This document provides information about a research project investigating the effect of lower body flexibility on speed in female athletes. It includes the aims, hypotheses, methodology, data collection and analysis methods, and initial results. Specifically:
- The project examines the relationship between flexibility and speed in 16-20 year old female footballers and rugby players.
- Lower body flexibility was measured using a sit-and-reach test and goniometer to measure joint ranges of motion. Speed was measured via a 30m sprint test.
- Preliminary results found stronger negative correlations between hip flexibility and speed compared to other flexibility measures. Footballers also showed stronger correlations between flexibility and speed than rugby players.
- Further analysis of the data
The document outlines a research project investigating the effect of lower body flexibility on speed for 16-20 year old female footballers and rugby players. It includes the aim, hypotheses, methodology, data collection and analysis, results, discussion, and conclusions of the research project. The research found that greater lower body flexibility was correlated with slower speeds, and that flexibility had differing effects between the sports.
This document outlines a research project investigating the effect of lower body flexibility on speed for 16-20 year old female football or rugby players. It includes the aim, abstract, contents, methodology, data collection and analysis, results, discussion, and conclusions of the research project. The researcher aimed to examine whether flexibility in the hip, knee, or ankle had the greatest influence on speed for these athletes.
Cga ifa 2015 3 introduction to the conventional gait modelRichard Baker
The document provides an introduction to the conventional gait model, which is the most widely used and best validated model in clinical gait analysis. It describes the anatomical segment definitions used in the model, including defining the principal axes and reference points for the pelvis, femur, tibia, and foot segments. It discusses the theory of marker placement, including placing markers over bony landmarks on an ideal person and techniques for placing markers on less ideal people.
The document outlines key concepts in gait analysis including temporal-spatial parameters like stride length and cadence, phases of the gait cycle divided into stance and swing, and how gait data can be presented in graphs. It discusses metrics like distance and time, defines common gait events, and reviews approaches to dividing the gait cycle into phases including Perry's method and an adapted version. The document also addresses making gait graphs, including use of a 50% rule, including reference data, plotting multiple walks, scaling and aspect ratios, and array formats.
This physical fitness test scorecard records a student's results for various health, skill-related, and cardiovascular tests. It measures their body mass index, plank time, pushups, flexibility, heart rate, coordination through juggling, agility in a hexagon test, speed in a 40m sprint, power in a long jump, balance on one foot, and reaction time in a stick drop test. The student's name, level, gender, and age are recorded at the top along with their scores on each individual test.
Cga ifa 2015 10 impairment focussed interpretationRichard Baker
The document provides guidance on conducting an impairment-focused interpretation of clinical gait analysis data. It outlines a four step process: 1) orientation to the patient, walking pattern, and data; 2) marking features on gait graphs; 3) grouping related features and data to identify impairments; and 4) reporting the findings. Key aspects include using standard terminology, comparing features to normative data, and relating biomechanical findings to supplementary clinical information to identify underlying impairments affecting gait. The goal is to provide an evidence-based interpretation that identifies the most relevant impairments to guide clinical decision making.
The document summarizes the key topics and activities of a speed workshop in Belfast on January 25th. It discusses using warm ups diagnostically, incorporating acceleration ladders into starting block sessions, and using micro hurdles to improve maximum velocity mechanics. It also provides guidelines for speed, speed endurance, and specific endurance training sessions and discusses rules of engagement for speed sessions.
The document outlines a research project investigating the effect of lower body flexibility on speed for 16-20 year old female footballers and rugby players. It includes the aim, hypotheses, methodology, data collection and analysis, results, discussion, and conclusions of the research project. The research found that greater lower body flexibility was correlated with slower speeds, and that flexibility had differing effects between the sports.
This document outlines a research project investigating the effect of lower body flexibility on speed for 16-20 year old female football or rugby players. It includes the aim, abstract, contents, methodology, data collection and analysis, results, discussion, and conclusions of the research project. The researcher aimed to examine whether flexibility in the hip, knee, or ankle had the greatest influence on speed for these athletes.
Cga ifa 2015 3 introduction to the conventional gait modelRichard Baker
The document provides an introduction to the conventional gait model, which is the most widely used and best validated model in clinical gait analysis. It describes the anatomical segment definitions used in the model, including defining the principal axes and reference points for the pelvis, femur, tibia, and foot segments. It discusses the theory of marker placement, including placing markers over bony landmarks on an ideal person and techniques for placing markers on less ideal people.
The document outlines key concepts in gait analysis including temporal-spatial parameters like stride length and cadence, phases of the gait cycle divided into stance and swing, and how gait data can be presented in graphs. It discusses metrics like distance and time, defines common gait events, and reviews approaches to dividing the gait cycle into phases including Perry's method and an adapted version. The document also addresses making gait graphs, including use of a 50% rule, including reference data, plotting multiple walks, scaling and aspect ratios, and array formats.
This physical fitness test scorecard records a student's results for various health, skill-related, and cardiovascular tests. It measures their body mass index, plank time, pushups, flexibility, heart rate, coordination through juggling, agility in a hexagon test, speed in a 40m sprint, power in a long jump, balance on one foot, and reaction time in a stick drop test. The student's name, level, gender, and age are recorded at the top along with their scores on each individual test.
Cga ifa 2015 10 impairment focussed interpretationRichard Baker
The document provides guidance on conducting an impairment-focused interpretation of clinical gait analysis data. It outlines a four step process: 1) orientation to the patient, walking pattern, and data; 2) marking features on gait graphs; 3) grouping related features and data to identify impairments; and 4) reporting the findings. Key aspects include using standard terminology, comparing features to normative data, and relating biomechanical findings to supplementary clinical information to identify underlying impairments affecting gait. The goal is to provide an evidence-based interpretation that identifies the most relevant impairments to guide clinical decision making.
The document summarizes the key topics and activities of a speed workshop in Belfast on January 25th. It discusses using warm ups diagnostically, incorporating acceleration ladders into starting block sessions, and using micro hurdles to improve maximum velocity mechanics. It also provides guidelines for speed, speed endurance, and specific endurance training sessions and discusses rules of engagement for speed sessions.
This document discusses obesity, exercise, and weight loss. It defines obesity as excess body fat that negatively impacts health. Body mass index (BMI) is used to measure obesity, with grades I-III indicating increasing levels. Obesity increases risks for many health conditions. Exercise options discussed include walking, running, sports, yoga and weight training. Principles of running include adaptation, consistency, overload and recovery. Monitoring progress through weight, measurements, and pulse checks is recommended. Diet and high intensity exercise can aid in energy balance and further weight loss. Special considerations for women at different life stages are also outlined.
This document outlines the administration of a physical fitness test (PFT) given to students. It describes the PFT as a series of tests that evaluate students' health and physical skills. The tests measure abdominal strength, arm strength, flexibility, cardiovascular endurance, power, agility, and speed. The document provides details on personnel needed, test sites, components of the test, procedures for each component, and scoring. It aims to help students evaluate their physical fitness strengths and weaknesses.
The document provides information on various physical fitness tests for different age groups. It describes tests for measuring motor fitness, general motor ability, cardiovascular fitness, and flexibility in youth as well as tests for senior citizens. The motor fitness tests for youth include 50m run, 600m run/walk, sit and reach, partial curl ups, pushups, broad jump, and shuttle run. Tests for general motor ability include standing broad jump, zigzag run, and medicine ball put. The Harvard step test and Rockport walking test measure cardiovascular fitness. Tests outlined for senior citizens focus on functional fitness and include chair stands, arm curls, sit and reach, back scratch, 8-foot up and go, and 6-minute walk.
UNIT - 7 Test, Measurement & Evaluation in SportsMahendra Rajak
This document provides definitions and methods for testing, measuring, and evaluating performance in sports. It defines tests as tools used to evaluate skills, knowledge or abilities, measurement as collecting data about an individual's performance using tests, and evaluation as making judgements by comparing data to criteria. It outlines several common tests and measurements for assessing components of health-related fitness like cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, endurance and flexibility. These include the Harvard step test, Kraus-Weber test, 600m run, and sit-and-reach test. The document also provides methods for measuring body composition, such as calculating BMI and using skin fold measurements.
LakePlacidAthleteMonitoringandTesting.docxRiley Anderson
This document summarizes various performance testing and monitoring protocols used at the Lake Placid Olympic Training Center to assess athletes' body composition, strength, power, speed, balance, and stability. Measurements include body mass, height, skinfolds, girths, bone widths, body fat percentage, isometric mid-thigh pull force output, vertical jump power and contact time, gait analysis, sprint times, and positional sway. Regular monitoring of these metrics allows coaches to track changes, identify asymmetries, gauge injury risk, and optimize training plans to improve athletes' performance.
The document summarizes various tests used to measure different components of fitness in sports. It describes the Kraus-Weber test to measure muscular strength, the AAPHER motor fitness test, the Harvard step test and Rockport test to measure cardiovascular fitness, the sit-and-reach test for flexibility, and the Rikli and Jones senior fitness test for older adults. Each test is explained along with the procedures, scoring, and interpretation of results.
This document discusses the history and components of youth fitness testing in the United States. It describes two common tests: the AAHPER Youth Fitness Test, which included events like the 50-yard dash and softball throw, and the FITNESSGRAM, developed by the Cooper Institute. The FITNESSGRAM assesses aerobic capacity, body composition, muscle strength, endurance, and flexibility using tests like the pacer run, curl-ups, and sit and reach. It compares scores to age and gender standards to evaluate individual fitness levels.
This document discusses and compares various popular training tools and trends, including their pros and cons. It addresses Olympic lifting, powerlifting, functional training, conditioning, core training, and corrective exercises. For each, it explores what they are, their purported benefits, and potential concerns or lack of evidence supporting some claims. Throughout, it applies a skeptical lens and questions the underlying assumptions and marketing behind some approaches.
The document discusses training for 10K and marathon running. It outlines the physiological qualities needed for each distance, including a big VO2 max and high fractional use of oxygen for 10K, and an ability to utilize fat and glucose for marathon running. It then provides example training plans for a 10K runner, outlining a periodized yearly plan with base building, capacity work, lactate threshold work, and peaking for races. It emphasizes gradually increasing mileage, incorporating sessions for VO2 max, lactate threshold, and muscular power development over the year.
This document provides information about various fitness tests used to measure motor fitness, cardiovascular fitness, and senior citizen fitness. It describes tests such as the 50m sprint, 600m run, pushups, sit and reach, and Harvard step test. Computation methods for fitness indexes from tests like the Harvard step test and Rockport walk test are also outlined. Finally, the document discusses the Rikli and Jones senior fitness test battery.
This document discusses tools and strategies for developing horizontal force application for athletes through strength training. It begins by noting most strength training emphasizes vertical forces while sprinting, jumping and throwing require horizontal force. It then outlines various tools like maximal strength exercises, Olympic lifts, sleds and plyometrics that can be used. It proposes strategies like complex training combining strength and speed work. Finally, it provides suggestions for programming based on an athlete's development level, focusing on building a fitness base for beginners.
Off-Season Training Program Design & ConsiderationsLew Porchiazzo
The document provides guidance on designing an annual off-season training program for athletes. It recommends determining the demands of the sport and needs of athletes. An annual training calendar should be created to emphasize continual development and include various strength and conditioning methods. Performance tests can assess athletes' current levels and be used to track improvements. The sample calendar layout includes the academic schedule, competitions, training phases, micro/mesocycles, and priority of training variables.
This document discusses motor fitness and its six key components: agility, balance, coordination, power, speed, and reaction time. It defines each component and provides examples of tests used to measure each one. Agility can be tested with shuttle runs or zigzag runs while balance tests include single-leg standing or sit-to-stand repetitions. Coordination is often measured with ball catching tests. Power is assessed through vertical jumps and speed tests involve sprints over various distances. Reaction time is typically gauged using a button pressing task in response to a stimulus. The document emphasizes that developing all six components is important for well-rounded athletic ability.
The document discusses weightlifting and provides an assessment of Victoria Cisneros, an 18-year-old female weightlifter. It includes her anthropometric measurements, results from flexibility, power, and strength tests, and compares her lifts to world champion Tatiana Kashirina. Areas for improvement include increasing her lean body mass ratio and focusing on overall strength gains.
This document discusses tests and measurements that are important for evaluating performance in sports. It describes several common anthropometric measurements including body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio, and somatotypes that categorize body shape. It provides formulas for calculating BMI and waist-hip ratio. The document also outlines proper procedures for conducting anthropometric measurements of attributes like height, weight, arm length, leg length, and skinfold thickness to evaluate athletes. These tests and measurements are useful for setting objectives, evaluating learners and programs, and identifying athletes' abilities and needs.
ANALYSIS OF GROSS MOTOR SKILLS AMONG BASKETBALL HANDBALL AND VOLLEYBALL MEN P...Parthi Faster
This document analyzes and compares the gross motor skills of men who play basketball, handball, and volleyball. It presents research that tested the throw distance, throw accuracy, and jump distance of 12 players from each sport. The results found:
1) Handball players had significantly greater throw distance than basketball and volleyball players.
2) Basketball players had significantly greater throw accuracy than handball and volleyball players.
3) There were no significant differences in jump distance between the three sports.
The research concluded that the types of skills required by each sport influence differences in the gross motor skills that were tested.
This document provides details on the analysis of sports performance at different levels. It examines talent identification, monitoring fitness levels, identifying strengths and weaknesses, performance assessment, injury recovery, health assessment, squad selection, goal setting, and the resources required. Resources include humans, facilities, time, equipment, financial support, scientific support, and safety measures. At the participation level, the focus is on fun and development, while at the elite level, the goal is optimal performance through specialized training and support.
Unit 27 task 2 strengthsandweaknesses referralgeorgiashorttt
- The athlete's strengths included reaction time, selective attention, strength, and power. Reaction time and selective attention allow the athlete to respond quickly and focus under pressure.
- Areas for improvement included aerobic fitness, control of anxiety and stress levels, and shot placement. Controlling anxiety is important so the athlete can focus on each point and not let nerves affect performance. Improving shot placement will increase accuracy.
- The document provides details on the athlete's performance profile and discusses how developing areas like control of anxiety could help the athlete's selection to higher level teams by improving consistency.
Lisa is an 18-year-old female badminton player at the performance level. The coach observed Lisa at a county standard match to evaluate her confidence and precision. To improve the evaluation, the coach would like to observe Lisa playing with different partners and opponents. The coach met with Lisa to explain the performance profiling and scoring system. The coach was concerned Lisa may forget the scoring scale but overcame this by reminding Lisa of the scale. The coach also met with Lisa's coach to explain the profiling and ensure the coach understood the scoring scale by using other athletes as examples.
Lisa's strengths in badminton include reaction time, selective attention, strength, and power. Her greatest strength is her reaction time, which allows her to produce high quality shots in response to fast plays. However, she can still improve her reaction time further. Lisa also scored highly in selective attention, though could benefit from focusing less on crowds during points. While strong, Lisa can gain more strength through weight training to help her performance and injury prevention.
Lisa's main areas for development are controlling anxiety, improving her serve placement and consistency, increasing her aerobic fitness, and managing her stress levels. Controlling her nerves will help her focus on individual points and boost her confidence. Developing a wider range of accurate serves will
This document outlines a training plan for improving two weaknesses in a badminton player named Lisa. The weaknesses identified through testing were position of the shuttle and aerobic fitness. The plan sets targets to improve shuttle position accuracy to 90% and increase VO2 max to the high end of the good category. It provides a timeline for 8 weeks of training and re-testing to track progress towards the targets.
This document discusses obesity, exercise, and weight loss. It defines obesity as excess body fat that negatively impacts health. Body mass index (BMI) is used to measure obesity, with grades I-III indicating increasing levels. Obesity increases risks for many health conditions. Exercise options discussed include walking, running, sports, yoga and weight training. Principles of running include adaptation, consistency, overload and recovery. Monitoring progress through weight, measurements, and pulse checks is recommended. Diet and high intensity exercise can aid in energy balance and further weight loss. Special considerations for women at different life stages are also outlined.
This document outlines the administration of a physical fitness test (PFT) given to students. It describes the PFT as a series of tests that evaluate students' health and physical skills. The tests measure abdominal strength, arm strength, flexibility, cardiovascular endurance, power, agility, and speed. The document provides details on personnel needed, test sites, components of the test, procedures for each component, and scoring. It aims to help students evaluate their physical fitness strengths and weaknesses.
The document provides information on various physical fitness tests for different age groups. It describes tests for measuring motor fitness, general motor ability, cardiovascular fitness, and flexibility in youth as well as tests for senior citizens. The motor fitness tests for youth include 50m run, 600m run/walk, sit and reach, partial curl ups, pushups, broad jump, and shuttle run. Tests for general motor ability include standing broad jump, zigzag run, and medicine ball put. The Harvard step test and Rockport walking test measure cardiovascular fitness. Tests outlined for senior citizens focus on functional fitness and include chair stands, arm curls, sit and reach, back scratch, 8-foot up and go, and 6-minute walk.
UNIT - 7 Test, Measurement & Evaluation in SportsMahendra Rajak
This document provides definitions and methods for testing, measuring, and evaluating performance in sports. It defines tests as tools used to evaluate skills, knowledge or abilities, measurement as collecting data about an individual's performance using tests, and evaluation as making judgements by comparing data to criteria. It outlines several common tests and measurements for assessing components of health-related fitness like cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, endurance and flexibility. These include the Harvard step test, Kraus-Weber test, 600m run, and sit-and-reach test. The document also provides methods for measuring body composition, such as calculating BMI and using skin fold measurements.
LakePlacidAthleteMonitoringandTesting.docxRiley Anderson
This document summarizes various performance testing and monitoring protocols used at the Lake Placid Olympic Training Center to assess athletes' body composition, strength, power, speed, balance, and stability. Measurements include body mass, height, skinfolds, girths, bone widths, body fat percentage, isometric mid-thigh pull force output, vertical jump power and contact time, gait analysis, sprint times, and positional sway. Regular monitoring of these metrics allows coaches to track changes, identify asymmetries, gauge injury risk, and optimize training plans to improve athletes' performance.
The document summarizes various tests used to measure different components of fitness in sports. It describes the Kraus-Weber test to measure muscular strength, the AAPHER motor fitness test, the Harvard step test and Rockport test to measure cardiovascular fitness, the sit-and-reach test for flexibility, and the Rikli and Jones senior fitness test for older adults. Each test is explained along with the procedures, scoring, and interpretation of results.
This document discusses the history and components of youth fitness testing in the United States. It describes two common tests: the AAHPER Youth Fitness Test, which included events like the 50-yard dash and softball throw, and the FITNESSGRAM, developed by the Cooper Institute. The FITNESSGRAM assesses aerobic capacity, body composition, muscle strength, endurance, and flexibility using tests like the pacer run, curl-ups, and sit and reach. It compares scores to age and gender standards to evaluate individual fitness levels.
This document discusses and compares various popular training tools and trends, including their pros and cons. It addresses Olympic lifting, powerlifting, functional training, conditioning, core training, and corrective exercises. For each, it explores what they are, their purported benefits, and potential concerns or lack of evidence supporting some claims. Throughout, it applies a skeptical lens and questions the underlying assumptions and marketing behind some approaches.
The document discusses training for 10K and marathon running. It outlines the physiological qualities needed for each distance, including a big VO2 max and high fractional use of oxygen for 10K, and an ability to utilize fat and glucose for marathon running. It then provides example training plans for a 10K runner, outlining a periodized yearly plan with base building, capacity work, lactate threshold work, and peaking for races. It emphasizes gradually increasing mileage, incorporating sessions for VO2 max, lactate threshold, and muscular power development over the year.
This document provides information about various fitness tests used to measure motor fitness, cardiovascular fitness, and senior citizen fitness. It describes tests such as the 50m sprint, 600m run, pushups, sit and reach, and Harvard step test. Computation methods for fitness indexes from tests like the Harvard step test and Rockport walk test are also outlined. Finally, the document discusses the Rikli and Jones senior fitness test battery.
This document discusses tools and strategies for developing horizontal force application for athletes through strength training. It begins by noting most strength training emphasizes vertical forces while sprinting, jumping and throwing require horizontal force. It then outlines various tools like maximal strength exercises, Olympic lifts, sleds and plyometrics that can be used. It proposes strategies like complex training combining strength and speed work. Finally, it provides suggestions for programming based on an athlete's development level, focusing on building a fitness base for beginners.
Off-Season Training Program Design & ConsiderationsLew Porchiazzo
The document provides guidance on designing an annual off-season training program for athletes. It recommends determining the demands of the sport and needs of athletes. An annual training calendar should be created to emphasize continual development and include various strength and conditioning methods. Performance tests can assess athletes' current levels and be used to track improvements. The sample calendar layout includes the academic schedule, competitions, training phases, micro/mesocycles, and priority of training variables.
This document discusses motor fitness and its six key components: agility, balance, coordination, power, speed, and reaction time. It defines each component and provides examples of tests used to measure each one. Agility can be tested with shuttle runs or zigzag runs while balance tests include single-leg standing or sit-to-stand repetitions. Coordination is often measured with ball catching tests. Power is assessed through vertical jumps and speed tests involve sprints over various distances. Reaction time is typically gauged using a button pressing task in response to a stimulus. The document emphasizes that developing all six components is important for well-rounded athletic ability.
The document discusses weightlifting and provides an assessment of Victoria Cisneros, an 18-year-old female weightlifter. It includes her anthropometric measurements, results from flexibility, power, and strength tests, and compares her lifts to world champion Tatiana Kashirina. Areas for improvement include increasing her lean body mass ratio and focusing on overall strength gains.
This document discusses tests and measurements that are important for evaluating performance in sports. It describes several common anthropometric measurements including body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio, and somatotypes that categorize body shape. It provides formulas for calculating BMI and waist-hip ratio. The document also outlines proper procedures for conducting anthropometric measurements of attributes like height, weight, arm length, leg length, and skinfold thickness to evaluate athletes. These tests and measurements are useful for setting objectives, evaluating learners and programs, and identifying athletes' abilities and needs.
ANALYSIS OF GROSS MOTOR SKILLS AMONG BASKETBALL HANDBALL AND VOLLEYBALL MEN P...Parthi Faster
This document analyzes and compares the gross motor skills of men who play basketball, handball, and volleyball. It presents research that tested the throw distance, throw accuracy, and jump distance of 12 players from each sport. The results found:
1) Handball players had significantly greater throw distance than basketball and volleyball players.
2) Basketball players had significantly greater throw accuracy than handball and volleyball players.
3) There were no significant differences in jump distance between the three sports.
The research concluded that the types of skills required by each sport influence differences in the gross motor skills that were tested.
This document provides details on the analysis of sports performance at different levels. It examines talent identification, monitoring fitness levels, identifying strengths and weaknesses, performance assessment, injury recovery, health assessment, squad selection, goal setting, and the resources required. Resources include humans, facilities, time, equipment, financial support, scientific support, and safety measures. At the participation level, the focus is on fun and development, while at the elite level, the goal is optimal performance through specialized training and support.
Unit 27 task 2 strengthsandweaknesses referralgeorgiashorttt
- The athlete's strengths included reaction time, selective attention, strength, and power. Reaction time and selective attention allow the athlete to respond quickly and focus under pressure.
- Areas for improvement included aerobic fitness, control of anxiety and stress levels, and shot placement. Controlling anxiety is important so the athlete can focus on each point and not let nerves affect performance. Improving shot placement will increase accuracy.
- The document provides details on the athlete's performance profile and discusses how developing areas like control of anxiety could help the athlete's selection to higher level teams by improving consistency.
Lisa is an 18-year-old female badminton player at the performance level. The coach observed Lisa at a county standard match to evaluate her confidence and precision. To improve the evaluation, the coach would like to observe Lisa playing with different partners and opponents. The coach met with Lisa to explain the performance profiling and scoring system. The coach was concerned Lisa may forget the scoring scale but overcame this by reminding Lisa of the scale. The coach also met with Lisa's coach to explain the profiling and ensure the coach understood the scoring scale by using other athletes as examples.
Lisa's strengths in badminton include reaction time, selective attention, strength, and power. Her greatest strength is her reaction time, which allows her to produce high quality shots in response to fast plays. However, she can still improve her reaction time further. Lisa also scored highly in selective attention, though could benefit from focusing less on crowds during points. While strong, Lisa can gain more strength through weight training to help her performance and injury prevention.
Lisa's main areas for development are controlling anxiety, improving her serve placement and consistency, increasing her aerobic fitness, and managing her stress levels. Controlling her nerves will help her focus on individual points and boost her confidence. Developing a wider range of accurate serves will
This document outlines a training plan for improving two weaknesses in a badminton player named Lisa. The weaknesses identified through testing were position of the shuttle and aerobic fitness. The plan sets targets to improve shuttle position accuracy to 90% and increase VO2 max to the high end of the good category. It provides a timeline for 8 weeks of training and re-testing to track progress towards the targets.
This document contains training logs for an athlete over 8 weeks focusing on two improvement priorities: tennis serves and aerobic fitness. It records the date, time, location, weather, coaches' reviews, athlete feedback, and evaluations of progress for sessions addressing each priority. Contingency plans were occasionally needed when weather impacted outdoor training. Final testing showed excellent results for serve accuracy and good results for aerobic capacity based on standardized tests.
This document contains a mid-point review of a 4-week training program for an athlete focusing on two improvement priorities: shuttle placement in badminton and aerobic fitness. For each week, the date, time, venue, equipment, weather, coach's review, athlete feedback, progress assessment, and contingency planning are detailed. Test results show the athlete has improved shuttle placement from poor to average and increased VO2 max from the high end of fair to the low end of good. The coach assessment is that no changes are needed to the next 4 weeks of programming as progression is appropriate.
This document summarizes a research project investigating the impact of body composition on aerobic capacity in female rugby players ages 16-19. The project included collecting BMI, skin fold measurements, and aerobic capacity test results from 10 female rugby players. Correlations between the measurements were analyzed using Spearman's rank order. Results showed a strong positive correlation between higher BMI and lower aerobic capacity, as well as lower skin fold measurements and higher aerobic capacity, supporting both hypotheses. The project concluded that body composition impacts aerobic capacity in female rugby players.
This document summarizes a research project investigating the impact of body composition on aerobic capacity in female rugby players ages 16-19. The project included collecting BMI, skin fold measurements, and aerobic capacity test results from 10 female rugby players. Correlations between the measurements were analyzed using Spearman's rank order. Results showed a strong positive correlation between higher BMI and lower aerobic capacity, as well as lower skin fold measurements and higher aerobic capacity, supporting both hypotheses. The research concluded that body composition impacts aerobic capacity in female rugby players.
This document summarizes Sam Murray's 2015 research project on whether speed affects the amount of crosses a winger can put into the opposition box in football. The project involved testing the sprint speeds of 8 male athletes aged 16-18 and observing their number of crosses in matches. Data analysis found a strong correlation between faster sprint speeds and more crosses. However, the summary notes limitations in only testing males of a narrow age range. It recommends expanding the study to more participants of varying ages and genders to make it more representative.
Unit 5 Research Project Slideshare Referralsammurray2014
This document summarizes Sam Murray's 2015 research project on whether speed affects crossing ability in football. The project involved testing the sprint speeds of 8 male athletes aged 16-18 and observing the number of crosses they put into the opposition box during matches. Data analysis showed a strong correlation between faster sprint speeds and more crosses. However, the study was limited by a small sample size and only measuring one factor. Future recommendations include expanding the sample size, measuring additional variables like cross success rates, studying higher-level athletes, and observing multiple matches per athlete.
Sport Science Unit 5 Research Project Slidesharesammurray2014
1) The document summarizes a research project investigating whether speed affects the number of crosses wingers can deliver in football matches.
2) Data was collected through sprint tests and notation analysis of matches, then analyzed using Spearman correlation.
3) The results showed a strong correlation between faster sprint speeds and more crosses delivered, supporting the hypothesis that speed impacts crossing ability.
This document summarizes a research project investigating the relationship between body composition and short, medium, and long-term injury rates in rugby players. The researcher collected BMI data from 36 male rugby players aged 16-19 and had them complete a survey to obtain injury history data. Correlation analyses found a moderate positive correlation between BMI and short-term injuries, a moderate negative correlation between BMI and medium-term injuries, and a very strong negative correlation between BMI and long-term injuries. The results support the hypotheses that there is a relationship between body composition and injury rates, and that body composition has the strongest relationship with short-term injuries. The researcher discusses limitations around relying on memory for injury data and recommends improving measurement of body composition and
This document outlines Brooke Marshall's research project investigating the relationship between levels of vigour and passing success rates in female footballers aged 16-25. The project involved collecting data on participants' vigour using a POMS questionnaire and observing their passing success rates during games. Results found a strong positive correlation between higher vigour and higher passing success rates, supporting the first hypothesis. However, no relationship was found between vigour and total passes, not supporting the second hypothesis. The review identifies strengths in standardized instructions and video analysis, but notes weaknesses in only observing one game and lack of inter-rater reliability between observers. Future recommendations include observing multiple games per participant and improving observer reliability.
This document outlines a research project investigating how physical characteristics affect performance for elite rock climbers. It includes the project aim, assessment criteria, hypothesis, and methodology. The researcher will collect data on rock climbers' BMI, climbing experience, current climbing grade, and timed performance on sample climbs. Participants will complete questionnaires, be measured for height and weight, and record times for climbing trials. Data will be analyzed to look for correlations between physical characteristics like BMI and climbing ability/experience. The researcher predicts higher BMI climbers will have lower grades and times, and more experienced climbers will perform better. The results will help understand how physical traits relate to elite climbing performance.
This document summarizes a research project investigating the relationship between the height of starting back five forwards in elite men's rugby teams and their lineout success rate. Data on heights and lineout stats for 80 professional rugby players over four Aviva Premiership rounds was collected from official websites and analyzed in Excel. Results from a scatter graph and Spearman correlation showed little correlation between height and lineout success. Future recommendations include considering the hooker's throwing technique and lifter heights.
This document summarizes a research project investigating the relationship between the height of starting back five forwards in elite men's rugby teams and their lineout success rate. Data on heights and lineout stats for 80 professional rugby players over four Aviva Premiership rounds was collected from official websites and analyzed in Excel. Results from a scatter graph and Spearman correlation showed little correlation between height and lineout success. Future recommendations include considering the hooker's throwing technique and lifter heights.
This document provides information about a research project investigating how physical characteristics affect the performance of elite rock climbers. The project involved collecting data on 16 indoor rock climbers, including their BMI, performance on a timed climb, current climbing grade, and experience level. The researcher analyzed the relationships between these variables and found that BMI did not correlate with climbing grade or performance. Higher experience levels did correlate with faster climb times and higher grades. The summaries provide an overview of the research aims, methodology, results, and conclusions.
This document summarizes a research project investigating how physical characteristics affect the performance of elite rock climbers. 16 elite indoor climbers participated in the study. Data collected included BMI, time to complete a timed climb, current climbing grade, and climbing experience. Hypotheses predicted relationships between BMI and climbing grade/performance, and between climbing experience and performance. Data analysis included graphs and Spearman's rank correlation. Results found a weak correlation between BMI and grade, but a strong correlation between experience and faster climb time, supporting one hypothesis but not the other. The research aimed to better understand what factors influence elite climbing ability.
This document summarizes a research project investigating the relationship between the height of starting back five forwards in elite male rugby teams and their lineout success rate. The researcher collected height and lineout statistics for 80 professional rugby players over four games and analyzed the data using Excel. The results showed little correlation between height and lineout success. The researcher was surprised by this finding, as it did not support the hypotheses. Overall, the conclusion was that average back five forward height does not seem to impact lineout win percentage. Areas for future improvement include learning more advanced Excel skills and considering other factors like hookers' throwing techniques.
The document outlines a research project investigating whether there is a relationship between body mass index (BMI) and number of assists per game for Premier League center midfielders over a full season. It describes collecting data on BMI, assists, and other player statistics from online sources, analyzing the data using Spearman's rank correlation, and finding a moderate negative correlation, providing some support for the hypothesis that BMI has little relationship with assists. The conclusion discusses strengths like clear presentation of results but also notes limitations like other skill-related factors influencing assists more than BMI.
This document summarizes a research project investigating the relationship between BMI and assists per game for Premier League center midfielders. Key points:
- The project collected BMI, height, weight, and assists data for PL midfielders who played at least 20 games in the 2013-2014 season from online statistics websites.
- Correlation analysis found a very weak negative correlation (-0.5) between BMI and assists, providing weak support for hypotheses of both a positive and no relationship.
- Results are limited by many other factors influencing assists beyond just BMI, like individual skill level and quality of teammates.
- Future research could examine a larger sample across multiple leagues to control for varying skill levels or explore other fitness metrics like passing
This document summarizes Harmony Driver's 2015 sports science research project on determining the optimum rehydration fluid for a 16-18 year old female athlete after high intensity exercise. The research involved collecting urine samples from 12 participants before and after exercise and hydration. Urine was analyzed on a color chart and given a numerical value. Participants consumed 500ml of water, hypotonic, hypertonic, or isotonic drinks and final urine samples were taken after an hour. The results were inconclusive on the best hydration fluid, but showed rehydration is individualized and athletes should test different fluids. The document outlines the research methodology, data collection involving urine samples and analysis, and results showing varied rehydration responses between participants
The documents describe three fitness tests: the vertical jump test, which measures standing jump height and is used to track improvement over time; the Wingate test, which measures anaerobic capacity on a stationary bike; and the standing broad jump test, which measures explosive leg strength. Each document provides the materials needed, testing procedures, and types of results obtained to assess athletic performance and monitor training programs.
This document summarizes a research project investigating whether there is a relationship between the height of goalkeepers in the top 5 European leagues and their penalty saving record. The author collected data on goalkeepers who faced 3 or more penalties in the 2013/2014 season from websites like Squaka and ESPN. This data was analyzed using Spearman's rank correlation and showed a moderate positive correlation of 0.57 between height and penalty saves. A scatter plot with a line of best fit supported this moderate correlation. The results supported the author's hypothesis that taller goalkeepers tend to have a better penalty saving record.
This study examined the effectiveness of cross training methods for maintaining running kinematics. Video analysis was used to track the position of joints during elliptical and stationary bike use. Velocities were found to be lower than during running, with the elliptical producing more comparable velocities. While neither method fully approximated running, the elliptical was determined to be a more suitable cross training option for maintaining running specificity.
Unit 5. research project. results and conclusions.harmonydriver
This research project aimed to determine the optimum rehydration fluid for 16-18 year old female athletes after high intensity exercise. 12 participants provided urine samples before and after exercise and were given one of four drinks to consume. Urine samples were compared to a chart and given values. The results were inconclusive as no clear optimum hydration fuel emerged. However, it showed individuals should test themselves to find their own optimum fuel as rehydration needs vary. The report included the research process, data collection and analysis methods, and results. Areas for improvement included ensuring all participants worked equally hard and using more precise measurement tools. Future recommendations included testing different populations like males or less fit athletes.
This document provides information about a research project investigating the effect of lower body flexibility on speed in female athletes. It includes the assessment criteria, aim to examine flexibility and speed in 16-20 year old female footballers and rugby players. The document outlines the methodology, which involved flexibility tests of the hips, knees and ankles along with sprint tests. Results found that increased lower body flexibility decreases speed, with hip flexibility having the strongest effect. Flexibility affected footballers' speed more than rugby players. The research followed standard scientific structure and provided results to further understand flexibility and speed in women's sports.
This document provides information about a research project investigating the effect of lower body flexibility on speed in female athletes. It includes the assessment criteria, aim to study 16-20 year old female footballers and rugby players, and sections on abstract, contents, methodology, data collection and analysis, results, and discussion. The results indicate that increased lower body flexibility decreases speed, with hip flexibility having the strongest effect for both sports. Knee and ankle flexibility had more effect on footballers' speed while having little effect on rugby players. The implications are that specific flexibility training may be needed for different women's sports to optimize both flexibility and speed.
This document outlines a research project investigating the effect of lower body flexibility on speed for female football and rugby players aged 16-20. It includes the aims, hypotheses, methodology, data collection and analysis, results, and conclusions of the study. The researcher found negative correlations between flexibility and speed, indicating that greater flexibility resulted in faster speeds. Differences were also found between the sports. The document provides a thorough review of the research process and recommendations for future studies with more participants, specific positions, and varied demographics.
This document outlines a research project investigating the effect of lower body flexibility on speed for female footballers and rugby players aged 16-20. It includes the aims, hypotheses, methodology, data collection and analysis, results, and conclusions of the study. The project found negative correlations between flexibility and speed, indicating that greater flexibility resulted in faster speeds. It also found differences between the sports, with total knee and ankle flexibility having a greater effect on speed for footballers than rugby players. The document discusses strengths and areas for improvement in the research and provides recommendations for further studies with more participants, additional flexibility and speed tests, and analyzing differences based on player position.
Unit 27 task 2 strengthsandweaknesses referralgeorgiashorttt
Lisa's strengths in badminton include reaction time, selective attention, strength, and power. Her greatest strength is her quick reaction time, especially at the net. While her selective attention is strong, focusing more during points could improve her game. Strength and power are important for badminton and increasing these areas would allow Lisa to play at a higher level. Lisa needs to improve her control of anxiety, aerobic fitness, stress levels, and knowledge of opponents. Controlling her nerves is particularly important as it affects her shot accuracy and could hinder selection for teams.
Unit27 task2 strengths and weaknesses referral 1/2georgiashorttt
Lisa's strengths in badminton include reaction time, selective attention, strength, and power. Her greatest strength is her reaction time, which allows her to produce high quality shots. However, she can still improve her reaction time further. Lisa needs to work on controlling her anxiety levels, managing stress, improving her aerobic fitness, and gaining more knowledge about her opponents. Controlling anxiety and stress is important so her performance does not decrease from nerves or pressure. Improving aerobic fitness is also key as matches can last up to 70 minutes. Knowing her opponents' weaknesses would help Lisa develop a game plan and feel more confident in matches.
Alfie Dunk is an 18-year-old, 6-foot tall, 95kg flanker on the performance rugby team. The coaching log documents meetings on December 16th and 10th profiling Alfie's strengths and areas for improvement based on 20 traits. There were some differences between Alfie and the coach's perceptions of his skills. Future actions include devising a suitable training program to address weaknesses identified and discussing the 20 traits in more detail to improve clarity.
Alfie's strengths as a rugby player include his balance and coordination as a lineout jumper, his power which allows him to break tackles and make meters, and his lineout calls which aim to confuse the opposing team. However, there is room for improvement in his evasive footwork before contact, agility to change direction, speed to beat defenders, and maintaining an optimal body composition for his position. Developing in these areas could make him a more well-rounded player and reduce predictability against opponents.
The document discusses the results of performance profiling for a badminton player named Lisa. It identifies her main strengths as reaction time, selective attention, strength, and power. It analyzes each strength in detail. It also identifies four key areas for development: control of anxiety, stress levels, aerobic fitness, and knowledge of opposition players. Each development area is described and critically analyzed to explain how improving it could enhance Lisa's performance.
Lisa is an 18-year-old female badminton player at the performance level. The coach observed Lisa at a county standard match to evaluate her confidence and precision. To improve the evaluation, the coach would like to observe Lisa playing with different partners and opponents. The coach met with Lisa to explain the performance profiling process and scoring system. The coach was concerned Lisa may not understand the scale but overcame this by providing examples. The coach will contact Lisa and her coach again to ensure they agree with the evaluation results.
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Unit 5 power point 1
1. Unit 5 Research Project
referral 1
Worthing College Sports Science
Georgia Short
2015
2. Assessment Criteria
Pages 3-17 & 27-38
• P2: carry out sport science or exercise science-
based research
• P3: collect and record data from the research
project conducted
• M2: correctly analyse collected data, describing
techniques used
• D1: correctly analyse data, explaining techniques
used
• P4: produce a full research report using a
standard scientific structure
3. To investigate the affect of lower
body flexibility on speed for 16-20
year old female football or rugby,
participation or performance level
athletes
P2: Carry out / P4: Produce
4. Abstract
The aim of the investigation was to investigate the affect of lower body
flexibility on speed for 16-20 year old female football or rugby,
participation or performance level athletes. Lower body flexibility
measurements and speed measurements were obtained from 8
female footballers and 8 female rugby players all aged between 16-20.
The measurements obtained were from a sit and reach test, and the
ROM of the ankle and knee joints by the use of a goniometer. Results
indicate increase in lower body flexibility decreases speed with the
strongest component for both sports being the hip flexibility (- 0.466)
There was also found to be differences between the sports with total
knee and ankle ROM having a greatest effect on footballers with nearly
no effect on rugby players (-0.055). Results show there may be a need
for specific flexibility training for the different sports. Therefore the
implications for further research are that women’s sports are a priority
area for research, looking into flexibility and speed.
P2: Carry out / P4: Produce
6. Contents: Appendices
Page 27- Appendix Title Page
Page 28- Appendix 1 (standardised instructions general)
Page 29- Appendix 2 (standardised instructions
goniometer test)
Page 30- Appendix 3 (standardised instructions sit and
reach test)
Page 31- Appendix 4 (standardised instructions flying
30 metre sprint)
P2: Carry out / P4: Produce
7. Contents: Figures and Tables
Page 32- Figures and Tables
Page 33- Figures and Tables 1 (chart of all data)
Page 34- Figures and Tables 2 (The Effect of Total Knee and Ankle ROM on Speed (All))
Page 35- Figures and Tables 3 (The Effect of Total Knee and Ankle ROM on Speed
(Footballers))
Page 36- Figures and Tables 4 (The Effect of Total Knee and Ankle ROM on Speed (Rugby
Players))
Page 37- Figures and Tables 5 (The Effect of Total Knee ROM on Speed (All))
Page 38- Figures and Tables 6 (The Effect of Total Ankle ROM on Speed (All))
Page 39- Figures and Tables 7 (Lower Body Flexibility Effect on Speed (All))
Page 40- Figures and Tables 8 (Lower Body Flexibility Effect on Speed (Footballers))
Page 41- Figures and Tables 9 (Lower Body Flexibility Effect on Speed (Rugby Players))
P2: Carry out / P4: Produce
8. Acknowledgements
I would like to thank my participants for taking
part in the research. I would also like to thank
Brooke Marshall and Phoebe Thorpe for
assisting me in collecting my data. This project
would not have been possible with out them.
P2: Carry out / P4: Produce
9. Introduction
My aim is to investigate the affect of lower body flexibility
on speed for 16-20 year old female football or rugby
participation or performance level athletes
I chose to do this aim as I am interested in the results and
how this may benefit football and rugby players because I
have access to these players and wanted to help benefit
my friends game; whether she needs more or less lower
body flexibility.
The project timescale was that the research and literacy
review were completed by 27th February, the testing by
mid- March and the final write up completed by 27th
March
P2: Carry out / P4: Produce
10. Literature Review and References
My literacy review can be found here
P2: Carry out / P4: Produce
11. Project Hypothesis
1. The more lower body flexibility a person has
overall, the slower they will be.
2. Flexibility in the hip will have the greatest
effect on speed for both sports compared to
the total ROM in the knee and ankle.
3. The football girls will show a stronger
correlation with lower body flexibility than
the rugby girls.
P2: Carry out / P4: Produce
12. Method
• I will be using opportunity sampling to recruit my participants for my research; this will be 8 female
footballers and 8 female rugby players, all aged between 16-20 and of participation or performance
level.
• I will not be getting my participants to take a PARQ test before carrying out two kinds of flexibility
tests and a speed test; this is because they are all currently training/playing and therefore it can be
assumed they are fit and healthy for testing.
• I will read a set of standardized instructions to the participants so they are clear as to what I’m
measuring and how they are to conduct the test (see appendix 1)
• My first flexibility test will be measuring the flexibility at the ankle and then the knee by using a
goniometer. This will measure the difference between full extension and full flexion at the joints.
The goniometer standardized instructions will be read to the athlete (see appendix 2)
• The other flexibility test will be a sit and reach test which will determine flexibility at the hips, this
is a maximal test and therefore will be conducted three times and the best score taken. (see
appendix 3)
• I will then also be carrying out a simple sprint test; standing start, over 30 meters. This will be
completed three times, and the average score taken. (see appendix 4)
• I will then put all data into excel and by creating a range of graphs in order to make comparisons.
• The initial testing of all tests will be completed and typed up by the 13th of March. The graphs and
comparisons will be made by the 18th of march.
• My write up will be completed by the 27th of March.
P3: Collect and record / M2: Correctly analyse & describe techniques / D1: Correctly analyse & explain techniques
13. Data Collection
I will be collecting primary data, firstly, by myself or my
assistant conducting laboratory based experiments and
collecting the flexibility tests; recording the results on paper.
We will then conduct field based experiments to record the
best speed from three tests of each of these participants over
a 30m sprint from standing start. The sprint data I collect will
be continuous and will be recorded to two decimal places. We
take the best because the sprint test is a maximal test. As this
is all numerical data, it is quantitative and easy to make
comparisons. I will later collate my data within excel
spreadsheet. I am collecting comparative and nominal data as
I will be comparing the two groups of footballers and rugby
players. All my data collated together overall will be ordinal.
P3: Collect and record / M2: Correctly analyse & describe techniques / D1: Correctly analyse & explain techniques
14. Data Analysis
By using the best speed score from 3 attempts
(because the sprint test is a maximal test) I will
firstly compare this to the flexibility scores as a
whole. By collating the data into an excel spread
sheet and creating a scatter graph I will conduct a
line of best fit. Then I will compare each component
of flexibility separately and I will be looking to see
which component lower body flexibility has the
greatest effect on speed. Finally I will use the
scatter graph to compare the flexibility and speed
to see if there is a difference between rugby and
football players.
P3: Collect and record / M2: Correctly analyse & describe techniques / D1: Correctly analyse & explain techniques
15. Results
All results have been typed up and can be viewed as a chart. (See figure and table 1). After creating
graphs for each of my objectives to give a visual view and then have calculated the line of regression for
each of my objectives. The line of regression models the relationship between the x and y variables, this
shows how far the points are from the trend line (line of best fit). This allows me to compare each
component to see the relationship it has with speed. A perfect correlation would give a score of +/- 1, a
strong score of +/- 0.8/0.9, medium around +/- 0.4-0.7 , weak from +/- 0.1-0.3. A score of 0 is no
correction whatsoever.
LINE OF REGRESSION SCORES
The Effect of Total Knee and Ankle ROM on Speed (All) -0.375 (See figure and table 2)
The Effect of Total Knee and Ankle ROM on Speed (Footballers) -0.523 (See figure and table 3)
The Effect of Total Knee and Ankle ROM on Speed (Rugby Players) -0.055 (See figure and table 4)
The Effect of Total Knee ROM on Speed (All) -0.368 (See figure and table 5)
The Effect of Total Ankle ROM on Speed (All) -0.273(See figure and table 6)
Hip Flexibility Effect on Speed (All) -0.466 (See figure and table 7)
Hip Flexibility Effect on Speed (Footballers) -0.511 (See figure and table 8)
Hip Flexibility Effect on Speed (Rugby Players) -0.397 (See figure and table 9)
P3: Collect and record / M2: Correctly analyse & describe techniques / D1: Correctly analyse & explain techniques
16. Discussion
All results gained were negative, this shows that all components have an effect on speed, the greater
the flexibility an athlete has cause a decrease in speed of the athlete, although some components have
a much stronger regression line than others. This wasn’t expected after carrying out research and
completing my literacy review. I was expecting positive correlations between all components of
flexibility and speed.
The results indicate that total knee and ankle flexibility has the greatest effect on footballers speed.
There was a medium negative correlation of -0.523 between the two. The more flexible the football
player is the faster they are. However total knee and ankle flexibility had the least correlation between
all aspects on the rugby players showing near to no correlation at all, -0.055. This shows there are
significant differences between the sports.
The sit and reach test, measuring flexibility in the hip shows a medium negative correlation against
speed. Again there are differences between the two sports however there is less of a difference. The
Rugby players showed a weak negative correlation, this indicates that hip flexibility has a greater effect
on their speed than total knee and ankle ROM.
The component of flexibility that had the greatest effect on speed for both rugby and footballers was
the lower body component which was what I expected to find. However it only had the greatest effect
on rugby players when looking at the sports separately.
P2: Carry out / P4: Produce
17. Conclusion
My aim was to investigate the affect of lower body flexibility on speed for 16-
20 year old female football or rugby, participation or performance level
athletes. From looking at my literacy review I was expecting to find that the
more flexible the athletes lower body was the slower they would be. However
I found a negative correlation between flexibility and speed meaning that the
more flexible the athlete was the faster they were, which is the opposite of
what I found in the literacy review. The literacy review supports my
hypothesis however my testing does not.
My results support my second hypothesis as a general however when broken
down to separate sports only supports the rugby players. It also has shown
the hip flexibility has the strongest correlation on speed in general.
Because my third hypothesis is non-directional towards which way the
correlation will be strongest; my hypothesis is therefore supported by my
results; total ROM for knee and ankle had a much greater difference than
lower body flexibility even though both were stronger for footballers than
rugby players.
P2: Carry out / P4: Produce
18. Assessment Criteria Pages 19-26
• P5: carry out a review of the research project
conducted, describing strengths, areas for
improvement and future recommendations.
• M3: carry out a review of the research project,
explaining strengths, areas for improvement
and future recommendations.
• D2: carry out a review of the research project,
justifying future recommendations for further
research.
19. Review (1/3)
I think that the project conclusions met the project aim quite well. I was able
to gain results for all my hypotheses and my objectives even if they were not
what I was expecting.
My first objective was to find the body component which had the greatest
effect on speed and this was the lower body flexibility; obtained by from the
sit and reach test. (-0.466)
My second objective was to see the effect total lower body flexibility had,
there was a -0.375 for total knee and ankle ROM which was a weak
correlation, showing a slight relationship with speed.
The third objective was to see if there was a difference between rugby and
football players. I found more than one difference after conducting the tests.
Flexibility of the ankle and the knee has a much stronger correlation to
footballers (-0.523) then to rugby players , who have almost no correlation(-
0.055). There was also slight differences between lower body flexibility and
speed between the sports however this was less significant.
P5: Describe / M3: Explain / D2: Justify
20. Review (2/3)
The strengths of the research project were that I made sure
the ROM tests in the ankle and knee were conducted in the
same manner. There was various ways to conduct these test
but to make sure I got the most accurate results I made sure
all the athletes were given a set of standardized instructions
(see appendix 2)
Another strength of the research project was that the sit and
reach test was conducted three times and because it was a
maximal test the highest score was taken.
I think that the whole research project is both valid and
reliable. It is valid because I was able to measure what I set
out to and reliable as I believe with the method and
standardized instructions would easily be followed to gain the
same results.
P5: Describe / M3: Explain / D2: Justify
21. Review (3/3)
One area of improvement for this research project would be to break
down the flexibility tests more to see if there are specific muscles
which have the greatest effect. This would allow more research into
each area.
I would also make sure that the sprint test was carried out three times
as it is maximal test and I didn’t have enough time to do this. I took
the tests before training sessions and therefore was on a time limit.
The goniometer tests took a long time and therefore the sprint test
were only conducted once.
I would also use a flying sprint test as I don’t think 30 metres was long
enough to get an accurate measure of the athletes true maximum
speed.
I would monitor the warm up more accurately as the footballers went
about the warm up in a different way to the rugby girls. This would
improve the reliability of the research in the future.
P5: Describe / M3: Explain / D2: Justify
22. Future Recommendations (1/5)
If the project was to be completed again I would use more
participants, I think that 16 participants was okay as this was a primary
study. It allowed me to look for significance without wasting too much
time or money however as there was trends found it should be
repeated on a wider scale. The secondary research would allow the
researchers to conduct more tests to see if there are any stronger
relationships between certain aspects of lower body flexibility and
speed.
I would look into the different positions the participants play and see
whether this effects the type and amount of flexibility or speed
required. Although my research was sport specific, certain positions on
each team require the athletes to play in different manners; the goal
keep for example needs flexibility, however doesn’t need to move
round the pitch to make attacks.
P4: Produce / P5: Describe / M3: Explain / D2: Justify
23. Future Recommendations (2/5)
The benefits of the proposed changes would make the research more
accurate. The more participants there are the more representative of
the population, gender, ethnicity, religion and age can all effect the
results and the more participants the research has the more true the
statistical analysis is. By having more results you would be able to see
if there is an optimum lower body flexibility level; the graph may
plateau at a certain number. However there may also be results that
indicate that after the optimum level, athletes speed starts to increase
again and flexibility has the opposite effect.
Although my research was sport specific, certain positions on each
team require the athletes to play in different manners; the goal keep
for example needs flexibility, however doesn’t need to move round the
pitch to make attacks. This would allow the researchers to compare
the ROM needed for certain positions and may lead to different
position sessions being conducted within a sport.
P4: Produce / P5: Describe / M3: Explain / D2: Justify
24. Future Recommendations (3/5)
A future recommendation would be to conduct the
research on boys. By carrying out the research with the
same variables would enable researchers to identify the
differences between aspiring male and female athletes.
The control variable would have to be kept the same this
includes the same population; athletes of
participation/performer level, rugby/footballers and of
age 16-20, the same variables and the same measures.
This would allow researchers to see if there are any
specific gender differences. It could show how flexibility
affects the different genders in different ways and lead to
different training sessions being planner for the different
genders.
P4: Produce / P5: Describe / M3: Explain / D2: Justify
25. Future Recommendations (4/5)
Another future recommendation that would benefit
the research would be looking into a wider variation
of sports. This would allow researchers to compare
track, racket and aesthetic sports instead of just
field based contact sports. There may be patterns
within sports that would be interesting to look at
and show trainers how much flexibility training
young aspiring athletes should be taking part in.
This research may also lead to flexibility tests of a
young age to see what sport what be most suitable
to the athletes.
P4: Produce / P5: Describe / M3: Explain / D2: Justify
26. Future Recommendations (5/5)
My final future recommendation for this project
would be to look at a range of age group
variations. As people age, the tissue around
joints tends to thicken, this can decrease the
joint's range of motion; even though speed
increases as we age. It would be interesting to
look to see if there is an optimum age where
flexibility has a positive effect on the speed of an
athlete and whether the causes a decrease.
P4: Produce / P5: Describe / M3: Explain / D2: Justify
28. Appendix 1
• Standardised instructions:
• I will be conducting 3 different tests on you today.
The first will be goniometer tests, this is on both
knees and ankles, and will measure the range of
movement (ROM) in the joints. The second will
be a sit and reach test, this is to measure your
lower body flexibility. The third is a 30metre
sprint. Before conducting the tests you will need
to complete a short warm up, this is to prevent
injury.
29. Appendix 2
Standardised Instructions: Goniometer Tests
The goniometer test will be conducted on both knees and
ankles. It requires measuring full extension and full
flection at the joints. I will firstly require you to stand up
straight, with feet flat on the floor, this will allow me to
measure full extension at the knees. I will then require
you to lay on your front and kick your knees back as far as
possible, this will allow me to record your full flection. For
the ankles you will sit flat on the ground, removing shoes
as they restrict the movement, you will then point your
toes, I will measure the full extension of both ankles.
Then you pull your toes back towards your body and
hold, this will allow me to measure full flection.
30. Appendix 3
Standardised Instructions: Sit and Reach
You need to sit with your legs fully extended on
the ground and your feet placed flat against the
edge of the sit and reach box. Place both hands
together and slowly stretch over and slide your
hands along the top of the box. My assistant or I
will record your score. Complete this three
times.
31. Appendix 4
Standardised Instructions: 30m standing start sprint
test
You will stand at the first cone and be given the
commands on your marks, get set, go. On the
command go, the assistant will start the stopwatch
simultaneously as you sprint to the cone on the
other side. You will then get a 1 minute rest before
completing the test again. You will complete the
sprint test a total of three times and your fastest
score will be taken.
34. Figures and Tables 2
4.01
4.5
5.43
4.51
4.31
4.01
4.13
4.35 4.28
4.81
4.01
4.52
4.1
3.73
4.76
4.13
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440
Speed(secs)
Total Knee and Ankle ROM (deg)
The Effect of Total Knee and Ankle ROM on Speed (All)
35. Figures and Tables 3
4.01
4.5
5.43
4.51
4.31
4.01
4.13
4.35
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
300 320 340 360 380 400 420
Speed(secs)
Total Knee and Ankle ROM (deg)
The Effect of Total Knee and Ankle ROM on Speed (Footballers)
36. Figures and Tables 4
4.28
4.81
4.01
4.52
4.1
3.73
4.76
4.13
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420
Speed(secs)
Total Knee and Ankle ROM (deg)
The Effect of Total Knee and Ankle ROM on Speed (Rugby Players)
37. Figures and Tables 5
4.01
4.5
5.43
4.51
4.31
4.01
4.13
4.35 4.28
4.81
4.01
4.52
4.1
3.73
4.76
4.13
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290
Speed(secs)
Total Knee ROM (deg)
The Effect of Total Knee ROM on Speed (All)
38. Figures and Tables 6
4.01
4.5
5.43
4.51
4.31
4.01
4.13
4.35 4.28
4.81
4.01
4.52
4.1
3.73
4.76
4.13
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Speed(secs)
Total Ankle ROM (deg)
The Effect of Total Ankle ROM on Speed (All)
39. Figures and Tables 7
4.01
4.5
5.43
4.51
4.31
4.014.13
4.35 4.28
4.81
4.01
4.52
4.1
3.73
4.76
4.13
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Speed(secs)
Sit and Reach Flexibility (cm)
Hip Flexibilitys Effect on Speed (All)
40. Figures and Tables 8
4.01
4.5
5.43
4.51
4.31
4.014.13
4.35
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Speed(secs)
Lower body flexibilty (cm)
Hip Flexibilty Effect on Speed (Footballers)
41. Figures and Tables 9
4.28
4.81
4.01
4.52
4.1
3.73
4.76
4.13
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
10 15 20 25 30 35
Speed(secs)
Lower body flexibilty (cm)
Hip Flexibilty Effect on Speed (Rugby Players)