Humans have always been infected with many deadly diseases. Many of which are curable and some are non-curable. Although there has been much advancement in the medical-science, some diseases have no cure and can only be prevented. Researchers are experimenting new ways to treat or prevent these diseases. Here we have shortlisted some deadly disease that has haunted humankind.
This document discusses Meningococcal Meningitis, caused by the bacteria Neisseria meningitidis. It describes the different serogroups of N. meningitidis, symptoms of meningococcal disease including meningitis, bacteremia and other focal infections. Risk factors and populations are identified. Diagnosis involves culture, antigen detection and PCR testing of CSF, blood and other fluids. Treatment involves antibiotics like penicillin or third generation cephalosporins. Prevention includes vaccination, especially with conjugate vaccines, isolation of cases and prophylaxis of close contacts. Complications can be severe and include death in 20-30% of cases without treatment.
Mumps is caused by a paramyxovirus that typically presents as swelling of the parotid or other salivary glands. It is spread through respiratory droplets and saliva. While most infections are asymptomatic or mild, complications can include orchitis, meningitis, and deafness. Diagnosis is made through PCR detection of viral RNA or serology. Treatment is supportive and includes analgesics. Vaccination with the live attenuated Jeryl Lynn strain as part of the MMR vaccine provides around 90% protection with two doses and has significantly reduced mumps cases worldwide.
This document discusses yellow fever, a viral hemorrhagic disease transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. It is caused by a flavivirus that primarily affects monkeys but can infect humans. The disease causes liver and kidney damage that can lead to jaundice, hemorrhaging, and death in 20-50% of cases. It is found in tropical areas of Africa and South America. Prevention relies on vaccination and controlling the Aedes aegypti mosquito vector through environmental management and insecticides.
Zygomycosis is a fungal infection caused by inhaling spores from mold fungi of the class Zygomycetes, like Mucorales and Entomophthorales. These fungi are found in soil and decaying organic matter. Zygomycosis most commonly affects the sinuses or lungs and can disseminate in immunocompromised individuals like those with diabetes, cancer, or AIDS. Symptoms depend on the infected area but may include cough, fever, sinus pain, and facial swelling. Diagnosis involves examining samples from infected tissues under a microscope and culturing the fungi. Treatment requires antifungal medications like amphotericin B and sometimes surgery to remove infected tissue.
Meningococcal meningitis is caused by the bacteria Neisseria meningitidis. It has a high fatality rate but early diagnosis and treatment can reduce the fatality to 10%. The disease primarily affects children and is transmitted through respiratory droplets. Outbreaks often occur in crowded settings during dry, cold months. While most infections do not cause illness, cases progress rapidly from headache to coma. Treatment of cases, carriers, and contacts is important to control outbreaks. Vaccines including polysaccharide and conjugate formulations provide protection.
This document discusses Meningococcal Meningitis, caused by the bacteria Neisseria meningitidis. It describes the different serogroups of N. meningitidis, symptoms of meningococcal disease including meningitis, bacteremia and other focal infections. Risk factors and populations are identified. Diagnosis involves culture, antigen detection and PCR testing of CSF, blood and other fluids. Treatment involves antibiotics like penicillin or third generation cephalosporins. Prevention includes vaccination, especially with conjugate vaccines, isolation of cases and prophylaxis of close contacts. Complications can be severe and include death in 20-30% of cases without treatment.
Mumps is caused by a paramyxovirus that typically presents as swelling of the parotid or other salivary glands. It is spread through respiratory droplets and saliva. While most infections are asymptomatic or mild, complications can include orchitis, meningitis, and deafness. Diagnosis is made through PCR detection of viral RNA or serology. Treatment is supportive and includes analgesics. Vaccination with the live attenuated Jeryl Lynn strain as part of the MMR vaccine provides around 90% protection with two doses and has significantly reduced mumps cases worldwide.
This document discusses yellow fever, a viral hemorrhagic disease transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. It is caused by a flavivirus that primarily affects monkeys but can infect humans. The disease causes liver and kidney damage that can lead to jaundice, hemorrhaging, and death in 20-50% of cases. It is found in tropical areas of Africa and South America. Prevention relies on vaccination and controlling the Aedes aegypti mosquito vector through environmental management and insecticides.
Zygomycosis is a fungal infection caused by inhaling spores from mold fungi of the class Zygomycetes, like Mucorales and Entomophthorales. These fungi are found in soil and decaying organic matter. Zygomycosis most commonly affects the sinuses or lungs and can disseminate in immunocompromised individuals like those with diabetes, cancer, or AIDS. Symptoms depend on the infected area but may include cough, fever, sinus pain, and facial swelling. Diagnosis involves examining samples from infected tissues under a microscope and culturing the fungi. Treatment requires antifungal medications like amphotericin B and sometimes surgery to remove infected tissue.
Meningococcal meningitis is caused by the bacteria Neisseria meningitidis. It has a high fatality rate but early diagnosis and treatment can reduce the fatality to 10%. The disease primarily affects children and is transmitted through respiratory droplets. Outbreaks often occur in crowded settings during dry, cold months. While most infections do not cause illness, cases progress rapidly from headache to coma. Treatment of cases, carriers, and contacts is important to control outbreaks. Vaccines including polysaccharide and conjugate formulations provide protection.
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that usually affects the lungs. It is caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium and is spread through inhaling droplets from the coughs or sneezes of an infected individual. TB has been present for thousands of years but saw increased cases in the 18th-19th centuries before Robert Koch discovered the bacterial cause in 1882. Proper treatment can cure most TB cases, but drug-resistant strains have emerged, like multidrug-resistant TB, which is difficult to treat.
Malaria is a parasitic disease spread by mosquito bites that causes high fevers, shaking chills, and flu-like symptoms. It is caused by a parasite that travels through the bloodstream to the liver and then infects red blood cells, bursting from the cells and infecting others. Malaria can be prevented through protection from mosquito bites like bed nets and repellent, and treating with anti-malarial drugs.
This document discusses the epidemiology of rubella, also known as German measles. It is caused by the rubella virus, which is transmitted through respiratory droplets. Rubella usually causes a mild infection in children under 10 years old, characterized by low fever and a rash. However, infection during early pregnancy can lead to serious birth defects in the fetus known as congenital rubella syndrome. Vaccination with the MMR vaccine is recommended to prevent rubella infection and protect pregnant women.
Rubella, also known as German measles, is a mild viral illness caused by the rubella virus. It was first described as a distinct clinical entity in the 18th century. In 1941, an Australian ophthalmologist documented the virus's ability to cause birth defects when a pregnant woman is infected. An attenuated vaccine was developed in 1967 that provides lifelong immunity. The virus is transmitted through respiratory droplets and causes a maculopapular rash. If a pregnant woman is infected it can lead to congenital rubella syndrome in the fetus, resulting in defects like deafness, cataracts and heart disease. Diagnosis involves virus isolation or serology to detect antibodies. There is no specific treatment but the live attenuated M
Dengue fever is caused by a virus transmitted by mosquitoes. It causes symptoms like headache, fever, joint pain and rash. There is no vaccine or specific treatment, so treatment focuses on relieving symptoms and preventing dehydration. A severe form is dengue hemorrhagic fever, which can cause bleeding and shock. Prevention requires controlling mosquito populations by eliminating stagnant water where they breed.
Measles is a highly contagious viral illness that spreads through the air. It begins with fever, runny nose, cough, red eyes, and small white spots inside the mouth. A rash develops 3-7 days later that spreads from the face to the rest of the body. While most people recover without complications, measles can sometimes cause pneumonia, brain swelling, or even death. The measles virus is preventable through vaccination with the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine.
World Malaria Day is observed annually on April 25th to raise awareness of malaria prevention and control efforts. The 2023 theme is "Time to deliver zero malaria: invest, innovate, implement". Malaria remains a significant global health issue, infecting over 200 million people annually. It is caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted via the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. P. falciparum is the most deadly malaria parasite. The complex lifecycle involves stages in both human and mosquito hosts. Historical milestones include the discovery of the malaria parasite in 1880 and determination of its mosquito transmission in 1897. Continued investment in prevention, treatment and vaccine development is needed to work towards eliminating malaria worldwide
Epidemiology ,prevention and control of helminthic infectionsPreetika Maurya
This document summarizes soil-transmitted helminthic infections (STH), which include ascariasis, hookworm infections, and whipworm. STH affect over 1.5 billion people worldwide and are transmitted through contact with infective eggs in soil. The eggs are passed in feces and can contaminate environments, especially in areas with poor sanitation. Common symptoms of STH infections include abdominal pain, diarrhea, and anemia. Prevention focuses on improved sanitation and hygiene to reduce transmission, as well as periodic deworming treatments in endemic areas.
Rubella, also known as German measles, is a contagious viral illness caused by the rubella virus. It is most common in children between 5-10 years of age. The virus is transmitted through respiratory droplets. Common symptoms include a rash and tender lymph nodes. If a woman is infected during pregnancy, especially in the first trimester, it can cause congenital rubella syndrome in the fetus, resulting in defects like deafness, heart problems, and intellectual disabilities. Diagnosis involves isolating the virus or detecting antibodies in blood tests. Vaccination is the best way to prevent rubella infection and its complications.
This document provides information on meningococcal meningitis, a potentially deadly bacterial infection. It discusses the causal organism, Neisseria meningitidis, its transmission through respiratory droplets, and symptoms including fever, neck stiffness, and rash. Prompt treatment with antibiotics is important but even so 10-15% of patients may die and 20% may suffer long-term disabilities. Vaccines can help prevent infections from some common strains. During outbreaks, identifying cases, tracing contacts, vaccinating at-risk groups, and communicating findings are important control measures.
This document provides an overview of meningococcal meningitis. It defines meningococcal meningitis as a bacterial form of meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis. The document discusses the global and national burden of the disease, including that the highest rates are found in the "meningitis belt" of sub-Saharan Africa. It provides details on the pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and public health response to meningococcal meningitis.
Influenza is caused by influenza viruses that mutate frequently, sometimes resulting in global pandemics. The document discusses three pandemics from the 20th century caused by the H1N1, H2N2, and H3N2 strains. The deadly 1918 Spanish Flu pandemic may have killed over 50 million people. Influenza spreads through respiratory droplets and causes symptoms like fever, muscle aches, and cough. While similar to the common cold, influenza onset is usually more sudden. Antiviral drugs and vaccines can help prevent and treat influenza, but drug resistance is a growing problem due to the virus's frequent mutations.
Viral infection of the respiratory tract (2)Ravi Teja
The document discusses several viruses that can cause respiratory infections, including adenoviruses, respiratory syncytial virus, and parainfluenza viruses. It provides details on the structure, transmission, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of infections caused by these viruses. Adenoviruses can cause pharyngitis, pneumonia, conjunctivitis and other syndromes. RSV is a major cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants. Parainfluenza viruses commonly cause croup in young children.
Measles is a highly contagious viral disease that predominantly affects young children. Before the widespread use of the measles vaccine, major outbreaks occurred every 2-3 years resulting in an estimated 2.6 million deaths annually, mostly among children under 5 years old. Although a safe and effective measles vaccine has been available since 1963, approximately 110,000 people still died from measles in 2017, mostly young children in developing countries. The measles virus is transmitted through the air or direct contact with infected nasal secretions and remains active for up to 2 hours. Symptoms include fever, runny nose, cough, red eyes and a characteristic rash. Prevention relies on routine vaccination of children and mass immunization campaigns in
Chickenpox -symptoms |tests |management ( medical information ) martinshaji
Chickenpox is a highly contagious viral infection that causes an acute fever and blistered rash, mainly in children.
The name may be derived from the French term for chick pea, chiche pois. Another theory is that the word 'chicken' was derived from a slang term for 'child'. Chickenpox is also known as varicella.
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Measles is a highly contagious viral disease that can be serious, especially in children. It remains a leading cause of death among young children globally despite availability of a safe and effective vaccine. In 2008 there were over 20 million cases of measles worldwide and 164,000 measles deaths, mostly children under 5 years old. Measles is caused by a virus that spreads through the air via coughs and sneezes or direct contact with infected secretions. Common symptoms include fever, runny nose, cough, red eyes, and a red rash. Prevention through vaccination is the most effective way to control measles and protect public health.
Coccidioidomycosis, also known as valley fever, is a fungal infection caused by inhaling spores of the Coccidioides fungus. It is most common in the dry, dusty regions of the southwestern United States. Rates of the disease are highest in Arizona and California, especially in the hot summer and fall months when dust storms can spread the spores. While most cases are mild, it can develop into more serious chronic or disseminated forms if not treated. Those at highest risk include the elderly, pregnant women, diabetics, and people with weakened immune systems. There is no vaccine, but antifungal medications can be used to treat cases and prevent more serious outcomes.
Plague, also known as the black death, is a serious bacterial infection caused by Yersinia pestis bacteria usually transmitted through flea bites. There are three main types - bubonic plague causes swollen lymph nodes, pneumonic plague affects the lungs and can spread through coughing, and septicemic plague infects the bloodstream. Treatment involves antibiotics but plague was historically very deadly, causing pandemics in 541 AD, 1334 AD, and 1894. Risk can be reduced by controlling rodents and fleas and using insect repellent when outdoors.
The document discusses seven common problems or "diseases" that can negatively impact organizations according to W. Edwards Deming's teachings on Total Quality Management. These diseases include a lack of long-term planning focus, emphasis on short-term profits, flawed personal review systems, high management turnover, overreliance on quantifiable metrics, excessive healthcare and legal costs, and neglecting long-term planning and transformation efforts. The document argues that these problems can undermine continuous improvement efforts and that organizations need leadership focused on long-term goals, processes, cooperation and creating a positive work environment.
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that usually affects the lungs. It is caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium and is spread through inhaling droplets from the coughs or sneezes of an infected individual. TB has been present for thousands of years but saw increased cases in the 18th-19th centuries before Robert Koch discovered the bacterial cause in 1882. Proper treatment can cure most TB cases, but drug-resistant strains have emerged, like multidrug-resistant TB, which is difficult to treat.
Malaria is a parasitic disease spread by mosquito bites that causes high fevers, shaking chills, and flu-like symptoms. It is caused by a parasite that travels through the bloodstream to the liver and then infects red blood cells, bursting from the cells and infecting others. Malaria can be prevented through protection from mosquito bites like bed nets and repellent, and treating with anti-malarial drugs.
This document discusses the epidemiology of rubella, also known as German measles. It is caused by the rubella virus, which is transmitted through respiratory droplets. Rubella usually causes a mild infection in children under 10 years old, characterized by low fever and a rash. However, infection during early pregnancy can lead to serious birth defects in the fetus known as congenital rubella syndrome. Vaccination with the MMR vaccine is recommended to prevent rubella infection and protect pregnant women.
Rubella, also known as German measles, is a mild viral illness caused by the rubella virus. It was first described as a distinct clinical entity in the 18th century. In 1941, an Australian ophthalmologist documented the virus's ability to cause birth defects when a pregnant woman is infected. An attenuated vaccine was developed in 1967 that provides lifelong immunity. The virus is transmitted through respiratory droplets and causes a maculopapular rash. If a pregnant woman is infected it can lead to congenital rubella syndrome in the fetus, resulting in defects like deafness, cataracts and heart disease. Diagnosis involves virus isolation or serology to detect antibodies. There is no specific treatment but the live attenuated M
Dengue fever is caused by a virus transmitted by mosquitoes. It causes symptoms like headache, fever, joint pain and rash. There is no vaccine or specific treatment, so treatment focuses on relieving symptoms and preventing dehydration. A severe form is dengue hemorrhagic fever, which can cause bleeding and shock. Prevention requires controlling mosquito populations by eliminating stagnant water where they breed.
Measles is a highly contagious viral illness that spreads through the air. It begins with fever, runny nose, cough, red eyes, and small white spots inside the mouth. A rash develops 3-7 days later that spreads from the face to the rest of the body. While most people recover without complications, measles can sometimes cause pneumonia, brain swelling, or even death. The measles virus is preventable through vaccination with the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine.
World Malaria Day is observed annually on April 25th to raise awareness of malaria prevention and control efforts. The 2023 theme is "Time to deliver zero malaria: invest, innovate, implement". Malaria remains a significant global health issue, infecting over 200 million people annually. It is caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted via the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. P. falciparum is the most deadly malaria parasite. The complex lifecycle involves stages in both human and mosquito hosts. Historical milestones include the discovery of the malaria parasite in 1880 and determination of its mosquito transmission in 1897. Continued investment in prevention, treatment and vaccine development is needed to work towards eliminating malaria worldwide
Epidemiology ,prevention and control of helminthic infectionsPreetika Maurya
This document summarizes soil-transmitted helminthic infections (STH), which include ascariasis, hookworm infections, and whipworm. STH affect over 1.5 billion people worldwide and are transmitted through contact with infective eggs in soil. The eggs are passed in feces and can contaminate environments, especially in areas with poor sanitation. Common symptoms of STH infections include abdominal pain, diarrhea, and anemia. Prevention focuses on improved sanitation and hygiene to reduce transmission, as well as periodic deworming treatments in endemic areas.
Rubella, also known as German measles, is a contagious viral illness caused by the rubella virus. It is most common in children between 5-10 years of age. The virus is transmitted through respiratory droplets. Common symptoms include a rash and tender lymph nodes. If a woman is infected during pregnancy, especially in the first trimester, it can cause congenital rubella syndrome in the fetus, resulting in defects like deafness, heart problems, and intellectual disabilities. Diagnosis involves isolating the virus or detecting antibodies in blood tests. Vaccination is the best way to prevent rubella infection and its complications.
This document provides information on meningococcal meningitis, a potentially deadly bacterial infection. It discusses the causal organism, Neisseria meningitidis, its transmission through respiratory droplets, and symptoms including fever, neck stiffness, and rash. Prompt treatment with antibiotics is important but even so 10-15% of patients may die and 20% may suffer long-term disabilities. Vaccines can help prevent infections from some common strains. During outbreaks, identifying cases, tracing contacts, vaccinating at-risk groups, and communicating findings are important control measures.
This document provides an overview of meningococcal meningitis. It defines meningococcal meningitis as a bacterial form of meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis. The document discusses the global and national burden of the disease, including that the highest rates are found in the "meningitis belt" of sub-Saharan Africa. It provides details on the pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and public health response to meningococcal meningitis.
Influenza is caused by influenza viruses that mutate frequently, sometimes resulting in global pandemics. The document discusses three pandemics from the 20th century caused by the H1N1, H2N2, and H3N2 strains. The deadly 1918 Spanish Flu pandemic may have killed over 50 million people. Influenza spreads through respiratory droplets and causes symptoms like fever, muscle aches, and cough. While similar to the common cold, influenza onset is usually more sudden. Antiviral drugs and vaccines can help prevent and treat influenza, but drug resistance is a growing problem due to the virus's frequent mutations.
Viral infection of the respiratory tract (2)Ravi Teja
The document discusses several viruses that can cause respiratory infections, including adenoviruses, respiratory syncytial virus, and parainfluenza viruses. It provides details on the structure, transmission, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of infections caused by these viruses. Adenoviruses can cause pharyngitis, pneumonia, conjunctivitis and other syndromes. RSV is a major cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants. Parainfluenza viruses commonly cause croup in young children.
Measles is a highly contagious viral disease that predominantly affects young children. Before the widespread use of the measles vaccine, major outbreaks occurred every 2-3 years resulting in an estimated 2.6 million deaths annually, mostly among children under 5 years old. Although a safe and effective measles vaccine has been available since 1963, approximately 110,000 people still died from measles in 2017, mostly young children in developing countries. The measles virus is transmitted through the air or direct contact with infected nasal secretions and remains active for up to 2 hours. Symptoms include fever, runny nose, cough, red eyes and a characteristic rash. Prevention relies on routine vaccination of children and mass immunization campaigns in
Chickenpox -symptoms |tests |management ( medical information ) martinshaji
Chickenpox is a highly contagious viral infection that causes an acute fever and blistered rash, mainly in children.
The name may be derived from the French term for chick pea, chiche pois. Another theory is that the word 'chicken' was derived from a slang term for 'child'. Chickenpox is also known as varicella.
please comment
thank you ...
Measles is a highly contagious viral disease that can be serious, especially in children. It remains a leading cause of death among young children globally despite availability of a safe and effective vaccine. In 2008 there were over 20 million cases of measles worldwide and 164,000 measles deaths, mostly children under 5 years old. Measles is caused by a virus that spreads through the air via coughs and sneezes or direct contact with infected secretions. Common symptoms include fever, runny nose, cough, red eyes, and a red rash. Prevention through vaccination is the most effective way to control measles and protect public health.
Coccidioidomycosis, also known as valley fever, is a fungal infection caused by inhaling spores of the Coccidioides fungus. It is most common in the dry, dusty regions of the southwestern United States. Rates of the disease are highest in Arizona and California, especially in the hot summer and fall months when dust storms can spread the spores. While most cases are mild, it can develop into more serious chronic or disseminated forms if not treated. Those at highest risk include the elderly, pregnant women, diabetics, and people with weakened immune systems. There is no vaccine, but antifungal medications can be used to treat cases and prevent more serious outcomes.
Plague, also known as the black death, is a serious bacterial infection caused by Yersinia pestis bacteria usually transmitted through flea bites. There are three main types - bubonic plague causes swollen lymph nodes, pneumonic plague affects the lungs and can spread through coughing, and septicemic plague infects the bloodstream. Treatment involves antibiotics but plague was historically very deadly, causing pandemics in 541 AD, 1334 AD, and 1894. Risk can be reduced by controlling rodents and fleas and using insect repellent when outdoors.
The document discusses seven common problems or "diseases" that can negatively impact organizations according to W. Edwards Deming's teachings on Total Quality Management. These diseases include a lack of long-term planning focus, emphasis on short-term profits, flawed personal review systems, high management turnover, overreliance on quantifiable metrics, excessive healthcare and legal costs, and neglecting long-term planning and transformation efforts. The document argues that these problems can undermine continuous improvement efforts and that organizations need leadership focused on long-term goals, processes, cooperation and creating a positive work environment.
This document discusses concepts related to disease and causation, including:
1) The natural history of a disease describes its evolution over time from earliest stages to recovery, disability, or death without treatment.
2) Henle-Koch's postulates provide guidelines for establishing causation between a microbe and a disease.
3) The stages of a disease include pre-pathogenic, pathogenic, incubation period, prodromal, overt disease, defervescence, and convalescence phases.
Human health relies on factors like diet, exercise, hygiene and sleep. Disease is any disorder that departs from good health, and can be acute or chronic. Diseases are diagnosed based on their symptoms. There are physical, infectious, and non-infectious diseases. Infectious diseases spread through pathogens like bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. Examples provided include influenza, measles, chickenpox, salmonella, cholera, typhoid and gonorrhea. Non-infectious diseases are not caused by pathogens and include mental illnesses and genetic disorders like Alzheimer's and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
Lifestyle diseases are health problems caused by changes in lifestyle that make breathing heavier and lower oxygen in the body. The driving force behind lifestyle diseases is cell hypoxia. Lifestyle diseases are caused by certain habits like poor diet, inactivity, and smoking as well as factors outside our control like age, gender and heredity. Common lifestyle diseases include heart disease, cancer, stroke and diabetes which have risk factors such as smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, obesity, physical inactivity, diet, alcohol and lack of exercise.
The document discusses concepts related to health, disease, and prevention. It defines health using the WHO definition of complete physical, mental and social well-being. It describes positive health and the good health triad. Determinants of health are defined as predisposing factors that influence community health, including host factors like age and genetics, and environmental factors. Risk factors are attributes associated with disease development. The document outlines dimensions of health and wellness, and defines disease using the epidemiological triad of agent, host, and environment. It describes the natural history of disease and levels of prevention from primordial to treatment. Gordon's 1987 classification system for preventive interventions is also mentioned.
This document discusses infectious diseases and methods for prevention. It covers the major categories of pathogens that cause disease, the stages of infection, and defenses of the body. It then discusses immunizations for common diseases administered to children, causes and management of specific infectious illnesses, sexually transmitted diseases including HIV/AIDS, and prevention strategies. It concludes with information on other prevalent sexually transmitted diseases.
Healthcare informatics involves the intersection of business, information systems, and healthcare to support clinical care, health administration, and patient/provider care. Information systems help automate and digitize the healthcare industry by increasing data availability and meeting regulatory compliance. McKesson Technology Solutions (MTS) is a market leading firm that provides enterprise software solutions and services to over 52% of health systems and 20% of physician practices. As a core part of each MTS business unit, the information systems department develops products that support trends in healthcare informatics, such as clinical decision support and electronic pharmacy systems. Recently, MTS expanded its product offerings through a new distribution agreement while also facing several lawsuits.
This document discusses nutrition and the digestive system. It defines nutrition as the processes by which organisms obtain and transform nutrients from food. Nutrients are classified as macronutrients like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and water or micronutrients like vitamins and minerals. The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients that can be absorbed and used by cells. Digestion involves both mechanical and chemical breakdown of food. The major organs of the digestive system and their roles in digestion are described.
The document summarizes the key components and functions of the digestive system. It describes the six categories of nutrients and their roles in nutrition. It then outlines the major organs that make up the alimentary canal - the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum. It provides details on the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food that occurs at each stage as it travels through the digestive tract, and is ultimately broken down into nutrients that can be absorbed and used by the body.
The document summarizes several communicable and non-communicable diseases. For communicable diseases, it discusses HIV/AIDS, hepatitis, influenza, malaria, tuberculosis, polio, H1N1 flu, hantavirus, measles, and rabies. It notes the most successful HIV/AIDS programs have made antiretroviral drugs available. For non-communicable diseases, it discusses cancer, diabetes, hypertension, osteoporosis, Alzheimer's, heart disease, fibromyalgia, neoplasms, migraines, and epilepsy. It provides brief descriptions of symptoms and transmission for many of the diseases.
Malaria is a serious infectious disease spread by mosquitoes and caused by parasites of the Plasmodium species. It is one of the most common and deadly diseases worldwide, with approximately 500 million cases and 1 million deaths per year. Children and those in sub-Saharan Africa are most at risk. The symptoms of malaria include fever, chills, and flu-like illness, with cycles of fever and chills that occur every two days for P. vivax and P. ovale infections and every three days for P. malariae infections. P. falciparum infection can become severe and cause life-threatening complications without prompt treatment.
Top ten deadliest disease by tahsim akramTahsim Akram
The document summarizes the top ten deadliest diseases in the modern world. It provides information on the infection and death rates for each disease. The top three deadliest diseases are lower respiratory infections, which cause over 4 million deaths per year, HIV/AIDS, which caused around 3 million deaths in 2004, and malaria, which causes between 1 to 5 million deaths annually. The document outlines key details about each disease such as transmission methods, symptoms, and populations most affected.
Smoking causes damage to the lungs in both short and long term ways. In the short term, tar settles in the lungs and airways, reducing gas exchange. It also causes inflammation and increases mucus production. In the long term, damage accumulates from infections, coughing and enzyme release. This leads to conditions like lung cancer, chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Nicotine and carbon monoxide in smoke also impact the cardiovascular system. They increase risk of atherosclerosis, heart attacks, strokes and blood clots.
Malaria is a disease caused by a parasitic protozoan called Plasmodium, which is transmitted through the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. It is a major public health problem, with 300-500 million cases and 3-3.5 million deaths annually, primarily among children under 5 in rural Africa. In Canada, there are fewer than 100 cases per year, usually in travelers returning from endemic regions. The parasite infects and destroys red blood cells, causing flu-like symptoms on a cyclic pattern. Prevention methods include mosquito control, use of bed nets, and potentially a vaccine in the future. Treatment is available with drugs like chloroquine and quinine.
The document discusses common communicable diseases including acute respiratory infections, diarrhea diseases, tuberculosis, measles, malaria, dengue fever, and worm infestations. It describes the causative agents, transmission mechanisms, symptoms, and global impact of each disease. Communicable diseases remain a major public health challenge, with poverty, lack of sanitation, and unawareness contributing to millions of deaths worldwide each year, especially in highly populated and developing regions. Continued surveillance, treatment, prevention, and efforts by governments and organizations like the WHO are needed to eventually eradicate these diseases.
The document discusses the history, causes, transmission, symptoms, treatment and prevention of malaria. It notes that malaria is caused by a parasite transmitted through mosquito bites. Key events included the discovery of the malaria parasite in 1880 and the identification of mosquitoes as the transmission vector in the early 1900s. Malaria remains a major public health problem, especially in sub-Saharan Africa where it is responsible for significant illness, death and economic losses each year.
The document provides information about various communicable diseases including Malaria, AIDS, Typhoid, Elephantiasis, Tuberculosis, and Cholera. For each disease, it discusses the causes, symptoms, and methods of prevention. Malaria is spread by mosquitoes and causes shaking chills, fever, and anemia. AIDS is caused by the HIV virus and left untreated can lead to death. Typhoid is caused by Salmonella bacteria and can cause fever, abdominal pain, and rash. Elephantiasis is caused by filarial worms spread through mosquitoes and causes thickened skin. Tuberculosis is a widespread problem that causes cough, weight loss, and fatigue. Cholera, caused
Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease caused by Plasmodium parasites. It is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions and causes symptoms including fever, shaking, and vomiting. It is transmitted through the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes and poses serious health risks, especially for young children and pregnant women. Despite efforts, no highly effective vaccine currently exists to prevent malaria.
EMERGING AND RE EMERGING DISEASESPPT.pptxJose Anilda
This document discusses several emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases including influenza, Marburg virus, Ebola virus, and HIV/AIDS. It provides definitions of emerging and re-emerging diseases and describes some of the driving forces for their emergence such as human intrusion into new ecosystems, climate change, urbanization, and international travel. Prevention and treatment strategies are summarized for some of the diseases.
The immune system fights off microbes like bacteria, fungi, and parasites that can cause sickness. There are two main cell systems, B-cells and T-cells, which are reliant on lymphocytes to maintain immune system efficiency. B-cells produce antibodies to fight infection, while T-cells coordinate the immune response and detect abnormalities. Malaria and bubonic plague are two infections that can severely impact the immune system. Malaria is transmitted through mosquito bites and causes fever, chills and fatigue. Bubonic plague spreads through infected rodents and fleas and was responsible for pandemics in history. Both can be fatal if the immune system cannot fight them off.
The document discusses several deadly diseases throughout history including:
- Polio, which spread through contaminated food/water and peaked in the US in 1952 before a vaccine was developed.
- Typhus, which spread in crowded cities from 1600-1800s and killed over 10 million during the Thirty Years War.
- AIDS, which has killed over 25 million since the 1980s and has no cure.
- Malaria, which has infected humans for nearly 4,000 years and still impacts sub-Saharan Africa.
- Cholera, which spreads through water/food and still causes outbreaks with 120,000 deaths annually.
Reasons for the evolution of deadly diseases in current sceneriosrividhyasowrirajan
Global warming, nuclear radiation, overpopulation, and mosquitos are increasing the spread of deadly diseases. Global warming causes extreme heat and poor air quality, activating disease-causing vectors. Nuclear radiation leads to radiation sickness and cancer. Overpopulation stresses resources and creates ideal conditions for diseases to spread. Mosquitos are transmitting malaria, dengue, Zika, and other diseases as climates allow their populations and ranges to grow. Microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, and parasites also spread illness through food, water, and person-to-person contact.
Malaria remains a serious global health issue, infecting over 350 million people annually and killing over 1 million people, most in Africa. It is transmitted through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. While some cases still occur in the United States, transmitted by two mosquito species, the largest burden is in developing countries where poor, vulnerable groups like children and pregnant women are most at risk due to limited access to prevention and treatment. Proper use of insecticide-treated bed nets and antimalarial drugs can effectively reduce transmission and save lives.
Malaria remains a serious global health issue, infecting over 350 million people annually and killing over 1 million people, most in Africa. It is transmitted through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. While some cases still occur in the United States, transmitted by two mosquito species, the largest burden is in developing countries where poor, vulnerable groups like children and pregnant women are most at risk due to limited access to prevention and treatment. Proper use of insecticide-treated bed nets and antimalarial drugs can effectively reduce transmission and save lives.
Malaria remains a serious global health issue, infecting over 350 million people annually and killing over 1 million people, most in Africa. It is transmitted through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. While some cases still occur in the United States, transmitted by two mosquito species, the largest burden is in subtropical and tropical areas like Africa where high transmission has led to nearly 3,000 daily deaths. Prevention focuses on reducing mosquito bites through insecticides, bed nets, and antimalarial drugs.
Malaria remains a serious global health issue, infecting over 350 million people annually and killing over 1 million people, most in Africa. It is transmitted through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. While some cases still occur in the United States, transmitted by two mosquito species, the largest burden is in developing countries where poor, vulnerable groups like children and pregnant women are most at risk due to limited access to prevention and treatment. Proper use of insecticide-treated bed nets and antimalarial drugs can effectively reduce transmission and save lives.
Malaria remains a public health threat, with over 1 million deaths annually, most in Africa. It is transmitted through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. Symptoms include fever, shaking chills, and flu-like illness. While preventable and treatable, malaria disproportionately impacts poor and vulnerable groups in endemic areas. Global efforts aim to control and eventually eliminate this deadly disease.
Similar to 12 DEADLY HUMAN DISEASES OF ALL TIME (20)
Understanding Atherosclerosis Causes, Symptoms, Complications, and Preventionrealmbeats0
Definition: Atherosclerosis is a condition characterized by the buildup of plaques, which are made up of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances, in the walls of arteries. Over time, these plaques harden and narrow the arteries, restricting blood flow.
Importance: This condition is a major contributor to cardiovascular diseases, including coronary artery disease, carotid artery disease, and peripheral artery disease. Understanding atherosclerosis is crucial for preventing these serious health issues.
Overview: We will cover the aims and objectives of this presentation, delve into the signs and symptoms of atherosclerosis, discuss its complications, and explore preventive measures and lifestyle changes that can mitigate risk.
Aim: To provide a detailed understanding of atherosclerosis, encompassing its pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, and strategies for prevention and management.
Purpose: The primary purpose of this presentation is to raise awareness about atherosclerosis, highlight its impact on public health, and educate individuals on how they can reduce their risk through lifestyle changes and medical interventions.
Educational Goals:
Explain the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis, including the processes of plaque formation and arterial hardening.
Identify the risk factors associated with atherosclerosis, such as high cholesterol, hypertension, smoking, diabetes, and sedentary lifestyle.
Discuss the clinical signs and symptoms that may indicate the presence of atherosclerosis.
Highlight the potential complications arising from untreated atherosclerosis, including heart attack, stroke, and peripheral artery disease.
Provide practical advice on preventive measures, including dietary recommendations, exercise guidelines, and the importance of regular medical check-ups.
A congenital heart defect is a problem with the structure of the heart that a child is born with.
Some congenital heart defects in children are simple and don't need treatment. Others are more complex. The child may need several surgeries done over a period of several years.
Breast cancer :Receptor (ER/PR/HER2 NEU) Discordance.pptxDr. Sumit KUMAR
Receptor Discordance in Breast Carcinoma During the Course of Life
Definition:
Receptor discordance refers to changes in the status of hormone receptors (estrogen receptor ERα, progesterone receptor PgR, and HER2) in breast cancer tumors over time or between primary and metastatic sites.
Causes:
Tumor Evolution:
Genetic and epigenetic changes during tumor progression can lead to alterations in receptor status.
Treatment Effects:
Therapies, especially endocrine and targeted therapies, can selectively pressure tumor cells, causing shifts in receptor expression.
Heterogeneity:
Inherent heterogeneity within the tumor can result in subpopulations of cells with different receptor statuses.
Impact on Treatment:
Therapeutic Resistance:
Loss of ERα or PgR can lead to resistance to endocrine therapies.
HER2 discordance affects the efficacy of HER2-targeted treatments.
Treatment Adjustment:
Regular reassessment of receptor status may be necessary to adjust treatment strategies appropriately.
Clinical Implications:
Prognosis:
Receptor discordance is often associated with a poorer prognosis.
Biopsies:
Obtaining biopsies from metastatic sites is crucial for accurate receptor status assessment and effective treatment planning.
Monitoring:
Continuous monitoring of receptor status throughout the disease course can guide personalized therapy adjustments.
Understanding and managing receptor discordance is essential for optimizing treatment outcomes and improving the prognosis for breast cancer patients.
Part III - Cumulative Grief: Learning how to honor the many losses that occur...bkling
Cumulative grief, also known as compounded grief, is grief that occurs more than once in a brief period of time. As a person with cancer, a caregiver or professional in this world, we are often met with confronting grief on a frequent basis. Learn about cumulative grief and ways to cope with it. We will also explore methods to heal from this challenging experience.
Congestive Heart failure is caused by low cardiac output and high sympathetic discharge. Diuretics reduce preload, ACE inhibitors lower afterload, beta blockers reduce sympathetic activity, and digitalis has inotropic effects. Newer medications target vasodilation and myosin activation to improve heart efficiency while lowering energy requirements. Combination therapy, following an assessment of cardiac function and volume status, is the most effective strategy to heart failure care.
Fexofenadine is sold under the brand name Allegra.
It is a selective peripheral H1 blocker. It is classified as a second-generation antihistamine because it is less able to pass the blood–brain barrier and causes lesser sedation, as compared to first-generation antihistamines.
It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Fexofenadine has been manufactured in generic form since 2011.
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
Storyboard on Acne-Innovative Learning-M. pharm. (2nd sem.) CosmeticsMuskanShingari
Acne is a common skin condition that occurs when hair follicles become clogged with oil and dead skin cells. It typically manifests as pimples, blackheads, or whiteheads, often on the face, chest, shoulders, or back. Acne can range from mild to severe and may cause emotional distress and scarring in some cases.
**Causes:**
1. **Excess Oil Production:** Hormonal changes during adolescence or certain times in adulthood can increase sebum (oil) production, leading to clogged pores.
2. **Clogged Pores:** When dead skin cells and oil block hair follicles, bacteria (usually Propionibacterium acnes) can thrive, causing inflammation and acne lesions.
3. **Hormonal Factors:** Fluctuations in hormone levels, such as during puberty, menstrual cycles, pregnancy, or certain medical conditions, can contribute to acne.
4. **Genetics:** A family history of acne can increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
**Types of Acne:**
- **Whiteheads:** Closed plugged pores.
- **Blackheads:** Open plugged pores with a dark surface.
- **Papules:** Small red, tender bumps.
- **Pustules:** Pimples with pus at their tips.
- **Nodules:** Large, solid, painful lumps beneath the surface.
- **Cysts:** Painful, pus-filled lumps beneath the surface that can cause scarring.
**Treatment:**
Treatment depends on the severity and type of acne but may include:
- **Topical Treatments:** Such as benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, or retinoids to reduce bacteria and unclog pores.
- **Oral Medications:** Antibiotics or oral contraceptives for hormonal acne.
- **Procedures:** Such as chemical peels, extraction of comedones, or light therapy for more severe cases.
**Prevention and Management:**
- **Cleanse:** Regularly wash skin with a gentle cleanser.
- **Moisturize:** Use non-comedogenic moisturizers to keep skin hydrated without clogging pores.
- **Avoid Irritants:** Such as harsh cosmetics or excessive scrubbing.
- **Sun Protection:** Use sunscreen to prevent exacerbation of acne scars and inflammation.
Acne treatment can take time, and consistency in skincare routines and treatments is crucial. Consulting a dermatologist can help tailor a treatment plan that suits individual needs and reduces the risk of scarring or long-term skin damage.
2. MALARIA
Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease caused by Plasmodium parasitic.
It is transmitted by a bite from an infected female Anopheles mosquito. Common symptoms
include fever and headache, which in severe cases can progress to Coma or death.
3. HIV (HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS)
AIDS is a disease caused by a virus called HIV. It breaks down the immune system, making
people much more vulnerable to infections and diseases. It gets worsens as the disease
progresses, which has led to over 30 million deaths and still counting.
4. MEASLES
Measles is a very contagious (easily spread) illness caused by a virus through respiration. It
causes fever and red rash on the skin, mostly occurring in childhood.
5. CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE
It is a group of conditions where the circulation of blood to the brain gets interrupted causing
limited or no blood flow as blood vessel is blocked or bursts open.
6. ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE
These are heart syndrome caused by the narrowing of the coronary pathway, which will
diminish the blood supply to the heart. Some estimates 1 in 3 people are said to die from
heart disease.
7. LOWER RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS
There are two types of lower respiratory infections - Bronchitis and Pneumonia. These are
usually transmitted through the air, but sometimes through direct contact with contaminated
surfaces. Some common symptoms of these infections are sneezing, weakness, high fever,
coughing and fatigue.
8. WHOOPING COUGH (PERTUSSIS)
A highly contagious disease that affects the respiratory system. It spreads easily by coughing
and sneezing. It affects infants easily as they are too young to be fully immunized and can
sometimes be deadly. The best way to protect yourself and the babies around you is to get
vaccinated.
9. LUNG CANCER
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer in United States. People who smoke are at the
greatest risk of lung cancer. It’s the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in one or both
lungs, which then form tumors and interfere with the functioning of the lungs.
10. DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is the condition of having three or more loose or liquid bowel movements per day.
When it occurs body gets dehydrated by the loss of fluids along with potassium, electrolytes
and other salts. It is the second major cause of infant death worldwide.
11. TUBERCULOSIS
It usually attacks the lungs that are spread through airborne saliva and if left untreated,
it kills 50 % of the people who are infected with it. The symptoms of tuberculosis infection
are severe cough with blood-tingled sputum, fever, and weight loss.
12. SMALLPOX
Smallpox is an infectious disease caused by a virus called the Variola virus. This too is a
contagious disease which was once a deadly disease in the 20th century had claimed lives of
500 million people. It has now been completely eradicated by conducting various vaccination
campaigns.
13. Cholera
Cholera is an acute epidemic infectious disease caused by infection of the intestine with the
bacterium Vibrio Cholerae. These diseases are transmitted when consuming contaminated
food/water that contains the feces of an infected person. Vomiting and diarrhea are the main
symptoms of Cholera. Each year it affects 5 million people and 100,000 people die of it.
14. Stay Around
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