1) In late 2014, outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N8 virus from the Gs/GD lineage first emerged in poultry and wild birds in Europe, Asia, and North America. 2) The H5N8 virus spread from migratory waterfowl through the Pacific Flyway in North America, infecting commercial and backyard flocks across 21 U.S. states. 3) Factors associated with farm-to-farm spread included common disposal of dead birds and garbage pickup, while most early cases resulted from introduction through wild birds.
The misunderstood epidemiological determinants of covid 19, problems and solu...Bhoj Raj Singh
The document discusses several misunderstood determinants of COVID-19 that have been claimed but lack epidemiological evidence. It questions correlations that have been proposed between COVID-19 outcomes and factors like median age, BCG vaccination rates, religion, and disease burdens. While some correlations appear convincing based on statistics alone, the document argues they ignore important context and exceptions. There have been very few rigorous epidemiological studies of COVID-19 to determine true disease modulators and spread, and many studies have misused non-epidemiological data.
Different environmental drivers of H5N1 outbreaks in poultry and wild birdsHarm Kiezebrink
Different environmental drivers operate on HPAI H5N1 outbreaks in poultry and wild birds in Europe. The probability of HPAI H5N1 outbreaks in poultry increases in areas with a higher human population density and a shorter distance to lakes or wetlands.
This reflects areas where the location of farms or trade areas and habitats for wild birds overlap. In wild birds, HPAI H5N1 outbreaks mostly occurred in areas with increased NDVI and lower elevations, which are typically areas where food and shelter for wild birds are available. The association with migratory flyways has also been found in the intra-continental spread of the low pathogenic avian influenza virus in North American wild birds. These different environmental drivers suggest that different spread mechanisms operate.
Disease might spread to poultry via both poultry and wild birds, through direct (via other birds) or indirect (e.g. via contaminated environment) infection. Outbreaks in wild birds are mainly caused by transmission via wild birds alone, through sharing foraging areas or shelters. These findings are in contrast with a previous study, which did not find environmental differences between disease outbreaks in poultry and wild birds in Europe.
Human-to-Human transmission of H7H7 in Holland 2003Harm Kiezebrink
The outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus subtype H7N7 started at the end of February, 2003, in commercial poultry farms in the Netherlands. In this study, published in The Lancet in 2004, it is noted that an unexpectedly high number of transmissions of avian influenza A virus subtype H7N7 to people directly involved in handling infected poultry, providing evidence for person-to-person transmission.
Although the risk of transmission of these viruses to humans was initially thought to be low, an outbreak investigation was launched to assess the extent of transmission of influenza A virus subtype H7N7 from chickens to humans.
453 people had health complaints—349 reported conjunctivitis, 90 had influenza-like illness, and 67 had other complaints. We detected A/H7 in conjunctival samples from 78 (26·4%) people with conjunctivitis only, in five (9·4%) with influenza-like illness and conjunctivitis, in two (5·4%) with influenza-like illness only, and in four (6%) who reported other symptoms. Most positive samples had been collected within 5 days of symptom onset. A/H7 infection was confirmed in three contacts (of 83 tested), one of whom developed influenza-like illness. Six people had influenza A/H3N2 infection. After 19 people had been diagnosed with the infection, all workers received mandatory influenza virus vaccination and prophylactic treatment with oseltamivir. More than half (56%) of A/H7 infections reported here arose before the vaccination and treatment programme.
Influenza in birds is caused by infection with viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae placed in the genus influenza virus A. Influenza A viruses are the only orthomyxoviruses known to naturally affect birds. Many species of birds have been shown to be susceptible to infection with influenza A viruses; aquatic birds form a major reservoir of these viruses, and the overwhelming majority of isolates have been of low pathogenicity (low virulence) for chickens and turkeys. Influenza A viruses have antigenically related nucleocapsid and matrix proteins, but are classified into subtypes on the basis of their haemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) antigens (World Health Organization Expert Committee, 1980). At present, 16 H subtypes (H1–H16) and 9 N subtypes (N1–N9) are recognised with proposed new subtypes (H17, H18) for influenza A viruses from bats in Guatemala (Swayne et al., 2013; Tong et al., 2012; 2013). To date, naturally occurring highly pathogenic influenza A viruses that produce acute clinical disease in chickens, turkeys and other birds of economic importance have been associated only with the H5 and H7 subtypes. Most viruses of the H5 and H7 subtype isolated from birds have been of low pathogenicity for poultry. As there is the risk of a H5 or H7 virus of low pathogenicity (H5/H7 low pathogenicity avian influenza [LPAI]) becoming highly pathogenic by mutation, all H5/H7 LPAI viruses from poultry are notifiable to OIE. In addition, all high pathogenicity viruses from poultry and other birds, including wild birds, are notifiable to the OIE.
Avian influenza virus-infected poultry can release a large amount of virus-contaminated droppings that serve as sources of infection for susceptible birds. Much research so far has focused on virus spread within flocks. However, as fecal material or manure is a major constituent of airborne poultry dust, virus-contaminated particulate matter from infected flocks may be dispersed into the environment.
This study, demonstrates the presence of airborne influenza virus RNA downwind from buildings holding LPAI-infected birds, and the observed correlation between field data on airborne poultry and livestock associated microbial exposure and the OPS-ST model. These findings suggest that geographical estimates of areas at high risk for human and animal exposure to airborne influenza virus can be modeled during an outbreak, although additional field measurements are needed to validate this proposition. In addition, the outdoor detection of influenza virus contaminated airborne dust during outbreaks in poultry suggests that practical measures can assist in the control of future influenza outbreaks.
In general, exposure to airborne influenza virus on commercial poultry farms could be reduced both by minimizing the initial generation of airborne particles and implementing methods for abatement of particles once generated. As an example, emergency mass culling of poultry using a foam blanket over the birds instead of labor-intensive whole-house gassing followed by ventilation reduces both exposure of cullers and dispersion of contaminated dust into the environment, contributing to the control of influenza outbreaks.
Per contact probability of infection by Highly Pathogenic Avian InfluenzaHarm Kiezebrink
Estimates of the per-contact probability of transmission between farms of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza virus of H7N7 subtype during the 2003 epidemic in the Netherlands are important for the design of better control and biosecurity strategies.
We used standardized data collected during the epidemic and a model to extract data for untraced contacts based on the daily number of infectious farms within a given distance of a susceptible farm.
With these data, the ‘maximum likelihood estimation’ approach was used to estimate the transmission probabilities by the individual contact types, both traced and untraced.
The outcomes were validated against literature data on virus genetic sequences for outbreak farms. The findings highlight the need to
1) Understand the routes underlying the infections without traced contacts and
2) To review whether the contact-tracing protocol is exhaustive in relation to all the farm’s day-to-day activities and practices.
Overview of recent outbreaks of H5N8-High Pathogen Avian Influenza in Europe...Harm Kiezebrink
Updated outbreak assessment on Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza: Europe, America and the Middle East. By the DEFRA, Veterinary & Science Policy Advice Team - International Disease Monitoring.
AI transmission risks: Analysis of biosecurity measures and contact structureHarm Kiezebrink
Contacts between people, equipment and vehicles prior and during outbreak situations are critical to determine the possible source of infection of a farm. Hired laborers are known to play a big role in interconnecting farms. Once a farm is infected, culling entire flock is the only option to prevent further spreading with devastating consequences for the industry.
In this paper, based on the HPAI outbreak in Holland 2003, the researchers found that 32 farms hired external labor of which seven accessed other poultry on the same day.
However, they were not the only ‘connectors’ as some (twelve) farmers also reported themselves helping on other poultry farms.
Furthermore, 27 farms had family members visiting poultry or poultry-related businesses of which nine entered poultry houses during those visits. The other enhancing factor of farm interconnections was the reported ownership of multiple locations for ten of the interviewed farms and the reported on-premises sale of farm products on one pullet and eight layer farms.
Also worth mentioning is the practice of a multiple age system reported on eight of the interviewed farms as this may increase the risk of infecting remaining birds when off-premises poultry movements occur.
AI viruses may be introduced into poultry from reservoirs such as aquatic wild birds but the mechanisms of their subsequent spread are partially unclear. Transmission of the virus through movements of humans (visitors, servicemen and farm personnel), vectors (wild birds, rodents, insects), air- (and dust-) related routes and other fomites (e.g., delivery trucks, visitors’ clothes and farm equipment) have all been hypothesized.
It is therefore hypothesized that the risk of introducing the virus to a farm is determined by the farm’s neighborhood characteristics, contact structure and its biosecurity practices.
On the one hand, neighborhood characteristics include factors such as the presence of water bodies (accessed by wild birds), the density of poultry farms (together with the number and type of birds on these farms) and poultry-related businesses and the road network. The use of manure in the farm’s vicinity is also deemed to be risky.
On the other hand, contact structure risk factors include the nature and frequency of farm visits. Therefore, a detailed analysis of the contact structure, including neighborhood risks, and biosecurity practices across different types of poultry farms and poultry-related businesses helps the improvement of intervention strategies, biosecurity protocols and adherence to these, as well as contact tracing protocols.
Farmers’ perception of visitor- and neighborhood-associated risks of virus spread is also important due to its relevance to adherence with biosecurity protocols, to contact tracing and to communicating advice to them.
The misunderstood epidemiological determinants of covid 19, problems and solu...Bhoj Raj Singh
The document discusses several misunderstood determinants of COVID-19 that have been claimed but lack epidemiological evidence. It questions correlations that have been proposed between COVID-19 outcomes and factors like median age, BCG vaccination rates, religion, and disease burdens. While some correlations appear convincing based on statistics alone, the document argues they ignore important context and exceptions. There have been very few rigorous epidemiological studies of COVID-19 to determine true disease modulators and spread, and many studies have misused non-epidemiological data.
Different environmental drivers of H5N1 outbreaks in poultry and wild birdsHarm Kiezebrink
Different environmental drivers operate on HPAI H5N1 outbreaks in poultry and wild birds in Europe. The probability of HPAI H5N1 outbreaks in poultry increases in areas with a higher human population density and a shorter distance to lakes or wetlands.
This reflects areas where the location of farms or trade areas and habitats for wild birds overlap. In wild birds, HPAI H5N1 outbreaks mostly occurred in areas with increased NDVI and lower elevations, which are typically areas where food and shelter for wild birds are available. The association with migratory flyways has also been found in the intra-continental spread of the low pathogenic avian influenza virus in North American wild birds. These different environmental drivers suggest that different spread mechanisms operate.
Disease might spread to poultry via both poultry and wild birds, through direct (via other birds) or indirect (e.g. via contaminated environment) infection. Outbreaks in wild birds are mainly caused by transmission via wild birds alone, through sharing foraging areas or shelters. These findings are in contrast with a previous study, which did not find environmental differences between disease outbreaks in poultry and wild birds in Europe.
Human-to-Human transmission of H7H7 in Holland 2003Harm Kiezebrink
The outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus subtype H7N7 started at the end of February, 2003, in commercial poultry farms in the Netherlands. In this study, published in The Lancet in 2004, it is noted that an unexpectedly high number of transmissions of avian influenza A virus subtype H7N7 to people directly involved in handling infected poultry, providing evidence for person-to-person transmission.
Although the risk of transmission of these viruses to humans was initially thought to be low, an outbreak investigation was launched to assess the extent of transmission of influenza A virus subtype H7N7 from chickens to humans.
453 people had health complaints—349 reported conjunctivitis, 90 had influenza-like illness, and 67 had other complaints. We detected A/H7 in conjunctival samples from 78 (26·4%) people with conjunctivitis only, in five (9·4%) with influenza-like illness and conjunctivitis, in two (5·4%) with influenza-like illness only, and in four (6%) who reported other symptoms. Most positive samples had been collected within 5 days of symptom onset. A/H7 infection was confirmed in three contacts (of 83 tested), one of whom developed influenza-like illness. Six people had influenza A/H3N2 infection. After 19 people had been diagnosed with the infection, all workers received mandatory influenza virus vaccination and prophylactic treatment with oseltamivir. More than half (56%) of A/H7 infections reported here arose before the vaccination and treatment programme.
Influenza in birds is caused by infection with viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae placed in the genus influenza virus A. Influenza A viruses are the only orthomyxoviruses known to naturally affect birds. Many species of birds have been shown to be susceptible to infection with influenza A viruses; aquatic birds form a major reservoir of these viruses, and the overwhelming majority of isolates have been of low pathogenicity (low virulence) for chickens and turkeys. Influenza A viruses have antigenically related nucleocapsid and matrix proteins, but are classified into subtypes on the basis of their haemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) antigens (World Health Organization Expert Committee, 1980). At present, 16 H subtypes (H1–H16) and 9 N subtypes (N1–N9) are recognised with proposed new subtypes (H17, H18) for influenza A viruses from bats in Guatemala (Swayne et al., 2013; Tong et al., 2012; 2013). To date, naturally occurring highly pathogenic influenza A viruses that produce acute clinical disease in chickens, turkeys and other birds of economic importance have been associated only with the H5 and H7 subtypes. Most viruses of the H5 and H7 subtype isolated from birds have been of low pathogenicity for poultry. As there is the risk of a H5 or H7 virus of low pathogenicity (H5/H7 low pathogenicity avian influenza [LPAI]) becoming highly pathogenic by mutation, all H5/H7 LPAI viruses from poultry are notifiable to OIE. In addition, all high pathogenicity viruses from poultry and other birds, including wild birds, are notifiable to the OIE.
Avian influenza virus-infected poultry can release a large amount of virus-contaminated droppings that serve as sources of infection for susceptible birds. Much research so far has focused on virus spread within flocks. However, as fecal material or manure is a major constituent of airborne poultry dust, virus-contaminated particulate matter from infected flocks may be dispersed into the environment.
This study, demonstrates the presence of airborne influenza virus RNA downwind from buildings holding LPAI-infected birds, and the observed correlation between field data on airborne poultry and livestock associated microbial exposure and the OPS-ST model. These findings suggest that geographical estimates of areas at high risk for human and animal exposure to airborne influenza virus can be modeled during an outbreak, although additional field measurements are needed to validate this proposition. In addition, the outdoor detection of influenza virus contaminated airborne dust during outbreaks in poultry suggests that practical measures can assist in the control of future influenza outbreaks.
In general, exposure to airborne influenza virus on commercial poultry farms could be reduced both by minimizing the initial generation of airborne particles and implementing methods for abatement of particles once generated. As an example, emergency mass culling of poultry using a foam blanket over the birds instead of labor-intensive whole-house gassing followed by ventilation reduces both exposure of cullers and dispersion of contaminated dust into the environment, contributing to the control of influenza outbreaks.
Per contact probability of infection by Highly Pathogenic Avian InfluenzaHarm Kiezebrink
Estimates of the per-contact probability of transmission between farms of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza virus of H7N7 subtype during the 2003 epidemic in the Netherlands are important for the design of better control and biosecurity strategies.
We used standardized data collected during the epidemic and a model to extract data for untraced contacts based on the daily number of infectious farms within a given distance of a susceptible farm.
With these data, the ‘maximum likelihood estimation’ approach was used to estimate the transmission probabilities by the individual contact types, both traced and untraced.
The outcomes were validated against literature data on virus genetic sequences for outbreak farms. The findings highlight the need to
1) Understand the routes underlying the infections without traced contacts and
2) To review whether the contact-tracing protocol is exhaustive in relation to all the farm’s day-to-day activities and practices.
Overview of recent outbreaks of H5N8-High Pathogen Avian Influenza in Europe...Harm Kiezebrink
Updated outbreak assessment on Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza: Europe, America and the Middle East. By the DEFRA, Veterinary & Science Policy Advice Team - International Disease Monitoring.
AI transmission risks: Analysis of biosecurity measures and contact structureHarm Kiezebrink
Contacts between people, equipment and vehicles prior and during outbreak situations are critical to determine the possible source of infection of a farm. Hired laborers are known to play a big role in interconnecting farms. Once a farm is infected, culling entire flock is the only option to prevent further spreading with devastating consequences for the industry.
In this paper, based on the HPAI outbreak in Holland 2003, the researchers found that 32 farms hired external labor of which seven accessed other poultry on the same day.
However, they were not the only ‘connectors’ as some (twelve) farmers also reported themselves helping on other poultry farms.
Furthermore, 27 farms had family members visiting poultry or poultry-related businesses of which nine entered poultry houses during those visits. The other enhancing factor of farm interconnections was the reported ownership of multiple locations for ten of the interviewed farms and the reported on-premises sale of farm products on one pullet and eight layer farms.
Also worth mentioning is the practice of a multiple age system reported on eight of the interviewed farms as this may increase the risk of infecting remaining birds when off-premises poultry movements occur.
AI viruses may be introduced into poultry from reservoirs such as aquatic wild birds but the mechanisms of their subsequent spread are partially unclear. Transmission of the virus through movements of humans (visitors, servicemen and farm personnel), vectors (wild birds, rodents, insects), air- (and dust-) related routes and other fomites (e.g., delivery trucks, visitors’ clothes and farm equipment) have all been hypothesized.
It is therefore hypothesized that the risk of introducing the virus to a farm is determined by the farm’s neighborhood characteristics, contact structure and its biosecurity practices.
On the one hand, neighborhood characteristics include factors such as the presence of water bodies (accessed by wild birds), the density of poultry farms (together with the number and type of birds on these farms) and poultry-related businesses and the road network. The use of manure in the farm’s vicinity is also deemed to be risky.
On the other hand, contact structure risk factors include the nature and frequency of farm visits. Therefore, a detailed analysis of the contact structure, including neighborhood risks, and biosecurity practices across different types of poultry farms and poultry-related businesses helps the improvement of intervention strategies, biosecurity protocols and adherence to these, as well as contact tracing protocols.
Farmers’ perception of visitor- and neighborhood-associated risks of virus spread is also important due to its relevance to adherence with biosecurity protocols, to contact tracing and to communicating advice to them.
This document discusses the use of subtractive genomics to identify potential drug targets for pathogenic organisms. Subtractive genomics involves subtracting the sequences between a host and pathogen's proteome to identify proteins essential to the pathogen but not present in the host. This approach has been applied to identify drug targets for multi-drug resistant pathogens like Salmonella typhi and Listeria monocytogenes, as well as pathogens with no existing effective drugs like Leishmania donovani and Clostridium botulinum. Identifying novel drug targets through subtractive genomics can help develop new defenses against antibiotic-resistant pathogens and treat diseases currently lacking effective treatments.
The 3 P’s of avian influenza Prevent, Plan, PracticeHarm Kiezebrink
Avian Influenza has become endemic in many parts of the word. In it's current form it has been around since 1997 and although thy virus types have changed, emergency response, management & control are still a hot issue. In this article published in 2006 in the US magazine Poultry Perspectives, the subject what to do during crisis situations is presented. The conclusions are still valid today and may help to prevent large-scale outbreaks
Avian influenza is usually an inapparent or nonclinical
viral infection of wild birds that is caused by a group of
viruses known as type A influenzas. These viruses are maintained in wild birds by fecal-oral routes of transmission. This virus changes rapidly in nature by mixing of its genetic components to form slightly different virus subtypes. Avian influenza is caused by this collection of slightly different viruses rather than by a single virus type. The virus subtypes are identified and classified on the basis of two broad types of antigens, hemagglutinan (H) and neuraminidase (N); 15 H and 9 N antigens have been identified among all of the known type A influenzas.
H5N8 virus dutch outbreak (2014) linked to sequences of strains from asiaHarm Kiezebrink
Genetic analysis of influenza A(H5N8) virus from the Netherlands indicates that the virus probably was spread by migratory wild birds from Asia, possibly through overlapping flyways and common breeding sites in Siberia. In addition to the outbreak in the Netherlands, several other outbreaks of HPAI (H5N8) virus infections were reported in Europe at the end of 2014 after exponentially increasing deaths occurred in chicken and turkey flocks.
Genetic sequences submitted to the EpiFlu database indicated that the viruses from Europe showed a strong similarity to viruses isolated earlier in 2014 in South Korea, China, and Japan. An H5N8 virus isolated from a wigeon in Russia in September 2014 is located in the phylogenetic tree near the node of all sequences for H5N8 viruses from Europe.
In regard to time, this location fits the hypothesized route of H5N8 virus introduction into Europe. Furthermore, for several reasons, it is highly likely that the introduction of HPAI (H5N8) virus into the indoor-layer farm in the Netherlands occurred via indirect contact.
First, despite intensive monitoring, H5N8 viruses have never been detected in commercial poultry or wild birds in the Netherlands.
Second, when the virus was detected, the Netherlands had no direct trade contact with other European countries or Asia that might explain a route of introduction.
Third, because of the severity of disease in galliforms, outbreaks of H5N8 in the Netherlands before November 2014 would have been noticed.
Potential impacts of COVID-19 research on livestock health research and innov...ILRI
Presentation by Vish Nene at a virtual event on Building back better: How can public food and agricultural research institutions be strengthened and rebuilt after the COVID-19 pandemic?, 2 February 2021.
Outbreak of High Patogen Avian Influenza H5N8 in GermanyHarm Kiezebrink
Germany has reported an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza, H5N8 in fattening turkeys in North East Germany
(Mecklenburg - Western Pomerania). Increased mortality was observed in one of the six sheds of 15 week old birds for fattening (total number of turkeys on the premises ~ 31,000 of which each shed contained 5,000).
There are several key reasons why infectious disease outbreaks have been increasing globally in recent decades. Increased travel, trade, and urbanization have made it easier for pathogens to spread to new areas. Climate change is also enabling some disease-carrying mosquitoes and other animals to thrive in new environments. However, public health organizations have gotten better at detecting and responding to outbreaks early, meaning fewer cases per outbreak overall. Still, underfunding of disease surveillance programs in some areas has allowed certain illnesses to resurge. Continued challenges include poverty, conflict, and environmental degradation. Proper isolation of infectious patients also remains important for control.
In 2007, USAID launched a worldwide program to battle outbreaks of Avian Influenza under the name STOP AI: Stamping Out Pandemic & Avian Influenza.
This program was one of the largest Training of trainer programs on Avian Influenza of its kind, with training programs conducted in more than 40 countries.
The training manual contains valuable training materials, presentations, background information and references on various subjects:
Module 1 – Overview of Avian Influenza
Module 2 – National Preparedness & Response Plans for HPAI
Module 3 – OIE Avian Influenza Standards and FAO Emergency Prevention System
Module 4 – Public Health and Occupational Safety
Module 5 – Animal Surveillance
Module 6 – Sample Collection and Transport
Module 7 – GIS and Outbreak Mapping
Module 8 – Biosecurity
Module 9 – Introduction to Outbreak Response
Module 10 – Depopulation, Disposal, and Decontamination
Module 11 – Recovery Options.
This training course was intended for animal and human health experts who have limited experience with avian influenza, but who do have field experience with other animal, zoonotic, or infectious diseases. This course includes modules on avian influenza virology, epidemiology, response, and recovery.
Malaria is still considered globally as a leading cause of morbidity with Nigeria carrying the highest burden of 19%. Coinfection of malaria and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) accelerate disease progression of HIV/AIDS subjects. This study investigated the prevalence and predictors of malaria among HIV infected subjects attending the antiretroviral therapy Clinic at Federal the Medical Centre, Keffi, Nigeria. After ethical clearance, 200 whole blood specimens were collected from patients who gave informed consent and completed a self-structured questionnaire. The specimens were examined for malarial parasite using rapid kits and microscopy. The overall prevalence of the infection was 78/200 (39.0%). The prevalence was higher in male (44.7%) than female (34.0%) subjects. Those subjects aged < 20 years (54.5), male gender (44.7%), non-formal education holders (61.5%), farmers (62.5%), stream water users (48.1%), those that lives in rural setting (43.6%), those that do not use Insecticides Treated Nets (ITNs) (39.4%) and swampy environment dwellers (41.7%) were identified predictors for malaria infection in the area. All the predictors studied did not show any statistically significant difference with the infection but some arithmetic difference exists (P > 0.05). The 39.0% prevalence of malaria in HIV infected subjects is a public health concern. Therefore, Public health surveillance and health education among HIV population should be advocated to help eradicate malaria comes 2030. Further study that will characterize the genes of the parasite should be carried out.
In this paper various bird welfare aspects related to avian influenza and other contagious diseases are discussed.
Disease outbreaks will, apart from the obvious direct effects on bird health, and thereby their wellbeing, also indirectly influence the welfare of the birds. For example, restrictions on outdoor access for free-range poultry may be imposed, and vaccination or testing schemes may lead to handling or sampling procedures that are stressful to the birds.
At the same time, the immediate risk of a disease outbreak may lead to improved biosecurity measures on farms, which may in turn decrease the risk of other diseases entering the premises, thus resulting in improved bird health and welfare.
This document discusses emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. It begins with trends in infectious diseases, then defines emerging and re-emerging diseases. Factors that contribute to emergence include changes in the agent, host, and environment. Examples are provided of diseases that have emerged or re-emerged recently, including SARS, avian influenza, hepatitis C, and antibiotic resistance. The response from public health is also mentioned.
Emerging and re-emerging diseses part2 (INCLUDES ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE)Dr. Mamta Gehlawat
2nd half of my ppt on emerging and re-emerging diseases. i uploaded the first half already. pls refer to that too. this ppt has info on AIDS/HIV, ZIKA, EBOLA-MARBURG, MELIODIOSIS, CHOLERA and ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE
Vector borne diseases recent concepts in management and elimination targets...Sruthi Meenaxshi
This document discusses vector-borne diseases and strategies for their management and elimination. It begins by stating that vector-borne diseases account for 17% of infectious diseases globally, with malaria being the main contributor. Vectors transmit diseases between humans or animals. Vector management aims to optimize control and reduce incidence. Mosquitoes transmit diseases like malaria, dengue, chikungunya, Japanese encephalitis, and lymphatic filariasis. The National Vector Borne Disease Control Program integrates control of these diseases. Malaria elimination targets aim for transmission interruption in certain states by 2020 and nationwide by 2030. Integrated vector control includes insecticide spraying, bed nets, and source reduction.
- The document is a speech by the Secretary of Health and Human Services outlining preparations for an influenza pandemic.
- It discusses the history of past pandemics like the 1918 Spanish Flu that killed 50 million people worldwide.
- The emergence of H5N1 avian flu in 2005 prompted increased preparations, including developing domestic vaccine production capacity, stockpiling antiviral drugs and personal protective equipment, and improving state and local pandemic plans.
- The goal is to have enough pandemic vaccine available for every American within 6 months of a pandemic outbreak.
This document discusses several emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases including SARS, MERS, Nipah virus, Chikungunya, West Nile virus, Lyme disease, Kyasanur forest disease. It provides details on the causative agents, modes of transmission, symptoms, treatment and prevention measures for each disease. It also discusses definitions of emerging and re-emerging diseases and factors responsible for their emergence or re-emergence such as rapid population growth, international travel, antibiotic resistance.
This document provides an updated action plan for global COVID-19 vaccination from The Rockefeller Foundation. It summarizes the current unequal distribution of vaccines, with only a small percentage of people in Africa, Asia, and South America receiving doses compared to half in North America and a quarter in Europe. The plan calls for wealthy countries to share more of their surplus vaccine doses sooner to help address this inequity. It also recommends accelerating support for vaccine delivery systems in developing countries, closing the $18.5 billion funding gap for the ACT-A initiative including the $9.3 billion needed for COVAX, and establishing vaccine production capacity in Africa, Asia, and South America to ensure equitable access to vaccines and prepare for future pandem
This document discusses concepts related to disease transmission. It defines the epidemiologic triad as requiring an agent, reservoir, mode of transmission, portal of entry and susceptible host. Modes of transmission include direct contact or indirect transmission through vehicles or vectors. Disease levels range from sporadic to endemic to epidemic or pandemic. Herd immunity is achieved through vaccination above a threshold proportion of immune individuals. Types of epidemics include common source, propagated or mixed spread. Body surfaces and routes of exposure allow entry of infectious agents.
This document discusses emerging and reemerging infectious diseases. It defines emerging diseases as newly identified infectious agents causing public health issues, and reemerging diseases as known agents resurging after being controlled. Factors contributing to their emergence and reemergence include changes in human, agent and environmental factors. Examples provided are hepatitis C, tuberculosis, cholera and dengue. Key tasks in dealing with them are surveillance, early control measures, prevention and monitoring. International collaboration through networks like GOARN is important for coordinated response. Multiple expertise from public health, epidemiology, laboratories etc. is required to tackle this challenge.
This document provides a summary of mathematical modeling of HIV/AIDS treatment. It discusses the background and history of the HIV epidemic, noting that the number of people living with HIV has increased to 32-38 million globally since 1981. Prevention programs like antiretroviral treatment (ART) have helped reduce prevalence since 1999. The document examines the natural history and transmission of HIV, antiretroviral therapy, socioeconomic risks, and the genetic structure and replication cycle of HIV. It states the problem is determining the optimal timing for ART initiation to increase immunity and decrease mortality and mobility from the disease.
This document is a registration form and proposal for a study on avian influenza by Ashly Stephen, a nursing student at T. John College of Nursing in Bangalore, India. The proposed study aims to assess the effectiveness of a self-instructional module in improving knowledge about avian influenza prevention and control among workers at poultry centers. The literature review presented highlights gaps in current knowledge among poultry workers and the need for educational interventions to reduce infection risks.
This document provides information about a positive neuropsychology program offered by an online graduate university. The program offers degrees and certifications in positive psychology and neuropsychology, with the goal of teaching students how to create flourishing lives and transform organizations. Students can choose between degree programs that include a master's or PhD combined with board certification, or board certification-only programs. The curriculum involves courses that study human behavior from genetic, environmental, and evolutionary perspectives as well as positive psychology topics like happiness, relationships, and meaning. The program aims to personally transform students by teaching them to overcome influences outside their control and choose fulfilling lives.
This document summarizes a training on measuring association in epidemiology. It discusses key concepts like risk factors, disease determinants, and the epidemiologic triangle. It also covers study types used to identify causal associations like cross-sectional, cohort and case-control studies. Measurement tools for association are presented, including relative risk, odds ratio, and the 2x2 table. Examples are given to demonstrate calculating these statistics and interpreting their values. Finally, it lists software tools that can be used to perform epidemiological analyses.
This document discusses the use of subtractive genomics to identify potential drug targets for pathogenic organisms. Subtractive genomics involves subtracting the sequences between a host and pathogen's proteome to identify proteins essential to the pathogen but not present in the host. This approach has been applied to identify drug targets for multi-drug resistant pathogens like Salmonella typhi and Listeria monocytogenes, as well as pathogens with no existing effective drugs like Leishmania donovani and Clostridium botulinum. Identifying novel drug targets through subtractive genomics can help develop new defenses against antibiotic-resistant pathogens and treat diseases currently lacking effective treatments.
The 3 P’s of avian influenza Prevent, Plan, PracticeHarm Kiezebrink
Avian Influenza has become endemic in many parts of the word. In it's current form it has been around since 1997 and although thy virus types have changed, emergency response, management & control are still a hot issue. In this article published in 2006 in the US magazine Poultry Perspectives, the subject what to do during crisis situations is presented. The conclusions are still valid today and may help to prevent large-scale outbreaks
Avian influenza is usually an inapparent or nonclinical
viral infection of wild birds that is caused by a group of
viruses known as type A influenzas. These viruses are maintained in wild birds by fecal-oral routes of transmission. This virus changes rapidly in nature by mixing of its genetic components to form slightly different virus subtypes. Avian influenza is caused by this collection of slightly different viruses rather than by a single virus type. The virus subtypes are identified and classified on the basis of two broad types of antigens, hemagglutinan (H) and neuraminidase (N); 15 H and 9 N antigens have been identified among all of the known type A influenzas.
H5N8 virus dutch outbreak (2014) linked to sequences of strains from asiaHarm Kiezebrink
Genetic analysis of influenza A(H5N8) virus from the Netherlands indicates that the virus probably was spread by migratory wild birds from Asia, possibly through overlapping flyways and common breeding sites in Siberia. In addition to the outbreak in the Netherlands, several other outbreaks of HPAI (H5N8) virus infections were reported in Europe at the end of 2014 after exponentially increasing deaths occurred in chicken and turkey flocks.
Genetic sequences submitted to the EpiFlu database indicated that the viruses from Europe showed a strong similarity to viruses isolated earlier in 2014 in South Korea, China, and Japan. An H5N8 virus isolated from a wigeon in Russia in September 2014 is located in the phylogenetic tree near the node of all sequences for H5N8 viruses from Europe.
In regard to time, this location fits the hypothesized route of H5N8 virus introduction into Europe. Furthermore, for several reasons, it is highly likely that the introduction of HPAI (H5N8) virus into the indoor-layer farm in the Netherlands occurred via indirect contact.
First, despite intensive monitoring, H5N8 viruses have never been detected in commercial poultry or wild birds in the Netherlands.
Second, when the virus was detected, the Netherlands had no direct trade contact with other European countries or Asia that might explain a route of introduction.
Third, because of the severity of disease in galliforms, outbreaks of H5N8 in the Netherlands before November 2014 would have been noticed.
Potential impacts of COVID-19 research on livestock health research and innov...ILRI
Presentation by Vish Nene at a virtual event on Building back better: How can public food and agricultural research institutions be strengthened and rebuilt after the COVID-19 pandemic?, 2 February 2021.
Outbreak of High Patogen Avian Influenza H5N8 in GermanyHarm Kiezebrink
Germany has reported an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza, H5N8 in fattening turkeys in North East Germany
(Mecklenburg - Western Pomerania). Increased mortality was observed in one of the six sheds of 15 week old birds for fattening (total number of turkeys on the premises ~ 31,000 of which each shed contained 5,000).
There are several key reasons why infectious disease outbreaks have been increasing globally in recent decades. Increased travel, trade, and urbanization have made it easier for pathogens to spread to new areas. Climate change is also enabling some disease-carrying mosquitoes and other animals to thrive in new environments. However, public health organizations have gotten better at detecting and responding to outbreaks early, meaning fewer cases per outbreak overall. Still, underfunding of disease surveillance programs in some areas has allowed certain illnesses to resurge. Continued challenges include poverty, conflict, and environmental degradation. Proper isolation of infectious patients also remains important for control.
In 2007, USAID launched a worldwide program to battle outbreaks of Avian Influenza under the name STOP AI: Stamping Out Pandemic & Avian Influenza.
This program was one of the largest Training of trainer programs on Avian Influenza of its kind, with training programs conducted in more than 40 countries.
The training manual contains valuable training materials, presentations, background information and references on various subjects:
Module 1 – Overview of Avian Influenza
Module 2 – National Preparedness & Response Plans for HPAI
Module 3 – OIE Avian Influenza Standards and FAO Emergency Prevention System
Module 4 – Public Health and Occupational Safety
Module 5 – Animal Surveillance
Module 6 – Sample Collection and Transport
Module 7 – GIS and Outbreak Mapping
Module 8 – Biosecurity
Module 9 – Introduction to Outbreak Response
Module 10 – Depopulation, Disposal, and Decontamination
Module 11 – Recovery Options.
This training course was intended for animal and human health experts who have limited experience with avian influenza, but who do have field experience with other animal, zoonotic, or infectious diseases. This course includes modules on avian influenza virology, epidemiology, response, and recovery.
Malaria is still considered globally as a leading cause of morbidity with Nigeria carrying the highest burden of 19%. Coinfection of malaria and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) accelerate disease progression of HIV/AIDS subjects. This study investigated the prevalence and predictors of malaria among HIV infected subjects attending the antiretroviral therapy Clinic at Federal the Medical Centre, Keffi, Nigeria. After ethical clearance, 200 whole blood specimens were collected from patients who gave informed consent and completed a self-structured questionnaire. The specimens were examined for malarial parasite using rapid kits and microscopy. The overall prevalence of the infection was 78/200 (39.0%). The prevalence was higher in male (44.7%) than female (34.0%) subjects. Those subjects aged < 20 years (54.5), male gender (44.7%), non-formal education holders (61.5%), farmers (62.5%), stream water users (48.1%), those that lives in rural setting (43.6%), those that do not use Insecticides Treated Nets (ITNs) (39.4%) and swampy environment dwellers (41.7%) were identified predictors for malaria infection in the area. All the predictors studied did not show any statistically significant difference with the infection but some arithmetic difference exists (P > 0.05). The 39.0% prevalence of malaria in HIV infected subjects is a public health concern. Therefore, Public health surveillance and health education among HIV population should be advocated to help eradicate malaria comes 2030. Further study that will characterize the genes of the parasite should be carried out.
In this paper various bird welfare aspects related to avian influenza and other contagious diseases are discussed.
Disease outbreaks will, apart from the obvious direct effects on bird health, and thereby their wellbeing, also indirectly influence the welfare of the birds. For example, restrictions on outdoor access for free-range poultry may be imposed, and vaccination or testing schemes may lead to handling or sampling procedures that are stressful to the birds.
At the same time, the immediate risk of a disease outbreak may lead to improved biosecurity measures on farms, which may in turn decrease the risk of other diseases entering the premises, thus resulting in improved bird health and welfare.
This document discusses emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. It begins with trends in infectious diseases, then defines emerging and re-emerging diseases. Factors that contribute to emergence include changes in the agent, host, and environment. Examples are provided of diseases that have emerged or re-emerged recently, including SARS, avian influenza, hepatitis C, and antibiotic resistance. The response from public health is also mentioned.
Emerging and re-emerging diseses part2 (INCLUDES ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE)Dr. Mamta Gehlawat
2nd half of my ppt on emerging and re-emerging diseases. i uploaded the first half already. pls refer to that too. this ppt has info on AIDS/HIV, ZIKA, EBOLA-MARBURG, MELIODIOSIS, CHOLERA and ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE
Vector borne diseases recent concepts in management and elimination targets...Sruthi Meenaxshi
This document discusses vector-borne diseases and strategies for their management and elimination. It begins by stating that vector-borne diseases account for 17% of infectious diseases globally, with malaria being the main contributor. Vectors transmit diseases between humans or animals. Vector management aims to optimize control and reduce incidence. Mosquitoes transmit diseases like malaria, dengue, chikungunya, Japanese encephalitis, and lymphatic filariasis. The National Vector Borne Disease Control Program integrates control of these diseases. Malaria elimination targets aim for transmission interruption in certain states by 2020 and nationwide by 2030. Integrated vector control includes insecticide spraying, bed nets, and source reduction.
- The document is a speech by the Secretary of Health and Human Services outlining preparations for an influenza pandemic.
- It discusses the history of past pandemics like the 1918 Spanish Flu that killed 50 million people worldwide.
- The emergence of H5N1 avian flu in 2005 prompted increased preparations, including developing domestic vaccine production capacity, stockpiling antiviral drugs and personal protective equipment, and improving state and local pandemic plans.
- The goal is to have enough pandemic vaccine available for every American within 6 months of a pandemic outbreak.
This document discusses several emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases including SARS, MERS, Nipah virus, Chikungunya, West Nile virus, Lyme disease, Kyasanur forest disease. It provides details on the causative agents, modes of transmission, symptoms, treatment and prevention measures for each disease. It also discusses definitions of emerging and re-emerging diseases and factors responsible for their emergence or re-emergence such as rapid population growth, international travel, antibiotic resistance.
This document provides an updated action plan for global COVID-19 vaccination from The Rockefeller Foundation. It summarizes the current unequal distribution of vaccines, with only a small percentage of people in Africa, Asia, and South America receiving doses compared to half in North America and a quarter in Europe. The plan calls for wealthy countries to share more of their surplus vaccine doses sooner to help address this inequity. It also recommends accelerating support for vaccine delivery systems in developing countries, closing the $18.5 billion funding gap for the ACT-A initiative including the $9.3 billion needed for COVAX, and establishing vaccine production capacity in Africa, Asia, and South America to ensure equitable access to vaccines and prepare for future pandem
This document discusses concepts related to disease transmission. It defines the epidemiologic triad as requiring an agent, reservoir, mode of transmission, portal of entry and susceptible host. Modes of transmission include direct contact or indirect transmission through vehicles or vectors. Disease levels range from sporadic to endemic to epidemic or pandemic. Herd immunity is achieved through vaccination above a threshold proportion of immune individuals. Types of epidemics include common source, propagated or mixed spread. Body surfaces and routes of exposure allow entry of infectious agents.
This document discusses emerging and reemerging infectious diseases. It defines emerging diseases as newly identified infectious agents causing public health issues, and reemerging diseases as known agents resurging after being controlled. Factors contributing to their emergence and reemergence include changes in human, agent and environmental factors. Examples provided are hepatitis C, tuberculosis, cholera and dengue. Key tasks in dealing with them are surveillance, early control measures, prevention and monitoring. International collaboration through networks like GOARN is important for coordinated response. Multiple expertise from public health, epidemiology, laboratories etc. is required to tackle this challenge.
This document provides a summary of mathematical modeling of HIV/AIDS treatment. It discusses the background and history of the HIV epidemic, noting that the number of people living with HIV has increased to 32-38 million globally since 1981. Prevention programs like antiretroviral treatment (ART) have helped reduce prevalence since 1999. The document examines the natural history and transmission of HIV, antiretroviral therapy, socioeconomic risks, and the genetic structure and replication cycle of HIV. It states the problem is determining the optimal timing for ART initiation to increase immunity and decrease mortality and mobility from the disease.
This document is a registration form and proposal for a study on avian influenza by Ashly Stephen, a nursing student at T. John College of Nursing in Bangalore, India. The proposed study aims to assess the effectiveness of a self-instructional module in improving knowledge about avian influenza prevention and control among workers at poultry centers. The literature review presented highlights gaps in current knowledge among poultry workers and the need for educational interventions to reduce infection risks.
This document provides information about a positive neuropsychology program offered by an online graduate university. The program offers degrees and certifications in positive psychology and neuropsychology, with the goal of teaching students how to create flourishing lives and transform organizations. Students can choose between degree programs that include a master's or PhD combined with board certification, or board certification-only programs. The curriculum involves courses that study human behavior from genetic, environmental, and evolutionary perspectives as well as positive psychology topics like happiness, relationships, and meaning. The program aims to personally transform students by teaching them to overcome influences outside their control and choose fulfilling lives.
This document summarizes a training on measuring association in epidemiology. It discusses key concepts like risk factors, disease determinants, and the epidemiologic triangle. It also covers study types used to identify causal associations like cross-sectional, cohort and case-control studies. Measurement tools for association are presented, including relative risk, odds ratio, and the 2x2 table. Examples are given to demonstrate calculating these statistics and interpreting their values. Finally, it lists software tools that can be used to perform epidemiological analyses.
The document discusses the Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) technique for detecting DNA. It provides:
1. A brief history of LAMP's development from 1998-2002 and that it has been used to detect over 200 genes/species.
2. Details of typical LAMP reaction parameters, including a temperature of 60-65°C, reaction volume of 25μl, enzymes and primer concentrations used.
3. An overview of LAMP's advantages as a rapid and inexpensive diagnostic technique that works under isothermal conditions, and its disadvantages including more difficult primer design than PCR.
The document discusses animal rabies in the Philippines. It notes that the Anti-Rabies Act of 2007 was passed to strengthen control and elimination of rabies. It established the National Rabies Prevention and Control Committee to oversee efforts. While cases decreased between 2005-2015, rabies persists due to issues like lack of animal vaccination and surveillance. Solutions proposed include accelerating vaccination programs and public education.
1) The document discusses different measures used to quantify disease occurrence and epidemiological data, including counts, rates, proportions, and ratios. It explains concepts like incidence, prevalence, cumulative incidence, and incidence rate.
2) Examples are provided for calculating ratios, proportions, incidence risk, and incidence rate using hypothetical population and disease data. The examples illustrate how to determine the population at risk and calculate the measures.
3) An attack rate is defined as the number of new cases in a population during an outbreak divided by the initial population at risk. It is expressed as a percentage to quantify the proportion of a population that develops disease during an outbreak.
Collection and Handling of Specimens for Laboratory DiagnosisPerez Eric
This document provides guidelines for collecting and handling specimens for laboratory diagnosis of animal diseases. It discusses the importance of collecting sufficient samples before treatment for various diagnostic tests. Guidelines are provided for collecting samples from live animals and during necropsy, including types of samples, containers, labeling, and storage/transport. Proper personal protective equipment, supplies, and documentation are emphasized to ensure sample integrity and lab results.
The document discusses the importance of mobile marketing and provides an overview of various mobile marketing strategies. It notes that mobile marketing is no longer a trend but the new way to do business as it is personal, targeted, scalable, immediate, actionable, portable, and interactive. It then covers key mobile marketing strategies like developing a mobile-friendly website, mobile advertising, email/SMS campaigns, mobile applications, WhatsApp marketing, social media marketing, using QR codes, and making videos mobile-ready. The presentation encourages businesses to leverage these mobile strategies to boost their profits and connect with customers who are using mobile devices.
This document discusses strategies for animal disease control. It defines key terms like prevention, disease control, elimination and eradication. Disease control programs aim to reduce, eliminate or eradicate animal diseases and prevent new outbreaks. Effective disease control requires assessing disease importance, distinguishing control strategies, and describing various control methods like prioritization techniques. The goals are to reduce mortality, morbidity and economic impacts while making efficient use of limited resources.
This document summarizes a training on outbreak investigation held from May 23-27, 2016 at Central Luzon State University. It discusses emerging and re-emerging diseases, examples of case definitions, confirming an outbreak, analyzing outbreak data through time, place and other factors, and establishing hypotheses. The training covered the nine steps of outbreak investigation including confirming diagnoses, defining cases, collecting and analyzing data, establishing hypotheses, and communicating findings.
Current Trends in Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyPerez Eric
This lecture covers current trends in molecular biology and biotechnology. It discusses the definition of molecular biology and its applications. The key components of eukaryotic cells are described, including the nucleus, organelles, plasma membrane, and genetic material DNA. Viruses, bacteria, and protozoa are also discussed. The central dogma of DNA to RNA to protein is explained. The lecture covers genetic components like genes and DNA, as well as molecular techniques like PCR and LAMP that are used to study and manipulate DNA, RNA, and proteins. The overall objectives are for participants to understand molecular biology applications and techniques and components of cells at the molecular level.
This document discusses different types of animal health surveillance systems. It describes passive surveillance as provider-initiated reporting, while active surveillance is health department-initiated. General surveillance collects data on multiple diseases, while targeted surveillance focuses on a specific disease. Data sources can include recorded diagnoses, clinical signs, survey reports, indirect indicators, and risk factors. Common surveillance systems are farmer-based, facility-based, sentinel, syndromic, and surveys. Each system has advantages and limitations for early detection and monitoring of animal diseases.
Appropriate Farm Practices for Livestock and Poultry during Extended Dry SpellPerez Eric
Information included in this material were solicited from experienced and progressive livestock and poultry raisers, Magsasaka Siyentistas (MS), researchers, and technical experts from within and outside PCARRD. Additional information were taken from publications and online sources.
This publication aims to ease the trouble experienced by animal raisers during extended dry spell.
The document discusses various strategies for animal disease control including prevention, vaccination, biosecurity measures, surveillance, zoning/compartmentalization, and stamping out. It emphasizes applying the appropriate strategy based on factors like the disease, its impacts, stakeholders involved, and available resources. The overall goal is to reduce disease prevalence and impacts in a cost-effective manner.
A presentation about digital marketing overview. Points covered are Search engine optimization (SEO), Pay per click (PPC), Social Media optimization (SMO), digital marketing funnel
FLI Seminar on different response strategies: Stamping out or NeutralizationHarm Kiezebrink
During this spring, American poultry producers are losing birds by the millions, due to the High Pathogenic Avian Influenza outbreaks on factory farms. USDA APHIS applied the stamping out strategy in an attempt to prevent the flu from spreading.
With stamping out as the highest priority of the response strategy, large numbers of responders are involved. With in average almost 1 million caged layers per farm in Iowa, there is hardly any room for a proper bio security training for these responders. And existing culling techniques had insufficient capacity, the authorities had to decide to apply drastic techniques like macerating live birds in order to take away the source of virus reproduction.
This strategy didn't work; on the contrary. Instead of slowing down the spreading of the virus, the outbreaks continue to reoccur and have caused death and destruction in 15 USA states, killing almost 50 million birds on mote than 220infected commercial poultry farms, all within a very small time frame.
The question is whether the priority of the response strategy should be on neutralizing the transmission routes instead of on stamping out infections after they occur. All indicators currently point out into the direction that the industry should prioritize on environmental drivers: the connection between outbreaks and wild ducks; wind-mediated transmission; pre-contact probability; on-farm bio security; transmission via rodents etc.
Once the contribution of each transmission route has been determined, a revolutionary new response strategy can be developed based on the principle of neutralizing transmission routes. Neutralizing risks means that fully new techniques need to be developed, based on culling the animals without human – to – animal contact; integrating detergent application into the culling operations; combining culling & disposal into one activity.
This new response strategy will be the main subject of the FLI Animal Welfare and Disease Control Seminar, organized at September 23, 2015 in Celle, Germany
I was responsible for preparing some aspects of information visualization for this project. I am also responsible for creating a data portal for this project and my responsibilities include pretty much everything from gathering requirements, data modeling, coding, testing to implementing.
A federal and state transport plan for movement of eggs and egg products from...venkatsrao
This document summarizes a federal and state transport plan for moving eggs and egg products from commercial egg farms located within a high-pathogenic avian influenza control area. The plan, called the FAST Eggs Plan, has five components: 1) a biosecurity checklist for farms, 2) registration with a national animal identification system, 3) evaluating exposure risks, 4) testing for avian influenza, and 5) estimating exposure risks based on distance from infected areas. The plan is intended to allow business continuity for egg producers following an avian influenza outbreak while reducing the time needed for officials to determine it is safe for eggs to enter markets outside the control area.
Avian Influenza H7N9
Winnifred Brefo-kesse
Hlth 626
March 31, 2019
Professor Hughes
Part I: THE SITUATION ASSESSMENT
In February and March 2013, a novel influenza A (H7N9) virus emerged in China, causing an acute respiratory distress syndrome and occasionally multiple organ failure with high fatality rates in humans (Li et al., 2014). A total of 681 laboratory-confirmed cases and 275 deaths have been reported as of November 13th, 2015, with a fatality rate of 40% (http://www.who.int/influenza/human_animal_interface/HAI_Risk_Assessment/en/). H7N9 has been evolving and established amongst chickens in China over the past two years with occasional human infections (Lam et al., 2015; Su et al., 2015), thus posing a threat to public health. In the absence of an annually-updated effective vaccine, antiviral drugs constitute the first line of defense against H7N9 infections. H7N9 viruses already possess natural resistance to M2-ion channel blockers (amantadine and rimantadine) when it first emerged in 2013 (Gao et al., 2013). Therefore, neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs), which include oseltamivir (TamifluH), zanamivir (RelenzaH) and peramivir constitute the main antiviral drugs against H7N9 infections (Hu et al., 2013; Wu et al., 2013). However, treatment with NAIs against H7N9 infections has resulted in the emergence of drug-resistant mutant viruses, as soon as 1~9 days after administration (Gao et al., 2013; Hu et al., 2013). Moreover, the first H7N9 isolate (A/Shanghai/1/2013(H7N9), SH-H7N9) was resistant to oseltamivir (Gao et al., 2013). Avian influenza A H7 viruses are a group of viruses that is mostly found amongst birds. The H7N9 virus is a subgroup of the H7 viruses and was recently discovered in China. There were three cases discovered in March of 2013 which ultimately increased in May by 132 cases. Of those cases, the 39 infected, died because of the virus (Peipei Song1, 2013). The clinical features described in the three patients with H7N9 virus infection, included fulminant pneumonia, respiratory failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), septic shock, multi-organ failure, rhabdomyolysis, and encephalopathy, are very troubling (Timothy M. Uyeki, 2013). As of now, this virus has reached stage two of three which is poultry passing the virus to humans. There is one more stage left which is human to human transmission which the Chinese health officials have confirmed it is not yet occurring. Creating an anti-virus takes a lot of time and until then public health officials should create new tactics in battling this epidemic.
Since there isn’t an anti-virus for the H7N9 virus, different health policies must be put in place to control the outbreak as well as preventative strategies from escalating. This vir.
1) The H7N9 avian influenza virus emerged in China in 2013 and caused over 130 human cases with 43 deaths. Researchers propose conducting gain-of-function (GOF) experiments on H7N9 viruses to assess their pandemic risk and inform public health responses.
2) The proposed GOF experiments would study immunogenicity, adaptation, drug resistance, transmission, and pathogenicity of H7N9 viruses. Results could help develop vaccines and treatments, and identify mutations that increase transmissibility or pathogenicity.
3) GOF research on H7N9 viruses would be subject to review and require risk mitigation plans, as was done for H5N1 research previously. Insights from
This document discusses strategies to control Porcine Reproductive Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS), a globally significant pig disease. It describes the history and impact of typical and atypical PRRS strains in the Philippines. Diagnostic methods and farm classification systems are outlined. Key control strategies include vaccination, improving biosecurity, and managing pig flow. Proper testing and isolation of replacement stock is important to prevent virus introduction to naive farms.
The document discusses the threat of agroterrorism in Southeast Asia. It defines agroterrorism and outlines several animal diseases that could be used for this purpose, including foot-and-mouth disease, avian influenza, Rift Valley fever, and Ebola. It notes the vulnerability of the region's livestock industry and food system. Several viruses are highlighted as potential bioweapons, such as Zika, that could have devastating economic and public health impacts through the agricultural sector. Close monitoring is needed to prevent the deliberate or accidental spread of dangerous diseases.
Presentation on Emerging and reEmerging infectious diseasesBasharat Rashid
This document provides an overview of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. It discusses trends showing a resurgence of infectious diseases since the late 20th century. Emerging diseases are newly identified agents causing health issues, while re-emerging diseases were previously controlled but are increasing. Factors driving emergence include changes in human, animal and environmental conditions. Examples are given of recent emerging diseases like SARS, avian influenza, and drug-resistant pathogens. National surveillance and global cooperation are needed to monitor, investigate and respond to infectious disease threats.
In light of the H7N9 , the Yale-Tulane ESF #8 Planning and Response Program has produced a special report on A(H7N9).The Yale-Tulane ESF #8 Program is a multi-disciplinary, multi-center, graduate-level, program designed to produce ESF #8 planners and responders with standardized skill sets that are consistent with evolving public policy, technologies, and best practices. The group that produced this summary and analysis of the current situation are graduate students from Yale and Tulane Universities. It was compiled entirely from open source materials. Please feel free to forward the report to anyone who might be interested.
This document provides information about a proposed study on assessing the effectiveness of a structured teaching program on knowledge about prevention and control of bird flu among poultry farm workers. It includes background information on bird flu, the need for the study based on gaps in knowledge and outbreaks globally and in India, and a review of previous studies conducted on knowledge and practices of poultry workers regarding avian influenza. The study aims to educate poultry workers and help control and manage bird flu outbreaks.
The Evolution of Viral Pathogens in Veterinary Medicine: Canine Parvovirus an...Kara Moloney
Viral pathogens like canine parvovirus (CPV) and canine influenza virus pose challenges for veterinary medicine due to their ability to rapidly evolve. CPV emerged in 1978 and has since evolved into multiple variants, including CPV-2a, CPV-2b, and CPV-2c. These variants differ in their viral capsid protein VP2, which affects host specificity. Canine influenza is an influenza A virus that crossed over from equines to canines in 2004. While not causing major outbreaks like CPV, it still poses a threat through potential evolution. Both viruses continue adapting transmissibility and host range through genetic mutations under selection pressure.
This document discusses the pros and cons of continuing research on the H5N1 influenza virus. While research could benefit society by increasing understanding of the virus, it also poses biosecurity risks if the virus were to be accidentally or intentionally released. The author believes research should continue but be conducted in secure government laboratories to minimize risks, as scientific progress requires pushing the boundaries of knowledge while maintaining safety. Banning all research could slow medical advances, but uncontrolled research risks public health.
At the four front of flu vaccination - Quadrivalent Flu Vaccination in India ...Gaurav Gupta
Is flu vaccination needed in India? Is there any benefits of Quadrivalent Flu vaccination over Trivalent Flu vaccination? Any safety & efficacy data about Vaxiflu 4 by Zydus Vaccines. All discussed in a Presentation in Panchkula, in September 2019
articulo de divulgación científica: a large outbreak of histoplasmosis acapul...IPN
This document summarizes a large outbreak of histoplasmosis among American travelers who stayed at a hotel in Acapulco, Mexico in spring 2001. A total of 757 travelers who stayed at the hotel were contacted, with 262 meeting the clinical case definition of fever and respiratory symptoms. Of 273 serum samples tested, 148 were positive for histoplasmosis. Frequent use of the hotel's stairwells, where construction was ongoing, was associated with a greatly increased risk of illness. This represents the first documented histoplasmosis outbreak associated with a hotel undergoing construction.
The Role of Live Animal Markets in the US and Abroad in the Spread of Zoonoti...JosephGiambrone5
Live animal markets have contributed to the spread of zoonotic diseases like avian influenza and coronaviruses. In Southeast Asia, these markets often mix domestic and wild species in unsanitary conditions, allowing viruses to jump between animal hosts and potentially to humans. The first cases of SARS, MERS, and COVID-19 have all been linked to exposure at live animal markets in China, where bats and other wild animals infected domestic livestock. By contrast, live animal markets in the US have strict controls to prevent the introduction of exotic species and do not associate with disease emergence, as animals come from registered sources and are of single species. Uncontrolled live animal markets will continue enabling zoonotic viruses to spillover to humans
Travel-related infectious diseases on the rise
International travel has an important role in the transmission of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases across geographical areas.
Since 1980, the world has been threatened by different waves of emerging disease epidemics.
In the twenty-first century, these diseases have become an increasing global concern because of their health and economic impacts in both developed and resource-constrained countries.
It is difficult to stop the occurrence of new pathogens in the future due to the interconnection among humans, animals, and the environment.
As many as 43%–79% of travelers to low- and middle-income countries become ill with a travel-related health problem.
Although most of these illnesses are mild, some travelers become sick enough to seek care from a health care provider.
The document discusses the need for new vaccines against diseases such as HIV, tuberculosis, malaria, influenza, pertussis, H1N1, Ebola, HPV, hand-foot-mouth disease, hookworm disease, lung disease, Lyme disease, drug resistant tuberculosis, and dengue. It notes that while some diseases have been eradicated or reduced with vaccines, vaccines targeted against major global killers are still needed. It provides statistics on the burden of these diseases and discusses factors involved in vaccine development like cost-effectiveness.
Influenza a emergency prepardness for healthcare facilitiesMoustapha Ramadan
The data presented are per 4th of March 2017 and subject to changes.
The presentation aims to provide the basic infection control requirement for healthcare facilities during large influenza epidemic or pandemic
The document discusses antibiotic resistance and how it develops through natural selection. It explains that when antibiotics are used, only bacteria that are resistant to the antibiotic will survive and pass on the resistant genes. This can lead to epidemics if the bacteria become resistant to multiple antibiotics. The document also discusses the H5N1 bird flu virus and efforts to develop a vaccine against it.
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne viral disease characterized by fever and hemorrhage. It is caused by the CCHF virus and transmitted primarily through ticks of the genus Hyalomma. The virus infects a range of animals and is found across parts of Africa, Asia, and Europe. Most human cases result from tick bites, with 10,000 cases reported annually. While many infections are mild, the disease can progress to include hemorrhage, organ failure, and death in around 30% of cases. Treatment focuses on supportive care, while ribavirin's efficacy is uncertain.
- Native pigs have a higher digestive capacity and microbial activity in their hindgut compared to improved pigs, allowing them to utilize low-quality feed materials.
- General feeding practices for native pigs include feeding a combination of concentrate and forage twice daily. Feeding practices vary based on life stage from sows and boars getting 1-1.5kg of mixed feed and supplements, to suckling piglets getting ad-libitum starter mash and supplements, to weaners getting 0.3-1kg of mixed feed and supplements.
- Sample mixed feeds for native pigs contain ingredients like rice bran, corn, copra, and molasses. Establishing forage production areas can help minimize feed
Marketing and income potential of philippine native pig (glenda p. fule)Perez Eric
This document discusses native pig farming in the Philippines. It begins by outlining the demand and consumption of pork in the country. It then provides details on marketing the native pig, including potential products (lechon), target markets (lechon consumers), and pricing. The document also analyzes the costs and returns of raising native pigs, including feed costs, sales projections, and estimated profits from selling weanlings and slaughter pigs (lechon-type). In summary, the document finds that native pig farming in the Philippines can be a profitable endeavor.
Health care in native pig production (dr. aleli a. collado)Perez Eric
This document discusses herd health programs for native pig production. It outlines the epidemiologic triad and describes key elements of a herd health program including biosecurity, vaccination against hog cholera, and control of internal and external parasites. Common diseases of pigs are also listed, along with signs of unhealthy animals and preventive measures. First aid recommendations for diarrhea, fever and colds in pigs are provided.
Breed development, production and commecial utilization of native pigsPerez Eric
- Native pigs are an important part of rural farming communities in the Philippines, providing food security, income, and cultural/social roles. However, native pig production typically remains a small-scale backyard activity without consistent profits.
- There is increasing demand for organically and naturally produced foods, as well as interest in conserving native genetic resources. Improved native pig breeds are desired that are adapted to local conditions but also provide uniform, predictable production and product quality.
- A strategy is proposed to develop homogeneous but genetically diverse native pig populations through organized breeding programs, improved production systems, and marketing of native pig products.
WESVAARDEC & DOST-PCAARRD Fiesta 2019 (Tentative) ProgramPerez Eric
This document provides the schedule for a three-day conference hosted by the Western Visayas Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development Consortium. Day 1 activities include registration, an opening program launching a new logo and portal, exhibits and a bazaar viewing, and technology forums on sustainable Darag Native Chicken production. Day 2 consists of cooking contests, a poster making contest, a student quiz, and technology forums on mango and green mussels. Day 3 covers technology forums on organic muscovado sugar production, bamboo varieties and uses, and concludes with closing ceremonies and awards.
2019 newton agham researcher links workshop vaccines and diagnostics confer...Perez Eric
This document provides the program for a workshop on Novel Vaccines and Diagnostic Technologies Against Emerging and Re-emerging Veterinary Pathogens. The workshop will take place over two days and include sessions on emerging veterinary diseases, modulating the gut microbiome to control diseases, molecular characterization of poultry pathogens, molecular determinants of avian influenza vaccines, rapid diagnostics for enteric pathogens, antimicrobial resistance in dairy cattle, and genomic resistance to Campylobacter in chickens. Speakers will come from the UK, Philippines, and other countries. The goal is to forge long-term research partnerships between researchers and industry to address disease challenges in livestock and poultry.
This document provides an overview of the Philippine Native Pig Business Summit that took place on November 21, 2018 in Cebu City, Philippines. It includes messages of support from government officials, the program agenda, and summaries of presentations on topics such as native pig production, processing, and marketing. The goal of the summit was to bring together researchers, producers, traders, processors and consumers to discuss trends and innovations in the native pig industry and promote its sustainable development.
R&D initiatives on Philippine Native Pigs Perez Eric
This document discusses enhancing Philippine native pigs to create livelihood opportunities through research and development. It outlines the value of native pigs in providing income and food for rural families as they are resilient to climate extremes. It describes strategies to establish more homogeneous native pig populations through selection while maintaining genetic diversity. This includes establishing true-to-type breeding populations to meet producer and consumer preferences for consistent quality and performance. Research demonstrates improvements in birth weight, 6-month weight and litter size through selection. Native pig production is shown to provide net income for farmers with the right management.
Science-based native pig production to meet quality requirements of native pi...Perez Eric
This document summarizes the presentation of Fabian Maximillan B. Cabriga on science-based native pig production in the Philippines. It discusses the current situation of small-scale native pig farmers, including issues like lack of training, standards, and market support. It then outlines how the Philippine Native Pig Owners Network Association was established in 2015 to address these issues. The association has helped organize farmers, establish stable prices, and promote native pork. It also describes Teofely Nature Farms, a model native pig farm started by Cabriga, and how it aims to produce high quality native pork and vegetables sustainably through good practices.
Benefits and Market Potential of Native Pig Lechon Processing and MarketingPerez Eric
Lechon, or roasted pig, is a Filipino delicacy traditionally made with native Philippine pigs. The document discusses lechon production in La Loma, Philippines, which is considered the lechon capital. Ping Ping Native Lechon & Restaurant is one of the established brands in La Loma that uses 100% native pigs for lechon. While there is steady demand, production is limited by the supply and high costs of quality native pigs. The lechon industry needs government support to address issues around native pig supply and transportation regulations.
Native Pig Trading and Lechon Processing and Marketing in CebuPerez Eric
Ms. Claire C. Silva owns Claire's Lechon de Cebu, which began in 1989 processing one pig per week and has since expanded to processing 10-15 pigs per week normally and up to 40 pigs on weekends during peak seasons. Native pigs from Negros and Bohol are used for their juicy and tasty meat. The pigs are slaughtered and seasoned in-house before being roasted over open wood charcoal. While lechon production has grown, challenges include fluctuating pig prices and quality as well as competition from other processors. Future plans include breeding their own pigs and expanding markets.
The document summarizes a FIESTA event held in Zamboanga City to promote the ZamPen native chicken breed. It discusses the 10 years of research that went into developing the ZamPen breed. The event featured exhibits, forums, and competitions to encourage local farmers and businesses to raise ZamPen chickens as a livelihood option. The goal was to connect producers with potential buyers and introduce technology that can help the native chicken industry. Samples of dishes made from ZamPen chicken were served to event attendees.
The FLS-GEM project trained over 2,500 goat farmers through 28-week courses focusing on improved feeding, breeding, health and waste management. This led to increases in productivity such as higher conception rates, shorter kidding intervals, and greater survival rates and kid weights. Farmers saw higher profits as a result, with income increasing by over 30% on average. The project had wide social impacts as well, with increased cooperation between farmers and new businesses developing around goat farming. The project was so successful that its training model was adopted as the national standard for goat production in the Philippines.
The document discusses an e-learning program on goat raising offered by the DOST-Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCAARRD). The program offers free online certificate courses on topics related to goat production. As of November 2017, over 2,100 students have graduated from the program, consisting of farmers, extension workers, businessmen, and overseas Filipino workers. Students can enroll by creating an account on the e-extension website and selecting from the available goat raising course modules.
The document discusses the Test-Interval Method (TIM), a common practice for measuring total milk yield (TMY) in small ruminants. TIM uses a formula that calculates TMY based on milk measurements taken at intervals after birth and between subsequent milkings. It originated as a way for farmers and organizations to evaluate goat performance and rank animals for selective breeding programs to improve genetics. TIM can be used on individual farms or in government programs.
This document discusses standards for slaughtering and cutting goats. It outlines proper procedures for transporting goats to slaughter, ante-mortem and post-mortem inspection, and slaughter methods. Detailed cutting schemes for six prime cuts of chevon are also presented. Adopting these standards would help produce clean meat through proper hygiene, allow for higher carcass recovery, demand higher prices, and serve as a guideline for developing policies around goat slaughtering.
The document summarizes research on a herbal dewormer called MCM for goats. MCM is created from a mixture of three Philippine plants - makahiya, caimito, and makabuhay. Clinical trials showed MCM, administered as either a 500mg capsule or 500ul liquid twice at a 2 week interval, was effective at eliminating the parasitic roundworm Haemonchus contortus in goats. This led to increased health, milk and meat production in treated goats. The document provides details on the formulation, dosage, availability and pricing of the herbal MCM dewormer and encourages farmers to try and support this natural treatment option for healthier goats.
Order : Trombidiformes (Acarina) Class : Arachnida
Mites normally feed on the undersurface of the leaves but the symptoms are more easily seen on the uppersurface.
Tetranychids produce blotching (Spots) on the leaf-surface.
Tarsonemids and Eriophyids produce distortion (twist), puckering (Folds) or stunting (Short) of leaves.
Eriophyids produce distinct galls or blisters (fluid-filled sac in the outer layer)
Embracing Deep Variability For Reproducibility and Replicability
Abstract: Reproducibility (aka determinism in some cases) constitutes a fundamental aspect in various fields of computer science, such as floating-point computations in numerical analysis and simulation, concurrency models in parallelism, reproducible builds for third parties integration and packaging, and containerization for execution environments. These concepts, while pervasive across diverse concerns, often exhibit intricate inter-dependencies, making it challenging to achieve a comprehensive understanding. In this short and vision paper we delve into the application of software engineering techniques, specifically variability management, to systematically identify and explicit points of variability that may give rise to reproducibility issues (eg language, libraries, compiler, virtual machine, OS, environment variables, etc). The primary objectives are: i) gaining insights into the variability layers and their possible interactions, ii) capturing and documenting configurations for the sake of reproducibility, and iii) exploring diverse configurations to replicate, and hence validate and ensure the robustness of results. By adopting these methodologies, we aim to address the complexities associated with reproducibility and replicability in modern software systems and environments, facilitating a more comprehensive and nuanced perspective on these critical aspects.
https://hal.science/hal-04582287
SAP Unveils Generative AI Innovations at Annual Sapphire ConferenceCGB SOLUTIONS
At its annual SAP Sapphire conference, SAP introduced groundbreaking generative AI advancements and strategic partnerships, underscoring its commitment to revolutionizing business operations in the AI era. By integrating Business AI throughout its enterprise cloud portfolio, which supports the world's most critical processes, SAP is fostering a new wave of business insight and creativity.
Signatures of wave erosion in Titan’s coastsSérgio Sacani
The shorelines of Titan’s hydrocarbon seas trace flooded erosional landforms such as river valleys; however, it isunclear whether coastal erosion has subsequently altered these shorelines. Spacecraft observations and theo-retical models suggest that wind may cause waves to form on Titan’s seas, potentially driving coastal erosion,but the observational evidence of waves is indirect, and the processes affecting shoreline evolution on Titanremain unknown. No widely accepted framework exists for using shoreline morphology to quantitatively dis-cern coastal erosion mechanisms, even on Earth, where the dominant mechanisms are known. We combinelandscape evolution models with measurements of shoreline shape on Earth to characterize how differentcoastal erosion mechanisms affect shoreline morphology. Applying this framework to Titan, we find that theshorelines of Titan’s seas are most consistent with flooded landscapes that subsequently have been eroded bywaves, rather than a uniform erosional process or no coastal erosion, particularly if wave growth saturates atfetch lengths of tens of kilometers.
Anatomy and physiology question bank by Ross and Wilson.
It's specially for nursing and paramedics students.
I hope that you people will get benefits of this book,also share it with your friends and classmates.
Doing practice and get high marks in anatomy and physiology's paper.
Rodents, Birds and locust_Pests of crops.pdfPirithiRaju
Mole rat or Lesser bandicoot rat, Bandicotabengalensis
•Head -round and broad muzzle
•Tail -shorter than head, body
•Prefers damp areas
•Burrows with scooped soil before entrance
•Potential rat, one pair can produce more than 800 offspringsin one year
1. IMPACT OF EMERGENCE OF AVIAN INFLUENZA IN NORTH
AMERICA AND PREVENTATIVE MEASURES
David E. Swayne, Kateri Bertran, Darrell Kapczynski, Mary Pantin-Jackwood, Erica Spackman,
Dong-Hun Lee and David L. Suarez
Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory,
U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service,
U.S. Department of Agriculture,
934 College Station Road, Athens, Georgia 30605 USA
ABSTRACT
Since 1959,40 epizootics of high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) have occurred with the majority
using stamping-out programs leading to rapid eradication. The H5 Goose/Guangdong (Gs/GD)-lineage
HPAI, which originated in China in 1996, has been the largest epizootic; causing deaths in wild birds,
poultry and humansin 70 countries in Asia, Europe and Africa, and recently in North America. Endemic
infections occur in poultry in some Asian and African countries. In late 2014, outbreaks of H5N8 HPAI
(clade 2.3.4.4 Gs/GD lineage) were reported in several European Union countries, Korea and Japan.
Beginning in December2014, the Canada and USA have experienced outbreak of H5N8,and reassortant
H5Nx, Gs/GD-lineage HPAI. Subsequently, the H5Nx HPAI viruses spread through the Pacific Flyway
and to the Midwest USA. Molecular analysis indicated that the infected premises (backyard and
commercial) in Western and initial premisesin Midwestern USA were point source introductions from
wild birds, while most cases in the Midwest had secondary spread from common sources. This
emphasizes the need for improved biosecurity to prevent introduction of HPAI viruses and rapid
stamping-out response for eradication. Vaccination has been used to manage outbreaksin some countries
but not to-date in USA.
INTRODUCTION
The first cases of HPAI, previously termed fowl plague, were reported in 1878 in northern Italy, followed
by widely dispersed geographic outbreaks throughout the late 1800’s to 1950’s in Europe, Asia, Africa,
and North and South America. In general since 1959, HPAI outbreaks have been more geographically
restricted with 40 distinct HPAI epizootics. Such HPAI viruses have arisen from H5 or H7 low
pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI), which the latter are non-pathogenic flora in some migratory
waterfowl and shorebirds. These LPAI viruses after exposure, adaptation and circulation in gallinaceous
poultry developed specific mutations in the hemagglutinin protein that conferred phenotypic traits of high
pathogenicity. Most of these epizootic HPAI viruses were geographically-limited, involved farm-to-farm
spread and were eradicated from poultry by stamping-out programs; i.e. the HPAI viruses did not
circulate in wild migratory birds. However, an H5N1 HPAI virus emerged in 1996 in a goose in
Guangdong China (Gs/GD lineage), and unlike the viruses in the other 39 HPAI outbreaks, has caused
deaths in wild birds, poultry and humans, and spread to over 70 countries in Asia, Europe, Africa and
North America; drastically changing the perspective on HPAI biology. The severity, size and broad
geographic distribution of Gs/GD epizootic merits the term panzootic.
2. HPAI NORTH AMERICA, 2014-2015
Between December 2014 and June 2015, Canada and USA experienced an unpreceded outbreak of H5
Gs/GD-lineage HPAI as the first intercontinental spread of a Eurasian HPAI virus to North America.
Initially, a reassortant H5N2 clade 2.3.4.4 HPAI virus was identified in British Columbia, Canada, and
within a few days the original Eurasian H5N8 and a Eurasian-North American reassortant and variant
H5N2 HPAI viruses were isolated from a gyrfalcon and a wild duck in Washington State, respectively.
This H5N8 HPAI virus was spread by migratory waterfowl from Eastern Asia to Russia, Europe and
North America (2,4). In North America, the Asian H5N8 HPAI virus reassorted with North America
LPAI virus genes to produce H5N2 and H5N1 HPAI viruses (1,3). Subsequently, the H5 HPAI viruses
spread through the Pacific Flyway and to the Midwest USA.
Molecular analysis indicated that the infected premises (backyard and commercial) in Western USA
and initial premises in Midwestern USA were point source introductions from wild birds, while most
cases in the Midwest had secondary spread from common sources; i.e. linkages between Midwest farms.
In total, the H5 HPAI outbreaks has affected 21 states, with detections in 4 captive wild birds, 75 wild
birds, 21 backyard flocks and 211 commercial flocks, totaling over 48 million birds. In the USA, the
eradication effort cost more than $1 billion and the negative economic impact was over $3.2 billion.
In the Midwest USA,specific risk factors were identified in association with farm-to-farm spread and
a minority of cases were consistent with airborne dispersion
(https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_dis_spec/poultry/downloads/Epidemiologic-Analysis-
Sept-2015.pdf). Risk factors associated with introduction included being in a control zone, using a
common renderer for on farm dead bird pick-up, and common garbage pick-up on farm.
TRADE ISSUES
HPAI can be used as a non-tariff trade barrier to prevent introduction into an HPAI-free country, but the
risk of introduction through trade varies with commodity. Importation of live birds are the highest risk
while importation of cooked products are the lowest risk for HPAI virus introduction. The surveillance
data and risk analysis used to ensure freedom from HPAI, and thus low risk for trade, must take into
account several variables: 1) the extent of coverage such as whole country, a defined geographic zone or a
management compartment; 2) the number of samples and number of farms/premises tested for a specific
prevalence rate, 3) sensitivity and specificity of the surveillance test methodology, and 4) stage of
infection as either active viral infections or antibodies indicating a history of infections which may be
over. All results should be reported transparently to the World Organization for Animal Health and
trading partners.
PREVENTATIVE MEASURES
Improvements have been made to HPAI response in USA based on lessons learned from 2014-2015
outbreak and include redevelopment of an H5 vaccine bank, commitment to a timeline of 24 hours from
diagnosis to depopulation, and refocusing to rapid disposal methods with composting preferred and
landfill as secondary method.
REFERENCES
Ip, H.S., M.K. Torchetti, R. Crespo, P. Kohrs, P. DeBruyn, K.G. Mansfield, T. Baszler, L. Badcoe, B.
Bodenstein, V. Shearn-Bochsler, M.L. Killian, J.C. Pedersen, N. Hines, T. Gidlewski, T. DeLiberto,
3. and J.M. Sleeman. Novel Eurasian highly pathogenic avian influenza A H5 viruses in wild birds,
Washington, USA, 2014. Emerg.Infect.Dis. 21:886-890. 2015.
Lee, D.H., M.K. Torchetti, K. Winker, H.S. Ip, C.S. Song, and D.E. Swayne. Intercontinental Spread of
Asian-Origin H5N8 to North America through Beringia by Migratory Birds. J.Virol. 89:6521-6524.
2015.
Torchetti, M.K., M.L. Killian, R.J. Dusek, J.C. Pedersen, N. Hines, B. Bodenstein, C.L. White, and H.S.
Ip. Novel H5 Clade 2.3.4.4 Reassortant (H5N1) Virus from a Green-Winged Teal in Washington,
USA. Genome Announc. 3:2015.
Verhagen,J.H.,H.P. van der Jeugd, B.A. Nolet, R. Slaterus, S.P. Kharitonov, P.P. de Vries, O. Vuong, F.
Majoor, T. Kuiken, and R.A. Fouchier. Wild bird surveillance around outbreaks of highly pathogenic
avian influenza A(H5N8) virus in the Netherlands, 2014, within the context of global flyways.
Euro.Surveill 20:2015.
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