NAT (Network Address Translation) allows private IP networks to connect to the Internet by translating private IP addresses to public IP addresses. It operates on a router, connecting internal and external networks. NAT provides security by hiding internal network addresses and conserving IP addresses. There are various NAT types, including static NAT for one-to-one address mapping, dynamic NAT for mapping private addresses to public addresses from a pool, and NAT overload/PAT for mapping multiple private addresses to a single public address using ports.
Routing protocols allow routers to communicate and exchange information that helps determine the best path between networks. The main types are static routing, where routes are manually configured, and dynamic routing, where routes are automatically updated as network conditions change. Common dynamic routing protocols include RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, and OSPF, which use different algorithms and metrics like hop count or bandwidth to calculate the best routes.
This document discusses Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) certification and networking concepts. It includes:
- An overview of the CCNA certification and what skills it demonstrates in networking areas like LANs, WANs, routing protocols, and network access.
- Explanations of common networking devices, topologies, protocols like IP addressing and routing, and models like the OSI model.
- Descriptions of static and dynamic routing, protocols like RIP, OSPF, EIGRP, and commands used to configure routers.
NAT is used to translate private IP addresses to public IP addresses to allow access to the internet. There are different types of NAT including static NAT for one-to-one mapping, dynamic NAT for mapping multiple private addresses to public addresses from a pool, and NAT overload/PAT which maps multiple private addresses to a single public address using port addressing. The document provides configuration examples for static, dynamic, and overload NAT on a Cisco router.
This document discusses Network Address Translation (NAT) and Port Address Translation (PAT). It defines key NAT terms and private IP address ranges. It then describes the main features of NAT and PAT, including static and dynamic NAT mappings and how PAT uses port numbers to map multiple private IPs to a single public IP. The document provides examples for configuring static NAT, dynamic NAT, and PAT. It also discusses troubleshooting NAT and changing dynamic NAT configurations.
The document provides an overview of IPv6, including its key features and advantages over IPv4. It discusses IPv6 addressing formats and transition mechanisms from IPv4 to IPv6. IPv6 has a 128-bit address space compared to IPv4's 32-bit, allowing for many more addresses. It also supports features like autoconfiguration, mobility, and security that are improvements over IPv4. Transition techniques like dual stacking, tunneling, and translation allow IPv6 and IPv4 networks to interconnect during the transition period.
Network address translation (NAT) is a method of remapping one IP address space into another by modifying network address information in Internet Protocol (IP) datagram packet headers while they are in transit across a traffic routing device.
IP address is a logical address defined at the network layer that is used by devices to communicate on an IP network. IP addresses are 32 bits in length and are allocated by IANA. As the internet grew, concerns arose around exhausting the available IP version 4 address space and increasing routing table sizes. Subnetting was introduced to help address these issues by adding a third level to the IP address hierarchy. Network address translation allows private IP addresses to be used internally and mapped to public IP addresses when communicating externally, further conserving the available IP address space.
Routing protocols allow routers to communicate and exchange information that helps determine the best path between networks. The main types are static routing, where routes are manually configured, and dynamic routing, where routes are automatically updated as network conditions change. Common dynamic routing protocols include RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, and OSPF, which use different algorithms and metrics like hop count or bandwidth to calculate the best routes.
This document discusses Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) certification and networking concepts. It includes:
- An overview of the CCNA certification and what skills it demonstrates in networking areas like LANs, WANs, routing protocols, and network access.
- Explanations of common networking devices, topologies, protocols like IP addressing and routing, and models like the OSI model.
- Descriptions of static and dynamic routing, protocols like RIP, OSPF, EIGRP, and commands used to configure routers.
NAT is used to translate private IP addresses to public IP addresses to allow access to the internet. There are different types of NAT including static NAT for one-to-one mapping, dynamic NAT for mapping multiple private addresses to public addresses from a pool, and NAT overload/PAT which maps multiple private addresses to a single public address using port addressing. The document provides configuration examples for static, dynamic, and overload NAT on a Cisco router.
This document discusses Network Address Translation (NAT) and Port Address Translation (PAT). It defines key NAT terms and private IP address ranges. It then describes the main features of NAT and PAT, including static and dynamic NAT mappings and how PAT uses port numbers to map multiple private IPs to a single public IP. The document provides examples for configuring static NAT, dynamic NAT, and PAT. It also discusses troubleshooting NAT and changing dynamic NAT configurations.
The document provides an overview of IPv6, including its key features and advantages over IPv4. It discusses IPv6 addressing formats and transition mechanisms from IPv4 to IPv6. IPv6 has a 128-bit address space compared to IPv4's 32-bit, allowing for many more addresses. It also supports features like autoconfiguration, mobility, and security that are improvements over IPv4. Transition techniques like dual stacking, tunneling, and translation allow IPv6 and IPv4 networks to interconnect during the transition period.
Network address translation (NAT) is a method of remapping one IP address space into another by modifying network address information in Internet Protocol (IP) datagram packet headers while they are in transit across a traffic routing device.
IP address is a logical address defined at the network layer that is used by devices to communicate on an IP network. IP addresses are 32 bits in length and are allocated by IANA. As the internet grew, concerns arose around exhausting the available IP version 4 address space and increasing routing table sizes. Subnetting was introduced to help address these issues by adding a third level to the IP address hierarchy. Network address translation allows private IP addresses to be used internally and mapped to public IP addresses when communicating externally, further conserving the available IP address space.
RIP (Routing Information Protocol) is a standard routing protocol that exchanges routing information between gateways and hosts. It works by limiting routes to a maximum of 15 hops to prevent routing loops. There are three versions of RIP: RIP version 1 supports only classful routing; RIP version 2 adds support for VLSM and authentication; and RIPng extends RIP version 2 to support IPv6. RIP has limitations such as a small hop count limit and slow convergence times. It is commonly implemented in Cisco IOS, Junos, and open source routing software.
Computer Networking: Subnetting and IP AddressingBisrat Girma
The document discusses IP addressing and subnetting. It provides an overview of classful addressing and how IP addresses were originally divided into classes A, B, and C. It then covers special addresses, private addresses, methods for identifying the class of an IP address, network addresses, subnet masks, CIDR notation, and how to calculate the number of subnets and hosts per subnet. The goal is to explain the fundamental concepts behind IP addressing and subnetting.
Department Of computer Application- Advanced computer network
Main office:
Remote locations
Branch offices:
Home offices:
Mobile users
Resource-Sharing Functions and Benefits
Network User Applications
Characteristics of a Network
Foundation
Advance Internet working
Congestion Control & Resource Allocation
Network Security
Symmetric Key Encryption
Cryptographic Building Blocks
The document provides instructions for setting up a network with 4 PCs connected to 2 switches, with the switches connected to a router. The key steps are:
1. Connect the PCs to the switches using copper cables and assign each PC an IP address from the same private IP range (e.g. 192.168.0.x).
2. Connect the switches to the router using copper cables. Configure the router interfaces with IP addresses from each private range and enable the ports.
3. Configure the default gateway of each PC to be the router IP that corresponds to its private IP range.
4. Add the private IP ranges to the router's RIP configuration to allow routing between the
This document discusses subnetting and provides examples. It describes subnetting as breaking up a large network into smaller subnets. Subnetting allows creating multiple networks from a single address block and maximizes addressing efficiency. The document then provides examples of subnetting a network using CIDR notation and calculating the number of subnets, hosts per subnet, valid IP ranges, and broadcast addresses. It also discusses an example of optimally subnetting the IP addresses needed across different departments within a university based on their host requirements.
CCNA Basic Switching and Switch ConfigurationDsunte Wilson
This document provides an overview of basic switching concepts and Cisco switch configuration. It explains Ethernet and how switches work to segment networks and reduce collisions. Switches operate at the data link layer and learn MAC addresses to forward frames efficiently. The document discusses switch configuration using commands like hostname, interface, duplex, and port security. It compares switching methods like store-and-forward and cut-through forwarding. The summary reiterates how switches divide collision domains to improve performance over shared-medium Ethernet.
An IP address is a unique 32-bit number that identifies each device on a network. It allows devices to communicate by sending and receiving data packets. IP addresses are made up of a network portion and host portion, with four sections that each range from 0-255. There are five classes of IP addresses - A, B, C, D and E - that determine the number of networks and hosts. IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses written in dotted decimal notation, while IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses written in hex. IP addresses can be static or dynamically assigned by a DHCP server.
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) maps logical IP addresses to physical MAC addresses. It works by broadcasting an ARP request packet containing the logical IP address, and the physical host with that IP will respond with its MAC address in an ARP reply packet. ARP packets are encapsulated within Ethernet frames to be transmitted at the data link layer, and ARP is used to resolve addresses both for hosts on the same local network and for traffic destined for a default router on another network.
Overview of VPN protocols.
VPNs (Virtual Private Networks) are often viewed from the perspective of security with the goal of providing authentication and confidentiality.
However, the primary purpose of VPNs is to connect 2 topologically separated private networks over a public network (typically the Internet).
VPNs basically hook a network logically into another network so that both appear as one private local network.
Security is a possible add-on to VPNs. In many cases it makes perfectly sense to secure the VPNs communication over the unsecure public network.
VPN protocols typically employ a tunnel where data packets of the local network are encapsulated in an outer protocol for transmission over the public network.
The most important VPN protocols are IPSec, PPTP and L2TP. In recent years SSL/TLS based VPNs such as OpenVPN have gained widespread adoption.
Telnet is a protocol that allows administrators to remotely access and manage devices, but it transmits usernames and passwords in clear text, posing a security risk. SSH is a more secure replacement for Telnet, as it encrypts all transmitted data using public key cryptography. Both protocols require a client and server, with Telnet using port 23 and SSH typically using port 22.
This document provides an overview of IPv6 basics including:
- The need for IPv6 due to the depletion of IPv4 addresses with the rise of Internet of Things devices.
- IPv6 uses a 128-bit address format composed of 8 groups of 4 hexadecimal digits separated by colons.
- IPv6 addresses are categorized into different types including link-local, unique local, and global unicast addresses.
- IPv6 uses prefix lengths like CIDR notation to represent prefixes and subnets are based on dividing the 64-bit prefix.
- IPv6 addresses can be auto-configured using EUI-64 or randomly generated interface IDs, and DHCPv6 can assign addresses and options.
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A computer network, or simply a network, is a collection of computer and other hardware components interconnected by communication channels that allow sharing of resources and information. Where at least one process in one device is able to send/receive data to/from at least one process residing in a remote device, then the two devices are said to be in a network. Simply, more than one computer interconnected through a communication medium for information interchange is called a computer network.
VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP) is a Cisco proprietary protocol that propagates the definition of Virtual
Local Area Networks (VLAN) on the whole local area network.[1] To do this, VTP carries VLAN
information to all the switches in a VTP domain. VTP advertisements can be sent over ISL, 802.1Q, IEEE
802.10 and LANE trunks. VTP is available on most of the Cisco Catalyst Family products.
NAT maps private IP addresses to public IP addresses, allowing multiple devices on a private network to share a single public IP address to access the Internet. It is commonly used when there is a shortage of IPv4 addresses. There are different types of NAT, including dynamic NAT which maps private addresses to public addresses on a need basis, and NAPT which allows thousands of devices to share one IP address by also mapping port numbers. NAT solves issues like merging networks with duplicate private addresses and changing ISPs without renumbering an entire network.
Network Address Translation (NAT) allows a single device like a router to act as an agent between a private network and the public internet using a single public IP address. This conserves limited public IP addresses as only the NAT device needs a public IP, while an entire private network can use private IP addresses. NAT works by translating the private IP address and port of devices in the private network to the public IP address and unique port of the NAT device when communicating with the public internet, and vice versa for incoming traffic. This allows all private network devices to access the internet through the single public IP address of the NAT device.
Access control lists (ACLs) can be used for filtering and identifying network traffic. ACLs are composed of rules that either permit or deny traffic based on conditions like source/destination addresses, protocols, and port numbers. Numbered ACLs range from 1-99 for standard IP and 100-199 for extended IP. Named ACLs have no number limit. Standard ACLs filter based only on source IP while extended ACLs examine both source and destination addresses, protocol, and port numbers.
HSRP (Hot Standby Routing Protocol) defines an active-standby router configuration using virtual IP and MAC addresses to provide default gateway redundancy. The router with the highest priority value becomes the active router and sends periodic hello messages to the standby router. The show standby command can be used to verify the HSRP state and priority values of routers.
How to configure static nat on cisco routersIT Tech
This document provides instructions for configuring static network address translation (NAT) on a Cisco router to map a private IP address to a public IP address. It explains that NAT allows private IP addresses on an internal network to be represented by public IP addresses on the external network. It then outlines the steps to configure static NAT on a Cisco router by defining the inside and outside interfaces, and using commands like "ip nat inside" and "ip nat outside" to identify the interfaces and "ip nat inside source static" to define the address mapping. It verifies the NAT configuration is working properly using show commands.
Network Address Translation (NAT) is a way to map an entire network (or networks) to a single IP address.
NAT is necessary when the number of IP addresses assigned to you by your Internet Service Provider is less than the total number of computers that you wish to provide Internet access for.
RIP (Routing Information Protocol) is a standard routing protocol that exchanges routing information between gateways and hosts. It works by limiting routes to a maximum of 15 hops to prevent routing loops. There are three versions of RIP: RIP version 1 supports only classful routing; RIP version 2 adds support for VLSM and authentication; and RIPng extends RIP version 2 to support IPv6. RIP has limitations such as a small hop count limit and slow convergence times. It is commonly implemented in Cisco IOS, Junos, and open source routing software.
Computer Networking: Subnetting and IP AddressingBisrat Girma
The document discusses IP addressing and subnetting. It provides an overview of classful addressing and how IP addresses were originally divided into classes A, B, and C. It then covers special addresses, private addresses, methods for identifying the class of an IP address, network addresses, subnet masks, CIDR notation, and how to calculate the number of subnets and hosts per subnet. The goal is to explain the fundamental concepts behind IP addressing and subnetting.
Department Of computer Application- Advanced computer network
Main office:
Remote locations
Branch offices:
Home offices:
Mobile users
Resource-Sharing Functions and Benefits
Network User Applications
Characteristics of a Network
Foundation
Advance Internet working
Congestion Control & Resource Allocation
Network Security
Symmetric Key Encryption
Cryptographic Building Blocks
The document provides instructions for setting up a network with 4 PCs connected to 2 switches, with the switches connected to a router. The key steps are:
1. Connect the PCs to the switches using copper cables and assign each PC an IP address from the same private IP range (e.g. 192.168.0.x).
2. Connect the switches to the router using copper cables. Configure the router interfaces with IP addresses from each private range and enable the ports.
3. Configure the default gateway of each PC to be the router IP that corresponds to its private IP range.
4. Add the private IP ranges to the router's RIP configuration to allow routing between the
This document discusses subnetting and provides examples. It describes subnetting as breaking up a large network into smaller subnets. Subnetting allows creating multiple networks from a single address block and maximizes addressing efficiency. The document then provides examples of subnetting a network using CIDR notation and calculating the number of subnets, hosts per subnet, valid IP ranges, and broadcast addresses. It also discusses an example of optimally subnetting the IP addresses needed across different departments within a university based on their host requirements.
CCNA Basic Switching and Switch ConfigurationDsunte Wilson
This document provides an overview of basic switching concepts and Cisco switch configuration. It explains Ethernet and how switches work to segment networks and reduce collisions. Switches operate at the data link layer and learn MAC addresses to forward frames efficiently. The document discusses switch configuration using commands like hostname, interface, duplex, and port security. It compares switching methods like store-and-forward and cut-through forwarding. The summary reiterates how switches divide collision domains to improve performance over shared-medium Ethernet.
An IP address is a unique 32-bit number that identifies each device on a network. It allows devices to communicate by sending and receiving data packets. IP addresses are made up of a network portion and host portion, with four sections that each range from 0-255. There are five classes of IP addresses - A, B, C, D and E - that determine the number of networks and hosts. IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses written in dotted decimal notation, while IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses written in hex. IP addresses can be static or dynamically assigned by a DHCP server.
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) maps logical IP addresses to physical MAC addresses. It works by broadcasting an ARP request packet containing the logical IP address, and the physical host with that IP will respond with its MAC address in an ARP reply packet. ARP packets are encapsulated within Ethernet frames to be transmitted at the data link layer, and ARP is used to resolve addresses both for hosts on the same local network and for traffic destined for a default router on another network.
Overview of VPN protocols.
VPNs (Virtual Private Networks) are often viewed from the perspective of security with the goal of providing authentication and confidentiality.
However, the primary purpose of VPNs is to connect 2 topologically separated private networks over a public network (typically the Internet).
VPNs basically hook a network logically into another network so that both appear as one private local network.
Security is a possible add-on to VPNs. In many cases it makes perfectly sense to secure the VPNs communication over the unsecure public network.
VPN protocols typically employ a tunnel where data packets of the local network are encapsulated in an outer protocol for transmission over the public network.
The most important VPN protocols are IPSec, PPTP and L2TP. In recent years SSL/TLS based VPNs such as OpenVPN have gained widespread adoption.
Telnet is a protocol that allows administrators to remotely access and manage devices, but it transmits usernames and passwords in clear text, posing a security risk. SSH is a more secure replacement for Telnet, as it encrypts all transmitted data using public key cryptography. Both protocols require a client and server, with Telnet using port 23 and SSH typically using port 22.
This document provides an overview of IPv6 basics including:
- The need for IPv6 due to the depletion of IPv4 addresses with the rise of Internet of Things devices.
- IPv6 uses a 128-bit address format composed of 8 groups of 4 hexadecimal digits separated by colons.
- IPv6 addresses are categorized into different types including link-local, unique local, and global unicast addresses.
- IPv6 uses prefix lengths like CIDR notation to represent prefixes and subnets are based on dividing the 64-bit prefix.
- IPv6 addresses can be auto-configured using EUI-64 or randomly generated interface IDs, and DHCPv6 can assign addresses and options.
A
PROJECT REPORT
On
CISCO CERTIFIED NETWORK ASSOCIATE
A computer network, or simply a network, is a collection of computer and other hardware components interconnected by communication channels that allow sharing of resources and information. Where at least one process in one device is able to send/receive data to/from at least one process residing in a remote device, then the two devices are said to be in a network. Simply, more than one computer interconnected through a communication medium for information interchange is called a computer network.
VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP) is a Cisco proprietary protocol that propagates the definition of Virtual
Local Area Networks (VLAN) on the whole local area network.[1] To do this, VTP carries VLAN
information to all the switches in a VTP domain. VTP advertisements can be sent over ISL, 802.1Q, IEEE
802.10 and LANE trunks. VTP is available on most of the Cisco Catalyst Family products.
NAT maps private IP addresses to public IP addresses, allowing multiple devices on a private network to share a single public IP address to access the Internet. It is commonly used when there is a shortage of IPv4 addresses. There are different types of NAT, including dynamic NAT which maps private addresses to public addresses on a need basis, and NAPT which allows thousands of devices to share one IP address by also mapping port numbers. NAT solves issues like merging networks with duplicate private addresses and changing ISPs without renumbering an entire network.
Network Address Translation (NAT) allows a single device like a router to act as an agent between a private network and the public internet using a single public IP address. This conserves limited public IP addresses as only the NAT device needs a public IP, while an entire private network can use private IP addresses. NAT works by translating the private IP address and port of devices in the private network to the public IP address and unique port of the NAT device when communicating with the public internet, and vice versa for incoming traffic. This allows all private network devices to access the internet through the single public IP address of the NAT device.
Access control lists (ACLs) can be used for filtering and identifying network traffic. ACLs are composed of rules that either permit or deny traffic based on conditions like source/destination addresses, protocols, and port numbers. Numbered ACLs range from 1-99 for standard IP and 100-199 for extended IP. Named ACLs have no number limit. Standard ACLs filter based only on source IP while extended ACLs examine both source and destination addresses, protocol, and port numbers.
HSRP (Hot Standby Routing Protocol) defines an active-standby router configuration using virtual IP and MAC addresses to provide default gateway redundancy. The router with the highest priority value becomes the active router and sends periodic hello messages to the standby router. The show standby command can be used to verify the HSRP state and priority values of routers.
How to configure static nat on cisco routersIT Tech
This document provides instructions for configuring static network address translation (NAT) on a Cisco router to map a private IP address to a public IP address. It explains that NAT allows private IP addresses on an internal network to be represented by public IP addresses on the external network. It then outlines the steps to configure static NAT on a Cisco router by defining the inside and outside interfaces, and using commands like "ip nat inside" and "ip nat outside" to identify the interfaces and "ip nat inside source static" to define the address mapping. It verifies the NAT configuration is working properly using show commands.
Network Address Translation (NAT) is a way to map an entire network (or networks) to a single IP address.
NAT is necessary when the number of IP addresses assigned to you by your Internet Service Provider is less than the total number of computers that you wish to provide Internet access for.
NETMAX TECHNOLOGIES provides network training, software training, and embedded systems support and consultancy. Courses include CCNA, CCNP, Red Hat Linux, Windows, C, C++, Java, .NET, and microcontroller training. It uses NAT to allow private networks to connect to the internet using a limited number of public IP addresses. Static NAT maps a private IP to a public IP in a 1:1 ratio. Dynamic NAT maps private IPs to public IPs from a pool. Overloading NAT maps multiple private IPs to one public IP using port addressing.
1. Configure VLANs to separate servers and clients in each organization.
2. Configure NAT inside and outside interfaces on routers.
3. Use static NAT to expose a server to the internet with port forwarding.
4. Use dynamic NAT with overload for internet access for internal clients, sharing a public IP.
This allows internal clients to access external servers while protecting internal servers from direct internet access. The ISP provides public IPs for NAT translations between the private and public networks.
NAT enables private IP networks to connect to the public Internet by allowing private IP addresses to be translated to public IP addresses. There are three main types of NAT: static NAT maps individual private IPs to public IPs manually; dynamic NAT maps private IPs to public IPs automatically from address pools; and PAT maps multiple private IPs and ports to a single public IP and port numbers to distinguish connections. NAT allows private addressing in local networks while also connecting to the public Internet using public IP addresses.
NAT (Network Address Translation) allows private IP addresses to be translated to public IP addresses to allow access to the internet. There are three types of NAT: static NAT maps a single private IP to a single public IP; dynamic NAT maps multiple private IPs to multiple public IPs; and PAT (Port Address Translation) maps multiple private IPs to a single public IP by multiplexing client ports. The document provides configuration examples for static NAT, dynamic NAT, and PAT on Cisco routers to translate private to public IP addresses and allow internal hosts internet access.
NAT (Network Address Translation) allows private IP addresses to be translated to public IP addresses to allow access to the internet. There are three types of NAT: static NAT maps a single private IP to a single public IP; dynamic NAT maps multiple private IPs to multiple public IPs; and PAT (Port Address Translation) maps multiple private IPs to a single public IP by multiplexing ports. The document provides configuration examples for static NAT, dynamic NAT, and PAT on Cisco routers to translate private to public IP addresses and allow internal hosts to access the internet.
Now more than ever, today’s businesses require reliable network connectivity and access to corporate resources. Connections to and from business units, vendors and SOHOs are all equally important to keep the continuity when needed. Business runs all day, every day and even in off hours. Most companies run operations around the clock, seven days a week so it’s important to realize that to keep a solid business continuity strategy, redundancy technologies should be considered and/or implemented.
So, we need to keep things up and available all the time. This is sometimes referred to five nines (99.999) uptime. The small percentage of downtime is accounted for unforeseen incidents, or ‘scheduled maintenance’ and usually set to take place during times of least impact, like in the middle of the night, or on holiday weekends if planned. If this is not a part of your systems and network architecture it should be considered if you want to keep a high level of availability. Because things break and unforeseen events do take place, we need to evaluate the need for creating an architecture that is ‘highly available’, or up as much as possible, with failures foreseen ahead of time and the only downtime, is to do planned maintenance.
This document discusses setting up a redundant LAN network. It describes what a LAN network is and the importance of network redundancy. It then provides details on various methods for implementing redundancy, including creating VPNs, using redundancy protocols like HSRP and VRRP, basic routing, MPLS routing, access lists, NAT/PAT, and configuring redundant LAN connections. The document includes configuration examples and concludes that the project was a valuable learning experience for understanding real-world networking operations.
This document discusses network address translation (NAT) and port address translation (PAT). It provides configuration examples for static NAT, dynamic NAT from an address pool, and overloading NAT using a single global address. Troubleshooting tips are also included such as using the debug ip nat command and checking for issues like incorrect NAT configuration, denied inbound access, permissions in the ACL, available addresses in the pool, and proper interface definitions.
The document provides information about network address translation (NAT) for IPv4. It discusses the purpose and functions of NAT, different types of NAT including static NAT, dynamic NAT, and port address translation (PAT). The advantages of NAT include conserving IPv4 addresses and hiding internal network addresses. Disadvantages include increased delays and loss of end-to-end addressing and traceability. The document also provides configuration instructions for different NAT types on Cisco routers.
Network address translation (NAT) allows remapping of one IP address space to another. Types of NAT include static NAT, dynamic NAT, and port address translation (PAT). NAT provides benefits like IP address conservation, security, and flexibility. On Cisco routers, NAT operations follow an order of inside-to-outside and outside-to-inside translation. NAT can be deployed in scenarios involving MPLS VPNs, IP multicast, high availability, and application-level gateways. Configuration of NAT varies between Cisco routers and ASA firewalls.
This document provides an introduction to Network Address Translation (NAT) and describes a simple simulation configured to allow hosts from a private network to access a server through its public IP address. NAT is designed to separate private IP addresses from public IP addresses. The simulation involves configuring two routers, with one router using static NAT with Port Address Translation (PAT) to allow a server to be accessed via its public IP, and the other router using dynamic NAT and PAT to allow multiple private IPs to access the network. This demonstrates how NAT can translate private network addresses to access resources externally using public IP addresses.
Network Address Translation (NAT) allows a single device such as a router to act as an agent between an internal private network and the public internet. NAT conserves IP addresses by mapping multiple unregistered private IP addresses to a single registered public IP address. There are different types of NAT including static NAT which maps private to public addresses on a one-to-one basis, dynamic NAT which maps to available public addresses, and port address translation (PAT) which overloads a public IP address by using different port numbers for each private address. NAT translates IP addresses for traffic entering and leaving the private network to allow communication while hiding the internal network topology.
The document discusses how Network Address Translation (NAT) and Port Address Translation (PAT) can help solve the problem of limited IP addresses by allowing private IP addresses to be translated to public IP addresses, and describes how to configure various NAT and PAT functions on a Cisco router including static NAT, dynamic NAT, port overloading, and handling overlapping networks.
This document discusses configuring basic network address translation (NAT) in an ASA firewall. It describes configuring three interfaces: outside, inside, and DMZ. It also describes configuring static routes and default routes between the ASA and three routers. The document then explains different NAT configuration options in the ASA including dynamic NAT, static NAT, NAT exemption, identity NAT, NAT overload, and static PAT.
This document provides the questions and answers for CCNA 2 Chapter 11 2014 v5.0 exam. It discusses network address translation (NAT) and port address translation (PAT). Some key points covered include:
- Dynamic NAT automatically maps inside local addresses to inside global addresses
- Port forwarding allows an external user to reach a service on a private IPv4 address inside a LAN
- Overload NAT is used when there are more private IP addresses than available public IP addresses
- Two required steps to configure PAT are to identify the inside interface and define a pool of global addresses for overload translation
Similar to NAT (network address translation) & PAT (port address translation) (20)
The document describes setting up static routes on 7 routers (R1-R7) to allow connectivity between all routers and PCs in a network topology. It involves configuring IP addresses and static routes on each router's interfaces according to the topology diagram, so that each router has a route to every other subnet and can ping all other routers and PCs.
This document outlines the steps to configure HSRP (Hot Standby Router Protocol) on two multi-layer switches (MLS1 and MLS2) including: configuring IP addresses, EIGRP routing, web server and NTP server, setting MLS1 as the active router, tracking the state of interfaces, using HSRP for load balancing between the routers, and enabling NAT on the border router for internal traffic.
The document provides instructions for a lab on route redistribution between OSPF, EIGRP and RIP routing protocols. It involves configuring the routing protocols on various routers as specified in the topology, including redistributing routes between protocols. It also requires summarizing loopback routes between areas and protocols.
Route redistribution involves sharing routes between different routing protocols. Challenges include incompatible metrics between protocols and routing loops or suboptimal paths that can occur from redistributing routes back into their origin domain. Route maps, distribution lists, and adjusting administrative distances can control redistribution and prevent issues like feedback of routes into their source protocol.
The document describes tasks for configuring a zone-based firewall on Router 1:
1. Create an inside and outside zone on Router 1's interfaces; apply an inspect policy between the zones to allow necessary traffic.
2. Configure R2 to ping R3 by name by adding DNS and host entries.
3. Configure R2 to copy a file from R4's HTTP server using the file path and name.
4. Configure R2 as the NTP server and have the other routers synchronize to it after applying necessary firewall policies.
The document provides the configuration steps for a lab exercise on BGP. The steps include:
1. Configuring IBGP and EBGP neighborships between routers as shown in the topology diagram using loopback addresses.
2. Advertising loopback networks in BGP to ensure all routers have the routing information.
3. Configuring route reflectors to reduce the number of neighbor relationships needed.
4. Setting preferences for best paths between routers for certain networks.
This document provides instructions for completing 12 tasks to configure access control lists on routers. The tasks include configuring IP addresses, inter-VLAN routing, EIGRP routing, DNS, Telnet/SSH access, and ACLs to restrict traffic between VLANs and access to websites based on the VLAN. Detailed configuration steps are provided for each router to implement the access controls and routing as outlined in the tasks.
1. The document provides instructions for configuring OSPF routing, filtering LSAs, and summarizing routes between OSPF areas on a network with multiple routers.
2. Tasks include configuring OSPF on each router, filtering routes between areas, redistributing EIGRP routes into OSPF, and using prefix lists and route summarization.
3. The solution shows the OSPF and redistribution configurations needed on each router to implement the requested tasks and filters.
The document describes the tasks and solution for a lab on VLANs and trunking. The tasks are to: 1) Configure IP addresses as shown in the topology, 2) Create DHCP servers for VLANs 10 and 20, 3) Configure SW1 as the VTP server and the others as clients with the domain "netwaxlab.com", 4) Ensure PCs get IP addresses via DHCP, and 5) Allow communication between PCs 9 and 10 which have different IPs on the same VLAN. The solution describes the configurations needed on the switches to accomplish these tasks.
The document provides instructions for configuring an ASA firewall to:
1. Configure security levels and interfaces for DMZ and DMZ1 subnets.
2. Enable ping access between the DMZ and DMZ1 interfaces.
3. Restrict telnet access to the ASA to only the R2 host.
4. Enable SSH access to the ASA from the ISP subnet only.
5. Apply PAT for the Inside, DMZ and DMZ1 interfaces.
6. Allow the ISP to telnet to the R2 host using port 2487.
The document describes tasks to configure NAT on routers R1 and R2. This includes dynamically NATing internal networks and loopbacks to external IP ranges, PAT for some internal networks, and static NAT for R7's loopbacks. EIGRP is configured internally with redistribution. Access-lists are used to define the NAT source addresses and pools are used to map them to external IP ranges. Connectivity to external sites is tested with ping.
This document provides instructions for configuring cut-through proxy on an ASA firewall. It includes steps to configure interfaces, ACLs, AAA authentication with an ISE server, a virtual Telnet IP, and verification tests. The goal is to allow a client to Telnet to a virtual IP on the ASA that will authenticate with ISE and cut through to permit access to a real host IP if authentication succeeds.
The document describes the steps to configure dynamic routing, site-to-site VPN, and network access between devices in a lab topology. The tasks include: 1) Configuring IP addresses and dynamic routing protocols on routers and firewalls, 2) Establishing connectivity between all devices, 3) Implementing NAT and VPN services on the firewalls to allow communication between specified subnets, and 4) Opening a non-standard port for remote access between two routers via one of the firewalls.
1. The document describes configuring IP addresses, DNS, a site-to-site GRE VPN between routers R5 and R6, and a DMVPN network between routers R1, R2, and R3.
2. For the GRE VPN, ISAKMP and IPsec are configured on R5 and R6 using a preshared key of "netwaxlab" to secure the GRE tunnel.
3. For the DMVPN, R1 is configured as a hub router and R2 and R3 as spoke routers. ISAKMP and IPsec are configured using a preshared key of "netwaxlab" to secure the GRE tunnels between the routers.
The document describes configuring VRRP (Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol) on routers R1 and R2. It involves:
1. Configuring R1 as the master for VRRP group 1 using virtual IP 10.0.0.254 and authentication.
2. Configuring R2 as the master for load-balanced VRRP group 2 using virtual IP 10.0.0.193 and a different authentication string.
3. Enabling tracking on both routers so that the priority of the backup router decreases if the route to the opposite network fails, allowing it to take over as master.
1. The document describes tasks for configuring a role-based CLI, including configuring IP addresses, routing protocols, VPN tunnels, and access privileges for different devices.
2. It provides configuration steps for R2 and R3 to enable PAT for inside networks and configure a site-to-site VPN between them with IPsec.
3. PC5 is given full access to R13 but can only use show commands on R14, while PC4 is limited to the show history command on R11.
1. The document describes configuring high availability routing between two firewalls (ASA1 and ASA2) using failover, and between two routers (MLS3 and R2) using HSRP.
2. It provides configuration examples for failover on the ASAs, HSRP on MLS3 and R2, PAT on the ASA and R2, and EIGRP routing between the ASA and MLS3.
3. It also specifies default gateways for different PCs to reach R1 via the active HSRP router.
1. The document describes the configuration steps for a lab exercise involving BGP routing. It includes tasks to configure IP addresses, IBGP, HSRP, servers, and BGP routing on multiple routers as shown in the given topology diagram.
2. Key steps are to configure IBGP between routers R1-R4, HSRP between R5-R6, servers on R6, and BGP routing between all routers as specified in the tasks and topology, including IBGP, EBGP, route reflectors, and BGP confederations.
3. The goal is to verify connectivity between loopbacks and servers across the different BGP and IBGP domains as configured.
1. The document describes tasks for configuring OSPF routing on a network topology.
2. Key configurations include enabling OSPF on each router, configuring authentication for Area 1, summarizing loopback routes on R4, and preventing Area 3 routers from receiving routes from other areas.
3. PAT is configured on routers R1 and R11 to allow traffic from multiple private networks to use a single public IP address.
The document provides instructions for configuring IPv6 on a network topology. It includes tasks to configure IPv6 addresses on routers, configure Frame-Relay over IPv6, assign IPv6 addresses to routers through autoconfiguration, and configure OSPF routing between the routers.
Radically Outperforming DynamoDB @ Digital Turbine with SADA and Google CloudScyllaDB
Digital Turbine, the Leading Mobile Growth & Monetization Platform, did the analysis and made the leap from DynamoDB to ScyllaDB Cloud on GCP. Suffice it to say, they stuck the landing. We'll introduce Joseph Shorter, VP, Platform Architecture at DT, who lead the charge for change and can speak first-hand to the performance, reliability, and cost benefits of this move. Miles Ward, CTO @ SADA will help explore what this move looks like behind the scenes, in the Scylla Cloud SaaS platform. We'll walk you through before and after, and what it took to get there (easier than you'd guess I bet!).
MySQL InnoDB Storage Engine: Deep Dive - MydbopsMydbops
This presentation, titled "MySQL - InnoDB" and delivered by Mayank Prasad at the Mydbops Open Source Database Meetup 16 on June 8th, 2024, covers dynamic configuration of REDO logs and instant ADD/DROP columns in InnoDB.
This presentation dives deep into the world of InnoDB, exploring two ground-breaking features introduced in MySQL 8.0:
• Dynamic Configuration of REDO Logs: Enhance your database's performance and flexibility with on-the-fly adjustments to REDO log capacity. Unleash the power of the snake metaphor to visualize how InnoDB manages REDO log files.
• Instant ADD/DROP Columns: Say goodbye to costly table rebuilds! This presentation unveils how InnoDB now enables seamless addition and removal of columns without compromising data integrity or incurring downtime.
Key Learnings:
• Grasp the concept of REDO logs and their significance in InnoDB's transaction management.
• Discover the advantages of dynamic REDO log configuration and how to leverage it for optimal performance.
• Understand the inner workings of instant ADD/DROP columns and their impact on database operations.
• Gain valuable insights into the row versioning mechanism that empowers instant column modifications.
This time, we're diving into the murky waters of the Fuxnet malware, a brainchild of the illustrious Blackjack hacking group.
Let's set the scene: Moscow, a city unsuspectingly going about its business, unaware that it's about to be the star of Blackjack's latest production. The method? Oh, nothing too fancy, just the classic "let's potentially disable sensor-gateways" move.
In a move of unparalleled transparency, Blackjack decides to broadcast their cyber conquests on ruexfil.com. Because nothing screams "covert operation" like a public display of your hacking prowess, complete with screenshots for the visually inclined.
Ah, but here's where the plot thickens: the initial claim of 2,659 sensor-gateways laid to waste? A slight exaggeration, it seems. The actual tally? A little over 500. It's akin to declaring world domination and then barely managing to annex your backyard.
For Blackjack, ever the dramatists, hint at a sequel, suggesting the JSON files were merely a teaser of the chaos yet to come. Because what's a cyberattack without a hint of sequel bait, teasing audiences with the promise of more digital destruction?
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This document presents a comprehensive analysis of the Fuxnet malware, attributed to the Blackjack hacking group, which has reportedly targeted infrastructure. The analysis delves into various aspects of the malware, including its technical specifications, impact on systems, defense mechanisms, propagation methods, targets, and the motivations behind its deployment. By examining these facets, the document aims to provide a detailed overview of Fuxnet's capabilities and its implications for cybersecurity.
The document offers a qualitative summary of the Fuxnet malware, based on the information publicly shared by the attackers and analyzed by cybersecurity experts. This analysis is invaluable for security professionals, IT specialists, and stakeholders in various industries, as it not only sheds light on the technical intricacies of a sophisticated cyber threat but also emphasizes the importance of robust cybersecurity measures in safeguarding critical infrastructure against emerging threats. Through this detailed examination, the document contributes to the broader understanding of cyber warfare tactics and enhances the preparedness of organizations to defend against similar attacks in the future.
MongoDB vs ScyllaDB: Tractian’s Experience with Real-Time MLScyllaDB
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ScyllaDB is making a major architecture shift. We’re moving from vNode replication to tablets – fragments of tables that are distributed independently, enabling dynamic data distribution and extreme elasticity. In this keynote, ScyllaDB co-founder and CTO Avi Kivity explains the reason for this shift, provides a look at the implementation and roadmap, and shares how this shift benefits ScyllaDB users.
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LF Energy Webinar: Carbon Data Specifications: Mechanisms to Improve Data Acc...DanBrown980551
This LF Energy webinar took place June 20, 2024. It featured:
-Alex Thornton, LF Energy
-Hallie Cramer, Google
-Daniel Roesler, UtilityAPI
-Henry Richardson, WattTime
In response to the urgency and scale required to effectively address climate change, open source solutions offer significant potential for driving innovation and progress. Currently, there is a growing demand for standardization and interoperability in energy data and modeling. Open source standards and specifications within the energy sector can also alleviate challenges associated with data fragmentation, transparency, and accessibility. At the same time, it is crucial to consider privacy and security concerns throughout the development of open source platforms.
This webinar will delve into the motivations behind establishing LF Energy’s Carbon Data Specification Consortium. It will provide an overview of the draft specifications and the ongoing progress made by the respective working groups.
Three primary specifications will be discussed:
-Discovery and client registration, emphasizing transparent processes and secure and private access
-Customer data, centering around customer tariffs, bills, energy usage, and full consumption disclosure
-Power systems data, focusing on grid data, inclusive of transmission and distribution networks, generation, intergrid power flows, and market settlement data
Supercell is the game developer behind Hay Day, Clash of Clans, Boom Beach, Clash Royale and Brawl Stars. Learn how they unified real-time event streaming for a social platform with hundreds of millions of users.
CNSCon 2024 Lightning Talk: Don’t Make Me Impersonate My IdentityCynthia Thomas
Identities are a crucial part of running workloads on Kubernetes. How do you ensure Pods can securely access Cloud resources? In this lightning talk, you will learn how large Cloud providers work together to share Identity Provider responsibilities in order to federate identities in multi-cloud environments.
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The Department of Veteran Affairs (VA) invited Taylor Paschal, Knowledge & Information Management Consultant at Enterprise Knowledge, to speak at a Knowledge Management Lunch and Learn hosted on June 12, 2024. All Office of Administration staff were invited to attend and received professional development credit for participating in the voluntary event.
The objectives of the Lunch and Learn presentation were to:
- Review what KM ‘is’ and ‘isn’t’
- Understand the value of KM and the benefits of engaging
- Define and reflect on your “what’s in it for me?”
- Share actionable ways you can participate in Knowledge - - Capture & Transfer
ScyllaDB Real-Time Event Processing with CDCScyllaDB
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Facilitation Skills - When to Use and Why.pptxKnoldus Inc.
In this session, we will discuss the world of Agile methodologies and how facilitation plays a crucial role in optimizing collaboration, communication, and productivity within Scrum teams. We'll dive into the key facets of effective facilitation and how it can transform sprint planning, daily stand-ups, sprint reviews, and retrospectives. The participants will gain valuable insights into the art of choosing the right facilitation techniques for specific scenarios, aligning with Agile values and principles. We'll explore the "why" behind each technique, emphasizing the importance of adaptability and responsiveness in the ever-evolving Agile landscape. Overall, this session will help participants better understand the significance of facilitation in Agile and how it can enhance the team's productivity and communication.
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Northern Engraving | Modern Metal Trim, Nameplates and Appliance PanelsNorthern Engraving
What began over 115 years ago as a supplier of precision gauges to the automotive industry has evolved into being an industry leader in the manufacture of product branding, automotive cockpit trim and decorative appliance trim. Value-added services include in-house Design, Engineering, Program Management, Test Lab and Tool Shops.
For senior executives, successfully managing a major cyber attack relies on your ability to minimise operational downtime, revenue loss and reputational damage.
Indeed, the approach you take to recovery is the ultimate test for your Resilience, Business Continuity, Cyber Security and IT teams.
Our Cyber Recovery Wargame prepares your organisation to deliver an exceptional crisis response.
Event date: 19th June 2024, Tate Modern
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To enable an on-demand comparison of the DBaaS landscape we present the benchANT DBaaS Navigator, an open DBaaS comparison platform for management and deployment features, costs, and performance. The DBaaS Navigator is an open data platform that enables the comparison of over 20 DBaaS providers for the relational and NoSQL databases.
This talk will provide a brief overview of the benchmarked categories with a focus on the technical categories such as price/performance for NoSQL DBaaS and how ScyllaDB Cloud is performing.
Enterprise Knowledge’s Joe Hilger, COO, and Sara Nash, Principal Consultant, presented “Building a Semantic Layer of your Data Platform” at Data Summit Workshop on May 7th, 2024 in Boston, Massachusetts.
This presentation delved into the importance of the semantic layer and detailed four real-world applications. Hilger and Nash explored how a robust semantic layer architecture optimizes user journeys across diverse organizational needs, including data consistency and usability, search and discovery, reporting and insights, and data modernization. Practical use cases explore a variety of industries such as biotechnology, financial services, and global retail.
QR Secure: A Hybrid Approach Using Machine Learning and Security Validation F...AlexanderRichford
QR Secure: A Hybrid Approach Using Machine Learning and Security Validation Functions to Prevent Interaction with Malicious QR Codes.
Aim of the Study: The goal of this research was to develop a robust hybrid approach for identifying malicious and insecure URLs derived from QR codes, ensuring safe interactions.
This is achieved through:
Machine Learning Model: Predicts the likelihood of a URL being malicious.
Security Validation Functions: Ensures the derived URL has a valid certificate and proper URL format.
This innovative blend of technology aims to enhance cybersecurity measures and protect users from potential threats hidden within QR codes 🖥 🔒
This study was my first introduction to using ML which has shown me the immense potential of ML in creating more secure digital environments!
QR Secure: A Hybrid Approach Using Machine Learning and Security Validation F...
NAT (network address translation) & PAT (port address translation)
1. NAT (Network Address Translation)
Network Address Translation (NAT) is designed for IP address conservation. It enables private IP
networks that use unregistered IP addresses to connect to the Internet. NAT operates on a router,
usually connecting two networks together, and translates the private (not globally unique) addresses in
the internal network into legal addresses, before packets are forwarded to another network.
As part of this capability, NAT can be configured to advertise only one address for the entire network to
the outside world. This provides additional security by effectively hiding the entire internal network
behind that address. NAT offers the dual functions of security and address conservation and is typically
implemented in remote-access environments.
When IP addressing first came out, everyone thought that there were plenty of addresses to cover any
need. Theoretically, you could have 4,294,967,296 unique addresses (232). The actual number of
available addresses is smaller (somewhere between 3.2 and 3.3 billion) because of the way that the
addresses are separated into classes, and because some addresses are set aside for multicasting, testing
or other special uses.
This is where NAT (RFC 1631) comes to the rescue. Network Address Translation allows a single device,
such as a router, to act as an agent between the Internet (or "public network") and a local (or "private")
Figure 1 NAT (Network Address Translation)
2. NAT (Network Address Translation)
network. This means that only a single, unique IP address is required to represent an entire group of
computers.
But the shortage of IP addresses is only one reason to use NAT. Cisco's version of NAT lets an
administrator create tables that map:
A local IP address to one global IP address statically,
A local IP address to any of a rotating pool of global IP addresses that a company may have,
A local IP address plus a particular TCP port to a global IP address or one in a pool of them,
A global IP address to any of a pool of local IP addresses on a round-robin basis.
Developed by Cisco, Network Address Translation is used by a device (firewall, router or computer that
sits between an internal network and the rest of the world. NAT has many forms and can work in several
ways:
1. Static NAT- Mapping an unregistered IP address to a registered IP address on a one-to-one basis.
Particularly useful when a device needs to be accessible from outside the network.
2. Dynamic NAT- Maps an unregistered IP address to a registered IP address from a group of
registered IP addresses.
3. NAT Overload or PAT- A form of dynamic NAT that maps multiple unregistered IP addresses to a
single registered IP address by using different ports. This is known also as PAT (Port Address
Translation), single address NAT or port-level multiplexed NAT.
4. Overlapping- When the IP addresses used on your internal network are registered IP addresses
in use on another network, the router must maintain a lookup table of these addresses so that it
can intercept them and replace them with registered unique IP addresses. It is important to note
that the NAT router must translate the "internal" addresses to registered unique addresses as
well as translate the "external" registered addresses to addresses that are unique to the private
network. This can be done either through static NAT or by using DNS and implementing dynamic
NAT.
The following list describes the different types of addresses:
1. Local: This refers to what happens on the inside of your network.
2. Global: This refers to what happens on the outside of your network.
3. Inside Local Address: This is an address of a host on your internal network, for example,
192.168.8.25.
3. NAT (Network Address Translation)
4. Inside Global Address: This is the mapped address that people on the Internet would see, which
represents the inside host.
5. Outside Global Address: The IP address of a remote Internet-based host as assigned by the
owner that can communicate with an inside host, for example, 192.0.2.100.
6. Outside Local Address: This is the address that the inside hosts use to reference an outside host.
The outside local address may be the outside host’s actual address or another translated private
address from a different private address block.
Therefore, the router could translate that address to 192.168.10.50, or it could be the public
address of the external host. The internal hosts would contact this address to deal with the
external host.
NAT Configuration
Basically, NAT allows a single device, such as a router, to act as an agent between the Internet (or public
network) and a local network (or private network), which means that only a single unique IP address is
required to represent an entire group of computers to anything outside their network.
In order to configure traditional NAT, you need to make at least one interface on a router (NAT outside)
and another interface on the router (NAT inside) and a set of rules for translating the IP addresses in the
packet headers (and payloads if desired) need to be configured.
Figure 2 Example Config for Static, Dynamic & Overload NAT
5. NAT (Network Address Translation)
Now on R4
R4 (config) #int s0/0
R4 (config-if) #ip add 34.1.1.2 255.255.255.0
R4 (config-if) #no shut
R4 (config-if) #int s0/1
R4 (config-if) #ip add 41.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
R4 (config-if) #no shut
R4 (config-if) #clock rate 64000
R4 (config-if) #int fa0/0
R4 (config-if) #ip add 30.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
R4 (config-if) #no shut
Now on HO Router
HO (config) #int s0/0
HO (config-if) #ip add 101.1.1.10 255.255.255.0
HO (config-if) #no shut
HO (config-if) #clock rate 64000
HO (config-if) #int fa0/0
HO (config-if) #ip add 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
HO (config-if) #no shut
Now on BO Router
BO (config) #int s0/0
BO (config-if) #ip add 201.1.1.10 255.255.255.0
BO (config-if) #no shut
BO (config-if) #clock rate 64000
BO (config-if) #int fa0/0
BO (config-if) #ip add 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
BO (config-if) #no shut
Now here we will run routing protocol on ISPs router
R1 (config) #router ei 100
R1 (config-router) #network 0.0.0.0
R1 (config-router) #no auto-summary
R2 (config) #router ei 100
R2 (config-router) #network 0.0.0.0
R2 (config-router) #no auto-summary
6. NAT (Network Address Translation)
R3 (config) #router ei 100
R3 (config-router) #network 0.0.0.0
R3 (config-router) #no auto-summary
R4 (config) #router ei 100
R4 (config-router) #network 0.0.0.0
R4 (config-router) #no auto-summary
Now we will provide the IP address to the Server
Server 1 30.1.1.2
Server 2 40.1.1.2
Now server will ping all four routers of ISPs.
R1 ping HO router but HO would not ping r2. R1 ping because it’s directly connected with HO router.
Now here I will perform default routing on HO router
HO (config) #ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 101.1.1.1
Now HO would be able to ping all the ISPs router and server.
Now I will perform default routing on BO also
BO (config) #ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 201.1.1.1
Now BO would also be able to ping all the ISPs routers and server. BO would also be able to ping HO
Router.
Now we will give the IP to BOs PC
192.168.1.2
192.168.1.3
192.168.1.4
Here we will provide the IP to HOs PC
192.168.1.2
192.168.1.3
192.168.1.4
What we can see here is we can’t pint ISPs router through HOs Host. Because private IP add doesn’t
work over the internet. It would not ping either server.
7. NAT (Network Address Translation)
Now suppose we purchased three Public IP of the same range
101.1.1.2
101.1.1.3
101.1.1.4
Here we will perform Static NATting
HO (config) #int s0/0
HO (config-if) #ip nat outside
HO (config-if) #int fa0/0
HO (config-if) #ip nat inside
HO (config-if) #exit
HO (config) #ip nat inside source static 192.168.1.2 101.1.1.2
HO (config) #ip nat inside source static 192.168.1.3 101.1.1.3
HO (config) #ip nat inside source static 192.168.1.4 101.1.1.4
Now HOs PC would be able to ping ISPs router and server also.
HO#sh ip nat translation
HO#sh ip nat statistics
Now here we will perform static routing on BO routers
Suppose we purchased these public IP addresses.
201.1.1.2
201.1.1.3
201.1.1.4
BO (config) #int fa0/0
BO (config-if) #ip nat inside
BO (config-if) #int s0/0
BO (config-if) #ip nat outside
BO (config-if) #exit
BO (config) #ip nat inside source static 192.168.1.2 201.1.1.2
BO (config) #ip nat inside source static 192.168.1.3 201.1.1.3
BO (config) #ip nat inside source static 192.168.1.4 201.1.1.4
BO #sh ip nat translation
Now here BO would ping ISPs router and server. Now on HO we will connect three more PCs.
192.168.1.5
192.168.1.6
8. NAT (Network Address Translation)
192.168.1.7
But the new PC would not ping their server. Now we will create here Dynamic NATting
On HO we need to remove static NAT first.
HO (config) #no ip nat inside source static 192.168.1.2 101.1.1.2
HO (config) #no ip nat inside source static 192.168.1.3 101.1.1.3
HO (config) #no ip nat inside source static 192.168.1.4 101.1.1.4
In Dynamic NAT First come First Serve would work.
HO (config) #access-list 10 permit 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255
HO (config) #int fa0/0
HO (config-if) #ip nat inside
HO (config-if) #int s0/0
HO (config-if) #ip nat outside
HO (config-if) #exit
HO (config) #ip nat pool HR ?
HO (config) #ip nat pool 101.1.1.2 101.1.1.4 netmask 255.255.255.0
HO (config) #ip nat inside source list 10 pool HR
Now From HO all the PC would ping the ISP and server.
HO#sh ip nat translation
HO #clear ip nat translation
HO#sh ip nat translation
Now here we will remove Dynamic NAT
HO (config) #ip nat pool HR 101.1.1.2 101.1.1.4 netmask 255.255.255.0
HO (config) #no ip nat inside source list 10 pool HR
HO (config) #no access-list 10
Now here we will perform NAT Overload/PAT
HO (config) #int s0/0
HO (config-if) #ip nat outside
HO (config-if) #int fa0/0
HO (config-if) #ip nat inside
HO (config) #access-list 10 permit 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255
HO (config) #ip nat inside source list 10 int s0/0 overload
9. NAT (Network Address Translation)
Now HOs all the PC will ping ISPs router and server.
HO#sh ip nat translation
HO #Clear Ip nat translation
Overlapping
Let’s talk through what we are going to do here. We want R1 to be able to hit R4′s loopback and vice-
verse, but we need to trick both routers in a way. If R1 just tries to ping 100.0.0.4 nothing is going to go
down because R1 has a directly connected route for 100.0.0.0/24. If R4 tries to ping 100.0.0.1 it will
have the same issue. We will use NAT in both directions to solve this problem. In other words, R1 has to
believe it is talking to some other IP address other than 100.0.0.4 and R4 has to believe it is talking to
something other than 100.0.0.1. Before we do that, let’s setup some basic default routing on R1 and R4.
R1(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 12.12.12.2
R4(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 24.24.24.2
let’s setup our NAT on R2
R1(config)#interface FastEthernet0/0.12
R1(config-if)# ip nat inside
R1(config)#interface FastEthernet0/0.24
R1(config-if)#ip nat outside
R1(config)#ip nat inside source static 100.0.0.1 11.11.11.11
R1(config)#ip nat outside source static 100.0.0.4 44.44.44.44
Let’s break down what the packet flow is going to look like here. When R1 sources a ping packet from
100.0.0.1 destined to 44.44.44.44 two things will happen. Our inside NAT rule there will translate the
source of the packet to 11.11.11.11. At the same time, the outside NAT rule will translate the
destination of the packet to 100.0.0.4
If everything gets routed OK, R4 will receive an ICMP echo packet sourced from 11.11.11.11 and
destined to 100.0.0.4 and it will send an ICMP echo reply sourced from 100.0.0.4 and destined to
11.11.11.11. When R2 receives the packet, it will then translate the source of the packet to 44.44.44.44
and translate the destination of the packet to 100.0.0.1 at the same time
The thing to keep in mind is that both the inside and outside NAT rules work bidirectionally. In other
words, when I say ip nat inside source static 100.0.0.1 11.11.11.11 I am actually telling the router to do
Figure 3 Example Config for Overlapping NAT
10. NAT (Network Address Translation)
two things. If the packet is sourced from 100.0.0.1 on the inside interface, translate the source to
11.11.11.11. Also, if the packet is destined to 11.11.11.11 on the outside interface, translate the
destination to 100.0.0.1. The outside NAT rule is similar in accomplishing two things. When I say ip nat
outside source static 100.0.0.4 44.44.44.44 I am telling the router to do two things. If the packet is
sourced from 100.0.0.4 and coming in the outside interface, translate the source to 44.44.44.44. When
packets come in the inside interface destined to 44.44.44.44, translate the destination to 100.0.0.4.