This document presents a survey and analysis of classification and regression data mining techniques that have been used to predict disease outbreaks in datasets. It provides an overview of different classification and regression models like decision trees, naive Bayes, neural networks, and support vector machines. It also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of these techniques. The goal of the paper is to help researchers establish the best predictive model for disease outbreaks by enhancing existing techniques to maximize accuracy.
International Journal of Mathematics and Statistics Invention (IJMSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJMSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Mathematics and Statistics, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The document summarizes the use of electronic health records (EHRs) for syndromic surveillance, using the example of Zika virus. It discusses how EHRs can help improve reporting of outbreaks by recording patient information. While EHRs provide advantages like improved reporting efficiency and criterion validity of data, they also have limitations like the need for diagnostic and demographic accuracy. The document reviews literature on different surveillance systems and their use in various healthcare settings. It concludes by discussing opportunities for further research, such as including new diseases in surveillance systems and improving collaboration between public and private health sectors.
This document outlines the educational objectives and content for a lecture on epidemiology. The objectives are to define key epidemiology terms, discuss the functions and modes of epidemiologic investigation, and identify sources of data and potential sources of error. The content includes definitions of epidemiology and related terms, the main functions of epidemiology, descriptive and analytic modes of investigation, how surveillance system data is applied through outbreak investigation, and sources of epidemiological data and potential sources of error.
Syndromic surveillance utilizes clinical and non-clinical data sources to monitor disease outbreaks. This document discusses two studies that investigated using ambulatory electronic health record (EHR) data for electronic syndromic surveillance (ESS). The first study examined EHR data from outpatient clinics in New York City during the 2009 H1N1 influenza outbreak and found that ambulatory data provided useful information to public health officials for assessing the outbreak in real-time. The second study looked at ambulatory clinic data associated with Kaiser Permanente in California during a 2009 gastrointestinal disease outbreak and found that officials were able to preemptively detect a potential outbreak based on a high number of stool tests ordered at outpatient facilities. Both studies illustrated the value
The document summarizes a term paper on public health surveillance in Nepal. It discusses the objectives, methodology, findings and conclusions of the paper. The key points are: public health surveillance involves ongoing collection and analysis of health data to guide public health practice; Nepal has integrated disease surveillance within its health management information system; and the country was commended for its efficient AFP surveillance and polio eradication efforts while still needing to address potential wild poliovirus circulation.
ONLINE FUZZY-LOGIC KNOWLEDGE WAREHOUSING AND MINING MODEL FOR THE DIAGNOSIS A...ijcsity
This document presents a model for an online fuzzy-logic knowledge warehousing and mining system for diagnosing and treating HIV/AIDS. The system would store patient data and medical knowledge about HIV/AIDS. It uses fuzzy logic and data mining to predict HIV/AIDS status, monitor patient health over time, and determine recommended treatment plans. The system was tested on real patient data from a hospital in Nigeria. It aims to provide an efficient way to diagnose, treat, and monitor people living with HIV/AIDS.
PCORI utilizes a topic pathway approach to select and prioritize comparative effectiveness research topics nominated by multiple stakeholders. This project analyzed submitted topics, mapped them to US health burdens, and conducted evidence reviews. Topics were analyzed based on primary diseases/conditions, populations, and interventions. Mapping identified which nominated topics addressed the top 10 causes of death and calculated disease prevalence, DALYs, and economic costs. Results from this analysis will help PCORI identify and prioritize new topics for funding announcements by providing evidence on existing research gaps.
Analysis of statistical data in heath information managementSaleh Ahmed
This document discusses analysis of statistical data in health information management. It defines key terms like statistics, descriptive statistics, inferential statistics. It describes the different types of health statistics including vital statistics, morbidity statistics, and health service statistics. It also discusses how to calculate rates like crude rates and specific rates that are important measures for analyzing health data. Finally, it covers different methods for presenting statistical data, including tables, graphs, pie charts and histograms. The overall aim is to emphasize the importance of properly collecting, analyzing and presenting health statistics for effective healthcare planning and decision making.
International Journal of Mathematics and Statistics Invention (IJMSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJMSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Mathematics and Statistics, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The document summarizes the use of electronic health records (EHRs) for syndromic surveillance, using the example of Zika virus. It discusses how EHRs can help improve reporting of outbreaks by recording patient information. While EHRs provide advantages like improved reporting efficiency and criterion validity of data, they also have limitations like the need for diagnostic and demographic accuracy. The document reviews literature on different surveillance systems and their use in various healthcare settings. It concludes by discussing opportunities for further research, such as including new diseases in surveillance systems and improving collaboration between public and private health sectors.
This document outlines the educational objectives and content for a lecture on epidemiology. The objectives are to define key epidemiology terms, discuss the functions and modes of epidemiologic investigation, and identify sources of data and potential sources of error. The content includes definitions of epidemiology and related terms, the main functions of epidemiology, descriptive and analytic modes of investigation, how surveillance system data is applied through outbreak investigation, and sources of epidemiological data and potential sources of error.
Syndromic surveillance utilizes clinical and non-clinical data sources to monitor disease outbreaks. This document discusses two studies that investigated using ambulatory electronic health record (EHR) data for electronic syndromic surveillance (ESS). The first study examined EHR data from outpatient clinics in New York City during the 2009 H1N1 influenza outbreak and found that ambulatory data provided useful information to public health officials for assessing the outbreak in real-time. The second study looked at ambulatory clinic data associated with Kaiser Permanente in California during a 2009 gastrointestinal disease outbreak and found that officials were able to preemptively detect a potential outbreak based on a high number of stool tests ordered at outpatient facilities. Both studies illustrated the value
The document summarizes a term paper on public health surveillance in Nepal. It discusses the objectives, methodology, findings and conclusions of the paper. The key points are: public health surveillance involves ongoing collection and analysis of health data to guide public health practice; Nepal has integrated disease surveillance within its health management information system; and the country was commended for its efficient AFP surveillance and polio eradication efforts while still needing to address potential wild poliovirus circulation.
ONLINE FUZZY-LOGIC KNOWLEDGE WAREHOUSING AND MINING MODEL FOR THE DIAGNOSIS A...ijcsity
This document presents a model for an online fuzzy-logic knowledge warehousing and mining system for diagnosing and treating HIV/AIDS. The system would store patient data and medical knowledge about HIV/AIDS. It uses fuzzy logic and data mining to predict HIV/AIDS status, monitor patient health over time, and determine recommended treatment plans. The system was tested on real patient data from a hospital in Nigeria. It aims to provide an efficient way to diagnose, treat, and monitor people living with HIV/AIDS.
PCORI utilizes a topic pathway approach to select and prioritize comparative effectiveness research topics nominated by multiple stakeholders. This project analyzed submitted topics, mapped them to US health burdens, and conducted evidence reviews. Topics were analyzed based on primary diseases/conditions, populations, and interventions. Mapping identified which nominated topics addressed the top 10 causes of death and calculated disease prevalence, DALYs, and economic costs. Results from this analysis will help PCORI identify and prioritize new topics for funding announcements by providing evidence on existing research gaps.
Analysis of statistical data in heath information managementSaleh Ahmed
This document discusses analysis of statistical data in health information management. It defines key terms like statistics, descriptive statistics, inferential statistics. It describes the different types of health statistics including vital statistics, morbidity statistics, and health service statistics. It also discusses how to calculate rates like crude rates and specific rates that are important measures for analyzing health data. Finally, it covers different methods for presenting statistical data, including tables, graphs, pie charts and histograms. The overall aim is to emphasize the importance of properly collecting, analyzing and presenting health statistics for effective healthcare planning and decision making.
Compliance to annual ivermectin treatment in abia state,Alexander Decker
The study assessed compliance with annual ivermectin treatment for onchocerciasis in Abia State, Nigeria over 14 years. A survey of 558 individuals found that 55.4% had previously taken ivermectin, but only 22.7% of those were "high compliers" who had taken it 8 or more times. The overall percentage of high compliers was 12.6%. Reasons for low compliance included lack of information, no reason for refusal, absence from village, and no distribution. The reasons given did not significantly affect general compliance levels.
Early diagnosis and prevention enabled by big data geneva conference finale-Marefa
The presentation provides an overview of how digital health or use of data processing and telecommunication infrastructure can contribute to the early diagnosis and prevention of diseases.
Disease cost drivers hai apec hlm nusa dua 2013sandraduhrkopp
Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) occur in hundreds of millions of patients each year globally, causing increased illness, death and costs. HAIs typically involve four types of infections and rates are usually higher in developing countries. HAIs prolong hospital stays by up to 3 weeks and increase costs by USD $4,888 to $11,591 per infection episode. It is estimated that 65-70% of HAIs are preventable. While preventing HAIs requires initial investment, it can free up hospital beds and resources in the long-run, improving outcomes and making more efficient use of limited healthcare funds.
This document discusses verbal autopsy, including its definition, objective, need, uses, users, and historical background. Verbal autopsy is a method used to ascertain the cause of death based on an interview with caregivers after death. It provides important mortality data in places without robust death registration and certification systems. Standardization of verbal autopsy methods is needed to improve quality and comparability of results. The World Health Organization has developed standard verbal autopsy tools and methods to facilitate this.
SPATIAL CLUSTERING AND ANALYSIS ON HEPATITIS C VIRUS INFECTIONS IN EGYPT IJDKP
Lots of studies worldwide have been carried out to check out the prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) in human populations. Spatial data analysis and clustering detection is a vital process in HCV monitoring to discover the area of high risk and to help involved decision makers to draw hypotheses about the cause of disease. Egypt is declared as one of the countries having the highest prevalence rate of HCV worldwide. The anomaly of the HCV infection’s distribution in Egypt allowed several researches to identify the reasons that contributed to such widespread of HCV in this country. One way that can help in identification of areas with highest diseases is to give a detailed knowledge about the geographical distribution of HCV in Egypt. To achieve that goal, Data mining analytical tools integrated with GIS can help to visualize the distribution. Thus, the main propose of this paper is to present a spatial distribution of HCV in Egypt using case data obtained from the Egyptian health institute National Hepatology Tropical Medicine Research Institute (NHTMR). The visualization of the spatial analysis distribution by means of GIS allows us to investigate statistical results that are easily interpreted by non-experts.
Presentation from the 3rd Joint Meeting of the Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare-Associated Infections (ARHAI) Networks, organised by the European Centre of Disease Prevention and Control - Stockholm, 11-13 February 2015
This document outlines a presentation on digital medicine and new challenges for health informatics. It discusses how digital technologies are converging with medicine and impacting patients through wearables, apps, direct-to-consumer services, and social networks. Precision medicine and participatory health are highlighted as key research areas. The role of biomedical informatics is examined in relation to social media, self-quantification, and exposome informatics. Research being conducted at HaBIC and potential frameworks for understanding quantified self data and its therapeutic benefits are summarized.
This document discusses integrated health monitoring and precision medicine. It defines precision medicine as using big data, clinical, molecular, environmental, and behavioral information to understand disease and improve prevention and treatment outcomes for patients. Integrated health monitoring combines data from various sources like personal health records, sensors, genomics, and environmental exposures to develop a dynamic model of a patient's health over time. Health informatics plays a key role in building systems to integrate these diverse data sources and enable precision medicine approaches.
This document discusses epidemiology and how it was used to identify smoking as a cause of lung cancer. It shows that lung cancer rates increased dramatically between 1937-1950 in the US. A case-control study found that smokers were over 20 times more likely to develop lung cancer than non-smokers. A later British study found that lung cancer risk increased with the number of cigarettes smoked per day. Through observational epidemiological studies, researchers were able to establish smoking as a major risk factor and cause of lung cancer.
UCSF Informatics Day 2014 - Keith R. Yamamoto, "Precision Medicine"CTSI at UCSF
Keith R. Yamamoto, PhD — Opening Remarks – Precision Medicine
Vice Chancellor for Research
Executive Vice Dean of the School of Medicine
Professor of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology
UCSF
This document outlines Dr. Nirmal Kandel's presentation on epidemiology and health systems at the 2nd National Scientific Conference on Epidemiology in Bandung, Indonesia. The presentation covers definitions of epidemiology, skills gained through epidemiology training, current uses of epidemiology, applying epidemiology to health system development, and developing an epidemiological model for health systems. Dr. Kandel emphasizes using epidemiology to understand population health needs and inform how different components of health systems, such as workforce, finance, and information, should function based on those needs.
This document provides an introduction to public health surveillance. It begins with an overview of public health surveillance and its role. It then outlines the key topics that will be covered, including defining surveillance, its goals and uses, the legal basis for surveillance in the US, different types of surveillance and the surveillance process. The document provides learning objectives and details each topic with definitions, examples and knowledge checks. The goal is to help participants understand what surveillance is, its purpose, how it is conducted and how the data is analyzed to support public health practice and policy.
Modern Genomics in conjunction with Patients IP on the value chainJohn Peter Mary Wubbe
Perhaps it is now time to move past the classical dichotomy of privacy or data utility and to seize the possibilities of emerging health technologies, processes, and projects. Far from being harmful, Patient-controlled health records in collaboration with emerging technologies that work within a defined, over sighted and legislated regulatory framework will facilitate innumerable benefits.
There are a number of forthcoming statistical solutions that would permit assembly of data sets at a patient level with limited risk to privacy and also delineate the cumbersome contentions of data ownership and access
Vital statistics is accumulated data gathered on live births, deaths, migration, fetal deaths, marriages and divorces. The most common way of collecting information on these events is through civil registration, an administrative system used by governments to record vital events which occur in their populations.
Vital statistics is accumulated data gathered on live births, deaths, migration, fetal deaths, marriages and divorces. The most common way of collecting information on these events is through civil registration, an administrative system used by governments to record vital events which occur in their populations.
FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS COUNSELLING AND TESTING ...Razak Mohammed Gyasi
Since 2003, the HIV Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) has been identified as one of the key strategies in the HIV/AIDS prevention, control and care programmes in Ghana. However, utilization of this service is low among Ghanaian youth. This study examined predictors associated with VCT utilization among youth in Ghana. This study utilized quantitative and qualitative data in a cross-sectional survey in three sub-metropolitan areas in Kumasi. Using a multi-variate regression, evidence from 120 respondents showed potential factors associated with VCT utilization. The qualitative data were subjected to a content analysis through direct quotes. The results suggest that less than 30% of the youth had ever tested for HIV through VC. Women were more likely to avail themselves for counselling testing than men. Psychological and emotional trauma experienced by the seropositive, lack of confidentiality, proximity to VCT sites, HIV-related stigma inter alia, were found to be strongly associated with HIV VCT in the study prefecture. VCT utilization among the youth in Ghana was low and affected by HIV/AIDS-related stigma and residence. In order to increase VCT acceptability, HIV/AIDS prevention and control programs in the country should focus on reducing HIV/AIDS-related stigma.
ADAPTIVE LEARNING EXPERT SYSTEM FOR DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF VIRAL HEPATITISijaia
Viral hepatitis is the regularly found health problem throughout the world among other easily transmitted
diseases, such as tuberculosis, human immune virus, malaria and so on. Among all hepatitis viruses, the
uppermost numbers of deaths are result from the long-lasting hepatitis C infection or long-lasting hepatitis
B. In order to develop this system, the knowledge is acquired using both structured and semi-structured
interviews from internists of St.Paul Hospital. Once the knowledge is acquired, it is modeled and
represented using rule based reasoning techniques. Both forward and backward chaining is used to infer
the rules and provide appropriate advices in the developed expert system. For the purpose of developing
the prototype expert system SWI-prolog editor also used. The proposed system has the ability to adapt with
dynamic knowledge by generalizing rules and discover new rules through learning the newly arrived
knowledge from domain experts adaptively without any help from the knowledge engineer.
Adaptive Learning Expert System for Diagnosis and Management of Viral Hepatitisgerogepatton
Viral hepatitis is the regularly found health problem throughout the world among other easily transmitted diseases, such as tuberculosis, human immune virus, malaria and so on. Among all hepatitis viruses, the uppermost numbers of deaths are result from the long-lasting hepatitis C infection or long-lasting hepatitis B. In order to develop this system, the knowledge is acquired using both structured and semi-structured interviews from internists of St.Paul Hospital. Once the knowledge is acquired, it is modeled and represented using rule based reasoning techniques. Both forward and backward chaining is used to infer the rules and provide appropriate advices in the developed expert system. For the purpose of developing the prototype expert system SWI-prolog editor also used. The proposed system has the ability to adapt with dynamic knowledge by generalizing rules and discover new rules through learning the newly arrived knowledge from domain experts adaptively without any help from the knowledge engineer
This document provides an introduction to epidemiology. It defines epidemiology as the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to control health problems. It discusses key epidemiological concepts such as disease frequency, distribution, and determinants. It also covers epidemiological study designs, measures of disease occurrence such as rates, ratios and proportions, and how epidemiology compares groups to identify risk factors and test hypotheses about disease causation.
Use of herbal medicine in the management of malaria in the urban periphery, g...Razak Mohammed Gyasi
This document summarizes a study on the use of herbal medicine in the management of malaria in Ghana. The study analyzed data from 189 malaria patients and 5 herbal medicine practitioners in the Kwabre East District of Ghana. The results showed that 95 (50.3%) of patients used herbal therapy for malaria treatment. Factors significantly associated with herbal medicine use included perceived lower side effects, cost-effectiveness, efficacy, and availability. Herbal practitioners were experienced with treating malaria and had extensive knowledge of medicinal plants. The study recommends further research on the safety and quality of medicinal plants used to treat malaria and other diseases.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Compliance to annual ivermectin treatment in abia state,Alexander Decker
The study assessed compliance with annual ivermectin treatment for onchocerciasis in Abia State, Nigeria over 14 years. A survey of 558 individuals found that 55.4% had previously taken ivermectin, but only 22.7% of those were "high compliers" who had taken it 8 or more times. The overall percentage of high compliers was 12.6%. Reasons for low compliance included lack of information, no reason for refusal, absence from village, and no distribution. The reasons given did not significantly affect general compliance levels.
Early diagnosis and prevention enabled by big data geneva conference finale-Marefa
The presentation provides an overview of how digital health or use of data processing and telecommunication infrastructure can contribute to the early diagnosis and prevention of diseases.
Disease cost drivers hai apec hlm nusa dua 2013sandraduhrkopp
Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) occur in hundreds of millions of patients each year globally, causing increased illness, death and costs. HAIs typically involve four types of infections and rates are usually higher in developing countries. HAIs prolong hospital stays by up to 3 weeks and increase costs by USD $4,888 to $11,591 per infection episode. It is estimated that 65-70% of HAIs are preventable. While preventing HAIs requires initial investment, it can free up hospital beds and resources in the long-run, improving outcomes and making more efficient use of limited healthcare funds.
This document discusses verbal autopsy, including its definition, objective, need, uses, users, and historical background. Verbal autopsy is a method used to ascertain the cause of death based on an interview with caregivers after death. It provides important mortality data in places without robust death registration and certification systems. Standardization of verbal autopsy methods is needed to improve quality and comparability of results. The World Health Organization has developed standard verbal autopsy tools and methods to facilitate this.
SPATIAL CLUSTERING AND ANALYSIS ON HEPATITIS C VIRUS INFECTIONS IN EGYPT IJDKP
Lots of studies worldwide have been carried out to check out the prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) in human populations. Spatial data analysis and clustering detection is a vital process in HCV monitoring to discover the area of high risk and to help involved decision makers to draw hypotheses about the cause of disease. Egypt is declared as one of the countries having the highest prevalence rate of HCV worldwide. The anomaly of the HCV infection’s distribution in Egypt allowed several researches to identify the reasons that contributed to such widespread of HCV in this country. One way that can help in identification of areas with highest diseases is to give a detailed knowledge about the geographical distribution of HCV in Egypt. To achieve that goal, Data mining analytical tools integrated with GIS can help to visualize the distribution. Thus, the main propose of this paper is to present a spatial distribution of HCV in Egypt using case data obtained from the Egyptian health institute National Hepatology Tropical Medicine Research Institute (NHTMR). The visualization of the spatial analysis distribution by means of GIS allows us to investigate statistical results that are easily interpreted by non-experts.
Presentation from the 3rd Joint Meeting of the Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare-Associated Infections (ARHAI) Networks, organised by the European Centre of Disease Prevention and Control - Stockholm, 11-13 February 2015
This document outlines a presentation on digital medicine and new challenges for health informatics. It discusses how digital technologies are converging with medicine and impacting patients through wearables, apps, direct-to-consumer services, and social networks. Precision medicine and participatory health are highlighted as key research areas. The role of biomedical informatics is examined in relation to social media, self-quantification, and exposome informatics. Research being conducted at HaBIC and potential frameworks for understanding quantified self data and its therapeutic benefits are summarized.
This document discusses integrated health monitoring and precision medicine. It defines precision medicine as using big data, clinical, molecular, environmental, and behavioral information to understand disease and improve prevention and treatment outcomes for patients. Integrated health monitoring combines data from various sources like personal health records, sensors, genomics, and environmental exposures to develop a dynamic model of a patient's health over time. Health informatics plays a key role in building systems to integrate these diverse data sources and enable precision medicine approaches.
This document discusses epidemiology and how it was used to identify smoking as a cause of lung cancer. It shows that lung cancer rates increased dramatically between 1937-1950 in the US. A case-control study found that smokers were over 20 times more likely to develop lung cancer than non-smokers. A later British study found that lung cancer risk increased with the number of cigarettes smoked per day. Through observational epidemiological studies, researchers were able to establish smoking as a major risk factor and cause of lung cancer.
UCSF Informatics Day 2014 - Keith R. Yamamoto, "Precision Medicine"CTSI at UCSF
Keith R. Yamamoto, PhD — Opening Remarks – Precision Medicine
Vice Chancellor for Research
Executive Vice Dean of the School of Medicine
Professor of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology
UCSF
This document outlines Dr. Nirmal Kandel's presentation on epidemiology and health systems at the 2nd National Scientific Conference on Epidemiology in Bandung, Indonesia. The presentation covers definitions of epidemiology, skills gained through epidemiology training, current uses of epidemiology, applying epidemiology to health system development, and developing an epidemiological model for health systems. Dr. Kandel emphasizes using epidemiology to understand population health needs and inform how different components of health systems, such as workforce, finance, and information, should function based on those needs.
This document provides an introduction to public health surveillance. It begins with an overview of public health surveillance and its role. It then outlines the key topics that will be covered, including defining surveillance, its goals and uses, the legal basis for surveillance in the US, different types of surveillance and the surveillance process. The document provides learning objectives and details each topic with definitions, examples and knowledge checks. The goal is to help participants understand what surveillance is, its purpose, how it is conducted and how the data is analyzed to support public health practice and policy.
Modern Genomics in conjunction with Patients IP on the value chainJohn Peter Mary Wubbe
Perhaps it is now time to move past the classical dichotomy of privacy or data utility and to seize the possibilities of emerging health technologies, processes, and projects. Far from being harmful, Patient-controlled health records in collaboration with emerging technologies that work within a defined, over sighted and legislated regulatory framework will facilitate innumerable benefits.
There are a number of forthcoming statistical solutions that would permit assembly of data sets at a patient level with limited risk to privacy and also delineate the cumbersome contentions of data ownership and access
Vital statistics is accumulated data gathered on live births, deaths, migration, fetal deaths, marriages and divorces. The most common way of collecting information on these events is through civil registration, an administrative system used by governments to record vital events which occur in their populations.
Vital statistics is accumulated data gathered on live births, deaths, migration, fetal deaths, marriages and divorces. The most common way of collecting information on these events is through civil registration, an administrative system used by governments to record vital events which occur in their populations.
FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS COUNSELLING AND TESTING ...Razak Mohammed Gyasi
Since 2003, the HIV Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) has been identified as one of the key strategies in the HIV/AIDS prevention, control and care programmes in Ghana. However, utilization of this service is low among Ghanaian youth. This study examined predictors associated with VCT utilization among youth in Ghana. This study utilized quantitative and qualitative data in a cross-sectional survey in three sub-metropolitan areas in Kumasi. Using a multi-variate regression, evidence from 120 respondents showed potential factors associated with VCT utilization. The qualitative data were subjected to a content analysis through direct quotes. The results suggest that less than 30% of the youth had ever tested for HIV through VC. Women were more likely to avail themselves for counselling testing than men. Psychological and emotional trauma experienced by the seropositive, lack of confidentiality, proximity to VCT sites, HIV-related stigma inter alia, were found to be strongly associated with HIV VCT in the study prefecture. VCT utilization among the youth in Ghana was low and affected by HIV/AIDS-related stigma and residence. In order to increase VCT acceptability, HIV/AIDS prevention and control programs in the country should focus on reducing HIV/AIDS-related stigma.
ADAPTIVE LEARNING EXPERT SYSTEM FOR DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF VIRAL HEPATITISijaia
Viral hepatitis is the regularly found health problem throughout the world among other easily transmitted
diseases, such as tuberculosis, human immune virus, malaria and so on. Among all hepatitis viruses, the
uppermost numbers of deaths are result from the long-lasting hepatitis C infection or long-lasting hepatitis
B. In order to develop this system, the knowledge is acquired using both structured and semi-structured
interviews from internists of St.Paul Hospital. Once the knowledge is acquired, it is modeled and
represented using rule based reasoning techniques. Both forward and backward chaining is used to infer
the rules and provide appropriate advices in the developed expert system. For the purpose of developing
the prototype expert system SWI-prolog editor also used. The proposed system has the ability to adapt with
dynamic knowledge by generalizing rules and discover new rules through learning the newly arrived
knowledge from domain experts adaptively without any help from the knowledge engineer.
Adaptive Learning Expert System for Diagnosis and Management of Viral Hepatitisgerogepatton
Viral hepatitis is the regularly found health problem throughout the world among other easily transmitted diseases, such as tuberculosis, human immune virus, malaria and so on. Among all hepatitis viruses, the uppermost numbers of deaths are result from the long-lasting hepatitis C infection or long-lasting hepatitis B. In order to develop this system, the knowledge is acquired using both structured and semi-structured interviews from internists of St.Paul Hospital. Once the knowledge is acquired, it is modeled and represented using rule based reasoning techniques. Both forward and backward chaining is used to infer the rules and provide appropriate advices in the developed expert system. For the purpose of developing the prototype expert system SWI-prolog editor also used. The proposed system has the ability to adapt with dynamic knowledge by generalizing rules and discover new rules through learning the newly arrived knowledge from domain experts adaptively without any help from the knowledge engineer
This document provides an introduction to epidemiology. It defines epidemiology as the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to control health problems. It discusses key epidemiological concepts such as disease frequency, distribution, and determinants. It also covers epidemiological study designs, measures of disease occurrence such as rates, ratios and proportions, and how epidemiology compares groups to identify risk factors and test hypotheses about disease causation.
Use of herbal medicine in the management of malaria in the urban periphery, g...Razak Mohammed Gyasi
This document summarizes a study on the use of herbal medicine in the management of malaria in Ghana. The study analyzed data from 189 malaria patients and 5 herbal medicine practitioners in the Kwabre East District of Ghana. The results showed that 95 (50.3%) of patients used herbal therapy for malaria treatment. Factors significantly associated with herbal medicine use included perceived lower side effects, cost-effectiveness, efficacy, and availability. Herbal practitioners were experienced with treating malaria and had extensive knowledge of medicinal plants. The study recommends further research on the safety and quality of medicinal plants used to treat malaria and other diseases.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Sciencetheijes
The document summarizes research on producing furfural through acid hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. It discusses previous studies utilizing various agricultural residues as feedstocks for furfural synthesis, including corncobs, olive stones, sorghum straw, rice husks, pistachio hulls, and sugarcane bagasse. Maximum reported furfural yields ranged from 15-65% depending on temperature, acid concentration, and reaction time. The document also describes an experimental study that achieves a 6.6% furfural yield through hydrolysis of rice husks with 1M hydrochloric acid at 107°C.
Switched Diode Inductor Current and Capacitor Voltage Accumulator Based Dual ...theijes
In the distributed generation systems, energy sources such as wind energy, fuel cells (FCs), photovoltaic cells (PVs), batteries, etc all, play a vital role to decrease the energy crises in this current scenario. By utilizing the principles of electronic interfaces, the alternative and renewable energy sources are interconnected. To achieve the aim of integration, a multi input converter (MIC) is a perfect choice. This paper introduces the application of a switched diode inductor current and capacitor voltage accumulator (SDICVA) on conventional boost converter. This paper aims to obtain two different kinds of dual input boost converters one is based on the serial SDICVA and the other based on the parallel SDICVA with low component stresses, high voltage gains, low ripples, high conversion efficiencies and simple PWM control. The simulations are done in MATLAB/SIMULINK
Comparative Study of Various Algorithms for Detection of Fades in Video Seque...theijes
In the multimedia environment, digital data has gained more importance in daily routine. Large volume of videos such as entertainment video, news video, cartoon video, sports video is accessed by masses to accomplish their different needs. In the field of video processing Shot boundary detection is current research area. Shot boundary detection has vast impact on effective browsing and retrieving, searching of video. It serves as the beginning to construct the content of videos. Video processing technology has crucial job to provide valid information from videos without loss of any information. This paper is a survey of various novel algorithm for detecting fade-in and fade-out used by renowned personals with different methods. This survey also emphasizes on different core concepts underlying the different detection schemes for the most used video transition effect: fades
The International Journal of Engineering and Sciencetheijes
This document analyzes different scenarios to determine optimal values for parameters in the design of linear traveling irrigation systems using software. It examines how required flow rate, nozzle diameter, and wetted area are affected by changing the system gross capacity, travel distance, nozzle length, nozzle pressure, and nozzle spacing. The results show that required flow is most sensitive to changes in system gross capacity (56% change) and nozzle spacing (43% change), wetted area is most sensitive to changes in nozzle length (49% change), and nozzle diameter is the only parameter that does not remain constant when design factors are altered.
Effects of Surface Roughness and Fluid on Amplifier of Jet Pipe Servo Valvetheijes
In manufacturing process of jet pipe electro-hydraulic servo valve, it must be having a lot of errors in the inner wall of servo valve components, which fluid flows will have a certain roughness. Jet pipe electro-hydraulic servo valve, in fact, can use variety of fluid during its working. With CFX software, this article studies effect of surface roughness of parts and working fluid on pressure characteristics of amplifier of pilot stage in jet pipe servo valve. Through mathematical models and simulation, it is shown that effect of wall roughness of parts on flow characteristics of the pilot stage amplifier is much. Analysis of many different roughness, it is found out that the greater surface roughness is, the smaller velocity of jet flow is, and the recovery pressure decreases but the magnitude of change is not much. In addition, the relationship between the viscosity of fluid and the pressure characteristics of the pilot stage is close
Chemical Formula of Alxoy on Synthesize Of Al2o3 For Buffer Catalyst by Sol-G...theijes
Heterogeneous catalyst used in the process of improving the oxidative stability of biodiesel is the Pt-Rh-Pd catalyst supported by γ-Al2O3 (γ-alumina). The purpose of this research was to know the effect of sintering and calcination treatment in sol-gel process on the atomic weight ratio of Al/O that could affect the formation of γ-alumina phase as buffer catalyst. Precursors used was Al (NO3)3.9H2O, NH4OH and (C6H8O7) to be dissolved in Aquabidestilate. The calcination process was performed at a temperature which varied of 190oC, 275oC and 320oC for 4 hours respectively and sinter process carried out at a temperature of 420oC for 4,6 and 8 hours. XRD test results confirm that all of the powder has a single phase with different ratio of Al/O atomic weight. For calcination process at a temperature of 320oC for 4 hours and sintering at 420oC for 4, 6, and 8 hours was obtained powder with the atomic weight ratio of Al/O in accordance with ratio of Al/O in Al2O3 compound is 0.6667 (2/3). Alumina with the smallest particle size of 84.5 nm is owned by powder with ratio of Al/O = 0.6667. Morphology of the crystals is not homogen in size and shape and it is still agglomerated.
Buckling Analysis of Torispherical Head Pressure Vessel Using Finite Element ...theijes
Pressure vessels are being widely employed worldwide as means to carry, store or receive fluids. The pressure differential is dangerous and many fatal accidents have occurred in the history of their development and operation. Torispherical Heads have a dish with a fixed crown radius (CR), the size of which depends on the type of torispherical head. The transition between the cylinder and the dish is called the knuckle. The knuckle has a to roidal shape. Torispherical heads require less forming than semi-ellipsoidal heads. The aim of the research is to carry out Buckling analysis in a torispherical head pressure vessel due to applied internal pressure.The analyses characteristics are investigated by Finite Element Method software. For Buckling, a pressure vessel will be designed and then model educing Solid Edge software. Buckling analysis is carried out to determine the buckling strength.The research is aimed to analyze torispherical head pressure vessel for different internal pressures.
Status and Solutions on Safe Vegetable Production Development in Hanoi, Vietnamtheijes
The document analyzes the status and development of safe vegetable production in Hanoi, Vietnam from 2005 to 2015. It finds that while the safe vegetable area and production fluctuated initially, they have increased in recent years due to government policies promoting development. However, the economic efficiency of safe vegetable production in Hanoi remains low, with capital use efficiency of 1.56 and investment efficiency of 0.56 in 2015. To achieve long-term effectiveness, consistent policies are needed to create sustainable environments for the development of safe vegetable production in Hanoi.
Modeling and Optimization of Surface roughness and Machining Induced Vibratio...theijes
This paper presents the machining induced vibration and surface roughness modeled, predicted and optimized as functions of the cutting tool overhang, feed rate and cutting speed during hard and high speed turning of 41Cr4 alloy structural steel on an engine lathe machine with a carbide tool. The response surface methodology, based on central composite design of experiment was adopted, and analysis facilitated by using the Design Expert 9 software to generate and validate the models, predict the effect of the process variables on the response variables as well as obtain the optimum setting of the process variables that would minimize the response variables. Quadratic regression models were suggested as best fit for the measured machining induced vibration and surface roughness data. All the model terms of the machining induced vibration are significant with exception of the square term of the tool overhang. Whereas, all those of the surface roughness are significant with exception of the linear term of the tool overhang. The optimum setting of the cutting tool overhang at 57.8784 mm, feed rate at 0.15 mm/rev and the cutting speed at 328.507 rev/min minimized the machining induced vibration to a value of 0.18 mm/s2 , and the surface roughness to a value of 4.399 µmm with desirability of 0.822. Within the selected experimental design limits, the obtained response surface models can be used to accurately predict and optimize the machining induced vibration and surface roughness as functions of the tool overhang, feed rate and cutting speed during hard turning of 41Cr4 alloy structural steel.
Integrated Approach of GIS and USLE for Erosion Risk Analysis in the Sapanca ...theijes
The primary objectives of this study is to establish a Geographical Information System (GIS) for soil loss based upon the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) method, and to determine erosion risk zones in the Sapanca lake watershed. In this study, rainfall erosivity (R) factor was computed from monthly and annual precipitation data of six methodological stations. Soil erodibility (K) factor were extracted from soil map by the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock. Land cover and management (C) factor were derived from Landsat TM imagery and from Statip 2009 map. Topographic (LS) factor was interpolated from a digital elevation model (DEM). Support practice (P) factor was assigned a value of 1 due to lack of support practices in the watershed. The study indicated that the method can be reasonably used for soil erosion risk analysis in the Sapanca Lake Watershed, and also moderate and highly eroded areas associated with new settlements and bare lands since new settlers either cleared of native forests or used intensively for agriculture. Such analysis is essential for water management practices, specifically identification of critical risk zones for investigating watershed management strategies to achieve management goals.
Prevention and Detection of Misbehaving Node in WSN Based On the Intrusion De...theijes
This document proposes an intrusion detection system called EAACK to prevent and detect misbehaving nodes in wireless sensor networks. EAACK aims to overcome some of the shortcomings of existing systems like Watchdog. It consists of three parts: ACK, S-ACK and MRA. ACK provides end-to-end acknowledgment between nodes. S-ACK involves three successive nodes cooperating to detect misbehavior. MRA authenticates misbehavior reports to prevent false reports. The document analyzes EAACK's performance compared to existing systems, finding it has lower packet loss and higher delivery rates. It concludes EAACK provides effective attack detection and key management to ensure security while being able to extend to other attack types in the future.
Optimal Timing of Oocyte Preincubation for Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection ...theijes
This study analyzed the effect of different durations of oocyte pre-incubation prior to intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) on fertilization rates. The study retrospectively analyzed data from 100 ICSI cycles performed between 2010-2015. Oocytes were divided into 5 groups based on pre-incubation time: Group I (0-1 hr), Group II (1-3 hrs), Group III (3-5 hrs), Group IV (5-7 hrs), Group V (>7 hrs). The highest fertilization rate was observed in Group III oocytes incubated 3-5 hours prior to ICSI, with a fertilization rate of 86%. Oocytes incubated immediately (Group I) or for more than
The International Journal of Engineering and Sciencetheijes
1. The document discusses environmental impact assessment and management strategies in India. It focuses on evaluating different types of alternatives that can be considered in environmental impact assessments, such as goal, process, abatement, and location alternatives.
2. Key areas discussed include frameworks for environmental impact assessment, monitoring and auditing, which are identified as weaknesses in the impact assessment process. Effectiveness of impact assessment is linked to monitoring and auditing.
3. Decision-making structures and goals/mandates of institutions are highlighted as important for ensuring effective follow up and indigenous participation in environmental management.
Robot Teaching and Creative Ability Cultivation of College Studentstheijes
Intelligent robot is a comprehensive cross discipline, and robot teaching can effectively cultivate the creative ability and comprehensive practical ability of the college students. This work first analyze the importance of developing the robot teaching in college, then it discusses the current situation of the robot teaching in China and abroad. Finally, this work expounds the relation between the robot teaching and the innovation ability cultivation of the college students from six aspects.
Study of the VariousChannel Estimation Schemes in Wireless Mimo-Ofdm Networkstheijes
The Multiple Input Multiple Output Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing system is used widely use.so it
is essential to understand the data transmission in such system. As the characteristics of the transmission
channel always changing with time, it is necessary to know the channel and channel estimation schemes in
wireless networks. The channel estimation schemes are required to make the channels according to required
parameters for the data transmission. Several channel estimation schemes are available and can be used with
different algorithms. In this paper various channel estimation schemes were discussed and their performance in
fading channel.
Fluid Dynamics Simulation of Two-Phase Flow in a Separator Vessel through CFDtheijes
The poly (ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) - is an EVA polymer produced that has an important role in the National petrochemical industry chain. Understanding the fluid dynamic behavior during processing in pots separators is of fundamental interest for operational continuity. The drag of polymer melt to the top of the vase, is a source of interest to understand the behavior of the flow inside the machine and reduce contamination. The objective of this work is to study the phenomena the fluid dynamic behavior of EVA during processing inside the separator vessel, to propose a modification of the process. We performed numerical simulations of two-phase flow (gas and ethylene polymer melt), using the commercial computational fluid dynamics package CFX 5.5. The turbulence model used was the k-ε for the fluid phase and a model with an Eulerian approach. The modeling used was satisfactory, because during the simulations, we studied the velocity profiles, concentration and trajectory of the biphasic mixture of fluids.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The document discusses health surveillance and informatics. It defines surveillance as the systematic collection and analysis of health data for decision making. The purposes of surveillance include monitoring disease trends, evaluating programs, and informing policy. Health informatics involves the management and analysis of health information and can include fields like nursing informatics, clinical informatics, and public health informatics. Sources of health data include censuses, vital statistics, disease notification systems, health surveys, and hospital records.
Application of computers in Epidemiology.pptxiqbal606601
Computers play an indispensable role in epidemiology by providing high precision, speed, and accuracy in data collection, analysis, and disease modeling and prediction. They allow epidemiologists to perform complex statistical analyses and simulations to measure disease transmission and identify risk factors. Computer technologies like disease surveillance systems, telemedicine, health management information systems, and geographic information systems have helped improve public health monitoring, access to care, and evidence-based decision making.
This document discusses developing tuberculosis (TB) diagnostics using deep learning and mobile health technologies. It aims to reduce delays in TB diagnosis among resource-poor communities. The researchers created a large chest X-ray image database with TB annotations and developed deep learning models to classify images. They plan to deploy the system in Peru to automatically screen chest X-rays using mobile devices and cloud computing. This could help accelerate TB diagnosis and reduce transmission in areas with weak healthcare systems.
The document discusses the importance of global health information systems and challenges in building sustainable systems in resource-constrained countries. It highlights issues such as lack of integrated interventions and siloed disease-specific systems. It also outlines opportunities for librarians and universities to help address gaps through educational programs, research, and training the next generation of health informatics professionals.
Telehealth in Urology: A Systematic Review of the Literature.Valentina Corona
This systematic review identified 45 studies evaluating telehealth applications in urology. The studies covered prostate cancer (11 studies), hematuria management (3 studies), urinary stones (6 studies), urinary incontinence (14 studies), urinary tract infections (5 studies), and other conditions (6 studies). The available evidence indicates that telehealth has been successfully used for decision-making in prostate cancer, follow-up care of prostate cancer and urinary incontinence patients, initial diagnosis of hematuria and urinary tract infections, and management of uncomplicated urinary stones. However, more robust data on long-term outcomes, safety, and cost-effectiveness are still needed. The COVID-19 pandemic is likely
GENDER DISPARITYOF TUBERCULOSISBURDENIN LOW-AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES: A SY...hiij
The tuberculosis burden is higher in the population from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and
differently affects gender. This review explored risk factors that determine gender disparity in tuberculosis
in LMICs. The research design was a systematic review. Three databases; Google Scholar, PubMed, and
HINARI provided 69 eligible papers.The synthesized data were coded, grouped and written in a descriptive
narrative style. HIV-TB co-infected women had a higher risk of mortality than TB-HIV-infected men. The
risk of Vitamin-D deficiency-induced tuberculosis was higher in women than in men. Lymph node TB,
breast TB, and cutaneous and abdominal TB occurred commonly in women whereas pleuritis, miliary TB,
meningeal TB, pleural TB and bone and joint TB were common in men. Employed men had higher contact
with tuberculosis patients and an increased chance of getting the disease. Migrant women were more likely
to develop tuberculosis than migrant men. The TB programmers and policymakers should balance the
different gaps of gender in TB-related activities and consider more appropriate approaches to be genderbased and have equal access to every TB-associated healthcare.
GENDER DISPARITYOF TUBERCULOSISBURDENIN LOW-AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES: A SY...hiij
The tuberculosis burden is higher in the population from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and
differently affects gender. This review explored risk factors that determine gender disparity in tuberculosis
in LMICs. The research design was a systematic review. Three databases; Google Scholar, PubMed, and
HINARI provided 69 eligible papers.The synthesized data were coded, grouped and written in a descriptive
narrative style. HIV-TB co-infected women had a higher risk of mortality than TB-HIV-infected men. The
risk of Vitamin-D deficiency-induced tuberculosis was higher in women than in men. Lymph node TB,
breast TB, and cutaneous and abdominal TB occurred commonly in women whereas pleuritis, miliary TB,
meningeal TB, pleural TB and bone and joint TB were common in men. Employed men had higher contact
with tuberculosis patients and an increased chance of getting the disease. Migrant women were more likely
to develop tuberculosis than migrant men. The TB programmers and policymakers should balance the
different gaps of gender in TB-related activities and consider more appropriate approaches to be genderbased and have equal access to every TB-associated healthcare.
Impact Of Technology And Economy On Ehealth And Future...Jill Ailts
1) As technology has advanced over the past few decades, it has influenced healthcare and increased human lifespans through developments like vaccines and reduced mortality from injuries.
2) Ehealth technologies like internet, texting, and telemedicine apps allow patients to access health information, find support groups, and better manage diseases.
3) Standards like IEEE 11073 have helped increase adoption of electronic health records by eliminating compatibility issues and allowing purchase from multiple vendors.
Global HIV cohort studies among IDU and future vaccine trialsThira Woratanarat
The author reviewed data on the global HIV epidemic among injecting drug users (IDUs) and identified potential cohorts of IDUs that could participate in future HIV vaccine trials. High HIV prevalence rates were observed among IDUs in many countries in Asia, Eastern Europe, Latin America, and parts of Africa and North America. Several cohort studies also showed high HIV incidence rates among IDUs in China, Thailand, Canada, and Spain. These findings emphasize the seriousness of the IDU epidemic globally and the potential for IDU cohorts to participate in HIV vaccine trials due to demonstrated high participation and retention rates in past studies.
Disease outbreak detection, monitoring and notification systems are increasingly gaining popularity since
these systems are designed to assess threats to public health and disease outbreaks are becoming
increasingly common world-wide. A variety of systems are in use around the world, with coverage of
national, international and global disease outbreaks. These systems use different taxonomies and
classifications for the detection and prioritization of potential disease outbreaks. In this paper, we study
and analyze the current disease outbreak systems. Subsequently, we extract features and functions of
typical and generic disease outbreak systems. We then propose a generic model for disease outbreak
notification systems. Our effort is directed towards standardizing the design process for typical disease
outbreak systems.
This document provides background information on HIV/AIDS and disease surveillance services. It discusses how HIV first emerged in the 1980s and has since spread globally. Disease surveillance involves the ongoing systematic collection and analysis of data to monitor disease spread and inform prevention and control efforts. The document then reviews studies on HIV prevalence in various countries and age groups. It also discusses theories relevant to disease surveillance and HIV control, including how education and awareness building can impact prevention efforts.
Introduction:
In recent years, the healthcare landscape in India has undergone a significant transformation, and at the forefront of this revolution is the rapidly growing telemedicine market. Telemedicine, the use of technology to provide healthcare remotely, has gained immense popularity, especially in a country as vast and diverse as India. This blog explores the dynamics, drivers, challenges, and future prospects of the India telemedicine market.
Market Overview:
The telemedicine market in India has witnessed unprecedented growth, fueled by advancements in technology, increasing internet penetration, and the need for accessible and affordable healthcare services. According to various reports, the market is expected to continue its upward trajectory in the coming years.
Drivers of Telemedicine Growth:
Digital Penetration: The widespread availability of smartphones and internet connectivity has opened doors for telemedicine to reach remote and underserved areas. People in rural and urban areas alike can now access healthcare services with just a few clicks on their smartphones.
COVID-19 Pandemic: The global health crisis acted as a catalyst for the adoption of telemedicine. Social distancing norms and the fear of exposure to the virus prompted a surge in virtual consultations, making telemedicine a mainstream healthcare solution.
Government Initiatives: The Indian government has recognized the potential of telemedicine in improving healthcare accessibility. Initiatives such as the Telemedicine Practice Guidelines and the National Digital Health Mission have laid the foundation for a structured and regulated telehealth ecosystem.
Challenges and Solutions:
Digital Divide: Despite the growth, challenges related to the digital divide persist. Rural areas often face issues such as poor internet connectivity and a lack of digital literacy. Addressing these challenges requires collaborative efforts from the government, private sector, and non-profit organizations.
Data Security Concerns: Patient data security is a critical aspect of telemedicine. Ensuring robust cybersecurity measures, compliance with data protection laws, and creating awareness among users are essential steps in overcoming these concerns.
Regulatory Framework: While the government has taken steps to regulate telemedicine, ongoing efforts are required to refine and adapt the regulatory framework to the evolving nature of the market. Striking a balance between innovation and patient safety is crucial.
Key Players and Platforms:
Several telemedicine platforms have emerged as key players in the Indian market. From established healthcare providers offering virtual consultations to dedicated telehealth startups, the landscape is diverse. Companies like Practo, Apollo 24/7, and Mfine are among those making significant contributions.
Key Companies working on it includes Lybrate, mFine, myUpchar, vHealth, Zoylo Digihealth Pvt. Ltd., TeleVital, DocOnline, MedCords, 1Mg, M16 Labs, Artem Health,
Problems such as inaccurate diagnoses and poor drug-adherence pose challenges to individual health and safety. These challenges are now being alleviated with big data analytics using personalized drug regimes, follow-up alerts and real-time diagnosis monitoring.
In this paper, learn how predictive analytics is helping healthcare industry with technologies such as Clinical Decision Support, Medical Text Analysis and Electronic Health Record (EHR).
Population Mapping Approach, Health Interoperability, and Informatics to Mana...Abdul Joseph Fofanah
The emergence of recent outbreaks and the current pandemic have had increasing demands for past and present patient medical information, as preparedness and response strategies, create new data sharing and exchange demands on health information systems (HIS). A review of interoperability technique and human mobility mapping was critically examined and key design requirements during HIS implementations as parameters to improve the current health systems across mobility corridors. This paper also presents a mobility mapping network methodology and to support health authorities for preparedness and response especially areas in the health sectors that require improvement for any infectious diseases and future outbreaks or pandemic transmission. To realize the universal health coverage (UHC), we present some key parameters matrix; level of care, national standards and guidelines, health promotion, health education, safe blood transfusion, mobile clinics and field hospitals, infection control in healthcare settings, and patient safety, and healthcare waste management. The proposed human population mobility mapping (HPMM) methodology is presented with mathematical theories to better understand how human mobility contributes to the spread of infectious diseases within and out of any country’s corridor. The aim of the proposed algorithm is to determine the best practices that would be used to address health challenges in the health sectors during or post outbreaks of infectious diseases as a result of human mobility. In the adapted algorithm designed we were able to map out some localities (in) (Sierra Leone and Nepal) using GIS techniques to determine places of high vulnerability. The data was analyzed, and the result obtained shows that the higher the population at a specific locality the greater the chances of contracting the diseases.
This document discusses non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in Somalia. It provides background on NCDs globally and in Africa, noting they account for over half of deaths worldwide and their treatment is expensive. The document then discusses the problem of NCDs in Somalia, where cardiovascular diseases and diabetes are increasing causes of death. The rationale for the study is described, focusing on identifying risk factors like lifestyle and diet that contribute to NCDs. The objectives are to assess NCD prevalence, risk factors, and their distribution in Somalia. Research questions and hypotheses relate to links between behaviors like smoking/inactivity and NCD risk.
Running headINTRODUCTION, LITERATURE REVIEW AND METHODS SECTION .docxagnesdcarey33086
Running head: INTRODUCTION, LITERATURE REVIEW AND METHODS SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION, LITERATURE REVIEW AND METHODS SECTION 2
Introduction, Literature Review and Methods Section
Katie Lopez
Argosy University
Introduction, Literature Review and Methods Section
Introduction
In this study the researcher will seek to determine the impacts of HIV/AIDS on the productivity of labor at coffee farms in Kona District, Hawaii. To successfully undertake this study, the researcher will utilize the use of retrospective cohort design to analyze the attendance and productivity of individual workers in the coffee estates. This will include checking records to know the numbers of works in the tea estates who died or medically retired because of HIV/AIDS and other related causes between 2010 and 2014. It will also include using questionnaires to get information from some of the workers in the coffee estates. The research will also characterize the impacts of HIV/AIDS and ARVs treatment on both medium term and long-run productivity of labor in the coffee estates. This will be affected using data of workers absenteeism in the coffee estates and the information from an HIV/AIDS treatment program.
The researcher will present a concise empirical and theoretical review on the problems related with the impact of HIV/AIDS on the productivity of human labor in labor intensive activities. This information will majorly be extracted from what other researchers have written. Other additional information will be from journals, magazines, textbooks, local newspapers and reports. The information from all these sources will be presented by the researcher and show whether each of these support or does not support the development of the hypothesis in question. This will also be based of the relevance of the information to the success of the study.
Literature review
In literature review both the theoretical and the empirical literature will be presented and these literatures will aid the research in developing this study by finding the crucial supporting information from facts and studies developed earlier by other researchers.
Theoretical literature
The emergence and spread of HIV/AIDS has been attributed to slow growth of economy in the nations that are most affected. This is because the workers and employees that suffers from the disease workers less hours or in a week because of going for medical attention within the working days and thus this scenario reduces the availability of labor. In addition the this, the these workers will also require additional medical care to be offered by the organization they are working with and thus increases the cost of medical insurance. The high prevalence of HIV/AIDS in a region has led to high mortality rate and this mainly affect the productive age bracket of between 15 to 64 years and thus reducing the skilled and productive population and labor force in a regio.
This document discusses disease surveillance research. It explains that disease surveillance involves the ongoing collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health data to monitor disease trends and improve public health. A reductionist approach looks at isolating variables to find cause-and-effect relationships, while a complex systems approach considers adaptive and multilevel systems in context. The document also discusses the roles and competencies needed for nurses to participate in surveillance and investigation activities.
Efficient Investment in Health Information System for a Cost Effectiveness Ag...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
GRF One Health Summit 2012, Davos: Presentation by Prof. Syed Mohamed Aljunid - Professor of Health Economics and Consultant Public Health Medicine - United Nations University
In the intricate tapestry of the global ecosystem, the emergence of infectious diseases has always been a formidable challenge. As we stand on the precipice of the third decade of the 21st century, the specter of emerging infectious diseases looms larger than ever. The world has witnessed the devastating impact of diseases like HIV/AIDS, Ebola, and the H1N1 influenza, underscoring the critical need for a comprehensive understanding of these complex phenomena. In this blog, we will delve into the realm of emerging infectious diseases, exploring their causes, dynamics, and the collective efforts required to address them.
Defining Emerging Infectious Diseases:
Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) are those that have recently appeared within a population or those whose incidence or geographic range is rapidly increasing. These diseases can be caused by new or previously unidentified infectious agents, the spread of known agents to new populations, or changes in the environment that facilitate disease emergence.
A study on clinical presentation and various risk factors associated with pht...IjcmsdrJournal
Background: Tuberculosis is one of the most ancient infectious diseases caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The population most affected is the young and economically productive one. The social factors include poor quality of life, poor housing, overcrowding, population explosion, under nutrition, lack of education, and last but not the least lack of awareness of cause of illness.
Aims and Objectives:
1. To study the clinical presentation of tuberculosis in patients.
2. To study various risk factors of tuberculosis.
Material and Methods: This study was conducted at selected designated microscopic centre (DMCs) Kanpur Nagar district has a population of 45.73lakh ( Census 2011).All the patients who were registered in the selected DMCs in the last one month of the year 2016 ( between April and May) were taken into consideration for the present study. Data was collected on predesigned and pretested questionnaire using direct personal interview method of patients at DMCs on the DOTS days of the week i.e Monday, Wednesday and Friday. Informed consent of the study subjects was taken before interview. A total of 105 registered patients were interviewed personally and also the treatment card of patients was obtained from their respective DMCs.
Results: Out of 105 cases of tuberculosis which reported at DMCs maximum no. of patients belongs to age group between 21-40 yrs of age group (58%). Majority of cases were married (65.7%) cases. (62%) cases were Hindu by religion and (58%) belongs to other backward caste. In the study we found majority of patient was illiterate (34.3%). Most common clinical presentation was cough, fever and cough with expectoration, anorexia was reported in (61.9 %) of cases (77%) were cigarette/bidi smokers, 60% were tobacco chewer. Diabetes was reported in (12.4%) cases and (3.8%) cases were HIV positive.
Similar to A Survey and Analysis on Classification and Regression Data Mining Techniques for Diseases Outbreak Prediction in Datasets (20)
Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation w...IJCNCJournal
Paper Title
Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation with Hybrid Beam Forming Power Transfer in WSN-IoT Applications
Authors
Reginald Jude Sixtus J and Tamilarasi Muthu, Puducherry Technological University, India
Abstract
Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) helps to overcome various difficulties in future technology wireless communications. NOMA, when utilized with millimeter wave multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, channel estimation becomes extremely difficult. For reaping the benefits of the NOMA and mm-Wave combination, effective channel estimation is required. In this paper, we propose an enhanced particle swarm optimization based long short-term memory estimator network (PSOLSTMEstNet), which is a neural network model that can be employed to forecast the bandwidth required in the mm-Wave MIMO network. The prime advantage of the LSTM is that it has the capability of dynamically adapting to the functioning pattern of fluctuating channel state. The LSTM stage with adaptive coding and modulation enhances the BER.PSO algorithm is employed to optimize input weights of LSTM network. The modified algorithm splits the power by channel condition of every single user. Participants will be first sorted into distinct groups depending upon respective channel conditions, using a hybrid beamforming approach. The network characteristics are fine-estimated using PSO-LSTMEstNet after a rough approximation of channels parameters derived from the received data.
Keywords
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Bit Error Rate (BER), mm-Wave, MIMO, NOMA, deep learning, optimization.
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Data Communication and Computer Networks Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Networking is a telecommunications network that allows computers to exchange data. In
computer networks, networked computing devices pass data to each other along data
connections. Data is transferred in the form of packets. The connections between nodes are
established using either cable media or wireless media.
Cricket management system ptoject report.pdfKamal Acharya
The aim of this project is to provide the complete information of the National and
International statistics. The information is available country wise and player wise. By
entering the data of eachmatch, we can get all type of reports instantly, which will be
useful to call back history of each player. Also the team performance in each match can
be obtained. We can get a report on number of matches, wins and lost.
This is an overview of my current metallic design and engineering knowledge base built up over my professional career and two MSc degrees : - MSc in Advanced Manufacturing Technology University of Portsmouth graduated 1st May 1998, and MSc in Aircraft Engineering Cranfield University graduated 8th June 2007.
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A Survey and Analysis on Classification and Regression Data Mining Techniques for Diseases Outbreak Prediction in Datasets
1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
|| Volume || 5 || Issue || 9 || Pages || PP -01-11 || 2016 ||
ISSN (e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN (p): 2319 – 1805
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 1
A Survey and Analysis on Classification and Regression Data
Mining Techniques for Diseases Outbreak Prediction in Datasets
Hakizimana Leopord1
, Dr. Wilson Kipruto Cheruiyot2
, Dr. Stephen Kimani3
1
Ph.D. Research Scholar, Computing Department, School of Computing and Information Technology, Jomo
Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Company, Kigali, Rwanda
1,2
Senior lecturer, Computing Department, School of Computing and Information Technology, Jomo Kenyatta
University of Agriculture and Technology, Company, Nairobi, Kenya
--------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT------------------------------------------------------------
Classification and regression as data mining techniques for predicting the diseases outbreak has been permitted
in the health institutions which have relative opportunities for conducting the treatment of diseases. But there is
a need to develop a strong model for predicting disease outbreak in datasets based in various countries by
filling the existing data mining technique gaps where the majority of models are relaying on single data mining
techniques which their accuracies in prediction are not maximized for achieving expected results and also
prediction are still few. This paper presents a survey and analysis for existing techniques on both classification
and regression models techniques that have been applied for diseases outbreak prediction in datasets.
Keywords: Classification, Regression, Data Mining, Prediction Model, Outbreak Diseases.
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Date of Submission: 22 August 2016 Date of Accepted: 05 September 2016
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I. INTRODUCTION
Over the past years and today, there has been a rapid technological improvement in Computer Science which has
led to the evolution and developments of data mining technologies in the health sector for the purposes of hidden
pattern discovery such as disease prediction, detection, forecasting which has a paramount importance in health
decision making. Thus, with the aging population on the rise in developed countries and the increasing cost of
healthcare, governments and large health organizations are becoming very interested in the potential of health
informatics to save time, money and human lives (Shukla, 2014).
In Africa, many people are dying because of the weakness of the disease outbreaks prediction techniques usage.
Ebola outbreak in 2014 killed many people in West African countries like Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone.
On the other hand in 2011, another potentially fatal dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) was a crucial public health
concern in Malaysia. This research intends to bridge that gap by predicting disease outbreaks using a
classification and regression model for predicting disease outbreak in datasets as a hybrid approach. Moreover,
research is proposing that after testing and evaluation of the research the outputs and impact will sound as the
paramount importance in health dimension in decision making for the stake holders and policy makers where
disease outbreaks can be prevented before affecting a big number of people.
The health care field contains a huge amounts of data which holds sensitive information about patient
details , diagnosis, medical conditions and disease prognosis such as outbreaks and people have no awareness
about it. Therefore, their prediction is resulting so difficult among health workers and the most diseases
recognized or marked on the last stage. As well, a research has demonstrated that these diseases are the
abnormal medical conditions of organisms that impair bodily functions, are associated with recognizable
symptoms and signs. The causes of diseases may be related to external factors such as infectious disease or
autoimmune disease in the case of internal dysfunctions (Kumar, 2007). Researchers like Huang (2004)
explained that an outbreak or an epidemic is the occurrence of a health-related event (illness, disease
complications and health-related behavior) clearly in excess of the normal expected. Again an epidemic may
include any kind of disease, including noninfectious conditions.
Some researchers identified that among types of diseases considered as outbreaks includes more than 50 percent
of new cancer cases occurred in developing countries (M, 2012). Communicable disease outbreaks cause
millions of deaths throughout Sub-Saharan Africa each year; most of the diseases causing epidemics in the
region have been nearly eradicated or brought under control in other parts of the world. Moreover, detailed
discussions regarding the diseases outbreak are going to be mentioned and explained below.
In 1998, the World Health Organization African Regional Office (WHO/AFRO) presented the integrated disease
surveillance and response (IDSR) strategy. In this view, research shows that the most commonly reported
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epidemic outbreaks in Africa included: cholera, dysentery, malaria and hemorrhagic fevers (e.g., Ebola, Rift
Valley fever, Crimean-Congo fever and yellow fever) and the cyclic meningococcal meningitis outbreak that
affects countries along the "meningitis belt" (spanning Sub-Saharan Africa from Senegal, Gambia to Kenya and
Ethiopia) accounts for other major epidemics in the region (Senait Kebede, 2010).
More specifically, in July 2011 – June 2012, Rwanda Biomendical Centre (RBC) has conducted an Outbreak
Management. The RBC/EID provided the appropriate drugs, including other consumables in case of outbreak,
supervised affected health system components with management guidelines for infection control,
recommendations for prevention and control measures. This was renewed each year to facilitate quick response
in case of an outbreak (KAYUMBA, July 2011 – June 2012 ).
Early prediction mechanisms are critical in reducing the impact of epidemics and preventing the epidemics from
becoming unmanageable by making a rapid response. For example, the cholera epidemic killed over 100,000
people worldwide and sickened 35 million people during the year 2010 (Enserink, 2010). Some researchers
estimated that 17 million people die of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) every year (Mackay, 2004).
Abdoulaye (2015) revealed that, during 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa which was the longest, largest, and
deadliest and the most complex outbreak ever witnessed globally. The Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic in
Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone was the longest, largest, deadliest, the most complex and challenging Ebola
outbreak in history. It was unprecedented in terms of its duration; size of infections and fatality, geographical
spread unlike the past outbreaks which lasted for a very short time, the West African Ebola case has lasted for
more than one year and has not yet fully abated. As of 11 February 2015, there were 22,859 EVD cases in total:
3,044 in Guinea, 8,881 in Liberia, and 10,934 in Sierra Leone with cumulative deaths of 9,162 victims.
Fortunately, the disease outbreak prediction models are increasingly gaining popularity since these models are
developed to predict the disease outbreaks which are becoming increasingly common world-wide. A variety of
data mining models are in use around the world, with coverage of national, international and global diseases
outbreaks. These models use different technologies for predicting and prioritization of potential disease
outbreaks. The ultimate purposes of these models are to ensure quick prediction of possible disease outbreaks.
Therefore, data mining is considered as predominant, motivating areas of research with the hope of discovering
meaningful information from huge data sets. At this juncture, data mining is becoming very popular in the
healthcare field but the efficient strategies for predicting unknown and valuable information in health data are
still an issue to be dealt with. In the health industry, data mining provides extreme benefits such as detection of
the fraud in health insurance, availability of medical solutions to the patients at lower cost, detection of causes of
diseases and identification of good medical treatment methods. Furthermore, it helps the healthcare researchers
for making efficient health care policies, constructing drug recommendation systems and developing health
profiles of individuals (H. C. Koh, 2005).
Just years ago, researchers showed that data mining techniques are used to analyze the various factors that are
responsible for diseases for example, types of food the body needs, different working environments, education
levels, living conditions, availability of pure water, health care services, cultural ,environmental and agricultural
factors
Moreover, medical data mining has a great potential for exploring the hidden patterns in the data sets of the
medical domain. These patterns can be utilized for clinical diagnosis and predictions. Even though the available
raw medical data is widely distributed, heterogeneous in nature and voluminous. This data needs to be collected
in an organized form. This collected data can be then integrated to form a hospital information system. Data
mining technology provides a user-oriented approach to the novel and discovers hidden patterns in the data
(Jyoti Soni U. A., 2011).
Recently, the huge amount of data being collected and stored in databases or dataset format has recently
increased due to the advancements of interest to researchers in data mining, machine learning, pattern
recognition, databases, statistics, artificial intelligence, knowledge acquisition for modeling ultimate purposes.
The researcher Richards G (2001) has discussed in the knowledge discovery and data mining (KDD), he stated
that KDD is an interdisciplinary area focusing upon methodologies for extracting useful knowledge from data.
Again the term knowledge discovery in databases or KDD for short refers to the broad process of finding
knowledge in data and emphasizes the "high-level" application of particular data mining methods. The unifying
goal of the KDD process is to extract knowledge from data in the context of large databases. Applications of
data mining have already been proven to provide benefits to many areas of medicine including diagnosis,
prognosis and treatment.
Jiawei (2009) stated that, data mining is an interdisciplinary field merging ideas from statistics, machine
learning, information science, visualization and other disciplines. This symbolizes that it is a very useful
approach to integrate information and theory for knowledge discovery from any informatics such as
Bioinformatics, Chemo informatics, Nano informatics and materials informatics. Data mining consists of a set of
techniques that can be used to extract relevant and interesting knowledge from data. Data mining has several
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tasks such as association rules, classification, predictions and clustering etc. Classification techniques are
supervised learning techniques that are to classify data item into the predefined class label. It is one of the most
useful techniques in data mining models building by relaying on the datasets. Using classification techniques
commonly to build models that are used to predict future data trends (Mahendra Tiwari, 2013).
The purpose of this paper is to provide the review and analysis on classification and regression techniques
models and the main purpose of this survey is to help a research for establishing a best model disease outbreak
prediction with critical enhancement for achieving the maximum accuracy advantages or reinforcing prediction
as data mining technologies.
The structure adopted for this paper is statement of the methodology adopted for the paper, review of the related
work, critique of the various classification and regression techniques models in related work, presentation of
conclusion of the state of the art and the conducting of this analysis and survey, the methodology used are to
select papers done within the last five years and others done many years ago to ensure that we get the recent
state of the art paper and some data mining history so that it would provide relevant information. The books,
conferences or journal papers were considered and all of resources should be indexed. A critical analysis citing
weaknesses and strengths of the journals on classification and regression prediction model techniques are then
presented in the paper and a conclusion drawn in the paper on the basis of observations made on the analysis and
reviews.
II. RELATED WORK
2.1 Data Mining and KDD Process
Furthermore before conducting a review and analysis work, we first have to understand what data mining is as
the main area of the study. Hand (2001) declared that data mining came into existence in the middle of 1990‟s
and appeared as a powerful tool that is suitable for fetching previously unknown pattern and useful information
from huge dataset. Various studies highlighted that data mining techniques help the data holder to analyze and
discover unsuspected relationships among their data which in turn helpful for decisions making.
Taneja (2014) stated that a data mining is a technique that deals with the extraction of hidden predictive
information from a large database. It uses sophisticated algorithms for the process of sorting through large
amounts of data sets and picking out relevant information. Data mining (the Analysis step of the Knowledge
Discovery in Databases process, or KDD), a relatively young and interdisciplinary field of computer science, is
the process of extracting Patterns from large data sets by combining methods from statistics and artificial
intelligence with database management (Gaurav Taneja, 2014).
Fayyad (1996) coined that the term Knowledge Discovery in Databases, or KDD for short, refers to the broad
process of finding knowledge in data, and emphasizes the "high-level" application of particular data mining
methods. It is of interest to researchers in machine learning, pattern recognition, databases, statistics, artificial
intelligence, knowledge acquisition for expert systems and data visualization. Furthermore researcher had
presented an outline of the steps of the KDD process as shown below.
Figure 2.1 Steps of the KDD Process (Fayyad, 1996).
Generally, Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD) are related terms and are used
interchangeably but many researchers assume that both terms are different as Data Mining is one of the most
important stages of the KDD process (U. Fayyad, 1996).
Data mining techniques has been used as hybrid model in term of outbreak diseases prediction, this means that it
way of combining two data mining techniques for filling up the weakness that caused by one technique.
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2.2. Classification and Regression Data Mining Techniques
A classification technique is a systematic approach to building classification models for training and testing data
sets. Several classification models such as Decision Tree Classifier, Rule-Based Classifier, Neural Network
Classifier, naive Bayesian Classifier, Neuro-Fuzzy classifier, Support Vector Machines, regression and so on. As
reported in the literature so that this section discusses the various data mining techniques which are used in the
prediction models in both of the health domain also the application domain. Data mining (DM) is the extraction
of useful information from large data sets that results in predicting or describing the data using techniques such
as classification, clustering, association, etc. Data mining has found extensive applicability in the healthcare
industry such as in classifying optimum treatment methods, predicting disease risk factors, and finding efficient
cost structures of patient care. Research using data mining models have been applied to diseases such as
diabetes, asthma, cardiovascular diseases, AIDS, etc. Various techniques of data mining such as naïve Bayesian
classification, artificial neural networks, support vector machines, decision trees, logistic regression, etc. have
been used to develop models in healthcare research (Mythili T., 2014).
Classification divides data samples into target classes. The classification technique predicts the target class for
each data point. For example, patients can be classified as “high risk” or “low risk” patient on the basis of their
disease pattern using data classification approach. It is a supervised learning approach having known class
categories. Binary and multilevel are the two methods of classification. In binary classification, only two
possible classes such as, “high” or “low” risk patient may be considered while the multiclass approach has more
than two targets for example, “high”, “medium” and “low” risk patient. Data set is partitioned as training and
testing dataset. Using training dataset we trained the classifier. Correctness of the classifier could be tested using
test a dataset. Classification is one of the most widely used methods of Data Mining in Healthcare organization
(Divya Tomar, 2013).
Noor Diana Ahmad Tarmizi (2013) stated that a classification technique, also known as a classifier is a
systematic approach in developing a classification model from a set of input data. There are many classifiers
such as decision tree (DT), Neural networks (NN), naive Bayesian, support vector machine (SVM) and rough set
theory (RST). Each classifier uses learning algorithms to discover the most appropriate model for the
relationship between an attribute set and class labels of input data. The model produced by the learning
algorithm should both fit the input data well and correctly predict the class labels of records that it has never
seen before.
The main advantages and disadvantages of different classification techniques summary was reviewed as
indicated in the table 2.1 and some of them will be considered in this research conduction process (Divya Tomar,
2013).
Table 2.1 Advantages and disadvantages of different classification techniques
Methods Advantage Disadvantage
K-NN 1. It is easy to implement.
2. Training is done in faster manner
1. It requires large space.
2. Sensitive to noise
3. Testing is slow.
Decision
Tree
1.There are no requirements of domain
knowledge in the construction of decision
tree.
2.It minimizes the ambiguity of
complicated decisions and assigns exact
values to outcomes of various actions.
3. It can easily process the data with high
dimension.
4. It is easy to interpret.
5. Decision tree also handles both
numerical and categorical data.
1. It is restricted to one output attribute.
2. It generates categorical output.
3. It is an unstable classifier i.e. performance
of classifier is depend upon the type of
dataset.
4. If the type of dataset is numeric than it
generates a complex decision tree
Support
Vector
Machine
1. Better Accuracy as compare to other
classifier.
2. Easily handle complex nonlinear data
points.
3.Over fitting problem is not as much as
other methods.
1. Computationally expensive.
2. The main problem is the selection of right
kernel function. For every dataset different
kernel function shows different results.
3. As compare to other methods training
process take more time.
4. SVM was designed to solve the problem
of binary class. It solves the problem of multi
class by breaking it into pair of two classes
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such as one-against-one and one-against-all.
Neural
Network
1. Easily identify complex
Relationships between dependent and
independent variables.
2. Able to handle noisy data.
1. Local minima.
2. Over-fitting.
3. The processing of ANN network is
difficult to interpret and require high
processing time if there are large neural
networks.
Bayesian
Belief
Network
1. It makes computations process easier.
2. Have better speed and accuracy for
huge datasets.
1. It does not give accurate results in some
cases where there exists dependency among
variables.
2.2.1 Naive Bayes Classifier
Naïve Bayes is a data mining technique that shows success in classification of diagnosing heart disease patients
(Sitar-Taut, 2009). Naïve Bayes is based on probability theory to find the most likely possible classifications
(Yadav, 2012). Bayesian classifier calculates conditional probability of an instance belonging to each class, and
based on such conditional probability data, the instance is classified as the class with the highest conditional
probability. In knowledge expression, it has the excellent interpretability same as decision tree, and is able to use
previous data to build analysis model for future prediction or classification (Gustafson, 1993). As reported by
Shubpreet Kaur D. R (2015) Navies Bayes is the most common technique that is used in data mining. It gives
maximum accuracy of 96.5% in curing heart patients as shown in the Figure indicated below and has coined that
Naïve Bayes is widely used technique in prediction of various diseases and has the maximum accuracy of 96.5%.
Figure 2.2 Comparison of Various Diseases on Naïve Bayes Technique
The Decision Tree is one of classification techniques I.S.Jenzi ( 2013) clarified that Decision Tree classifier
takes the training set, attribute list and the splitting criteria method as inputs. A Decision tree is generated from
which rules are predicted. Different attribute selection measures like Information Gain, Gain ratio, Chi square
statistics, and Gini Index and Distance measure can be used. The attributes can be reduced and then given to the
model. By reducing the number of attributes, the algorithm can perform faster and efficiently. In this work, the
Information gain ratio is used as the splitting criteria. The attribute with the highest information gain is taken as
the root of the tree. Information gain is based on Claude Shannon‟s work on information theory. Info Gain of an
attribute A is used to select the best splitting criterion attribute. The highest Info Gain is selected to build the
decision tree .The formula is given as follows- Info Gain (A) = Info (D) − Info A (D)
Where
A is the attribute investigated.
Info (D) =
Where
= probability (class i in dataset D);
m = number of class values.
Info A (D) = Info (Dj)
Where
|D j | = number of observations with attribute
Value j in Dataset D;
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|D| = total number of observations in dataset D;
D j = sub dataset of D that contains attribute
Value j;
v = all attribute values
The accuracy measure in decision trees was clarified by Shubpreet Kaur D. R (2015) that decision trees are most
popular data mining technique which applied and used everywhere that it gives maximum optimal results as
shown on the following table.
Table 2.2 Accuracy Measure in Decision Trees
2.2.2 Artificial neural network
Neural Networks are analytic techniques modeled after the (hypothesized) processes of learning in the cognitive
system and the neurological functions of the brain and capable of predicting new observations (on specific
variables) from other observations (on the same or other variables) after executing a process of so-called
learning from existing data. Neural Networks is one of the Data Mining techniques. The first step is to design a
specific network architecture (that includes a specific number of "layers" each consisting of a certain number of
"neurons"). The Network is then subjected to the process of "training." In that phase, neurons apply an iterative
process to the number of inputs to adjust the weights of the network in order to optimally predict the sample data
on which the "training" is performed. After the phase of learning from an existing data set, the new network is
ready and it can then be used to generate predictions. The resulting “network” developed in the process of
“learning” represents a pattern detected in the data (Megha Gupta, 2010).
2.2.3 Regression
Logistic regression is an approach to prediction, like Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression Boshra Bahrami (
2015) and Regression is a very important technique of data mining. With the help of it, we can easily identify
those functions that are useful in order to demonstrate the correlation among different various variables. It is
mainly a mathematical tool. With the help of training dataset we can easily construct it. Consider two variables
„P‟ and „Q‟. These two types of variables are mainly used in the field of statistics. One of them is known
dependence and another one is independent variables. The maximum number of dependent variables cannot be
more than one while independent can be exceeds one. Regression is mostly used in order to inspect the certain
relationship between variables (Parvez Ahmad, 2015).
Fox (1997) expressed that a regression is used to find out the functions that explain the correlation among
different variables. A mathematical model is constructed using training dataset. Also showed that in statistical
modeling two kinds of variables are used where one is called dependent variable and another one is called
independent variable and usually represented using „Y‟ and „X‟. There is always one dependent variable while
independent variable may be one or more than one. Regression is a statistical method which investigates the
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relationships between variables. By using Regression dependences of one variable upon others may be
established. Based on a number of independent variables regression is of two types, one is Linear and another
one is Non-linear. Linear regression identifies the relation of a dependent variable and one or more independent
variables. It is based on a model which utilizes linear function for its construction. Linear regression finds out a
line and calculates vertical distances of the points from the line and minimizes the sum of square of vertical
distance (Fox, 1997).
2.3 Classification and Regression Prediction Models for Diseases Outbreak
As stated in the introduction that the related classification or regression prediction Models as data mining
techniques should be reviewed and analyzed as follows for furthermore enhancement. Researchers like Divya
(2011) indicated that both classification and regression are used for predicting the class or the outcome of a
function. The only difference between them is the nature of attributes. If the attributes are categorical then one
can use classification algorithms such as Naïve Bayes, SVM, etc., and if the attributes are continuous then
regression model using SVM or linear regression achieves great performance.
Figure 2.3 Functioning of Classification and Regression Techniques
Sahana (2013) in his research work that the statistics, logistic regression is a type of regression analysis used for
predicting the outcome of a categorical dependent variable (a dependent variable that can take on a limited
number of values, whose magnitudes are not meaningful but whose ordering of magnitudes may or may not be
meaningful) based on one or more predictor variables. An explanation of logistic regression begins with an
explanation of the logistic function, which always takes on values between zero and one:
Data Mining Researchers like Yuhanis Yusof Z. M (2011) has elaborated prediction model for incorporating
Least Squares Support Vector Machines (LS-SVM) in predicting future dengue outbreaks. Data sets used in the
undertaken study includes data on dengue cases and rainfall level collected in five districts in Selangor. Data
were preprocessed using the Decimal Point Normalization before being fed into the training model. Predicted
results of unseen data show that the LS-SVM prediction model outperformed the Neural Network model in terms
of prediction accuracy and computation time in their conclusion coined that a hybrid algorithm could be applied
in the future to obtain the optimal parameter, thus improve the prediction accuracy. Over the few years ago
Islem Ouanes MD (2012) presented a model to predict short-term death or readmission after intensive care unit
discharge and he said that many critically ill patients experience clinical deterioration or death shortly after
discharge from the intensive care unit (ICU). Sangeeta Grover (2014) introduced a machine learning model for
Predicting an Influenza Epidemic Based on Twitter Data, this model is a time series classification and prediction
for identification of the epidemic stage based probabilistic model of vocabulary (BOWs) used in different
stages of the epidemic shared online by the act of tweeting as described in below;
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Figure 2.4 Proposed model and its components example (Sangeeta Grover, 2014).
Orlando P. Zacarias (2013) proposed a model for Predicting the Incidence of Malaria Cases in Mozambique
Using Regression Trees and Forests. Researcher had stated that Malaria remains a significant public health
concern in Mozambique with disease cases reported in almost every province. The research was aimed to
investigate the prediction models of the number of malaria cases in districts of Maputo province. By using the
data including administrative districts, malaria cases, indoor residual spray and climatic variables temperature,
rainfall and humidity. The regression trees and random forest models were developed using the statistical tool R,
and applied to predict the number of malaria cases during one year, based on observations from preceding years.
Models were compared with respect to the mean squared error (MSE) and correlation coefficient. Indoor
Residual Spray (IRS), month of January, minimal temperature and rainfall variables were found to be the most
important factors when predicting the number of malaria cases, with some districts showing high malaria
incidence. Additionally, by reducing the time window for what historical data to take into account, predictive
performance can be increased substantially.
In the same range of period the Jyoti Soni U. A (2011) conducted a research which intends to provide a survey
of current techniques of knowledge discovery in databases using data mining techniques that are in use in
today‟s medical research particularly in Heart Disease Prediction and has concluded that the number
experiments that have been conducted to compare the performance of predictive data mining technique on the
same dataset and the outcome reveals that Decision Tree outperforms and sometime Bayesian classification is
having similar accuracy as of decision tree but other predictive methods like KNN, Neural Networks,
Classification based on clustering are not performing well. In his second conclusion said that the accuracy of the
Decision Tree and Bayesian Classification further improves after applying genetic algorithm to reduce the
actual data size to get the optimal subset of attribute sufficient for heart disease prediction.
Currently, Boshra Bahrami (2015) carries a research on evaluating the different classification techniques in heart
disease diagnosis. Classifiers like J48 Decision Tree, K Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Naive Bayes (NB), and SMO
are used to classify dataset. After classification, some performance evaluation measures like accuracy, precision,
sensitivity, specificity, F-measure and area under ROC curve are evaluated and compared. In his comparison
results showed that J48 Decision tree is the best classifier for heart disease diagnosis on the existing dataset.
I.S.Jenzi (2013) Conducted a study to develop a heart disease prediction system by using data mining techniques
with the aimed of identify useful patterns of information from the medical data for quality decision making.
The Decision Tree and Naïve Bayes as Data mining techniques were used on building his classifier model used
for predicting heart disease so that the result obtained from the classifier enabled to establish significant patterns
and relationships between the medical factors relating to heart disease. there are also some model developed
using regression such as as dental caries prediction model by data mining regression model Constructed using
regression as data mining technique but he described that logistic regression models and linear discriminant
analysis are not always appropriate because of it well unknown that when applying logistic regression analysis to
small samples or unbalanced independent variables, asymptotic solution of the odd ratio obtained by the
maximum like hood estimate is not guaranteed (Tamaki, 2009) .
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Boshra Bahrami (2015) states that the millions of people die of heart disease annually, application of data
mining techniques in heart disease diagnosis seems to be essential and because of that researchers presented a
Prediction and Diagnosis of Heart Disease by Data Mining Techniques with the objective to evaluate different
classification techniques in heart disease diagnosis where Classifiers like J48 Decision Tree, K Nearest
Neighbors(KNN), Naive Bayes(NB), and SMO are used to classify datasets. After his classification, some
performance evaluation measures like accuracy, precision, sensitivity, specificity, F-measure and area under
ROC curve are evaluated and compared. The comparison results showed that J48 Decision tree is the best
classifier for heart disease diagnosis on the existing dataset for having good understanding about their research
you would like to respect the following Sequential overview of proposed approach for Prediction and Diagnosis
of Heart Disease
Figure 2.5 Sequential overview of proposed approach (Boshra Bahrami M. H., 2015).
Shubpreet (2015) in his research where he demonstrated the data mining prediction models were developed such
as a proposed a system for heart disease prediction using data mining techniques, statistical and data mining
aspects on Kidney stones: a systematic review and met analysis, design of a predictive model for heart disease
detection to enhance their liability of heart disease diagnosis, early prevention and detection of skin cancer and
lung cancer risk using data mining, performance evaluation of different data mining classification algorithm and
predictive analysis.
In this researcher, there is a dream to have a hybrid model. In this regard the most of hybrid done must be
reviewed , this is paramount important to the researcher to be sure that there is no other work done purely
similar to this and all technologies applied in hybrid models will be observed so that this will be guided.
The idea behind combined (Hybrid) prediction models is to derive advantages of individual model‟s best
features to obtain the best possible results in a given problem/situation (Shubpreet Kaur a. D., 2015).
(N K Kameswara Rao, 2014) proposed as new hybrid algorithm, Epidemic Disease Prediction and
Identification (EDPI) algorithm for combining the decision tree and association rule mining to predict the
changes of getting Epidemic Disease in some selected areas. He notified that the prediction of disease in this
algorithm can be shows by the relationships between desired parameters.
III. DISCUSSION
The classification and regression techniques in the literature are enormous as clarified by theoretical,
methodological and historical evidence, more views on the research done such as Tamaki (2009) presented a
dental caries prediction through the data mining regression model using regression as the one of data mining
technique, but he observed that logistic regression models and linear discriminant analysis are not always
appropriate because of its well unknown that when applying a logistic regression analysis of small samples or
unbalanced independent variables, asymptotic solution of the odd ratio obtained by the maximum like hood
estimate is not guaranteed. Generally, the most researches work conducted the outbreak disease prediction via
mining models and had paid attention in models comparison with the purposes of looking the best one in term of
accuracy not to identify a hybrid model. For instance, a model for predicting future dengue outbreaks
incorporating LS-SVM has been presented and proved that LS-SVM was capable to obtain the better
generalization ability compared to NNM, thus improving the prediction accuracy Yuhanis Yusof (2011) but
concluded by urging that the hybrid algorithms will be needed in the future for obtaining the optimal parameter
and improve the prediction accuracy in respect of new factors can happen anytime.
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Biographies and Photographs
Hakizimana Leopord is a PhD student in the Department of Computing at the Jomo Kenyatta University of
Agriculture and Technology He has a B.Sc. In Information Technology (University of Rwanda/Umutara
Polytechnic), Graduate Diploma in Leadership Development in ICT and the Knowledge Society (Dublin City
University, Europe); MSc in Computer Science (Sikkim Manipal University, India). His research interest is in
the field of Data Mining.
Dr. Wilson Kipruto Cheruiyot is the current director of Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and
Technology Kigali Campus-Rwanda. He has the following academic qualifications Bsc (Hons); PGD-E
(Egerton University, Kenya); Msc in Computer Application and Technology (central south university of
technology Hunan, china); PhD in Computer Application and Technology (Central South University, China)
Dr. Stephen Kimani is the current director School of Computing and Information Technology of the
Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology in Kenya. He has previously been a researcher at
CSIRO (Australia) and Sapienza University of Rome (Italy). He has the following academic qualifications: BSc
in Mathematics and Computer Science (JKUAT); MSc in Advanced Computing (University of Bristol, UK);
PhD in Computer Engineering (Sapienza University of Rome, Italy).