Class 2 Grain Size Analysis ( Geotechnical Engineering )

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This document provides an overview of grain size analysis methods for geotechnical engineering laboratory work at Texas Tech University. It discusses sieve analysis and hydrometer analysis, which are two common techniques used to determine the distribution of particle sizes in a soil sample. Sieve analysis is applicable to granular soils with little or no fines, while hydrometer analysis is used for soils with small grain sizes less than 0.075mm. The document reviews the procedures, calculations, and concepts involved in each analysis method, such as effective size, uniformity coefficient, and correction factors applied.

Civil Engineering - Texas Tech University
CE 3121: Geotechnical Engineering Laboratory
Class 2
Grain Size Analysis
Sources:
Soil Mechanics – Laboratory Manual,B.M. DAS (Chapters 4 & 5)
Soil Properties, Testing, Measurement, and Evaluation, C. Liu, J. Evett

Civil Engineering - Texas Tech University
 Grain size Analysis
 Chapter 4: Mechanical Method (Sieve Analysis)
 Chapter 5: Hydrometer Method
Class Outlines

Civil Engineering - Texas Tech University
2- Grain size Analysis
 The knowledge of sizes of solid particles
comprising a certain soil type and their
relative proportion is useful because it is used
in;
 Soils classification
 Soil filter design
 Predictions the behavior of a soil with respect
to shear strength, settlement and permeability

Civil Engineering - Texas Tech University
Grain size Analysis (Continue)
 Two types of grain size analyses are typically
performed
 Mechanical analysis also know as sieve
analysis
 Hydrometer analysis

Civil Engineering - Texas Tech University
Sieve Analysis
 ASTM D 421
 Applicable for soils that are mostly granular
with some or no fines
 The U.S. No. 200 sieve (0.074mm or
0.0029in) is the smallest sieve size typically
used in practice
 Small size is 500g (why?)

Civil Engineering - Texas Tech University
Sieve Analysis (Cont.)

Civil Engineering - Texas Tech University
Sieve Analysis (Cont.)
 3/8”, ¼” sieves is the size
of the opening
 No.10 sieve …. has 10
apertures per linear inch
 Use sieves No.3/8”, No.4,
No.10, No.40, No.140 &
No.200

Civil Engineering - Texas Tech University
Grain Size Distribution Curves
D60
D30
D10
0.8 mm
0.4 mm
0.15 mm
0.15 mm
0.8 mm
5.3
0.4
0.15 0.8
1.33

Civil Engineering - Texas Tech University
Sieve Analysis (Cont.)
 D60 - the diameter corresponding to 60% finer in the
particle-size distribution curve
 D10 – effective size
 Cu – coefficient of gradation,
 Cc – coefficient of curvature,
10
60
D
D
cu 
 
1060
2
30
DD
D
cc


Note:
If cu is relatively large, it indicates a well graded soil. Cu = 1 indicates
that the soil grains are of approximately equal sizes.

Civil Engineering - Texas Tech University
Hydrometer Analysis
 ASTM D422
 This method is generally used to determine the particle-
size distribution for soils with small grain sizes < 0.075
mm (No. 200)
 The lower limit of the particle size determined by this
procedure is about 0.001mm
 In the lab we will use ASTM 152-H Hydrometer (?)
 This method is based on Stoke’s law “The larger the
grain size, the greater its settling velocity in a fluid”
 The sample size is 50g passing #10 (why?)
waterofityvisDv ws
cos:;
18
)( 2


 


Civil Engineering - Texas Tech University
Hydrometer Analysis (Cont.)
L =30

Civil Engineering - Texas Tech University
Hydrometer Test (Cont.)
 A Hydrometer reading of 30 means that there
are 30 g of soil solids in suspension per
1000cc of soil-water mixture at a temperature
of 200C
 Take reading at 15, 30, 60 seconds then at 2,
5, 15, 30 and 60 minutes

Civil Engineering - Texas Tech University
Composite Corrections
 Fm – Meniscus Correction
 Zero Correction, Fz
Accounts for the effect of using a deflocculating agent
 Temperature Correction, FT
FT = - 4.85 + 0.25T (T between 15 – 280C)
 Composite Correction = Fm + Fz + FT
Fm

Civil Engineering - Texas Tech University
Hydrometer Test (Procedure)
1. Prepare a deflocculating (dispersing) agent
 Use a 4% solution of Sodium
hexametaphophate (Calgon)
 Add the 40g of Calgon in 1000cc of distilled
water and mix thoroughly
2. Use 45±5g of soil passing #10
3. Take 125cc of the mixture prepared in (1)
and add it to the soil in (2) and let it soak for
about 8 – 12hours

Civil Engineering - Texas Tech University
Hydrometer Test (Calculation - pp 30)
 R – Hydrometer reading (col 2)
 Rcp – corrected hydrometer reading for calculation of
percent finer (col 3)
Rcp = R + FT – Fz
 Percent finer (col 4) =
 RcL - Corrected reading for determination of effective
length (col 5) & Find L from Table 5-1 pp 26
RcL = R + Fm
 Determine D =
s
cp
W
Ra a = correction for Gs see
Table 5-3 pp 30
Assume Gs = 2.65
(min)
)(
t
cmL
A

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06 Creep of Rails (Railway Engineering Lectures هندسة السكك الحديدية & Dr. Wa...

Hossam Shafiq I

Rail creep is defined as the longitudinal movement of rails with respect to sleepers in a railway track. The most serious effect of rail creep is buckling of the track laterally, which can result in derailment if not addressed. There are several causes of rail creep, including wave action as wheels load and unload the rails, percussion from rail joints, dragging forces as trains start and stop, and thermal expansion/contraction from temperature changes. To remedy rail creep, tracks are adjusted through manual means such as grinding rails, replacing worn fastenings, or using mechanical correctors that push rails back into position.

05 Welded Track (Railway Engineering Lectures هندسة السكك الحديدية & Dr. Wali...

Hossam Shafiq I

This document summarizes information about welded railway tracks from a textbook chapter. It introduces welded joints and long welded rails (LWR) as ways to reduce the number of weak rail joints. LWR terminology like "breathing length" is defined. Continuous welded rails (CWR) that have no joints at all are also discussed. Theories for how LWR works are presented, including equations for calculating the force and amount of expansion/contraction based on factors like the coefficient of linear thermal expansion, modulus of elasticity, and breathing length of the rail. An example problem is referenced from the textbook.

05 Rail Joints (Railway Engineering Lectures هندسة السكك الحديدية & Dr. Walie...

Hossam Shafiq I

The document discusses different types of rail joints used in railway tracks, including supported, suspended, bridge, welded, staggered, square, compromise, insulated, and switch expansion joints. It notes that welded rail joints are the strongest and most perfect type but require accommodating thermal expansion, and describes various rail welding methods like electric arc, oxyacetylene, flash-butt, and chemical thermit welding. The document also covers advantages of welded rails, theory of welded rails, and provides an example calculation for railway track construction.

05 Rails (Railway Engineering Lectures هندسة السكك الحديدية & Dr. Walied A. E...

Hossam Shafiq I

The document summarizes key aspects of railway engineering as it relates to rails, including: - Standard rail sections used internationally and factors that influence rail selection. - Common rail tests like falling weight, tensile strength, and hammer tests. - Types of rail defects like wear, battering, hogging, and corrugation - their causes and remedial measures. - Methods to measure rail wear including weighing and laser profiling of rail sections.

04 Ballast (Railway Engineering Lectures هندسة السكك الحديدية & Dr. Walied A....

Hossam Shafiq I

This document discusses railway ballast, including its definition, functions, types used in Saudi Arabia, requirements, gradation, cleaning, minimum depth, construction, and relationship with sub-ballast. It notes that crushed limestone is commonly used for ballast in central Saudi Arabia but can chemically bond, reducing elasticity. The document asks students to calculate the volume of ballast and sub-ballast needed for 1 km of track in KSA, and provides an assignment on sub-ballast specifications per AREMA standards.

04 Rail Sleepers (Railway Engineering Lectures هندسة السكك الحديدية & Dr. Wal...

Hossam Shafiq I

This document discusses different types of rail sleepers used in railway engineering, including their requirements, classification, materials, and practices in Saudi Arabia. The main types are wooden, steel, and concrete sleepers. Wooden sleepers have a life of 10-12 years but are suitable for many conditions. Steel sleepers last longer at 20-25 years but are prone to corrosion and expensive. Concrete sleepers, increasingly used in Saudi Arabia, are durable with a life of 40-50 years and offer stability, insulation, and gauge control. They are manufactured using pre-stressed concrete and a carousel curing process in Saudi plants.

03 Train Resistance and Tractive Power (Railway Engineering Lectures هندسة ال...

Hossam Shafiq I

02 Handout #1 (Railway Engineering Lectures هندسة السكك الحديدية & Dr. Walied...

Hossam Shafiq I

02 Rail Transport Systems (Railway Engineering Lectures هندسة السكك الحديدية ...

Hossam Shafiq I

02 Railway Terminology (Railway Engineering Lectures هندسة السكك الحديدية & D...

Hossam Shafiq I

This document provides an overview of key railway engineering terminologies and concepts in 3 paragraphs: Railway track structures transfer load from rolling stock to the ground. There are two main types: ballasted tracks using crushed stone ballast and ballastless tracks. Rails are the main component of tracks and come in different profiles like flat foot and bullhead. Rail fastenings fix rails to sleepers. Sleepers support rails and transfer load to ballast. Rolling stock refers to any vehicles that run on tracks. The main types are locomotives, coaching stock for passengers, and goods stock for cargo. Locomotives provide motive power and come in diesel or electric models. Coaching stock includes passenger coaches and luggage v

01 Introduction (Railway Engineering Lectures هندسة السكك الحديدية & Dr. Wali...

Hossam Shafiq I

This document provides an overview of CE 435 Railway Engineering course taught by Walied A. Elsaigh at King Saud University. The course covers topics such as train dynamics and energy, railroad track, railroad constructions and maintenance, railway yards and terminals, communication and signals, and railway safety. It also outlines the textbook, additional readings, assignments, exams, and grade distribution. Finally, it introduces the Saudi railway network which includes projects like the North-South Rail Project, Haramain High Speed Rail, and light rail systems in major cities.

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