Artificial intelligence - (A seminar on Emerging Trends of Technology)

Artificial Intelligence

Presented by:
Manish Kumar

What is Artificial Intelligence?

Artificial Intelligence
• Basically, “Putting human intelligence into machines.

“The study of intelligent behavior and the attempt to find ways
in which such behavior could be engineered in any type of
ARTIFACT”.

• “Artificial Intelligence is the study of how to make computers do
things at which, at the moment, people are better”-Rich and Knight.
• “AI is basically a theory of how the human mind works”-Mark Fox.
• “Artificial Intelligence is behavior by a machine that, if performed by a
human, would be called intelligent”(well publicized).

John McCarthy

• “The science and engineering of making intelligent machines”.
• He was the first to introduce the term Artificial Intelligence.
• “Dartmouth conference”-On August 31,1955 he called a conference that
got all the main people in the field of AI together to lay the foundation for
the AI industry.
• Professor of Computer Science at Stanford university
• M. L. Minsky, N. Rochester, and C.E. Shannon.

History of A.I.
• 5th century B.C.- Aristotle invented syllogistic logic, the first formal deductive
reasoning system.

• 17th century
- Pascal created the first mechanical digital calculating Machine (1642).

History of A.I.
-Leibniz improved Pascal's machine to do multiplication & division with a
machine called the Step Reckoner (1673) and envisioned a universal calculus
of reasoning by which arguments could be decided mechanically.

• 18th century
• a fake chess-playing machine constructed in 1770 by Wolfgang von
Kempelen.

Types of A.I.
• A.I.’s definition leads to division in what A.I. refers to two general types:-

Weak A.I. Strong A.I.

Weak A.I.
• Weak A.I. refers to A.I. that only simulates human thoughts and actions.

• Actions, decision and ideas are programmed into it.

• They mimic humans based on their programming

• All current forms of A.I. are ‘Weak A.I.’

Strong A.I.
• Strong A.I. refers to A.I. that matches or exceeds human intelligence.
• Example: The robots from the movies ‘Matrix, Terminator, iRobot, Artificial
Intelligence’.
• Also called “True A.I.”, as they are truly intelligent.
• They don’t just simulate humans, they are intelligent on their own.
• Able to learn freely and adapt, self aware, free will.

PROLOG (PROgramming in LOGic)
• Where other programming languages tell the computer
how to do something, PROLOG tells the computer what to
do.

• PROLOG does this by reasoning out the variables and
parameters stored in the computers memory.

• The key to PROLOG programming is writing clear, precise
parameters.

• With these precise variables and parameters PROLOG is
able to use its built-in reasoning mechanism called
“backtracking” to solve any user-entered queries.

LISP (LISt Processor)
• List- Important information arranged in an ordered sequence.

• The flexibility of LISP allow the programmer to use a wide range of
things from system programs to system processes without having
to state them in advance.

• This flexibility is allowed because LISP doesn’t use a backtracking
mechanism, however one can easily be equipped to the processor.

• In today's world LISP has several features that make development
easier, which has it viewed as a programming standard.

“Game Playing”
– What you do in the game will determine how the
computer reacts
– Ex. An enemy see’s your character, the computer’s reaction
is to attack your character

• Computer Chess
• Herzog Zwei and Dune 2
• Far Cry
• Half- life
• F.E.A.R.

Speech Recognition
• Speech Recognition is a technology that allows the computer to identify
and understand words spoken by a person using a microphone or
telephone.
• Converts audio signals into text, or takes spoken input and changes it to
written output.
• It maps the audio signals to form an abstract meaning of the spoken input.
• Even these systems are quite limited – you must speak slowly and
distinctly.’
• The ultimate goal of the technology is to be able to produce a system that
can recognize with 100% accuracy all words that are spoken by any
person.

Speech Recognition Process
Spoken
Input

Converted into a
digital format

Digital input is then *Phoneme-symbol or unit
broken down in (x) that represents sounds of
number of phonemes speech.

Program then compares the
phonemes to words in its database

Program then decides what it thinks
the word is and displays the best
choice

Softwares Available

• Dragon NaturallySpeaking
• APP
• Xvoice Speech Recognition
• Open mind Speech
• IVOS
• Speech Vibe 2.0.4
• Fake Voice1.691

Facial Recognition
• Computer application for automatically identifying or verifying
a person from a digital image or a video frame from a video.

High- performance fighter aircraft

• In these programs, speech recognizers have been operated
successfully in fighter aircraft with applications including:
setting radio frequencies, commanding an autopilot system,
setting steer-point co-ordinates and weapons release
parameters, and controlling flight displays.

AI in Military

• Military
- Unmanned aerial vehicles
- Autonomous submersibles
- Unmanned surveillance in shallow waters

Life Sciences

• Diagnostic programs
– Doctors input the symptoms of
the patience and the AI helps
decide what medications are best.
• Disease symptoms
• Medical history
• Test results of a patient

Robotics

• Robotics is a science and technology of robots, and their
design, manufacture and application.
• Intelligence is required for robots to be able to handle such
tasks as object manipulation and navigation, with sub-
problems of localization, mapping and motion planning.

Robotics Today- Applications

2001: A robot
vacuum cleaner.

Outer Space- Sojourner

Oct. 30, 1999 Sojourner on Mars. Powered by a 1.9 square foot solar array,
Sojourner can negotiate obstacles tilted at a 45 degree angle. It travels at less than
half an inch per second.


1999: Sony’s AIBO Pet Dog.


ASIMO is a humanoid robot created by Honda. It uses sensors and
Intelligent algorithms to avoid obstacles and navigate stairs.


Kismet is a robot made in the late 1990s at Massachusetts Institute of Technology with
auditory, visual and expressive systems intended to participate in human social
interaction and to demonstrate simulated human emotion and appearance.


TOSY Robotics is the first Vietnamese robots manufacturing company best known for
the development of TOPIO - a robot that can play Ping-Pong with humans.

Advantages of A.I.

• Artificial intelligence would not need any sleep, as well as
other issues that plague biological minds like restroom
breaks and eating.
• Unemotional consideration of problems. When people
make decisions, sometimes those decisions are based on
emotion rather than logic. This is not always the best way
to make decisions.
• Easier copying. Once an artificial mind is trained in a task,
that mind can then be copied very easily, compared to the
training of multiple people for the same task.

Disadvantages(Risks)

• Self-modifying, when combined with self-replicating, can lead to
dangerous, unexpected results, such as a new and frequently mutating
computer virus.
• The inability to heal. Biological systems can heal with time and treatment.
Most computer systems, on the other hand, often need to be shut down
for maintenance.
• Military robots may make it possible for a country to indiscriminately
attack less-advanced countries with few, if any, human casualties.
• Rapid advances in AI could mean massive structural unemployment

Future of AI

• The Near future
- Right now, Ai is about at the same place the personal computer industry
was in 1978
- Even now we have robots taking jobs.
- Right now Japan uses about 320 robots of all sorts per 10,000
employees, while Germany uses 148 industrial robots per 10,000
employees, Italy 116, Sweden 99 and between 50 and between 50 and
80 each in the US.

Future of AI
• The Distant Future
- Ai and robots are far behind computers but it’ll only be a matter of time
before they become as regular as cell phones are in our everyday life.

- Ray Kurzweil has used Moore’s law (which describes the relentless
exponential improvement in digital technology with uncanny accuracy) to
calculate that desktop computers will have the same processing power as
human brains by the year 2029, and that by 2045 artificial intelligence will
reach a point where it is able to improve itself at a rate that far exceeds
anything conceivable in the past.

- Several futurists and science fiction writers have predicted that human
beings and machines will merge in the future into Cyborgs that are more
capable and powerful than either. This idea, called trans-humanism.

• Even though, the human brain is highly capable and is the most intelligent being,
the future is bright to develop machines which can think.

• It may also happen that one day the machines may start ruling over us, because of
their better intelligence and ability.

Artificial intelligence - (A seminar on Emerging Trends of Technology)

Artificial intelligence - (A seminar on Emerging Trends of Technology)

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