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VIRAL EPIDEMICS PANDEMICS CONCERNS AND PREVENTIONfighting uncertain future?

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Society for Microbiology and Infection care

The document discusses emerging viral epidemics and pandemics, and strategies for prevention. It notes that emerging diseases are increasingly common due to factors like human encroachment on animal habitats. Effective prevention requires both specific measures like vaccines and antivirals as well as non-specific measures like isolation and quarantine. While predicting epidemics is challenging, continued research and international coordination may help successfully forecast and prevent future outbreaks from becoming large epidemics.

VIRAL EPIDEMICS PANDEMICS
CONCERNS AND PREVENTION
fighting uncertain future?
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
5/31/2018Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 1

How to Sensitize on Viral infections
Current topic of importance to Medical
Students
• It is a time to think about training our Medical students on the emerging and
newer challenges associated with Epidemic and pandemic Viral Infection,
NIPAH makes us to realize what are our weaker points to control the
matters in TIME , above all our curriculum to teach Under graduates needs the
revision to make our core Microbiology to be dealt as Infectious diseases
and train better to the present needs of the Society in the changing world of
Infectious diseases
5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.Rao MD @ Viral infections 2

Emerging infectious diseases -
Every one at Risk
•In 1992, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) in the
United States produced a report on emerging
infectious diseases (EID), and identified the
following causes: human demographics and
behavior; technology and industry; economic
development and land use; international travel
and commerce; microbial adaptation and
change; breakdown of public health measures.
5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 3

Why Humans are at
greater Risk Today
• As human beings come to
experience greater
opportunities to be exposed to
animal reservoir host in natural
settings than before, and
because of intensified
international travel, the chance
to encounter emerging disease
epidemic has grown with time,
and the spread of epidemic has
become faster than in the past.5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 4

Ebola taught us Many
realties how difficult
to face the challenges
• Considering these
points, the epidemic of
Ebola virus disease in
West Africa has been
certainly the biggest
threat to mankind in the
first two decades of the
21st century.5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 5

5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 6

5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 7

The Great
suggestions and to
be adopted
• They suggested better
surveillance, vaccine
and drug development,
vector control
(primarily through
better pesticides) and
behavioral changes
among individuals at
risk.
5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 8

Emerging Viral
Infections a Concern
• Emerging viral diseases are at the
center of health news right now.
The most significant of them, in
terms of human cases and death
toll, is the re-emergence of Ebola
virus, which is causing the biggest
outbreak of the disease in history.
• India faces a New challenge with
NIPHA viral out break in Kerala
5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 9

We have achieved a
great success
• Humans have come a long way in
preventing viral diseases over the
last century. Today, children in
the India and many other
countries . routinely receive
vaccinations against several viral
diseases, including many that
used to cause life-threatening
complications, such as polio.
5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 10

CDC Achieves a Great success
in Spreading knowledge and
Awareness on Infectious
diseases
• In 1995, the CDC established an
EID-oriented scientific journal,
Emerging Infectious Diseases.
Now in its 18th year, the journal
has published nearly 10,000
articles and has become
standard reading for many in the
disciplines of microbiology,
clinical infectious diseases,
public health, and allied medical
fields
5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 11

WHY VIRAL
INFECTIONS ARE
DIFFICULT TO
TREAT
• Viruses are inherently difficult
targets," for modern medicine,
said Derek Gatherer, a
bioinformatics researcher at
Lancaster University in the
United Kingdom. "They have, in
general, smaller genomes than
bacteria," so there are fewer
places to look for ways to
combat them, and many drug
molecules do not reach the
targets to control the spread
and growth .
5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 12

Why New
Viral Infections
Emerging
• New viral diseases
typically emerge because
of human activity that
brings people into contact
with wildlife, such as road
building, hunting and
agriculture expansion,
About 75 percent of
emerging diseases in
people come from
animals, according to Eco
Health Alliance.
5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 13

5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 14

The Great Problem with
Viral Infections t cure
• However, although there are
"broad-spectrum" antibiotics,
which are single drugs that work
against dozens of bacteria, the
spectrum for antivirals is much
narrower, . Most antiviral drugs
are specific for one type of virus,
although some work against two
or three.
5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 15

Epidemics, Pandemics
and Outbreaks
5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 16

PREVENTING
VIRAL
INFECTIONS
• What can we do to
prevent outbreaks of
infectious diseases from
becoming epidemics or
pandemic? In this
course, you’ll learn the
facts about infectious
diseases and medical
responses.
5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 17

BIO SECURITY IS NEW
SCEINTIFIC APPRAOCH
TO STOP SPREADING
VIRAL INFECTIONS
• We should focus on
the public health laws
and policies that
provide the framework
for effective
prevention, like
quarantine laws, drug
development policies,
and bioterrorism and
biodefense
5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 18

What we are really
Missing
• What was missing was
consideration of the complex
interactions among the
ecological and social
conditions, what and how we
eat and use water, how we
define waste, how we manage
it, wilderness conservation,
transportation, employment,
meaningful lives, research and
action.
5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 19

Ways to Stop Spread of
Infections
5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 20

SCIENTIFIC ADVANCES HAVE
REDEFINED THE CONCEPT OF EIDs
• Genomics techniques, like PCR
and high-throughput deep and
whole-genome sequencing,
that now greatly facilitate the
discovery of EIDs (e.g., the
etiologic agents of hantavirus
pulmonary syndrome and
Kaposi sarcoma) also reveal
previously unimagined genomic
diversity among microbes.
5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 21

Molecular Methods shaping
the future control of Viral
Infections
• This diversity includes
complex and evolving
viral quasispecies and
microbes that have
undergone
considerable
interbacterial
horizontal gene
transfer, creating new
phenotypic properties
of virulence and drug
resistance.
5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 22

In Spite of many
Developments
• Despite extraordinary
progress during the past 2
decades, infectious
diseases still kill 15 million
people each year , and
new and deadly diseases
continue to emerge and
reemerge. The perpetual
nature of the emergence of
infectious diseases poses a
continuing challenge,
which is volatile and ever-
changing.
5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 23

We have to Fight
Uncertain Future
• The future is ever uncertain,
because unimagined new
diseases surely lie in wait,
ready to emerge
unexpectedly; however, our
ability to detect and
identify them, our
armamentarium of
treatment and prevention
options,5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 24

We lack many matters
to control and prevent
the emerging infections
• Our capacity to
undertake and maintain
basic and applied
research, and our
commitment to
eradicating certain EIDs
have never been greater
• Crowding in
Hospitals a great
threat to life
5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 25

How do we cope with
epidemics?
• Countermeasures
against epidemics
can be classified
into specific and
non-specific
measures. Specific
intervention
includes the use of
antibiotics/antivirals
and vaccines.
5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 26

Specific
Interventions
saves many lives
• They can act very
specifically and directly
against the pathogen or
elicit specific immunity,
and currently approved
specific interventions have
been all demonstrated to
be substantially effective
through epidemiological
studies.5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 27

Non-specific
interventions
• include the case isolation,
contact tracing and quarantine.
Behavioral intervention and
the so-called “social
distancing” such as school
closure are also classified as
non-specific interventions. Due
to the non-specific nature,
these countermeasures are
applicable to a variety of
diseases, e.g., Ebola virus
disease, especially in the
absence of specific
countermeasures.
5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 28

Creation of
isolation
units in
dangerous
viral
infections
5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 29

Will the travel
restrictions Help ?
• Full travel restriction (not a partial
restriction) could effectively delay
the epidemic (e.g. in the case of
Ebola virus disease), but it’s
difficult to fully shut down
communication between two
countries and such a
countermeasure (i.e. complete
shut-down of a border) may not be
fully justified.
5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 30

Forecasting
Viral
Infections• When it comes to the prediction,
infectious disease modelling has
seldom been successful in forecasting
past epidemics. This is partly due to the
fact that the expectation for our
forecasting in the public has been too
large compared to other applications of
forecasting, e.g. compared to weather
forecast that predicts tomorrow or day
after tomorrow, epidemic models are
frequently expected to predict a moth
or even a year later.
5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 31

Do you think we will be able to successfully predict and
prevent epidemics from happening in future
•I am sure that we will
eventually be able to
predict emerging
epidemics at a certain
acceptable success
probability. That will
greatly assist associated
prevention and control
programs.
5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 32

Organizations work
hard to find solutions
• We are on the clear
path to the eventual
full recognition of
emerging infectious
diseases, and
moreover, the
control of existing
vaccine-preventable
infectious diseases
are also on the path
to be well controlled
by respective
immunization
programs.
5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 33

Hope our
imaginations will
come true ?
• But we should always
consider potential
drawbacks of such successful
future. Once a serious
infectious disease is fully
cleared out from our society,
human susceptible host will
be left as completely naive
to that pathogen.
5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 34

TRAINING THE HEALTH CARE
WORKERS A TOPIC PRIORITY
5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 35

HUMAN COORDINATION A GREAT
PRIORITY
5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 36

Searching current
Information on
Infectious diseases• Other microbiology and general
medical journals emphasizing
EIDs have been established, e.g.,
PLoS Pathogens, or expanded
their coverage of EIDs, e.g., the
Journal of Infectious Diseases and
Vaccine, while mBio and other
journals published by the
American Society for
Microbiology (ASM) have
remained leaders in publishing
important EID-related research.
5/31/2018
Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections
3
7

Hand Hygiene Saves Many Lives
5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 38

References and Resources
• Emerging Infectious Diseases in 2012: 20 Years after
the Institute of Medicine Report David M. Morens,
Anthony S. Fauci American Society for Microbiology
• Predicting Epidemics Dr. Hiroshi Nishiura, Editor-in-
Chief of Theoretical Biology and Medical Modelling,
• CDC and WHO on Current challenges with spreading
viral infections
5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 39

• Program Created by Dr.T.V.Rao MD for Medical,
Nursing and Paramedical Professionals in the
Developing World
•Email
•doctortvrao@gmail.com
5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 40

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1. Vector-borne diseases are transmitted by arthropods like mosquitoes, flies, ticks, and mites or other living carriers like snails. Common vector-borne diseases include malaria, dengue, yellow fever, and lymphatic filariasis. 2. Lymphatic filariasis is caused by infection with nematode worms transmitted via mosquito bites. It causes swelling in the limbs and genitals. 3. Leishmaniasis is caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania transmitted by the bite of infected sand flies. It includes visceral leishmaniasis and cutaneous forms. 4. Scabies is caused by the mite S

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The document summarizes information about the Ebola virus. It discusses that there are three strains of Ebola virus, with the Zaire strain having the highest fatality rate of 90%. The virus is transmitted through contact with infected animals or bodily fluids of infected humans. Symptoms include fever, vomiting, and diarrhea, and the average fatality rate is 50%. There is no vaccine available and treatment involves supportive care and treatment of symptoms.

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This document discusses key concepts in infectious disease epidemiology including definitions of prevalence, incidence, epidemics, and quality improvement strategies. It covers: - Definitions of epidemiology, prevalence, incidence, and incidence proportion and how they are used to measure disease occurrence. - Types of infectious disease transmission including endemic, epidemic, pandemic, and nosocomial. - The importance of understanding infectious diseases and their epidemiology to implement control and prevention measures. - Strategies for quality improvement in infectious disease care including antibiotic stewardship programs and infection control committees.

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In the intricate tapestry of the global ecosystem, the emergence of infectious diseases has always been a formidable challenge. As we stand on the precipice of the third decade of the 21st century, the specter of emerging infectious diseases looms larger than ever. The world has witnessed the devastating impact of diseases like HIV/AIDS, Ebola, and the H1N1 influenza, underscoring the critical need for a comprehensive understanding of these complex phenomena. In this blog, we will delve into the realm of emerging infectious diseases, exploring their causes, dynamics, and the collective efforts required to address them. Defining Emerging Infectious Diseases: Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) are those that have recently appeared within a population or those whose incidence or geographic range is rapidly increasing. These diseases can be caused by new or previously unidentified infectious agents, the spread of known agents to new populations, or changes in the environment that facilitate disease emergence.

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Introduction: In recent years, the healthcare landscape in India has undergone a significant transformation, and at the forefront of this revolution is the rapidly growing telemedicine market. Telemedicine, the use of technology to provide healthcare remotely, has gained immense popularity, especially in a country as vast and diverse as India. This blog explores the dynamics, drivers, challenges, and future prospects of the India telemedicine market. Market Overview: The telemedicine market in India has witnessed unprecedented growth, fueled by advancements in technology, increasing internet penetration, and the need for accessible and affordable healthcare services. According to various reports, the market is expected to continue its upward trajectory in the coming years. Drivers of Telemedicine Growth: Digital Penetration: The widespread availability of smartphones and internet connectivity has opened doors for telemedicine to reach remote and underserved areas. People in rural and urban areas alike can now access healthcare services with just a few clicks on their smartphones. COVID-19 Pandemic: The global health crisis acted as a catalyst for the adoption of telemedicine. Social distancing norms and the fear of exposure to the virus prompted a surge in virtual consultations, making telemedicine a mainstream healthcare solution. Government Initiatives: The Indian government has recognized the potential of telemedicine in improving healthcare accessibility. Initiatives such as the Telemedicine Practice Guidelines and the National Digital Health Mission have laid the foundation for a structured and regulated telehealth ecosystem. Challenges and Solutions: Digital Divide: Despite the growth, challenges related to the digital divide persist. Rural areas often face issues such as poor internet connectivity and a lack of digital literacy. Addressing these challenges requires collaborative efforts from the government, private sector, and non-profit organizations. Data Security Concerns: Patient data security is a critical aspect of telemedicine. Ensuring robust cybersecurity measures, compliance with data protection laws, and creating awareness among users are essential steps in overcoming these concerns. Regulatory Framework: While the government has taken steps to regulate telemedicine, ongoing efforts are required to refine and adapt the regulatory framework to the evolving nature of the market. Striking a balance between innovation and patient safety is crucial. Key Players and Platforms: Several telemedicine platforms have emerged as key players in the Indian market. From established healthcare providers offering virtual consultations to dedicated telehealth startups, the landscape is diverse. Companies like Practo, Apollo 24/7, and Mfine are among those making significant contributions. Key Companies working on it includes Lybrate, mFine, myUpchar, vHealth, Zoylo Digihealth Pvt. Ltd., TeleVital, DocOnline, MedCords, 1Mg, M16 Labs, Artem Health,

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1. Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are a major threat, affecting millions of patients worldwide each year. Proper hand hygiene and adherence to standard precautions are critical to preventing the spread of infections. 2. HAIs increase patient suffering and mortality. They prolong hospital stays and increase healthcare costs. Developing countries in particular struggle with high rates of HAIs due to limited resources. 3. Common types of HAIs include those affecting the urinary tract, surgical sites, and bloodstream. Bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and viruses like hepatitis can spread through poor infection control practices.

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The HIV/AIDS pandemic has provided opportunities to advance scientific understanding while posing ongoing challenges to global health. Over decades of research, knowledge of HIV and AIDS has grown, yet millions remain affected and more work is needed on prevention and treatment. Priorities include increasing access to testing, treatment, and support worldwide while continuing vaccine research and efforts to eliminate HIV transmission.

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The document summarizes future generation vaccines and their development. It discusses the need for vaccines against HIV, tuberculosis, malaria, dengue, and meningococcal diseases. For each disease, it outlines the disease burden, current vaccine development efforts including clinical trials, and the roles of organizations like WHO and PATH in accelerating vaccine development. The largest and most advanced vaccine clinical trials mentioned are for RTS,S malaria vaccine and Dengvaxia dengue vaccine.

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OUTBREAK INVESTIGATION 1 OUTBREAK INVESTIGATION 2 Outbreak Investigation Introduction Epidemiology deals with the study of the determinants and distribution of disability or disease in the population groups (Szklo & Nieto, 2014). Epidemiology is one of the core areas in public health study and is essential for the evaluation of the efficacy of the new therapeutic and preventive modalities as well in the new organizational health care delivery patterns. I have for a long time developed a lot of interest in the area towards learning more on finding the causes of diseases and health outcomes in populations. Epidemiology views the individuals collectively, and the community is considered to be patient. The area of public health study is systematic, scientific, and data-driven in analyzing the pattern or frequency of the distributions and the risk factors or causes of specific diseases in the neighborhood, city, school, country, and global levels. Epidemiology handles various areas including environmental exposures, infectious diseases, injuries, non-infectious diseases, natural disasters and terrorism (Szklo & Nieto, 2014). Specifically, this paper explores epidemiology in addressing infectious disease, food-borne illness in the community. Also, the paper examines outbreak investigations as an intervention towards addressing the foodborne illness in the society. Further, an evaluation of the intervention and the expected results are discussed to examine or analyze the contributions of the intervention. Foodborne Illness Foodborne illness is any illness that results from food spoilage of the contaminated food. Food can be contaminated by the pathogenic bacteria, contaminated food, parasites, or viruses, as well as natural or chemical toxins including several species of beans, and poisonous mushrooms. In the United States, food-borne illness is estimated to impact negatively over 76 million people annually (Jones, McMillian, Scallan et al., 2007). This is translated to 5,2000 deaths, and 325,000 hospitalizations. However, the true incidence of food-borne illness is unknown. The majority of food-borne illness and most of the deaths are linked to “unknown agents” following the difficulties encountered in the diagnosis a foodborne disease. An estimated $7 billion is lost regarding productivity and medical expenses and is attributed to the most prevalent but diagnosable foodborne illnesses. Comment by Vetter-Smith, Molly J: Reference needed for this statement Comment by Vetter-Smith, Molly J: References needed for these statements The under diagnosis in foodborne illnesses is further contributed by the majority who has the symptoms and signs of the disease but totally fail to seek medical attention. This circumstance coupled with the global and national distribution of foo.

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This document summarizes a presentation on antibiotic resistance given by Dr. Steven Solomon. It makes four key points: 1. Antibiotic resistance is a serious global public health problem that spreads rapidly through travel and is worsening as antibiotic use continues to rise in all settings. 2. All antibiotic use, whether in humans, animals, or the environment, contributes to the development of resistance. Antibiotics have been overused in many contexts, and disrupt the human microbiome in ways that aid the spread of resistance. 3. Changing antibiotic usage will require changing perceptions and thinking about antibiotics through improved education and communication. New data systems and genomic analysis can help optimize prescribing and prevent infections. 4.

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antibioticpolicylecture-200217054132.pdf

Society for Microbiology and Infection care

The document discusses antibiotic resistance and the need for antibiotic policies in hospitals. It provides background on the development of antibiotic resistance over time. The key points are: - Inappropriate antibiotic use promotes the spread of resistant bacteria. Hospital settings can foster drug resistance. - An antibiotic policy aims to reduce resistance by optimizing antibiotic use and educating staff. The policy is developed with input from microbiologists, pharmacists, and clinicians. - The hospital infection control committee implements and monitors adherence to the antibiotic policy. Continuous education is needed to ensure appropriate antibiotic prescribing.

NEUROPARASITIC.pptx

NEUROPARASITIC.pptx

NEUROPARASITIC.pptx

Society for Microbiology and Infection care

The document discusses various parasitic infections that can affect the central nervous system. It covers how parasites can cross the blood-brain barrier and challenges in diagnosing neuroparasitic infections. Common methods include microscopy examination of blood or tissue samples, as well as newer techniques like PCR and antigen detection tests. Specific infections discussed in detail include malaria, toxoplasmosis, and infections caused by free-living amebae. The document emphasizes the importance of integrating clinical signs and laboratory diagnostic methods for accurate diagnosis of neuroparasitic diseases.

OPPORTUNISTIC PARASITIC INFECTIONS.ppt

OPPORTUNISTIC PARASITIC INFECTIONS.ppt

OPPORTUNISTIC PARASITIC INFECTIONS.ppt

Society for Microbiology and Infection care

Toxoplasmosis is caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii and can cause encephalitis and neurological disease in patients with low CD4 counts. It is diagnosed through imaging, blood tests, and sometimes brain biopsies. Treatment involves antiparasitic drugs and maintaining CD4 counts through antiretroviral therapy. Cryptosporidiosis is caused by Cryptosporidium parasites and causes diarrhea. It is transmitted through contaminated water or food. Microsporidiosis is caused by various protist parasites and can infect the gut or other organs. It is diagnosed through stool or tissue samples and treated with antiparasitic drugs and antiretroviral therapy. Isosporiasis is

SPECIMEN MANAGEMENT.pptx

SPECIMEN MANAGEMENT.pptx

SPECIMEN MANAGEMENT.pptx

Society for Microbiology and Infection care

The document discusses the importance of proper specimen management in diagnostic microbiology. It states that specimen management has the most influence on accurate laboratory results and patient outcomes. Proper specimen management is key to accurate diagnosis, reduces errors, and directly impacts patient care and therapeutic decision-making. The document provides guidance on appropriate specimen collection and processing techniques to ensure representative samples and meaningful diagnostic results.

Artificial Intelligence in Controlling Infectious Diseases and Reducing Antim...

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Society for Microbiology and Infection care

Artificial intelligence shows promise in helping to control infectious diseases and reduce antimicrobial resistance in three key ways: 1) AI can enhance disease surveillance and early detection of outbreaks by integrating diverse data sources to identify patterns. 2) It can help optimize antimicrobial treatment by recommending personalized therapy regimens based on a patient's clinical information. 3) Over time, AI may become an indispensable public health tool by facilitating more accurate intervention strategies and optimizing resource allocation to curb disease spread.

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Hand hygiene TMC Kollam.pptx by Dr.T.V.Rao MD

Society for Microbiology and Infection care

1) Hungarian physician Ignaz Semmelweis observed higher mortality rates of women giving birth in the medical student ward compared to the midwife ward in the 1840s. 2) He discovered that the doctors in the medical student ward were coming directly from dissecting corpses to examining women without washing their hands, possibly transmitting infections. 3) Semmelweis mandated that doctors wash their hands with chlorine before examinations, which dramatically reduced the mortality rates in the medical student ward. This provided early evidence that hand hygiene reduces healthcare-associated infections.

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Society for Microbiology and Infection care

Dr. T.V. Rao discusses causality department practices and environmental safety measures. Proper cleaning and disinfection are top priorities to prevent transmission of infectious agents and protect human safety. Dedicated cleaning practices are especially important when dealing with patients admitted with infectious diseases like diarrhea. Adherence to cleaning protocols and use of appropriate disinfectants can reduce healthcare-associated infections.

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BIOSAFETY IN THE HOSPITAL guest by Dr.T.V.Rao MD talk 2.pptx

Society for Microbiology and Infection care

Biosecurity and infection control in hospitals aims to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. It includes proper hand hygiene, cleaning and disinfection of surfaces, use of personal protective equipment, and isolation techniques. Ensuring strict adherence to protocols through staff training and environmental monitoring is key to reducing healthcare-associated infections and protecting patients, staff, and the community.

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reportingresults-in microbiology

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Society for Microbiology and Infection care

This document discusses how microbiologists can improve clinical care through better laboratory reporting. It emphasizes providing accurate, clinically relevant results and clear interpretive comments to aid clinician decision making. Effective communication between the laboratory and clinicians is key. The document also highlights challenges such as information overload, confusion over terminology, and ensuring rapid reporting, especially for ICU patients.

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VENTILATOR ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS.pptx

VENTILATOR ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS.pptx

Society for Microbiology and Infection care

This document discusses ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP), including its definition, risk factors, pathogenesis, prevention strategies, and more. Some key points: - VAP is pneumonia that develops in intubated patients and is the leading cause of hospital-acquired infections in the ICU. The risk is 6-21 times higher for mechanically ventilated patients. - Common risk factors for VAP include underlying illnesses, prolonged mechanical ventilation, supine position, and comorbidities like diabetes or heart failure. - Bacteria are usually the cause, often multidrug-resistant pathogens like Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Acinetobacter, and MRSA. - Prevention strategies include

HOSPITAL INFECTION CONTROL PROGRAMME.pptx

HOSPITAL INFECTION CONTROL PROGRAMME.pptx

HOSPITAL INFECTION CONTROL PROGRAMME.pptx

Society for Microbiology and Infection care

This document discusses hospital-acquired infections and strategies for prevention. It begins by honoring Ignaz Semmelweis, who in the 1800s established that handwashing reduced maternal mortality during childbirth by 90%. The document then discusses the nature and consequences of hospital-acquired infections. Key strategies for prevention discussed include the importance of handwashing, environmental cleaning, immunization, and establishing infection control committees and antibiotic policies. The challenges of drug resistance and maintaining standards with staff turnover are also addressed.

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Society for Microbiology and Infection care

The document provides information on organizing and operating a bacteriology laboratory. It discusses the importance of the laboratory for hospitals and the roles and basic skills of microbiologists and lab professionals. It covers classifying and identifying common microorganisms like bacteria, examining specimens directly and through staining, culturing specimens using different media, and following sterile technique to prevent contamination. The document emphasizes the need for collecting, transporting, and processing specimens correctly to obtain accurate results and properly diagnose and treat patients.

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Society for Microbiology and Infection care

This document discusses biosecurity and biosafety in healthcare settings. It defines biosecurity as a strategic approach to analyzing and managing risks to human, animal, and plant life from infectious diseases. Biosafety refers to measures that reduce exposure to potentially infectious materials. The document outlines various infection control methods used in hospitals including standard precautions, hygiene practices like hand washing, and managing nosocomial infections and needlestick injuries. It emphasizes the importance of education and surveillance to improve patient safety.

Artificial Intilligence in Mediicne by Dr.t.V.Rao MD

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Society for Microbiology and Infection care

Artificial intelligence has the potential to significantly impact the practice of medicine. It is being used in areas like disease diagnosis using machine learning models, personalized treatment through precision medicine, and providing virtual assistants that can answer patient questions. AI also has benefits such as improving patient safety by reducing errors, lowering healthcare costs, and increasing access to care through tools like chatbots. However, medical professionals need more education on AI applications and their ethical use to ensure they improve patient outcomes.

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Society for Microbiology and Infection care

The document discusses MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), including what it is, how it develops resistance, types of infections it causes, risk factors, screening and testing methods, and prevention strategies. MRSA is a strain of staph bacteria that is resistant to certain antibiotics like methicillin and oxacillin. Screening high-risk patients and implementing good hand hygiene are effective ways to control the spread of MRSA infections in healthcare settings.

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Society for Microbiology and Infection care

This document discusses the history and methods of sterilization and disinfection. It begins with a brief history of sterilization dating back to the invention of the autoclave in 1862. It then covers terminology related to sterilization and discusses various sterilization methods including physical methods like heat, filtration, and irradiation as well as chemical methods. Factors that influence the efficacy of sterilization methods are also examined. The document provides an overview of the development and principles of sterilization.

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Society for Microbiology and Infection care

This document discusses antimicrobial stewardship and the importance of appropriate antibiotic usage. It notes that nearly half of hospitalized patients receive antimicrobial agents. However, there has been misuse of antibiotics through treating trivial infections, commercial pressures, and a lack of understanding of antibiotic principles. This has led to a rise in antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The document advocates for antimicrobial stewardship programs in hospitals to optimize clinical outcomes while reducing unintended consequences of antibiotic usage like toxicity, resistance, and costs. Such programs involve formulary restrictions, guidelines, education, and prospective audits to ensure appropriate antibiotic selection and usage.

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Cephalosporins teaching basics by Dr.T.V.Rao MD

Society for Microbiology and Infection care

Cephalosporins are a class of antibiotics derived from the fungus Cephalosporium. The first generation was introduced in 1964 and provided activity against gram-positive cocci. Subsequent generations have increasingly broader coverage of gram-negative organisms. Mechanisms of resistance include beta-lactamase production and changes to penicillin-binding proteins. Later generations are used for serious hospital-acquired infections and as drugs of last resort for pathogens like Salmonella.

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Society for Microbiology and Infection care

Coxsackieviruses were discovered in 1948-49 in Albany, New York and were named after the town of Coxsackie where samples were originally obtained. They belong to the Picornaviridae family and Enterovirus genus which also includes poliovirus and echovirus. Coxsackieviruses are divided into two groups - A and B - based on their pathogenicity in mice. Group A causes myositis while Group B causes muscle and neuronal tissue damage. Common diseases include hand-foot-and-mouth disease, herpangina, and myocarditis. Transmission is usually via the fecal-oral route. While there is no vaccine, treatment involves rest, fluids, and

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VIRAL EPIDEMICS PANDEMICS CONCERNS AND PREVENTIONfighting uncertain future?

1. VIRAL EPIDEMICS PANDEMICS CONCERNS AND PREVENTION fighting uncertain future? Dr.T.V.Rao MD 5/31/2018Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 1

2. How to Sensitize on Viral infections Current topic of importance to Medical Students • It is a time to think about training our Medical students on the emerging and newer challenges associated with Epidemic and pandemic Viral Infection, NIPAH makes us to realize what are our weaker points to control the matters in TIME , above all our curriculum to teach Under graduates needs the revision to make our core Microbiology to be dealt as Infectious diseases and train better to the present needs of the Society in the changing world of Infectious diseases 5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.Rao MD @ Viral infections 2

3. Emerging infectious diseases - Every one at Risk •In 1992, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) in the United States produced a report on emerging infectious diseases (EID), and identified the following causes: human demographics and behavior; technology and industry; economic development and land use; international travel and commerce; microbial adaptation and change; breakdown of public health measures. 5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 3

4. Why Humans are at greater Risk Today • As human beings come to experience greater opportunities to be exposed to animal reservoir host in natural settings than before, and because of intensified international travel, the chance to encounter emerging disease epidemic has grown with time, and the spread of epidemic has become faster than in the past.5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 4

5. Ebola taught us Many realties how difficult to face the challenges • Considering these points, the epidemic of Ebola virus disease in West Africa has been certainly the biggest threat to mankind in the first two decades of the 21st century.5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 5

6. 5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 6

7. 5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 7

8. The Great suggestions and to be adopted • They suggested better surveillance, vaccine and drug development, vector control (primarily through better pesticides) and behavioral changes among individuals at risk. 5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 8

9. Emerging Viral Infections a Concern • Emerging viral diseases are at the center of health news right now. The most significant of them, in terms of human cases and death toll, is the re-emergence of Ebola virus, which is causing the biggest outbreak of the disease in history. • India faces a New challenge with NIPHA viral out break in Kerala 5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 9

10. We have achieved a great success • Humans have come a long way in preventing viral diseases over the last century. Today, children in the India and many other countries . routinely receive vaccinations against several viral diseases, including many that used to cause life-threatening complications, such as polio. 5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 10

11. CDC Achieves a Great success in Spreading knowledge and Awareness on Infectious diseases • In 1995, the CDC established an EID-oriented scientific journal, Emerging Infectious Diseases. Now in its 18th year, the journal has published nearly 10,000 articles and has become standard reading for many in the disciplines of microbiology, clinical infectious diseases, public health, and allied medical fields 5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 11

12. WHY VIRAL INFECTIONS ARE DIFFICULT TO TREAT • Viruses are inherently difficult targets," for modern medicine, said Derek Gatherer, a bioinformatics researcher at Lancaster University in the United Kingdom. "They have, in general, smaller genomes than bacteria," so there are fewer places to look for ways to combat them, and many drug molecules do not reach the targets to control the spread and growth . 5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 12

13. Why New Viral Infections Emerging • New viral diseases typically emerge because of human activity that brings people into contact with wildlife, such as road building, hunting and agriculture expansion, About 75 percent of emerging diseases in people come from animals, according to Eco Health Alliance. 5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 13

14. 5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 14

15. The Great Problem with Viral Infections t cure • However, although there are "broad-spectrum" antibiotics, which are single drugs that work against dozens of bacteria, the spectrum for antivirals is much narrower, . Most antiviral drugs are specific for one type of virus, although some work against two or three. 5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 15

16. Epidemics, Pandemics and Outbreaks 5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 16

17. PREVENTING VIRAL INFECTIONS • What can we do to prevent outbreaks of infectious diseases from becoming epidemics or pandemic? In this course, you’ll learn the facts about infectious diseases and medical responses. 5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 17

18. BIO SECURITY IS NEW SCEINTIFIC APPRAOCH TO STOP SPREADING VIRAL INFECTIONS • We should focus on the public health laws and policies that provide the framework for effective prevention, like quarantine laws, drug development policies, and bioterrorism and biodefense 5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 18

19. What we are really Missing • What was missing was consideration of the complex interactions among the ecological and social conditions, what and how we eat and use water, how we define waste, how we manage it, wilderness conservation, transportation, employment, meaningful lives, research and action. 5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 19

20. Ways to Stop Spread of Infections 5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 20

21. SCIENTIFIC ADVANCES HAVE REDEFINED THE CONCEPT OF EIDs • Genomics techniques, like PCR and high-throughput deep and whole-genome sequencing, that now greatly facilitate the discovery of EIDs (e.g., the etiologic agents of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome and Kaposi sarcoma) also reveal previously unimagined genomic diversity among microbes. 5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 21

22. Molecular Methods shaping the future control of Viral Infections • This diversity includes complex and evolving viral quasispecies and microbes that have undergone considerable interbacterial horizontal gene transfer, creating new phenotypic properties of virulence and drug resistance. 5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 22

23. In Spite of many Developments • Despite extraordinary progress during the past 2 decades, infectious diseases still kill 15 million people each year , and new and deadly diseases continue to emerge and reemerge. The perpetual nature of the emergence of infectious diseases poses a continuing challenge, which is volatile and ever- changing. 5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 23

24. We have to Fight Uncertain Future • The future is ever uncertain, because unimagined new diseases surely lie in wait, ready to emerge unexpectedly; however, our ability to detect and identify them, our armamentarium of treatment and prevention options,5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 24

25. We lack many matters to control and prevent the emerging infections • Our capacity to undertake and maintain basic and applied research, and our commitment to eradicating certain EIDs have never been greater • Crowding in Hospitals a great threat to life 5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 25

26. How do we cope with epidemics? • Countermeasures against epidemics can be classified into specific and non-specific measures. Specific intervention includes the use of antibiotics/antivirals and vaccines. 5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 26

27. Specific Interventions saves many lives • They can act very specifically and directly against the pathogen or elicit specific immunity, and currently approved specific interventions have been all demonstrated to be substantially effective through epidemiological studies.5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 27

28. Non-specific interventions • include the case isolation, contact tracing and quarantine. Behavioral intervention and the so-called “social distancing” such as school closure are also classified as non-specific interventions. Due to the non-specific nature, these countermeasures are applicable to a variety of diseases, e.g., Ebola virus disease, especially in the absence of specific countermeasures. 5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 28

29. Creation of isolation units in dangerous viral infections 5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 29

30. Will the travel restrictions Help ? • Full travel restriction (not a partial restriction) could effectively delay the epidemic (e.g. in the case of Ebola virus disease), but it’s difficult to fully shut down communication between two countries and such a countermeasure (i.e. complete shut-down of a border) may not be fully justified. 5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 30

31. Forecasting Viral Infections• When it comes to the prediction, infectious disease modelling has seldom been successful in forecasting past epidemics. This is partly due to the fact that the expectation for our forecasting in the public has been too large compared to other applications of forecasting, e.g. compared to weather forecast that predicts tomorrow or day after tomorrow, epidemic models are frequently expected to predict a moth or even a year later. 5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 31

32. Do you think we will be able to successfully predict and prevent epidemics from happening in future •I am sure that we will eventually be able to predict emerging epidemics at a certain acceptable success probability. That will greatly assist associated prevention and control programs. 5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 32

33. Organizations work hard to find solutions • We are on the clear path to the eventual full recognition of emerging infectious diseases, and moreover, the control of existing vaccine-preventable infectious diseases are also on the path to be well controlled by respective immunization programs. 5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 33

34. Hope our imaginations will come true ? • But we should always consider potential drawbacks of such successful future. Once a serious infectious disease is fully cleared out from our society, human susceptible host will be left as completely naive to that pathogen. 5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 34

35. TRAINING THE HEALTH CARE WORKERS A TOPIC PRIORITY 5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 35

36. HUMAN COORDINATION A GREAT PRIORITY 5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 36

37. Searching current Information on Infectious diseases• Other microbiology and general medical journals emphasizing EIDs have been established, e.g., PLoS Pathogens, or expanded their coverage of EIDs, e.g., the Journal of Infectious Diseases and Vaccine, while mBio and other journals published by the American Society for Microbiology (ASM) have remained leaders in publishing important EID-related research. 5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 3 7

38. Hand Hygiene Saves Many Lives 5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 38

39. References and Resources • Emerging Infectious Diseases in 2012: 20 Years after the Institute of Medicine Report David M. Morens, Anthony S. Fauci American Society for Microbiology • Predicting Epidemics Dr. Hiroshi Nishiura, Editor-in- Chief of Theoretical Biology and Medical Modelling, • CDC and WHO on Current challenges with spreading viral infections 5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 39

40. • Program Created by Dr.T.V.Rao MD for Medical, Nursing and Paramedical Professionals in the Developing World •Email •doctortvrao@gmail.com 5/31/2018 Dr.T.V.RaO MD @ Viral infections 40

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