Ap history of psychology

Editor's Notes

1. True/False Quiz
2. Two millennia ago, Aristotle wrote on sleep, dreams, the senses and the nature of memory. These Islamic doctors founded the concept of the insane asylum.
3. He established a form of thought that is now referred to as “Moral Psychology”. He stated that rationality requires that a person put their own interests first, except in circumstances when society or groups are all expected to put their own interests aside. Hence it is rational to accept moral behavior as an expectation of oneself when others are expected to act morally as well. Mind is separable from body. Knowledge is innate.
4. Mind continues after the body dies. Activity – The allegory of the cave. Read the play – Draw a diagram – discuss and answer the questions.
5. Learn from observations. Knowledge grows from experiences.
6. Knowledge grows from experiences stored in our memories
7. Brain fluid contained animal spirits Interactive Dualism
8. Bacon and Locke’s ideas helped to form modern empiricism, the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should rely on observation and experimentation
9. For Centuries, philosophers argued about which was more important: the inborn nature of the individual or the environmental influences that nurture the individual…WHICH DO YOU THINK IS MORE IMPORTANT IN THE BUILDING OF AN INDIVIDUAL? Steven Pinker Book #1 – The Blank Slate, 2002 Book #2 – Better Angels of Our Nature, 2011
10. Phrenology is based on the concept that the brain is the organ of the mind, and that certain brain areas have localized, specific functions or modules (see modularity of mind).[4]Phrenologists believed that the mind has a set of different mental faculties, with each particular faculty represented in a different area of the brain. These areas were said to be proportional to a person's propensities, and the importance of the given mental faculty. It was believed that the cranial bone conformed in order to accommodate the different sizes of these particular areas of the brain in different individuals, so that a person's capacity for a given personality trait could be determined simply by measuring the area of the skull that overlies the corresponding area of the brain.
11. Straight horizontal line on paper.When tip of ring finger is placed on the line, does the tip of the forefinger also reach the line? Short forefingers are determined by recessive trait in females, whereas in males it is dominant. Interlocking fingers – Thumb on top Genetically controlled
12. Wundt used scientific methods to study fundamental psychological processes, such as mental reaction times in response to visual or auditory stimuli. Example: He measured how long it took a person to detect the sight and sound of a bell being struck. In 1874, he published Principles of Physiological Psychology. Outlined the connection between physiology and psychology. It promoted his theory that psychology is a separate scientific discipline that requires experimental methods to study mental processes. The Principles advocated a systematic investigation of the immediate experiences of consciousness, including feelings, emotions and ideas, mainly explored through Wundt's system of "internal perception", or the self-examination of conscious experience by objective observation of one's consciousness. Established a lab at the University of Leipzig in Germany in 1879. Many psychologists and historians consider this to be the formal beginning of psychology as a scientific study.
13. Taught at Cornell University Structuralism maintains that complex conscious experiences can be broken down into elemental structures or parts of sensations and feelings. Introspection is a technique of self-reporting where the subject attempts to reconstruct their sensations and feelings immediately after viewing or experiences a specific stimulus. The problem with introspection is that it is unreliable. We’ll see why when we discuss structuralism more next week.
14. Functionalism is an early school of psychology that emphasized studying the purpose, or function of behavior and mental experiences. It looks at how behavior functions to allow people and animals to adapt to their environments. Principles of Psychology , a 1,400 page textbook on psychology discussed topics like brain function, habit, memory, sensation, perception and emotion.
15. Where previous theories on psychology focused on conscious experiences, Freud looked inward. He sought to uncover causes of behavior that were unconscious, or hidden from the person's conscious awareness. Psychoanalysis emphasized the role of unconscious conflicts in determining behavior and personality. He believed that glimpses of the unconscious could be revealed in dreams, memory blocks, slips of the tongue and humor. Also, psychological disorders could result when unconscious conflicts became extreme.
16. Here is Watson testing the grasp of a baby. Behaviorism rejected the emphasis on consciousness promoted by Structuralism and Functionalism and Freud’s theories on unconscious influences. Behaviorism contends that psychology should focus on overt behaviors, observable behaviors that could be objectively measured and verified. Grew out of the work of Ivan Pavlov, a Russian scientist who demonstrated that dogs could learn to associate the sound of a bell with feeding. The goal of Behaviorism is to discover the fundamental principles of learning – how behavior is acquired and modified in response to environmental influences.
17. Functionalism: William James
18. Humanistic Psychology: Carl Rogers
19. Structuralism: Edward Titchener
20. Psychoanalysis: Sigmund Freud
21. Behaviorism: John Watson
22. The Case of Voodoo Death – Apply approaches to psychology.
23. Phineas Gage Video
24. MRI or CAT Scans
25. The Holy Grail of the Unconscious – NY Times Article
26. Died at age 6.
27. 5 Paragraph Model – Introduction/Body/Body/Body/Conclusion