1 introduction to computer networksViku1985
The document introduces computer networks and their types, including LAN, CAN, MAN and WAN. It describes client/server configuration and the 7-layer OSI model. It also covers network selection criteria and standards organizations that develop network standards. Case studies provide examples of using different network types in business scenarios.
This document provides an overview of computer networks. It discusses network diagrams, classifications of networks by range including LAN, WAN, PAN and MAN. Common network topologies such as bus, star, ring and mesh are described. The OSI and TCP/IP models are explained. Common network devices, switching technologies, and transmission media are defined. Signal types including analog and digital are also summarized.
TCP and UDP are transport layer protocols that package and deliver data between applications. TCP provides reliable, ordered delivery through connection establishment and packet sequencing. UDP provides faster, unreliable datagram delivery without connections. Common applications using TCP include HTTP, FTP, and SMTP. Common UDP applications include DNS, DHCP, and streaming media.
This document provides an overview of computer network concepts including:
- A computer network allows interconnected computers to share resources and communicate. The first major network was ARPANET funded by the US Department of Defense.
- Networks can be classified by scale, structure, and topology. Examples include LANs, WANs, MANs, and topologies like bus, star, ring, mesh, and tree.
- Network components include nodes, servers, clients, and different types of transmission media like twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, and wireless.
- An internetwork connects two or more networks and includes intranets within organizations and extranets with limited external connections, as well as
The document discusses network interface cards (NICs) and hubs. It provides details on:
- What a NIC is and its purpose of connecting a computer to a network and allowing communication. NICs come in wired and wireless varieties.
- The need for NICs to accommodate differences in processing speeds between computers and networks. NICs handle transmission and reception without requiring constant CPU processing.
- What a hub is and its purpose of connecting multiple devices on a network. Hubs operate at the physical layer and repeat signals to all ports, creating a single collision and broadcast domain.
- The different types of hubs including passive hubs that simply pass signals, active hubs that
The document discusses various types of network servers and their functions. It describes client-server and peer-to-peer network models. It also explains the roles of different servers like file servers, print servers, mail servers, database servers, and more. Network services like DNS, DHCP, and WINS are also summarized.
A network interface card (NIC) allows a computer to connect to a network by providing an interface between the computer and the networking medium. A NIC prepares data for transmission on the network, sends it, and controls the flow of data across the network. It has a unique hardware address and provides data transfer, buffering, and error checking functions. Common NIC types include Ethernet and wireless network adapters.
Chapter 1 introduction to computer networksViku1985
The document introduces computer networks and their types, including LAN, CAN, MAN and WAN. It describes client/server configuration and the 7-layer OSI model. It also covers network selection criteria and standards organizations that develop network standards. Case studies provide examples of using different network types in business scenarios.
This document provides an overview of computer networks. It discusses network diagrams, classifications of networks by range including LAN, WAN, PAN and MAN. Common network topologies such as bus, star, ring and mesh are described. The OSI and TCP/IP models are explained. Common network devices, switching technologies, and transmission media are defined. Signal types including analog and digital are also summarized.
TCP and UDP are transport layer protocols that package and deliver data between applications. TCP provides reliable, ordered delivery through connection establishment and packet sequencing. UDP provides faster, unreliable datagram delivery without connections. Common applications using TCP include HTTP, FTP, and SMTP. Common UDP applications include DNS, DHCP, and streaming media.
This document provides an overview of computer network concepts including:
- A computer network allows interconnected computers to share resources and communicate. The first major network was ARPANET funded by the US Department of Defense.
- Networks can be classified by scale, structure, and topology. Examples include LANs, WANs, MANs, and topologies like bus, star, ring, mesh, and tree.
- Network components include nodes, servers, clients, and different types of transmission media like twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, and wireless.
- An internetwork connects two or more networks and includes intranets within organizations and extranets with limited external connections, as well as
The document discusses network interface cards (NICs) and hubs. It provides details on:
- What a NIC is and its purpose of connecting a computer to a network and allowing communication. NICs come in wired and wireless varieties.
- The need for NICs to accommodate differences in processing speeds between computers and networks. NICs handle transmission and reception without requiring constant CPU processing.
- What a hub is and its purpose of connecting multiple devices on a network. Hubs operate at the physical layer and repeat signals to all ports, creating a single collision and broadcast domain.
- The different types of hubs including passive hubs that simply pass signals, active hubs that
The document discusses various types of network servers and their functions. It describes client-server and peer-to-peer network models. It also explains the roles of different servers like file servers, print servers, mail servers, database servers, and more. Network services like DNS, DHCP, and WINS are also summarized.
This document discusses Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) certification and networking concepts. It includes:
- An overview of the CCNA certification and what skills it demonstrates in networking areas like LANs, WANs, routing protocols, and network access.
- Explanations of common networking devices, topologies, protocols like IP addressing and routing, and models like the OSI model.
- Descriptions of static and dynamic routing, protocols like RIP, OSPF, EIGRP, and commands used to configure routers.
What is a network?
Need for networking
Components of Network
Types of Network
Evolution of Networking
Communication media
Data Communication Terminologies
Switching Techniques
Digital and Analog Transmission
Network Topology
Network Devices
Communication Protocols
Wireless/Mobile Computing
This document discusses network protocol architectures and reference models. It begins by explaining the need for a protocol architecture to break communication tasks into modular layers. It then describes the two main protocol architectures: TCP/IP and the OSI model. The TCP/IP architecture organizes communication into 5 layers - physical, data link, internet, transport, and application. It relies primarily on IP for internet layer functions and TCP and UDP for transport layer functions. The OSI model also divides communication into 7 layers for interoperability between different systems.
SYBSC IT COMPUTER NETWORKS UNIT III Connecting LANs, Backbone Networks, and V...Arti Parab Academics
This document summarizes key networking devices:
- A repeater regenerates signals to extend transmission distances but does not amplify signals. It operates at the physical layer.
- A hub connects multiple ports but cannot filter data, sending all data to all connected devices, maintaining a single collision domain.
- A bridge can read MAC addresses to filter and forward data selectively between LANs on the same protocol, dividing collision domains but maintaining a single broadcast domain. It operates at the data link layer.
- A switch is like a multi-port bridge but can boost efficiency by forwarding only valid data to the correct port, dividing both collision and broadcast domains.
The document discusses a Network Interface Card (NIC). It begins with an introduction to NICs, noting they connect systems to networks and allow communication. It then covers the history of NICs, types of NICs based on various features, the basic functions and working of NICs, and how NICs fit into the 7-layer OSI model. Specifically, it states that NICs operate at the physical layer (layer 1) and data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI model. The document provides details on each of these layers and how NICs enable communication and data transfer between networked devices.
RIP (Routing Information Protocol) is a standard routing protocol that exchanges routing information between gateways and hosts. It works by limiting routes to a maximum of 15 hops to prevent routing loops. There are three versions of RIP: RIP version 1 supports only classful routing; RIP version 2 adds support for VLSM and authentication; and RIPng extends RIP version 2 to support IPv6. RIP has limitations such as a small hop count limit and slow convergence times. It is commonly implemented in Cisco IOS, Junos, and open source routing software.
The document provides an overview of the OSI model and TCP/IP networking model. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model from the physical layer to the application layer and their responsibilities in networking. It also discusses the four layers of the TCP/IP model and compares it to the OSI model. Key protocols like TCP, UDP, IP, Ethernet, and HTTP are explained in their respective layers along with functions like encapsulation and data flow between layers. Network analysis tools like Wireshark are also mentioned.
The document presents information about computer networks. It defines a computer network as consisting of two or more linked computers that share resources and allow communication. The document discusses different types of networks like LAN, MAN, and WAN; networking devices like routers and hubs; models like client-server and peer-to-peer; and applications of networks like resource and information sharing and communication. It provides diagrams to illustrate LAN, MAN, and WAN configurations.
A network interface card (NIC) allows computers to connect to a local area network (LAN). The NIC acts as the interface between the computer and the network, handling data transmission and reception. NICs are available for both wired and wireless network connections, with Ethernet and WiFi being common interface standards. The NIC contains a unique MAC address that identifies it on the network and helps direct traffic between connected devices.
Basic definition of computer Network which will brief about types of networks, topology and difference between OSI and TCP/IP.It also elaborate to guided and Unguided media.
CSS L17 - DOS COMMANDS IN COMPUTER NETWORKINGMarvin Bronoso
CSS L17 - DOS COMMANDS IN COMPUTER NETWORKING
After this learning module the learners will be able to . . .
○ Apply the DOS commands in computer networking
○ Check network connectivity using PING command.
○ Checking the default gateway and IP address
This document provides an overview of IP addressing concepts including:
- The structure of IP addresses including classes, subnet masking, and CIDR
- Techniques for subnetting networks and creating more subnets and hosts including VLSM
- The transition from IPv4 to IPv6 to address the limited address space of IPv4
The document discusses network software and protocols. It defines network software as software used for design, implementation, operation and monitoring of computer networks. It notes that traditionally networks were hardware-based but with software-defined networking, software is separated from hardware. It then discusses protocol hierarchies, design issues for network layers, connection-oriented and connectionless services, service primitives, and the relationship between services and protocols.
What is Computer Network? What is Networking? Application of Networks. Network criteria. Types of Network. LAN, MAN, WAN, Workstation, Workgroup, Domain.
The document provides information about CCNA training and certification. It discusses the topics covered in the CCNA exam, recommended training courses, study materials, exam format and structure. The CCNA certification tests knowledge of network fundamentals, switching, routing, WAN technologies, security and management. Exams last 90 minutes and contain around 50-60 multiple choice and simulation questions. Common jobs requiring the CCNA include network administrator, database administrator and help desk technician.
Types of Networks,Network Design Issues,Design ToolsSurabhi Gosavi
This document discusses computer networks and network design. It begins by defining what a computer network is and describing different types of networks like LAN, WAN, MAN, PAN, CAN, and HAN. It then discusses some key issues in network design such as data transfer rules, packet sequencing, data size, addressing, error control, and matching send/receive rates. Finally, it introduces network design tools that can analyze network performance, predict traffic loads, and model different scenarios to help optimize network design. Common tools from vendors like Analytical Engine, Compuware, NetCracker, and Opnet are listed.
This document discusses various types of network hardware and software components. It describes network interface cards (NICs), hubs, switches, bridges, routers, gateways, and modems. NICs connect devices to the network, while hubs and switches connect multiple devices but switches have more intelligence. Bridges and routers connect different network segments, with routers having more advanced routing abilities. Gateways connect networks with different protocols. Modems convert digital and analog signals to connect networks to the internet.
A computer network connects computers and devices together through communication devices and transmission media. It allows sharing of resources like printers, files, data and information. There are three main types of networks - local area networks (LANs) within a small geographical area, metropolitan area networks (MANs) within a city, and wide area networks (WANs) across large areas like countries. Network architecture refers to the overall design of a computer network and describes how it is configured and what strategies are used. The two main architectures are client/server, where a server provides services to clients, and peer-to-peer where all computers have equal capabilities without a central server.
This document discusses Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) certification and networking concepts. It includes:
- An overview of the CCNA certification and what skills it demonstrates in networking areas like LANs, WANs, routing protocols, and network access.
- Explanations of common networking devices, topologies, protocols like IP addressing and routing, and models like the OSI model.
- Descriptions of static and dynamic routing, protocols like RIP, OSPF, EIGRP, and commands used to configure routers.
What is a network?
Need for networking
Components of Network
Types of Network
Evolution of Networking
Communication media
Data Communication Terminologies
Switching Techniques
Digital and Analog Transmission
Network Topology
Network Devices
Communication Protocols
Wireless/Mobile Computing
This document discusses network protocol architectures and reference models. It begins by explaining the need for a protocol architecture to break communication tasks into modular layers. It then describes the two main protocol architectures: TCP/IP and the OSI model. The TCP/IP architecture organizes communication into 5 layers - physical, data link, internet, transport, and application. It relies primarily on IP for internet layer functions and TCP and UDP for transport layer functions. The OSI model also divides communication into 7 layers for interoperability between different systems.
SYBSC IT COMPUTER NETWORKS UNIT III Connecting LANs, Backbone Networks, and V...Arti Parab Academics
This document summarizes key networking devices:
- A repeater regenerates signals to extend transmission distances but does not amplify signals. It operates at the physical layer.
- A hub connects multiple ports but cannot filter data, sending all data to all connected devices, maintaining a single collision domain.
- A bridge can read MAC addresses to filter and forward data selectively between LANs on the same protocol, dividing collision domains but maintaining a single broadcast domain. It operates at the data link layer.
- A switch is like a multi-port bridge but can boost efficiency by forwarding only valid data to the correct port, dividing both collision and broadcast domains.
The document discusses a Network Interface Card (NIC). It begins with an introduction to NICs, noting they connect systems to networks and allow communication. It then covers the history of NICs, types of NICs based on various features, the basic functions and working of NICs, and how NICs fit into the 7-layer OSI model. Specifically, it states that NICs operate at the physical layer (layer 1) and data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI model. The document provides details on each of these layers and how NICs enable communication and data transfer between networked devices.
RIP (Routing Information Protocol) is a standard routing protocol that exchanges routing information between gateways and hosts. It works by limiting routes to a maximum of 15 hops to prevent routing loops. There are three versions of RIP: RIP version 1 supports only classful routing; RIP version 2 adds support for VLSM and authentication; and RIPng extends RIP version 2 to support IPv6. RIP has limitations such as a small hop count limit and slow convergence times. It is commonly implemented in Cisco IOS, Junos, and open source routing software.
The document provides an overview of the OSI model and TCP/IP networking model. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model from the physical layer to the application layer and their responsibilities in networking. It also discusses the four layers of the TCP/IP model and compares it to the OSI model. Key protocols like TCP, UDP, IP, Ethernet, and HTTP are explained in their respective layers along with functions like encapsulation and data flow between layers. Network analysis tools like Wireshark are also mentioned.
The document presents information about computer networks. It defines a computer network as consisting of two or more linked computers that share resources and allow communication. The document discusses different types of networks like LAN, MAN, and WAN; networking devices like routers and hubs; models like client-server and peer-to-peer; and applications of networks like resource and information sharing and communication. It provides diagrams to illustrate LAN, MAN, and WAN configurations.
A network interface card (NIC) allows computers to connect to a local area network (LAN). The NIC acts as the interface between the computer and the network, handling data transmission and reception. NICs are available for both wired and wireless network connections, with Ethernet and WiFi being common interface standards. The NIC contains a unique MAC address that identifies it on the network and helps direct traffic between connected devices.
Basic definition of computer Network which will brief about types of networks, topology and difference between OSI and TCP/IP.It also elaborate to guided and Unguided media.
CSS L17 - DOS COMMANDS IN COMPUTER NETWORKINGMarvin Bronoso
CSS L17 - DOS COMMANDS IN COMPUTER NETWORKING
After this learning module the learners will be able to . . .
○ Apply the DOS commands in computer networking
○ Check network connectivity using PING command.
○ Checking the default gateway and IP address
This document provides an overview of IP addressing concepts including:
- The structure of IP addresses including classes, subnet masking, and CIDR
- Techniques for subnetting networks and creating more subnets and hosts including VLSM
- The transition from IPv4 to IPv6 to address the limited address space of IPv4
The document discusses network software and protocols. It defines network software as software used for design, implementation, operation and monitoring of computer networks. It notes that traditionally networks were hardware-based but with software-defined networking, software is separated from hardware. It then discusses protocol hierarchies, design issues for network layers, connection-oriented and connectionless services, service primitives, and the relationship between services and protocols.
What is Computer Network? What is Networking? Application of Networks. Network criteria. Types of Network. LAN, MAN, WAN, Workstation, Workgroup, Domain.
The document provides information about CCNA training and certification. It discusses the topics covered in the CCNA exam, recommended training courses, study materials, exam format and structure. The CCNA certification tests knowledge of network fundamentals, switching, routing, WAN technologies, security and management. Exams last 90 minutes and contain around 50-60 multiple choice and simulation questions. Common jobs requiring the CCNA include network administrator, database administrator and help desk technician.
Types of Networks,Network Design Issues,Design ToolsSurabhi Gosavi
This document discusses computer networks and network design. It begins by defining what a computer network is and describing different types of networks like LAN, WAN, MAN, PAN, CAN, and HAN. It then discusses some key issues in network design such as data transfer rules, packet sequencing, data size, addressing, error control, and matching send/receive rates. Finally, it introduces network design tools that can analyze network performance, predict traffic loads, and model different scenarios to help optimize network design. Common tools from vendors like Analytical Engine, Compuware, NetCracker, and Opnet are listed.
This document discusses various types of network hardware and software components. It describes network interface cards (NICs), hubs, switches, bridges, routers, gateways, and modems. NICs connect devices to the network, while hubs and switches connect multiple devices but switches have more intelligence. Bridges and routers connect different network segments, with routers having more advanced routing abilities. Gateways connect networks with different protocols. Modems convert digital and analog signals to connect networks to the internet.
A computer network connects computers and devices together through communication devices and transmission media. It allows sharing of resources like printers, files, data and information. There are three main types of networks - local area networks (LANs) within a small geographical area, metropolitan area networks (MANs) within a city, and wide area networks (WANs) across large areas like countries. Network architecture refers to the overall design of a computer network and describes how it is configured and what strategies are used. The two main architectures are client/server, where a server provides services to clients, and peer-to-peer where all computers have equal capabilities without a central server.
The document discusses networking concepts including network classifications, topologies, protocols, IP addressing, media types, OSI model layers, and network devices. It defines LAN, MAN and WAN networks, and covers physical topologies like bus, star, ring and mesh. It also addresses logical topologies, TCP/IP protocols, IP addressing schemes, cable media like UTP and coaxial, fiber optics, and wireless transmission methods. Finally, it outlines devices that operate at each OSI model layer, and different modem types including cable, DSL, ADSL and cellular variants.
The document discusses different types of computer network topologies. It defines network topology as the physical configuration of cables, computers, and other devices on a network. The key network topologies covered are bus, ring, star, and mesh. Advantages and disadvantages of each topology are summarized.
This document discusses various networking devices used to connect electronic devices and share resources in a computer network. It describes network interface cards (NICs) that provide the physical interface between a computer and cabling. It also covers repeaters that regenerate signals to extend distances, modems that modulate and demodulate signals for internet connections, hubs and switches that connect multiple devices either by broadcasting or selectively forwarding, bridges that segment networks while filtering traffic, and routers that intelligently connect different network types and choose optimal paths between them. The document provides details on the function and layer (physical, data link, network) of operation for each type of networking device.
This document discusses different types of networking devices used to connect local area networks (LANs). It describes hubs, repeaters, bridges, routers, and gateways. Hubs and repeaters operate at the physical layer, bridges operate at the physical and data link layers, and routers and gateways operate at the network layer and above to connect multiple networks and perform protocol conversion. The document provides details on the functions and characteristics of each type of device.
This document provides an overview of various computer networking concepts and components. It begins with definitions of networking basics like communications and telecommunications. It then describes the essential parts of a basic network including a message, transmitter, medium, receiver and destination. The document outlines different network topologies like bus, ring, star, star-bus and mesh. It also discusses network types like peer-to-peer and client-server networks. The document provides details on common networking media and components including coaxial cable, twisted pair cables, optical fibers, wireless transmission, hubs, gateways, routers, bridges and switches. It concludes with a brief introduction to the IEEE 802 family of standards related to local and metropolitan area networks.
A computer network is defined as the interconnection of two or more computers. It is done to enable the computers to communicate and share available resources.
Components of computer network
Network benefits
Disadvantages of computer network
Classification by their geographical area
Network classification by their component role
Types of servers
The document describes courses offered by The Institute For Comprehensive Implant Therapy (ICIT) for dental professionals. ICIT provides clinical and lecture-based courses focused on implant placement, bone grafting, soft tissue management, and the business aspects of implant dentistry. Courses include hands-on cadaver exercises, live surgery observations, and interactive discussions. ICIT faculty are experienced periodontists and oral surgeons who teach techniques like immediate implant placement and bone grafting. ICIT also partners with Straumann to provide discounts to their courses and maximize treatment outcomes.
The document discusses network connecting devices and their functions. It begins by dividing connecting devices into five categories based on the OSI model layers in which they operate: 1) below the physical layer, 2) at the physical layer, 3) at the physical and data link layers, 4) at the physical, data link, and network layers, and 5) at all five layers. Examples of devices in each category are provided, including passive hubs, repeaters, bridges, routers, and gateways. The document then discusses backbone networks, describing bus and star topologies. It covers connecting remote LANs using bridges. Finally, it defines virtual LANs (VLANs) and how they use software to group stations into broadcast
This document provides an overview of networking concepts including:
- Definitions of a network, LAN, MAN, WAN and their characteristics.
- Explanations of common network topologies like bus, star, ring and their advantages/disadvantages.
- Descriptions of common networking hardware like switches, routers, hubs, bridges and their functions.
- Explanations of protocols like TCP, UDP, IP, DNS and their roles in networking.
- Discussions of other topics like cabling, addressing schemes and standards.
The document serves as a comprehensive introduction to fundamental networking topics at both the conceptual and technical levels.
Los switch y los hubs son dispositivos de red que conectan computadoras y otros dispositivos en una red. Los switch son más avanzados que los hubs y pueden enviar datos solo al dispositivo de destino, mientras que los hubs envían datos a todos los dispositivos conectados. Los switch son más eficientes y rápidos que los hubs para las redes modernas.
DHCP automatically assigns IP addresses to devices on a network from a DHCP server. DNS translates between domain names and IP addresses, allowing users to access resources with logical names. FTP allows sharing files between networked hosts by enabling users to log on to remote hosts and access directories and files. SMTP routes email through computer networks using TCP/IP.
Lesson 4 - Managing Applications, Services, Folders, and LibrariesGene Carboni
This document covers managing applications, services, folders, and libraries in Windows. It discusses installing and uninstalling local and network applications, understanding services and how to configure them, using MSCONFIG to manage startup programs, comparing file systems like FAT, FAT32, and NTFS, using libraries to organize files across multiple folders, and methods for encrypting and compressing files for security and storage purposes like Encrypting File System, BitLocker, and compression.
This document discusses network devices like hubs and switches. It provides details on how hubs operate at the physical layer to pass all traffic between connected segments, while switches can isolate traffic between connected workstations. The document also covers passive network monitoring using port mirroring or network splitters to copy and monitor traffic without affecting the original flow.
Network devices such as repeaters, hubs, bridges, switches, routers, and gateways are used to extend and segment computer networks. Repeaters regenerate signals to increase network distance while hubs connect multiple cables but do not segment traffic. Bridges and switches segment networks into broadcast domains to reduce collisions. Routers connect different network types, choose optimal paths, and prevent broadcast traffic between segments. Gateways translate between different network protocols.
Lesson 1 - Introducing, Installing, and Upgrading Windows 7Gene Carboni
The document discusses introducing, installing, and upgrading Windows 7. It covers the different editions of Windows 7, system requirements, upgrade paths from previous versions of Windows, and installation methods including high touch, lite touch, and zero touch installations. It also discusses using the Windows Upgrade Advisor, application compatibility, product keys, and transferring files and settings between computers using Windows Easy Transfer.
This document provides an overview of several native Windows applications and tools including: Internet Explorer 9, the Snipping Tool, Windows Media Player, Windows Media Center, Sync Center, Windows Mobility Center, Remote Desktop Services, Remote Desktop Connection, Windows Remote Assistance, Microsoft Management Console (MMC), and Windows PowerShell. The objectives are to understand how to use these applications and tools, and understand concepts related to operating system configurations, mobility, and remote management and assistance.
HUB is a new for-benefit, sharing business model that is designed to be self-sustaining over time unlike typical non-profits. It aims to create a cooperative enterprise for humanity's future through its structure as a self-empowering and self-sustaining organization that teaches its members how to sustain their living and giving. Its short-term goal is to have 400,000 members providing $15.8 million in global impact per month.
For beginners in Computer Networking field, know about basics about what is Computer Networks, what are ways through which we can communicate, what is meant by protocols, he famous OSI its layers and TCP/IP and its layers, What makes a Networking Device, basic topologies of Computer Networks, special purpose network devices like Switch, routers, repeter, bridges and hub, and basics of networking methods, basics of ethernet, TCP its characteristics, UDP, TCP vs UDP, One would wonder what happens when information particular to each layer is read by the corresponding protocols at target machine or why is it required?
The document provides an overview of the OSI model and TCP/IP protocols. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model from the physical layer to the application layer and their functions. It also explains the four layers of the TCP/IP model and some of the common protocols used in each layer such as IP, TCP, UDP, HTTP, FTP etc. Additionally, it summarizes the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), which maps IP addresses to MAC addresses when a host needs to deliver a packet on a local network.
The document provides an overview of the OSI model and TCP/IP protocols. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model from the physical layer to the application layer. It then explains the five layers of the TCP/IP model and how encapsulation works. The document also covers topics such as addressing, fragmentation, segmentation, and IP addressing and subnetting.
The document provides an overview of protocol architectures and the TCP/IP protocol stack. It discusses how protocol architectures establish rules for exchanging data between systems using layered protocols. The TCP/IP model is then explained in detail through its five layers - physical, network access, internet, transport and application - and core protocols like IP, TCP and UDP. Key differences between IPv4 and IPv6 are also summarized.
The document discusses the OSI model and networking fundamentals. It defines the seven layers of the OSI model from the physical layer to the application layer. It also compares the OSI model to the TCP model. The physical layer defines cables and physical components. The data link layer provides error-free transmission using frames and MAC addresses. The network layer uses IP addresses for routing. The transport layer segments messages and ensures reliable delivery. The session, presentation and application layers establish communication sessions and enable user applications.
The document discusses Internet protocols and TCP/IP. It describes how the Internet protocols were developed in the 1970s to facilitate communication between different computer systems. The key protocols are TCP and IP. TCP provides reliable data transmission and IP provides best-effort delivery of packets across networks. The document outlines the TCP/IP protocol stack and key concepts like IP addressing, ARP, routing, ICMP, TCP connection establishment and sliding windows.
This document provides an overview of CCNA Module 1 on internetworking. It describes the purpose of routers, switches, hubs and other network devices. It also covers networking concepts like collision domains, broadcast domains, and the operation of Ethernet networks using CSMA/CD. The document explains the OSI model layers and compares it to the TCP/IP model. It also discusses common network applications and protocols like TCP, UDP, IP, ARP and ICMP.
The document provides an overview of the TCP/IP network model. It discusses the four layers of the TCP/IP model: application layer, transport layer, internet layer, and network access layer. The application layer contains protocols like HTTP and FTP that allow applications to access networked services. The transport layer uses TCP and UDP to deliver data and provide reliability. The internet layer handles routing and uses IP. The network access layer deals with physical network components like cables and network interface cards.
The document discusses Internet protocols and their history. It describes how Internet protocols were first developed in the 1970s by DARPA to facilitate communication between research institutions. This led to the development of TCP/IP, which later became the foundation for the Internet and World Wide Web. The document then provides details on various Internet protocols like IP, TCP, UDP, and application-layer protocols. It describes features of each protocol and how they enable communication over the Internet.
TCP and IP are the basic protocols that define how computers can communicate over a network like the Internet. TCP provides reliable data transmission and ensures packets are delivered in order, while IP handles how computers identify each other and send packets to the right destination. Together TCP and IP provide the fundamental rules and procedures that allow computers on a network to exchange information.
Chapter 4 internetworking [compatibility mode]Sĩ Anh Nguyễn
The document provides an overview of network layer concepts including internetworking, IP addressing, routing protocols, and routing algorithms. Some key points include:
- Internetworking allows different networks to connect through protocols like virtual circuits and tunneling.
- IP addresses identify systems on a network and consist of a network portion and host portion. Private IP addresses are used internally.
- Routing protocols like RIP, OSPF, and BGP allow routers to share route information and determine the best path between networks.
- Subnetting divides network classes into smaller subnets to better manage IP addresses and network design.
This document provides an overview of computer networks and protocols. It begins with definitions of fundamental network concepts like topologies and terminology. It then describes the basic types of computer networks and the TCP/IP network model. The document explains IP addressing with IPv4 and IPv6. It concludes with an overview of routing mechanisms, distinguishing between static and dynamic routing.
TCP/IP is the standard communication protocol on the internet. It is comprised of several layers including application, transport, internet, and link layers. The transport layer includes TCP and UDP which provide connection-oriented and connectionless data transmission respectively. TCP ensures reliable data delivery through features like connections, acknowledgments, and flow control. IPv6 is the latest version of the Internet Protocol which addresses the shortcomings of IPv4 like limited address space. IPv6 features include a larger 128-bit address space, simplified header format, built-in security, and autoconfiguration capabilities.
The document discusses the network layer of the OSI model. It describes the network layer's role in dividing networks into groups, facilitating communication between networks via routing. Key aspects covered include network layer protocols like IP, addressing, packet structure, grouping devices into networks via hierarchical addressing, and the fundamentals of routing tables, next hop addresses, and packet forwarding.
The document discusses various protocols at the network layer of the TCP/IP model, including ICMP, IGMP, ARP, and RARP.
ICMP is a control protocol used for network administration and management. It carries network status information such as issues, congestion, and host accessibility. IGMP is used to manage Internet Protocol multicast group memberships. ARP resolves IPv4 addresses to MAC addresses to allow communication between network applications and the datalink layer. RARP is a reverse address resolution protocol that allows a client to request its IPv4 address from the network when it only knows its MAC address.
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The Avi Security
basic networking concepts is fundamental to a successful career in information technology. Networking technologies underlie all IT activities and a strong comprehension of the hardware and protocols used to create networks is essential to future success. In this training course, you will learn how to configure a workstation to connect to a network, analyze network traffic using a protocol analyzer, examine switch and router configurations, perform basic IPv4 addressing and subnetting, and research network security solutions. basic networking concepts is fundamental to a successful career in information technology. Networking technologies underlie all IT activities and a strong comprehension of the hardware and protocols used to create networks is essential to future success. In this training course, you will learn how to configure a workstation to connect to a network, analyze network traffic using a protocol analyzer, examine switch and router configurations, perform basic IPv4 addressing and subnetting, and research network security solutions.
Basic networking concepts is fundamental to a successful career in information technology. Networking technologies underlie all IT activities and a strong comprehension of the hardware and protocols used to create networks is essential to future success. In this training course, you will learn how to configure a workstation to connect to a network, analyze network traffic using a protocol analyzer, examine switch and router configurations, perform basic IPv4 addressing and subnetting, and research network security solutions.
The document discusses network reference models and the OSI and TCP/IP models. It provides details on each layer of the OSI model and its functions. The key points are that reference models divide network communication into simpler components, provide standardization, and prevent changes in one layer from affecting others. The OSI model has 7 layers and separates network functions into upper layers for applications and lower layers for data transmission. The TCP/IP model is based on widely used TCP and IP protocols.
Introduction to the Network Layer: Network layer services, packet switching, network layer performance, IPv4 addressing, forwarding of IP packets, Internet Protocol, ICMPv4, Mobile IP Unicast Routing: Introduction, routing algorithms, unicast routing protocols. Next generation IP: IPv6 addressing, IPv6 protocol, ICMPv6 protocol, transition from IPv4 to IPv6. Introduction to the Transport Layer: Introduction, Transport layer protocols (Simple protocol, Stop-and-wait protocol, Go-Back-n protocol, Selective repeat protocol, Bidirectional protocols), Transport layer services, User datagram protocol, Transmission control protocol
This document describes the TCP/IP protocol stack. It has 4 main layers: the application layer containing protocols like HTTP, FTP; the transport layer containing TCP and UDP which handle reliable/unreliable data transmission; the internet layer containing IP which routes packets between hosts, along with ARP and ICMP for address resolution and error handling; and the link layer which deals with physical network addressing and transmission. TCP/IP has fewer layers than OSI and focuses on essential functions for internetworking.
Automation and Robotics 20ME51I_Week_3_Practicals.pdfGandhibabu8
1. The document discusses various methods of communication used in industrial automation systems, including serial communication, parallel communication, and common network protocols.
2. Serial communication transmits data one bit at a time over a single line, while parallel communication transmits multiple bits simultaneously over multiple lines, allowing for faster transfer rates.
3. Common industrial network protocols mentioned include Modbus, CAN bus, ControlNet, Ethernet/IP, and PROFIBUS, each having different characteristics regarding speed, topology, and application.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is rapidly expanding, with over 75 billion connected devices expected by 2025. This growth demands robust security solutions, as IoT-related data breaches in 2022 averaged $9.44 million in costs. Additionally, 57% of IoT device owners have faced cybersecurity incidents or breaches in the past two years. For top-notch IoT security solutions, trust Lumiverse Solutions. Contact us at 9371099207.
Top UI/UX Design Trends for 2024: What Business Owners Need to KnowOnepixll
Discover the top UI/UX design trends for 2024 that every business owner needs to know. This infographic covers five key trends: Dark Mode Dominance, Neumorphism and Soft UI, Voice User Interface (VUI) Integration, Personalization and AI-Driven Design, and Accessibility-First Design. By staying ahead of these trends, you can create engaging, user-friendly digital products that cater to evolving user needs and preferences. Enhance your digital presence and ensure your designs are modern, accessible, and effective.
'Secure and Sustainable Internet Infrastructure for Emerging Technologies'APNIC
Paul Wilson, Director General of APNIC delivers keynote presentation titled 'Secure and Sustainable Internet Infrastructure for Emerging Technologies' at VNNIC Internet Conference 2024, held in Hanoi, Vietnam from 4 to 7 June 2024.
Decentralized Justice in Gaming and EsportsFederico Ast
Discover how Kleros is transforming the landscape of dispute resolution in the gaming and eSports industry through the power of decentralized justice.
This presentation, delivered by Federico Ast, CEO of Kleros, explores the innovative application of blockchain technology, crowdsourcing, and incentivized mechanisms to create fair and efficient arbitration processes.
Key Highlights:
- Introduction to Decentralized Justice: Learn about the foundational principles of Kleros and how it combines blockchain with crowdsourcing to develop a novel justice system.
- Challenges in Traditional Arbitration: Understand the limitations of conventional arbitration methods, such as high costs and long resolution times, particularly for small claims in the gaming sector.
- How Kleros Works: A step-by-step guide on the functioning of Kleros, from the initiation of a smart contract to the final decision by a jury of peers.
- Case Studies in eSports: Explore real-world scenarios where Kleros has been applied to resolve disputes in eSports, including issues like cheating, governance, player behavior, and contractual disagreements.
- Practical Implementation: Detailed walkthroughs of how disputes are handled in eSports tournaments, emphasizing speed, cost-efficiency, and fairness.
- Enhanced Transparency: The role of blockchain in providing an immutable and transparent record of proceedings, ensuring trust in the resolution process.
- Future Prospects: The potential expansion of decentralized justice mechanisms across various sectors within the gaming industry.
For more information, visit kleros.io or follow Federico Ast and Kleros on social media:
• Twitter: @federicoast
• Twitter: @kleros_io
Network Security and Cyber Laws (Complete Notes) for B.Tech/BCA/BSc. ITSarthak Sobti
Network Security and Cyber Laws
Detailed Course Content
Unit 1: Introduction to Network Security
- Introduction to Network Security
- Goals of Network Security
- ISO Security Architecture
- Attacks and Categories of Attacks
- Network Security Services & Mechanisms
- Authentication Applications: Kerberos, X.509 Directory Authentication Service
Unit 2: Application Layer Security
- Security Threats and Countermeasures
- SET Protocol
- Electronic Mail Security
- Pretty Good Privacy (PGP)
- S/MIME
- Transport Layer Security: Secure Socket Layer & Transport Layer Security
- Wireless Transport Layer Security
Unit 3: IP Security and System Security
- Authentication Header
- Encapsulating Security Payloads
- System Security: Intruders, Intrusion Detection System, Viruses
- Firewall Design Principles
- Trusted Systems
- OS Security
- Program Security
Unit 4: Introduction to Cyber Law
- Cyber Crime, Cyber Criminals, Cyber Law
- Object and Scope of the IT Act: Genesis, Object, Scope of the Act
- E-Governance and IT Act 2000
- Legal Recognition of Electronic Records
- Legal Recognition of Digital Signatures
- Use of Electronic Records and Digital Signatures in Government and its Agencies
- IT Act in Detail
- Basics of Network Security: IP Addresses, Port Numbers, and Sockets
- Hiding and Tracing IP Addresses
- Scanning: Traceroute, Ping Sweeping, Port Scanning, ICMP Scanning
- Fingerprinting: Active and Passive Email
Unit 5: Advanced Attacks
- Different Kinds of Buffer Overflow Attacks: Stack Overflows, String Overflows, Heap and Integer Overflows
- Internal Attacks: Emails, Mobile Phones, Instant Messengers, FTP Uploads, Dumpster Diving, Shoulder Surfing
- DOS Attacks: Ping of Death, Teardrop, SYN Flooding, Land Attacks, Smurf Attacks, UDP Flooding
- Hybrid DOS Attacks
- Application-Specific Distributed DOS Attacks
2. A network is simply a group of two or more
Personal Computers linked together.
Network
3. Networks are usually classified using three
properties:
Topology
Protocol and
Architecture.
Topology :
Topology specifies the geometric arrangement of the
network. Common topologies are a bus, ring and star.You can
check out a figure showing the three common types of
network topologies here.
Classification
4. Protocol :
Protocol specifies a common set of rules and signals
the computers on the network use to communicate. Most
networks use Ethernet, but some networks may use IBM's
Token Ring protocol. We recommend Ethernet for both
home and office networking. For more information, please
select the Ethernet link on the left.
Architecture :
Architecture refers to one of the two major types of
network architecture: Peer-to-peer or client/server. In a
Peer-to-Peer networking configuration, there is no server,
and computers simply connect with each other in a
workgroup to share files, printers and Internet access.
5. Network Topologies
Network Topology refers to the shape of a network, or the
network's layout.
There are five basic topologies:
Bus
Ring
Star
Mesh
Hybrid
6. Star Topology
• All devices are connected to a central hub.
• Nodes communicate across the network by passing
data through the hub or switch.
7. Bus Topology
TT
All devices are connected to a
central cable, called the bus or
backbone.
All devices are connected to one
another in the shape of a closed loop.
Each device is connected directly to two
other devices, one on either side of it.
8. Mesh Topology
In this topology all the
nodes are connected to
each other
Hybrid Topology
STAR
BUS
It is the combination of two
or more topologies
9. The amount of network traffic generated varies
with the 3 types of data transmissions:
• Broadcast
• Multicast
• Unicast
10. HUB
BRIDGES AND REPEATERS
A repeater connects two segments of your network cable. It retimes and
regenerates the signals to proper amplitudes and sends them to the other segments.
Bridging occurs at the data link layer of the OSI model with the functionality
of filtering content by reading the MAC addresses of source and destination. It is also
used for interconnecting two LANs working on the same protocol. It has a single input
and single output port, thus making it a 2 port device.
11. SWITCHES
Gateway – A gateway, as the name suggests, is a passage to connect two networks
together that may work upon different networking models
15. In the networking and communications area, a protocol
is the formal specification that defines the procedures that
must be followed when transmitting or receiving data.
Protocols define the format, timing, sequence, and error
checking used on the network.
UDP :
When UDP sends segments over a network, it just sends
them and forgets about them. It doesn't follow through, check
on them, or even allow for an acknowledgment of safe arrival. It
is an unreliable protocol.
Some common protocols which use UDP are: DNS, TFTP,
ARP, RARP and SNMP.
Protocols
17. • PPP - Point to point protocol (PPP). A form of serial line data
encapsulation that is an improvement over SLIP.
• IP - Internet Protocol (IP). Except for ARP and RARP all protocols' data
packets will be packaged into an IP data packet. Provides the mechanism
to use software to address and manage data packets being sent to
computers.
• ICMP - Internet control message protocol (ICMP) provides management
and error reporting to help manage the process of sending data between
computers.
• ARP - Address resolution protocol (ARP) enables the packaging of IP data
into ethernet packages. It is the system and messaging protocol that is
used to find the ethernet (hardware) address from a specific IP number.
• DNS - Domain Name Service, allows the network to determine IP
addresses from names and vice versa.
• RARP - Reverse address resolution protocol (RARP) is used to allow a
computer without a local permanent data storage media to determine its
IP address from its ethernet address.
18. • BOOTP - Bootstrap protocol is used to assign an IP address to diskless
computers and tell it what server and file to load which will provide it
with an operating system.
• DHCP - Dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) is a method of
assigning and controlling the IP addresses of computers on a given
network. It is a server based service that automatically assigns IP
numbers when a computer boots.
• IGMP - Internet Group Management Protocol used to support
multicasting.
• SNMP - Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP). Used to manage
all types of network elements based on various data sent and received.
• RIP - Routing Information Protocol (RIP), used to dynamically update
router tables on WANs or the internet.
• OSPF - Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) dynamic routing protocol.
• BGP - Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). A dynamic router protocol to
communicate between routers on different systems.
19. • CIDR - Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR).
• FTP - File Transfer Protocol (FTP). Allows file transfer between two
computers with login required.
• TFTP - Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP). Allows file transfer between
two computers with no login required. It is limited, and is intended for
diskless stations.
• SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP).
• NFS - Network File System (NFS). A protocol that allows UNIX and Linux
systems remotely mount each other's file systems.
• Telnet - A method of opening a user session on a remote host.
• Ping - A program that uses ICMP to send diagnostic messages to other
computers to tell if they are reachable over the network.
22. Subnetting :
When we Subnet a network, we basically split it
into smaller networks.
Classes Default Subnet mask
A 255.0.0.0
B 255.255.0.0
C 255.255.255.0
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