This document discusses pressure measurement and manometers. It begins by defining pressure and discussing absolute and gauge pressure. It then describes various pressure measurement devices like barometers, manometers, and pressure transducers. Manometers use fluid columns of different densities to measure pressure differences. U-tube, inverted U-tube, and multi-tube manometers are described. Pascal's law states that pressure increases uniformly in an incompressible fluid, and is used in hydraulic systems. Deadweight testers can precisely measure extremely high pressures.
1) The document discusses momentum analysis of flow systems using Newton's laws of motion and the concepts of linear and angular momentum. Key topics covered include forces on control volumes, the linear and angular momentum equations, and their application to steady and unsteady flow problems.
2) Special cases like steady flow and flow with no external forces/moments are examined. Radial flow devices like centrifugal pumps are identified as important applications of the angular momentum equation.
3) Momentum-flux correction factors are introduced to account for non-uniform flow at control volume boundaries.
Fluid MechanicsVortex flow and impulse momentumMohsin Siddique
1. The momentum equation relates the total force on a fluid system to the rate of change of momentum as fluid flows through a control volume.
2. Forces can be resolved into components in different directions for multi-dimensional flows. The total force is equal to the sum of pressure, body, and reaction forces.
3. Examples of applying the momentum equation include calculating forces on a pipe bend, nozzle, jet impact, and curved vane due to changing fluid momentum. Setting up coordinate systems aligned with the flow is important for resolving forces into components.
Fluid Mechanics-Shear stress ,Shear stress distribution,Velocity profile,Flow Of Viscous Fluid Through The circular pipe ,Velocity profile for turbulent flow Boundary layer buildup in pipe,Velocity Distributions
The document discusses different types of flow measurement techniques. It covers topics like the Pitot tube, which measures static and stagnation pressure to determine flow velocity. It also discusses common obstruction flowmeters like the orifice meter, Venturi meter, and nozzle meter that use a constriction to measure flow rate based on pressure differences. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculations of flow rate and pressure drop using equations that depend on parameters like diameter ratio, discharge coefficient, and fluid properties.
Fluid mechanics - Applications of continuity equationAmos David
This document provides an overview of fluid mechanics concepts including rate of flow or discharge (Q), and the continuity equation. It defines rate of flow as the quantity of fluid flowing per second through a section, which for incompressible fluids is the volume per second and for compressible fluids is the weight per second. It presents the continuity equation as Q = A x V, where Q is the rate of discharge, A is the cross-sectional area, and V is the average velocity. The document was prepared by an assistant professor and provides an introduction to applications of the continuity equation for a bridge course on fluid mechanics and machinery.
This document provides an overview of turbulent fluid flow, including:
1) Turbulent flow occurs when the Reynolds number is greater than 2000 and involves irregular, random movement of fluid particles in all directions.
2) The magnitude and intensity of turbulence can be calculated based on the root mean square of turbulent fluctuations and the average flow velocity.
3) The Moody diagram relates the friction factor to the Reynolds number and relative roughness of a pipe to characterize head losses in turbulent pipe flow.
This document discusses compressible flow and its applications in chemical engineering. It begins by defining compressible flow as fluid flow with significant changes in density, usually when the Mach number is greater than 0.3. It then discusses how to distinguish compressible fluids using the Mach number and provides some historical examples. The effects of compressibility, such as choked flow, shock waves, and changes in density with pressure changes are described. Finally, some applications of compressible flow in chemical engineering are mentioned, such as high-speed gas flow in pipes and nozzles and compressible gas flow in chemical processing industries.
The document provides information about pressure and its measurement. It discusses hydrostatic pressure variation in fluids at rest and defines absolute, gauge, atmospheric and vacuum pressures. It describes various types of manometers used to measure pressure, including simple manometers like piezometers, U-tube manometers and single column manometers. Differential manometers like U-tube and inverted U-tube differential manometers are also covered. Several example problems are included to illustrate calculating pressure values using different types of manometers under various conditions.
1) The document discusses momentum analysis of flow systems using Newton's laws of motion and the concepts of linear and angular momentum. Key topics covered include forces on control volumes, the linear and angular momentum equations, and their application to steady and unsteady flow problems.
2) Special cases like steady flow and flow with no external forces/moments are examined. Radial flow devices like centrifugal pumps are identified as important applications of the angular momentum equation.
3) Momentum-flux correction factors are introduced to account for non-uniform flow at control volume boundaries.
Fluid MechanicsVortex flow and impulse momentumMohsin Siddique
1. The momentum equation relates the total force on a fluid system to the rate of change of momentum as fluid flows through a control volume.
2. Forces can be resolved into components in different directions for multi-dimensional flows. The total force is equal to the sum of pressure, body, and reaction forces.
3. Examples of applying the momentum equation include calculating forces on a pipe bend, nozzle, jet impact, and curved vane due to changing fluid momentum. Setting up coordinate systems aligned with the flow is important for resolving forces into components.
Fluid Mechanics-Shear stress ,Shear stress distribution,Velocity profile,Flow Of Viscous Fluid Through The circular pipe ,Velocity profile for turbulent flow Boundary layer buildup in pipe,Velocity Distributions
The document discusses different types of flow measurement techniques. It covers topics like the Pitot tube, which measures static and stagnation pressure to determine flow velocity. It also discusses common obstruction flowmeters like the orifice meter, Venturi meter, and nozzle meter that use a constriction to measure flow rate based on pressure differences. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculations of flow rate and pressure drop using equations that depend on parameters like diameter ratio, discharge coefficient, and fluid properties.
Fluid mechanics - Applications of continuity equationAmos David
This document provides an overview of fluid mechanics concepts including rate of flow or discharge (Q), and the continuity equation. It defines rate of flow as the quantity of fluid flowing per second through a section, which for incompressible fluids is the volume per second and for compressible fluids is the weight per second. It presents the continuity equation as Q = A x V, where Q is the rate of discharge, A is the cross-sectional area, and V is the average velocity. The document was prepared by an assistant professor and provides an introduction to applications of the continuity equation for a bridge course on fluid mechanics and machinery.
This document provides an overview of turbulent fluid flow, including:
1) Turbulent flow occurs when the Reynolds number is greater than 2000 and involves irregular, random movement of fluid particles in all directions.
2) The magnitude and intensity of turbulence can be calculated based on the root mean square of turbulent fluctuations and the average flow velocity.
3) The Moody diagram relates the friction factor to the Reynolds number and relative roughness of a pipe to characterize head losses in turbulent pipe flow.
This document discusses compressible flow and its applications in chemical engineering. It begins by defining compressible flow as fluid flow with significant changes in density, usually when the Mach number is greater than 0.3. It then discusses how to distinguish compressible fluids using the Mach number and provides some historical examples. The effects of compressibility, such as choked flow, shock waves, and changes in density with pressure changes are described. Finally, some applications of compressible flow in chemical engineering are mentioned, such as high-speed gas flow in pipes and nozzles and compressible gas flow in chemical processing industries.
The document provides information about pressure and its measurement. It discusses hydrostatic pressure variation in fluids at rest and defines absolute, gauge, atmospheric and vacuum pressures. It describes various types of manometers used to measure pressure, including simple manometers like piezometers, U-tube manometers and single column manometers. Differential manometers like U-tube and inverted U-tube differential manometers are also covered. Several example problems are included to illustrate calculating pressure values using different types of manometers under various conditions.
Fluid mechanics is a science in study the fluid of liquids and gases in the cases of silence and movement and the forces acting on them can be divided materials found in nature into two branches.
This document provides a syllabus for a course on Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines. The syllabus covers topics such as fluid statics, fluid kinematics, conduit flow, turbomachinery, hydroelectric power stations, hydraulic turbines, centrifugal pumps, and more. Key concepts covered include fluid properties, pressure measurement, classification of fluid flows, hydraulic turbines and their performance characteristics, and centrifugal pump basics. The goal of the course is to teach students about the behavior of fluids at rest and in motion, and hydraulic machinery used to harness energy from fluid flow.
This document discusses dimensional analysis and its applications. It begins with an introduction to dimensions, units, fundamental and derived dimensions. It then discusses dimensional homogeneity, methods of dimensional analysis including Rayleigh's method and Buckingham's π-theorem. The document also covers model analysis, similitude, model laws, model and prototype relations. It provides examples of applying Rayleigh's method and Buckingham's π-theorem to define relationships between variables. Finally, it discusses different types of forces acting on fluids and dimensionless numbers, and provides model laws for Reynolds, Froude, Euler and Weber numbers.
This document discusses key concepts in fluid kinematics and dynamics. It defines streamlines, pathlines, and streaklines as field lines that describe the motion of fluid particles. Streamlines show instantaneous velocity, pathlines show trajectories over time, and streaklines show where particles have passed. The document also classifies fluid flows as steady or unsteady, uniform or non-uniform, laminar or turbulent, rotational or irrotational, and one, two, or three-dimensional. Finally, it discusses momentum equations and their application to forces on pipe bends, as well as Bernoulli's theorem.
This document discusses dimensional analysis and dimensionless numbers that are important in fluid mechanics. It defines Reynolds number, Froude number, Euler number, Weber number, and Mach number. It explains how dimensional analysis can help reduce the number of variables in experimental investigations. It also discusses similitude and the different types of model testing including undistorted and distorted models. The key uses and advantages of model testing are outlined.
Similitude and Dimensional Analysis -Hydraulics engineering Civil Zone
This document discusses similitude and dimensional analysis for model testing in hydraulic engineering. It introduces key concepts like similitude, prototype, model, geometric similarity, kinematic similarity, dynamic similarity, dimensionless numbers, and model laws. Reynolds model law is described in detail, which states that the Reynolds number must be equal between the model and prototype for problems dominated by viscous forces, such as pipe flow. An example problem demonstrates how to calculate the velocity and flow rate in a hydraulic model based on given prototype parameters and Reynolds model law.
1. The document introduces the momentum equation for fluids and how it relates the rate of change of momentum within a control volume to the forces acting on the fluid.
2. Examples are provided to demonstrate how the momentum equation can be used to calculate forces exerted on surfaces by flowing fluids, such as the force of a jet on a flat plate or the force on a curved vane that deflects a fluid flow.
3. Euler's equation relating pressure, velocity, elevation, and density along a streamline is derived from applying Newton's second law to an infinitesimal element of fluid.
The Bernoulli equation is a statement of the conservation of energy in fluids. It states that for steady, incompressible flow, the sum of pressure, potential and kinetic energies per unit volume is constant at any point along a streamline. The Bernoulli equation can be used to calculate things like the velocity of fluid flowing out of a tank through an orifice, where increasing velocity decreases pressure and vice versa. It is commonly applied to situations like venturi meters and pitot tubes.
This document discusses fluid statics and pressure measurement. It defines concepts like absolute pressure, gauge pressure, atmospheric pressure, and Pascal's law. It describes devices used to measure pressure like manometers, piezometers, and Bourdon gauges. Specifically, it provides details on how liquid manometers and differential manometers work, including the principles, setup, and equations to calculate pressure. It also lists the advantages and limitations of using manometers for pressure measurement applications.
Forces acting on submerged surfaces include hydrostatic forces. Hydrostatic forces form a pressure prism on plane surfaces with a base equal to the surface area and a length equal to the varying pressure. The hydrostatic force passes through the centroid of this pressure prism. For curved surfaces like circles, the hydrostatic force always passes through the center. Hydrostatic forces can be determined on multilayered fluids by considering each fluid-surface interface separately. Examples are given for forces on submerged rectangular and circular plates.
This document provides an overview of boundary layer concepts and laminar and turbulent pipe flow. It defines boundary layer thickness, displacement thickness, and momentum thickness. It describes how boundary layers develop on surfaces and transition from laminar to turbulent. It also discusses Reynolds number effects, momentum integral estimates for flat plates, and examples calculating boundary layer thickness in air and water flow. Finally, it introduces concepts of laminar and turbulent pipe flow.
This document discusses various flow measurement techniques including venturimeters, orifices, mouthpieces, pitot tubes, weirs and notches. It provides detailed explanations and equations for venturimeters and orifices. Venturimeters use the Bernoulli's equation to relate the pressure difference between two sections to the flow rate. Orifices use the relationship between head loss and flow rate. The document also defines various coefficients used in flow measurements like coefficient of contraction, velocity, and discharge. It discusses types of venturimeters and orifices based on their orientation and geometry.
This document discusses various methods for measuring fluid flow, including positive displacement meters and flow obstruction meters. Positive displacement meters have high accuracy but require clean fluids. Common positive displacement meters described are the nutating disk meter, rotary vane meter, and lobed impeller meter. Flow obstruction meters use a pressure drop measurement to determine flow rate. Common obstruction meters discussed are the Venturi meter, orifice plate, and flow nozzle. Empirical equations are provided for calculating flow rate using these various meter types. Examples are included to demonstrate flow rate calculations.
PLEASE NOTE THIS IS PART-1
By Referring or said Learning This Presentation You Can Clear Your Basics Fundamental Doubts about Fluid Mechanics. In this Presentation You Will Learn about Fluid Pressure, Pressure at Point, Pascal's Law, Types Of Pressure and Pressure Measurements.
This document discusses boundary layer concepts and control methods. It defines boundary layer thickness as the region near a surface where velocity increases from zero to the free stream velocity. It then defines and derives equations for various boundary layer thicknesses including nominal thickness, displacement thickness, momentum thickness, and energy thickness. It describes boundary layer separation occurring when pressure gradients cause the layer to separate from the surface. Finally, it lists several methods to control the boundary layer such as streamlining, boundary layer tripping, suction, injection, slots, and swirl generation.
This document provides an overview of fluid mechanics concepts related to flow through pipes. It discusses different types of head losses that can occur through pipes including major losses due to friction and minor losses due to fittings. It also covers topics such as hydraulic grade line, pipes in series and parallel, syphons, power transmission through pipes, flow through nozzles, and water hammer effects in pipes.
Dimensional analysis Similarity laws Model laws R A Shah
Rayleigh's method- Theory and Examples
Buckingham Pi Theorem- Theory and Examples
Model and Similitude
Forces on Fluid
Dimensionless Numbers
Model laws
Distorted models
The document provides an introduction to fluid mechanics, including key concepts, applications, dimensions and units, and properties of fluids. It defines fluids, fluid statics and dynamics, stress, density, viscosity, and introduces various units of measurement. Viscosity is further explained, noting it represents resistance to flow and is measured using devices like concentric cylinder viscometers. Applications include areas like artificial hearts. Dimensional analysis helps characterize physical quantities.
1. The document discusses key concepts in fluid mechanics including conservation of mass, momentum, and energy as applied to control volumes.
2. These conservation principles are expressed mathematically through equations that equate the rate of change within the control volume to the net rate of transfer into and out of the control volume.
3. Specific examples are given for the conservation of mass including the continuity equation and steady, incompressible flow cases where the equations can be simplified.
Fluid mechanics is a science in study the fluid of liquids and gases in the cases of silence and movement and the forces acting on them can be divided materials found in nature into two branches.
This document provides a syllabus for a course on Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines. The syllabus covers topics such as fluid statics, fluid kinematics, conduit flow, turbomachinery, hydroelectric power stations, hydraulic turbines, centrifugal pumps, and more. Key concepts covered include fluid properties, pressure measurement, classification of fluid flows, hydraulic turbines and their performance characteristics, and centrifugal pump basics. The goal of the course is to teach students about the behavior of fluids at rest and in motion, and hydraulic machinery used to harness energy from fluid flow.
This document discusses dimensional analysis and its applications. It begins with an introduction to dimensions, units, fundamental and derived dimensions. It then discusses dimensional homogeneity, methods of dimensional analysis including Rayleigh's method and Buckingham's π-theorem. The document also covers model analysis, similitude, model laws, model and prototype relations. It provides examples of applying Rayleigh's method and Buckingham's π-theorem to define relationships between variables. Finally, it discusses different types of forces acting on fluids and dimensionless numbers, and provides model laws for Reynolds, Froude, Euler and Weber numbers.
This document discusses key concepts in fluid kinematics and dynamics. It defines streamlines, pathlines, and streaklines as field lines that describe the motion of fluid particles. Streamlines show instantaneous velocity, pathlines show trajectories over time, and streaklines show where particles have passed. The document also classifies fluid flows as steady or unsteady, uniform or non-uniform, laminar or turbulent, rotational or irrotational, and one, two, or three-dimensional. Finally, it discusses momentum equations and their application to forces on pipe bends, as well as Bernoulli's theorem.
This document discusses dimensional analysis and dimensionless numbers that are important in fluid mechanics. It defines Reynolds number, Froude number, Euler number, Weber number, and Mach number. It explains how dimensional analysis can help reduce the number of variables in experimental investigations. It also discusses similitude and the different types of model testing including undistorted and distorted models. The key uses and advantages of model testing are outlined.
Similitude and Dimensional Analysis -Hydraulics engineering Civil Zone
This document discusses similitude and dimensional analysis for model testing in hydraulic engineering. It introduces key concepts like similitude, prototype, model, geometric similarity, kinematic similarity, dynamic similarity, dimensionless numbers, and model laws. Reynolds model law is described in detail, which states that the Reynolds number must be equal between the model and prototype for problems dominated by viscous forces, such as pipe flow. An example problem demonstrates how to calculate the velocity and flow rate in a hydraulic model based on given prototype parameters and Reynolds model law.
1. The document introduces the momentum equation for fluids and how it relates the rate of change of momentum within a control volume to the forces acting on the fluid.
2. Examples are provided to demonstrate how the momentum equation can be used to calculate forces exerted on surfaces by flowing fluids, such as the force of a jet on a flat plate or the force on a curved vane that deflects a fluid flow.
3. Euler's equation relating pressure, velocity, elevation, and density along a streamline is derived from applying Newton's second law to an infinitesimal element of fluid.
The Bernoulli equation is a statement of the conservation of energy in fluids. It states that for steady, incompressible flow, the sum of pressure, potential and kinetic energies per unit volume is constant at any point along a streamline. The Bernoulli equation can be used to calculate things like the velocity of fluid flowing out of a tank through an orifice, where increasing velocity decreases pressure and vice versa. It is commonly applied to situations like venturi meters and pitot tubes.
This document discusses fluid statics and pressure measurement. It defines concepts like absolute pressure, gauge pressure, atmospheric pressure, and Pascal's law. It describes devices used to measure pressure like manometers, piezometers, and Bourdon gauges. Specifically, it provides details on how liquid manometers and differential manometers work, including the principles, setup, and equations to calculate pressure. It also lists the advantages and limitations of using manometers for pressure measurement applications.
Forces acting on submerged surfaces include hydrostatic forces. Hydrostatic forces form a pressure prism on plane surfaces with a base equal to the surface area and a length equal to the varying pressure. The hydrostatic force passes through the centroid of this pressure prism. For curved surfaces like circles, the hydrostatic force always passes through the center. Hydrostatic forces can be determined on multilayered fluids by considering each fluid-surface interface separately. Examples are given for forces on submerged rectangular and circular plates.
This document provides an overview of boundary layer concepts and laminar and turbulent pipe flow. It defines boundary layer thickness, displacement thickness, and momentum thickness. It describes how boundary layers develop on surfaces and transition from laminar to turbulent. It also discusses Reynolds number effects, momentum integral estimates for flat plates, and examples calculating boundary layer thickness in air and water flow. Finally, it introduces concepts of laminar and turbulent pipe flow.
This document discusses various flow measurement techniques including venturimeters, orifices, mouthpieces, pitot tubes, weirs and notches. It provides detailed explanations and equations for venturimeters and orifices. Venturimeters use the Bernoulli's equation to relate the pressure difference between two sections to the flow rate. Orifices use the relationship between head loss and flow rate. The document also defines various coefficients used in flow measurements like coefficient of contraction, velocity, and discharge. It discusses types of venturimeters and orifices based on their orientation and geometry.
This document discusses various methods for measuring fluid flow, including positive displacement meters and flow obstruction meters. Positive displacement meters have high accuracy but require clean fluids. Common positive displacement meters described are the nutating disk meter, rotary vane meter, and lobed impeller meter. Flow obstruction meters use a pressure drop measurement to determine flow rate. Common obstruction meters discussed are the Venturi meter, orifice plate, and flow nozzle. Empirical equations are provided for calculating flow rate using these various meter types. Examples are included to demonstrate flow rate calculations.
PLEASE NOTE THIS IS PART-1
By Referring or said Learning This Presentation You Can Clear Your Basics Fundamental Doubts about Fluid Mechanics. In this Presentation You Will Learn about Fluid Pressure, Pressure at Point, Pascal's Law, Types Of Pressure and Pressure Measurements.
This document discusses boundary layer concepts and control methods. It defines boundary layer thickness as the region near a surface where velocity increases from zero to the free stream velocity. It then defines and derives equations for various boundary layer thicknesses including nominal thickness, displacement thickness, momentum thickness, and energy thickness. It describes boundary layer separation occurring when pressure gradients cause the layer to separate from the surface. Finally, it lists several methods to control the boundary layer such as streamlining, boundary layer tripping, suction, injection, slots, and swirl generation.
This document provides an overview of fluid mechanics concepts related to flow through pipes. It discusses different types of head losses that can occur through pipes including major losses due to friction and minor losses due to fittings. It also covers topics such as hydraulic grade line, pipes in series and parallel, syphons, power transmission through pipes, flow through nozzles, and water hammer effects in pipes.
Dimensional analysis Similarity laws Model laws R A Shah
Rayleigh's method- Theory and Examples
Buckingham Pi Theorem- Theory and Examples
Model and Similitude
Forces on Fluid
Dimensionless Numbers
Model laws
Distorted models
The document provides an introduction to fluid mechanics, including key concepts, applications, dimensions and units, and properties of fluids. It defines fluids, fluid statics and dynamics, stress, density, viscosity, and introduces various units of measurement. Viscosity is further explained, noting it represents resistance to flow and is measured using devices like concentric cylinder viscometers. Applications include areas like artificial hearts. Dimensional analysis helps characterize physical quantities.
1. The document discusses key concepts in fluid mechanics including conservation of mass, momentum, and energy as applied to control volumes.
2. These conservation principles are expressed mathematically through equations that equate the rate of change within the control volume to the net rate of transfer into and out of the control volume.
3. Specific examples are given for the conservation of mass including the continuity equation and steady, incompressible flow cases where the equations can be simplified.
This document discusses key concepts in fluid kinematics including:
1) The four fundamental types of motion or deformation a fluid element can undergo: translation, rotation, linear strain, and shear strain.
2) Vorticity, which is related to a fluid's rate of rotation, and defines whether a flow is rotational or irrotational.
3) The continuity equation, derived from the conservation of mass principle for a control volume of fluid, which relates the fluid density and velocity components.
4) Concepts like volumetric strain rate, average velocity, volume flow rate, and mass flow rate and how the principle of conservation of mass applies to steady fluid flows.
This document provides an overview of fluid kinematics concepts. It describes fluid flow using Lagrangian and Eulerian descriptions, and defines steady and unsteady, uniform and non-uniform flow. Streamlines, pathlines and streaklines are differentiated. Streamlines indicate instantaneous velocity direction, and streamtubes are bundles of streamlines. One, two and three dimensional flows are described. The material derivative, which follows a fluid particle as it moves, is introduced along with its relationship to particle acceleration. Key concepts are illustrated with diagrams.
8. fm 9 flow in pipes major loses co 3 copyZaza Eureka
This document provides an overview of fluid mechanics concepts related to flow in pipes over 3 weeks. It discusses laminar and turbulent flow, identifies the types of flow using the Reynolds number, and explains major and minor losses for flow in pipes. The key points are:
- There are two types of flow - internal (in pipes) and external (over bodies). Internal flow examples include water pipes, blood flow, and HVAC systems.
- Flow can be laminar, turbulent, or in transition as determined by the Reynolds number. The continuity, Bernoulli, and momentum equations govern pipe flow.
- Major losses are pressure/head losses due solely to pipe friction. They can be calculated using the Darcy-
This document provides an overview of buoyancy and stability of floating bodies. It defines key concepts such as buoyant force, Archimedes' principle, and stability. The main points are:
- Buoyant force is the upward force a fluid exerts on a body immersed in it, caused by increased pressure with depth. By Archimedes' principle, the buoyant force equals the weight of the fluid displaced by the body.
- For a body to float, its weight must equal the buoyant force (weight of displaced fluid). A body will sink, float, or remain at rest depending on its average density compared to the fluid.
- Stability depends on the alignment of the center
The document discusses different types of pressure measurement devices. It describes the bourdon tube pressure gauge, which uses a coiled tube that straightens under pressure, moving a pointer on a scale. Diaphragm pressure gauges use a flexible metal disc to isolate process fluids or measure high pressures, and can be used with electrical transducers. Linear variable differential transformers (LVDTs) measure pressure by converting diaphragm, bellows, or bourdon tube movement into electrical signals using transformer coils and a movable core.
There are several types of pressure transducers commonly used to measure pressure, including mechanical devices like the manometer and dead-weight tester, as well as the bourdon tube, diaphragm, and bellows gauges. The manometer uses fluid columns to measure pressure differences simply and is well-suited for steady laboratory measurements. Dead-weight testers are used to calibrate other pressure gauges by applying precisely known pressures. Bourdon tube, diaphragm, and bellows gauges all function by elastically deforming in response to pressure differences, which can then be converted to an electrical signal or mechanical readout.
The document discusses a company called RowdMap Inc. and its proprietary Risk-Readiness assessment tool. The tool analyzes newly released public data from CMS to evaluate providers' ability to take on insurance risk. It benchmarks providers' practice patterns for unnecessary spending and no-value care to determine their readiness for different risk-based payment models. The document provides examples of how the tool can be used to identify high-value providers, optimize insurance networks, and guide providers in selecting appropriate risk arrangements.
Lots of talk about new medicaid rules, data, metrics, scores, MLR, network adequacy and more. Lots of new data sources on the way in and out MSIS and TMSIS, oh my! Here's something just for fun we thew together. Wonder how medicaid docs do versus medicaid doctors? Is supply aligned with demand (prevalence and provider coverage)? How about unnecessary spend and no value care? Crazier still, think they could succeed in risk arrangements?
The document discusses how payers and providers can capture financial value from population health initiatives through value-based payment arrangements rather than traditional fee-for-service models. It notes that publicly available government benchmark data allows for analyzing performance in value-based programs and risk-sharing contracts. The document argues that successfully undertaking population health requires addressing perverse incentives inherent in the fee-for-service system and shifting to a model where keeping populations healthy is the driver of both social good and long-term profitability.
RowdMap's Laura Sandman showcases RowdMap's Risk-Readiness® Benchmarks at Health Datapalooza along side the Aetna Foundation and Xerox.
RowdMap's use open health data to profile the low value care vs high value care of providers and what will hinder or drive their success in risk arrangements or pay for value programs.
Fluid flow lab3-Dead –Weight piston gauge dec 2015Zhyar Arsalan
Dead-Weight pressure Gauge is used for checking and adjusting pressure gauges. The pressure is applied via weights which are placed on a weight support. The latter has a piston which acts on hydraulic oil in a pipe system, so that a pressure gauge which is also connected to the system should indicate certain pressures.
The device contains a Bourdon gauge with a transparent dial. The display mechanism and the various adjustment opportunities are therefore clearly identifiable.
Hydraulic oil is used to transfer pressure.
An enlarged leg manometer measures pressure differences by using a manometer tube with one leg much larger in diameter than the other. This allows the movement in the large leg to be very small while still only needing to read the level change in the narrow leg. The pressure difference is calculated based on the density of the manometer fluid and the height change measured in the narrow leg.
There are different types of pressure measuring devices that use various techniques. Absolute pressure is measured relative to a vacuum while gauge pressure is measured relative to atmospheric pressure. Common pressure measuring devices include manometers, barometers, piezometers, and differential manometers. Manometers use a column of liquid, such as mercury, to measure pressure based on the height of the liquid. Barometers measure atmospheric pressure using a mercury-filled glass tube. Piezometers and u-tube manometers also use columns of liquid but have advantages over simple piezometers. Differential and inclined manometers are used to measure small pressure differences more accurately. The specific type of liquid used is important, with mercury being heavier than water, allowing for smaller,
This document discusses different types of pressure transducers and gauges. It describes Bourdon tube gauges, strain gauges, quartz gauges, and piezoresistive gauges. It also discusses U-tube manometers and how they use hydrostatic law to measure pressure differentials. Finally, it provides details on diaphragm pressure transducers, how they work, common materials used, and their applications in measuring low pressures.
This document summarizes various pressure measuring devices used in mechanical engineering. It describes common static pressure measurement devices like U-tube manometers, well type manometers, and inclined manometers. It also details dynamic pressure measurement devices like Bourdon tube pressure gauges, diaphragms, bellows, and electromechanical devices like linear variable differential transformers (LVDTs). Equations for calculating pressure from manometer readings are provided. Advantages and disadvantages of different pressure measurement techniques are summarized.
This document discusses fluid pressure and various ways to measure it. It defines pressure as a force per unit area and explains that pressure increases linearly with depth in a static fluid. It also describes how manometers and barometers work to measure pressure differences and atmospheric pressure respectively using the hydrostatic pressure equation. Manometers use columns of liquid like mercury or water, while barometers use a mercury column to directly measure atmospheric pressure at sea level.
The document discusses various pressure measurement instruments such as pressure gauges, pressure switches, differential pressure gauges, and pressure transmitters. It describes the measuring principles, components, installation guidelines, and factors to consider when selecting pressure instruments for applications involving gases, liquids, and other process media. Proper instrument selection and installation is important to ensure accurate pressure measurement over the operating temperature and pressure ranges.
PPT on fully Mathematical Derivation of Viscous Flow as part of FLUID MECHANI...M.M. RAFIK
This document discusses viscous flow between parallel plates and various methods for measuring fluid viscosity. It describes the velocity distribution and shear stress for flow between parallel plates. It also discusses journal bearings, footstep bearings, and dashpots, analyzing the torque, power absorbed, and piston motion for each. Finally, it summarizes several methods for measuring viscosity, including the capillary tube method, rotating cylinder method, falling sphere method, and orifice tube viscometer.
1) The document discusses fluid mechanics concepts related to pressure and fluid statics. It covers topics like pressure measurement devices, hydrostatic forces on submerged surfaces, buoyancy, stability of floating and immersed bodies, and fluids in rigid-body motion.
2) Key concepts covered include how pressure varies with depth in fluids, Pascal's law, Archimedes' principle of buoyancy, stability criteria for floating and immersed objects, and how pressure varies in fluids undergoing linear or rotational acceleration.
3) Various pressure measurement devices are described, including manometers, bourdon tubes, and deadweight testers. Equations are provided for calculating hydrostatic forces on plane and curved surfaces.
Here are the key points to cover in your response:
1. Define hydrostatic equilibrium as the condition where the pressure exerted by a fluid is balanced by the weight of the fluid. Derive the expression that the pressure increases linearly with depth in a static fluid.
2. Define a U-tube manometer and derive the expression to calculate the pressure difference between two points based on the fluid height difference readings in the manometer limbs.
3. Explain the rheological properties of fluids including viscosity, Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. Define viscosity and give examples of Newtonian fluids.
4. Define boundary layer and explain the different layers within it - viscous sublayer, buffer layer and turbulent
This document discusses pressure measurement. It defines pressure as the force exerted by a fluid per unit area. Absolute pressure is measured with respect to zero pressure, while gauge pressure is absolute pressure minus atmospheric pressure. Pascal's Law states that pressure is equally distributed in all directions in a static fluid. Hydrostatic law relates pressure, depth, and fluid density. Manometry uses hydrostatic law to measure pressure by relating the height of a fluid column to pressure. Common pressure measurement instruments include piezometers, manometers, and pressure transducers such as capsules, bellows, bourdon tubes, and LVDT transducers, which convert pressure into mechanical movement.
This document discusses various transducers used for pressure, temperature, level, and flow measurements. It describes different pressure measurement units and scales including absolute, gauge, differential, atmospheric, and vacuum pressure scales. Common pressure transducers like Bourdon gauges and capacitive transducers are explained. Temperature measurement principles of liquid-in-glass thermometers and rotary thermometers are outlined. Common temperature transducers like thermocouples, RTDs, and thermistors are also summarized along with the working principle of thermocouples based on the Seebeck effect.
This document provides an overview of pressure instrumentation and process control. It discusses various methods of pressure measurement including manometers, elastic pressure transducers like Bourdon tubes, diaphragms and bellows, as well as electrical pressure transducers. It also covers topics like measurement of vacuum using instruments like the McLeod gauge and thermal conductivity gauge. Maintaining and calibrating pressure measuring instruments is important for accurate process measurement and control.
This document discusses various topics related to fluid mechanics including:
1. Fluid statics, hydrostatic pressure variation, and Pascal's law.
2. Different types of pressures like atmospheric pressure, gauge pressure, vacuum pressure, and absolute pressure.
3. The hydrostatic paradox and how pressure intensity is independent of the weight of fluid.
4. Different types of manometers used to measure pressure like piezometers, U-tube manometers, single column manometers, differential manometers, and inverted U-tube differential manometers.
5. How bourdon tubes and diaphragm/bellows gauges can be used to measure pressure by converting pressure differences into mechanical displacements.
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This document defines various types of pressure and units of pressure measurement. It describes how pressure is measured using mechanical devices like manometers, bourdon tubes, and diaphragms. Absolute, gauge, differential, and other pressures are defined. Common units include psi, kPa, inches of water and mercury. Pressure results from force over an area and is proportional to height and density of the fluid. Mechanical pressure sensors are converted to electrical signals using transducers like potentiometers and capacitors.
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS & ITS PRESSURE MEASURMENTSvbamargol123
This document discusses fluid mechanics and properties of liquids. It provides definitions for key terms:
- Fluid mechanics is the study of fluids at rest or in motion. Hydraulics focuses on water behavior.
- Liquids have definite volume and density while gases are readily compressible and can expand.
- Important liquid properties include density, specific weight, viscosity, compressibility, and surface tension.
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Properties of Fluids, Fluid Statics, Pressure MeasurementIndrajeet sahu
Properties of Fluids: Density, viscosity, surface tension, compressibility, and specific gravity define fluid behavior.
Fluid Statics: Studies pressure, hydrostatic pressure, buoyancy, and fluid forces on surfaces.
Pressure at a Point: In a static fluid, the pressure at any point is the same in all directions. This is known as Pascal's principle. The pressure increases with depth due to the weight of the fluid above.
Hydrostatic Pressure: The pressure exerted by a fluid at rest due to the force of gravity. It can be calculated using the formula P=ρghP=ρgh, where PP is the pressure, ρρ is the fluid density, gg is the acceleration due to gravity, and hh is the height of the fluid column above the point in question.
Buoyancy: The upward force exerted by a fluid on a submerged or partially submerged object. This force is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object, as described by Archimedes' principle. Buoyancy explains why objects float or sink in fluids.
Fluid Pressure on Surfaces: The analysis of pressure forces on surfaces submerged in fluids. This includes calculating the total force and the center of pressure, which is the point where the resultant pressure force acts.
Pressure Measurement: Manometers, barometers, pressure gauges, and differential pressure transducers measure fluid pressure.
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3. Reynolds number quantifies the transition between laminar and turbulent flow, showing the effect of viscosity. Bernoulli's theorem describes the relationship between pressure, velocity, and elevation for ideal fluids in steady or streamline flow.
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The document discusses several key properties of fluids relevant for fluid mechanics, including:
1) Fluids can be modeled as continua when the number of molecules is sufficiently large at any point.
2) For static fluids, the only stress is normal stress since shear stress would induce motion.
3) Pressure in static fluids varies only with elevation and is constant at any horizontal plane.
4) Pressure measurement devices like manometers use fluid statics principles to determine pressure differences.
The document discusses fluid flow and methods of measuring fluid flow rate. It describes properties of fluids like viscosity and surface tension. It discusses fluid dynamics concepts like laminar and turbulent flow. It also describes various fluid flow measurement devices like orifice meters, venturi meters and rotameters. The orifice meter works by creating a pressure difference across a constriction in the pipe which can be measured to calculate flow rate using Bernoulli's equation.
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1) The seven primary dimensions used in physics - mass, length, time, temperature, current, amount of light, and amount of matter. All other dimensions can be formed from combinations of these.
2) Dimensional homogeneity, which requires that every term in an equation must have the same dimensions.
3) Nondimensionalization, which involves dividing terms by variables and constants to render the equation dimensionless. This produces dimensionless parameters like the Reynolds and Froude numbers.
4) Similarity between models and prototypes in experiments, which requires geometric, kinematic, and dynamic similarity achieved by matching dimensionless groups.
The podcast discusses human commodity between a teacher and her students, where they define human commodity as illegal trade of humans for forced labor or commercial sexual exploitation. The students explain the causes of human trafficking as lack of employment, poor law enforcement, and increased demand for labor. The effects discussed include physical and mental harm to victims as well as spread of diseases.
1. Grinding is a finishing operation that involves slowly wearing away material using an abrasive that is harder than the material being ground. Heat generated during grinding can damage the grinding wheel.
2. There are several types of grinding machines including surface grinders, cylindrical grinders, and universal tool and cutter grinders. Surface grinding is commonly used to grind flat surfaces while cylindrical grinding is used to grind external and internal diameters.
3. Grinding wheels come in different materials, shapes, grains, bonds, grades, and structures suited for different grinding applications and material removal needs. Proper wheel selection is important for achieving the desired surface finish.
The document discusses various tools used for measurement and marking out in fitting practice, including steel rulers, vernier calipers, micrometers, dial caliper gauges, and limit gauges. It explains how to use each tool, read measurements, and check for dimensions being within specified limits.
The document provides instructions for changing a cutting tool in a milling machine. It describes loosening the draw bar to remove the old tool, inserting a new tool into the collet, and tightening the draw bar to secure the new tool. The steps are to hold the spindle, loosen the draw bar slightly with a spanner, remove the draw bar further by tapping with a hammer to release the collet, remove the old tool, insert the new tool and collet into the spindle, and retighten the draw bar.
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2) Mill the first surface of the block by rotating it and setting it up in the vice in the same manner.
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1. FLUID MECHANICS – 1
First Semester 2011 - 2012
Week – 1
Class – 2
Pressure and Manometers
Compiled and modified
by
Sharma, Adam
2. Review
Introduction to Fluid mechanics
Concepts and definitions
Applications of fluid mechanics
Dimensions and Units
Basic dimensions in FM
Different units of measurement
Properties of fluids
Density and Relative density
Absolute and kinematic viscosity
2
3. OBJECTIVES
• Concept of pressure
• Pressure variation in a fluid at rest
• Pressure measuring devices
• Measurement of pressure using various kinds
of manometers
3
4. PRESSURE
Pressure: A normal force exerted
by a fluid per unit area
The normal stress (or “pressure”) on
the feet of a chubby person is much
Some basic greater than on the feet of a slim
pressure person.
gages. 4
5. Absolute pressure: The actual pressure at a given position. It
is measured relative to absolute vacuum (i.e., absolute zero
pressure).
Gage pressure: The difference between the absolute pressure
and the local atmospheric pressure. Most pressure-measuring
devices are calibrated to read zero in the atmosphere, and so
they indicate gage pressure.
Vacuum pressures: Pressures below atmospheric pressure.
5
7. Pressure at a Point Pressure is the
compressive force per unit
area but it is not a vector.
Pressure at any point in a
fluid is the same in all
directions. Pressure has
magnitude but not a
specific direction, and thus
it is a scalar quantity.
Pressure is a scalar quantity,
not a vector; the pressure at a
Forces acting on a wedge-shaped point in a fluid is the same in all
fluid element in equilibrium. directions. 7
8. Variation of Pressure with Depth
When the variation of density
with elevation is known
The pressure of a fluid at rest
Free-body diagram of a rectangular
increases with depth (as a
fluid element in equilibrium. 8
result of added weight).
9. Pressure in a liquid at
In the case of gas, the variation of
rest increases linearly
pressure with height is negligible.
with distance from the
free surface.
9
10. The pressure is the same at all points on a horizontal plane in a
given fluid regardless of geometry, provided that the points are
interconnected by the same fluid.
10
12. PRESSURE MEASUREMENT DEVICES
The Barometer
• Atmospheric pressure is measured by a device called a barometer; thus,
the atmospheric pressure is often referred to as the barometric pressure.
• A frequently used pressure unit is the standard atmosphere, which is
defined as the pressure produced by a column of mercury 760 mm in
height at 0°C (ρHg = 13.595 kg/m3) under standard gravitational acceleration
(g = 9.807 m/s2).
The length or the
cross-sectional area
of the tube has no
effect on the height
of the fluid column of
a barometer,
provided that the
tube diameter is
large enough to
avoid surface tension
(capillary) effects.
The basic barometer. 12
17. PASCAL’S LAW
Pascal’s law: Any two points at the same elevation a
continuous mass of the same static fluid will be at the same
pressure.
The idea of jumping across to equal pressures facilitates
manometer calculations.
11-15 January 2010 M Subramanian
18. MANOMETER
It is commonly used to measure small and
moderate pressure differences. A manometer
contains one or more fluids such as mercury,
water, alcohol, or oil.
Measuring the
pressure drop across a
flow section or a flow
device by a differential
manometer
The basic
manometer
In stacked-up fluid layers, the
pressure change across a fluid
layer of density ρ and height h is 18
ρgh.
26. OTHER PRESSURE MEASUREMENT DEVICES
• Bourdon tube: Consists of a hollow metal tube
bent like a hook whose end is closed and
connected to a dial indicator needle.
• Pressure transducers: Use various techniques
to convert the pressure effect to an electrical
effect such as a change in voltage, resistance,
or capacitance.
• Pressure transducers are smaller and faster,
and they can be more sensitive, reliable, and
precise than their mechanical counterparts.
• Strain-gage pressure transducers: Work by
having a diaphragm deflect between two
chambers open to the pressure inputs. Pressure transducers
• Piezoelectric transducers: Also called solid-state
pressure transducers, work on the principle that
an electric potential is generated in a crystalline
substance when it is subjected to mechanical
pressure.
26
Piezoelectric pressure transducers
27. PASCAL’S LAW
The pressure applied to a confined fluid increases the pressure
throughout by the same amount.
The area ratio A2/A1 is
called the ideal mechanical
advantage of the hydraulic
lift.
Lifting of a large
weight by a small
force by the
application of
Pascal’s law.
27
28. Deadweight tester: Another type of mechanical pressure gage. It is used
primarily for calibration and can measure extremely high pressures.
A deadweight tester measures pressure directly through application of a
weight that provides a force per unit area—the fundamental definition of
pressure.
It is constructed with an internal chamber filled with a fluid (usually oil),
along with a tight-fitting piston, cylinder, and plunger.
Weights are applied to the top of the piston, which exerts a force on the oil
in the chamber. The total force F acting on the oil at the piston–oil interface
is the sum of the weight of the piston plus the applied weights.
A deadweight tester is able to measure
extremely high pressures (up to 70 MPa in 28
some applications).
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