The document discusses earthen dams. Earthen dams are constructed of materials like clay, sand, and gravel when the foundation is too weak to support a masonry dam or competent rock is at a great depth, making earthen dams a low-cost option. They have a trapezoidal shape and are relatively lower but broader at the base compared to other dam types. A typical earthen dam layout includes components like the heel, crest, toe, and spillway. There are three main types of earthen dams: homogenous, zoned, and diaphragm. Earthen dams are used for water supply, drought/flood control, irrigation, recreation, navigation, fisheries,