General principles – Direct gain systems - Glazed walls, Bay windows,
Attached sun spaces etc. Indirect gain systems – Trombe wall, Water wall, Solar Chimney, Transwall, Roof
pond, etc - Isolated gain systems – Natural convective loop etc. Active Heating Systems : Solar water
heating systems
Residential Case Studies of Passive Strategiesaiahouston
This document summarizes a presentation about passive design strategies for homes in hot humid climates like Texas. It provides examples of over a dozen case studies of homes designed by the presenter to utilize passive strategies like shading, ventilation, thermal mass, and daylighting to reduce energy usage and increase comfort. Owners of these passive homes reported rarely needing to use mechanical cooling or heating except when entertaining guests. The presentation aimed to teach architects the importance of passive design and demonstrate that approaches beyond conventional wood frame construction can create sustainable, resilient homes.
TERI -BANGLORE_Case study
this case study is prepared for my studio project _sustainable corporate office . we did a study tour at TERI for a day and report is made in accordance with the goals of sustainable (12 point's )
Architectural Appraisal - CII- Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre HyderabadPrastara Architects
The CII-Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre in Hyderabad is India's first LEED Platinum rated building from 2004. It is a commercial and institutional building that incorporates traditional Indian concepts with modern green building practices. Some key features include solar PV systems, natural ventilation via wind towers, a high-efficiency HVAC system, rainwater harvesting, and extensive green spaces. The building achieves 50% energy savings and 35% water reduction compared to a conventional building.
This document provides case studies on several buildings that utilize passive cooling and heating systems to reduce energy usage. It summarizes the sustainable features of the Druk White Lotus School in Ladakh, India which uses passive solar heating and natural ventilation. It also describes the Indira Paryavaran Bhawan in Delhi which saves 40% energy and 55% water usage through passive design strategies like optimal building orientation and integration with nature. Finally, it discusses the passive cooling techniques used at the TERI campus in Bangalore like good cross ventilation and utilizing thick southern walls.
This document discusses passive design strategies for buildings in cold climatic zones. It provides information on passive heating, cooling, and design elements like solar orientation, thermal mass, insulation, and ventilation. It then summarizes two case studies: the Himurja building in Shimla, which uses features like air heating panels, double glazed windows, and solar energy systems, and the MLA Hostel in Shimla, which incorporates strategies such as solar orientation, insulation, sunspaces, and innovative heating systems.
The document discusses heat exchange processes in buildings. It defines key thermal quantities like heat, temperature, heat flow, conduction and resistance. It explains that heat flows from higher to lower temperature areas through conduction, convection and radiation. The rate of heat flow depends on the temperature difference and is measured in Watts. Convection involves heat transfer through a moving medium like air or water, while radiation depends on the temperatures and emittance of surfaces. The concept of sol-air temperature combines the heating effects of radiation and warm air. Maintaining thermal balance in a building requires accounting for various heat flows like from occupants, solar gains, conduction, ventilation and mechanical systems.
This 3 sentence summary provides the key details about the Monama House in Hyderabad, India:
The Monama House located in Hyderabad, India relies on energy efficient design and renewable energy sources to reduce environmental impact, with a reinforced concrete structure, windows oriented to maximize cross ventilation, and an evaporative cooling system using a water pond and fans. The house also uses a photovoltaic system to provide power during daily four hour outages and a solar hot water system that operates via thermosiphon without pumps or controls.
"warm and humid" climate and their designsAnubhav Arora
in this ppt you will know how and what should we design in the warm and humid climate area like Kerala, it is best example for warm and humid zone.
Hope it will be useful for you.
Residential Case Studies of Passive Strategiesaiahouston
This document summarizes a presentation about passive design strategies for homes in hot humid climates like Texas. It provides examples of over a dozen case studies of homes designed by the presenter to utilize passive strategies like shading, ventilation, thermal mass, and daylighting to reduce energy usage and increase comfort. Owners of these passive homes reported rarely needing to use mechanical cooling or heating except when entertaining guests. The presentation aimed to teach architects the importance of passive design and demonstrate that approaches beyond conventional wood frame construction can create sustainable, resilient homes.
TERI -BANGLORE_Case study
this case study is prepared for my studio project _sustainable corporate office . we did a study tour at TERI for a day and report is made in accordance with the goals of sustainable (12 point's )
Architectural Appraisal - CII- Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre HyderabadPrastara Architects
The CII-Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre in Hyderabad is India's first LEED Platinum rated building from 2004. It is a commercial and institutional building that incorporates traditional Indian concepts with modern green building practices. Some key features include solar PV systems, natural ventilation via wind towers, a high-efficiency HVAC system, rainwater harvesting, and extensive green spaces. The building achieves 50% energy savings and 35% water reduction compared to a conventional building.
This document provides case studies on several buildings that utilize passive cooling and heating systems to reduce energy usage. It summarizes the sustainable features of the Druk White Lotus School in Ladakh, India which uses passive solar heating and natural ventilation. It also describes the Indira Paryavaran Bhawan in Delhi which saves 40% energy and 55% water usage through passive design strategies like optimal building orientation and integration with nature. Finally, it discusses the passive cooling techniques used at the TERI campus in Bangalore like good cross ventilation and utilizing thick southern walls.
This document discusses passive design strategies for buildings in cold climatic zones. It provides information on passive heating, cooling, and design elements like solar orientation, thermal mass, insulation, and ventilation. It then summarizes two case studies: the Himurja building in Shimla, which uses features like air heating panels, double glazed windows, and solar energy systems, and the MLA Hostel in Shimla, which incorporates strategies such as solar orientation, insulation, sunspaces, and innovative heating systems.
The document discusses heat exchange processes in buildings. It defines key thermal quantities like heat, temperature, heat flow, conduction and resistance. It explains that heat flows from higher to lower temperature areas through conduction, convection and radiation. The rate of heat flow depends on the temperature difference and is measured in Watts. Convection involves heat transfer through a moving medium like air or water, while radiation depends on the temperatures and emittance of surfaces. The concept of sol-air temperature combines the heating effects of radiation and warm air. Maintaining thermal balance in a building requires accounting for various heat flows like from occupants, solar gains, conduction, ventilation and mechanical systems.
This 3 sentence summary provides the key details about the Monama House in Hyderabad, India:
The Monama House located in Hyderabad, India relies on energy efficient design and renewable energy sources to reduce environmental impact, with a reinforced concrete structure, windows oriented to maximize cross ventilation, and an evaporative cooling system using a water pond and fans. The house also uses a photovoltaic system to provide power during daily four hour outages and a solar hot water system that operates via thermosiphon without pumps or controls.
"warm and humid" climate and their designsAnubhav Arora
in this ppt you will know how and what should we design in the warm and humid climate area like Kerala, it is best example for warm and humid zone.
Hope it will be useful for you.
The document discusses strategies for architecture in hot and dry climates. It defines hot and dry climates as having average monthly temperatures over 30°C and relative humidity under 55%. Key strategies mentioned include compact building forms, minimizing sun exposure through orientation and shading, maximizing ventilation, using heat-storing wall materials, and incorporating courtyards to provide cross ventilation and natural cooling.
The document discusses design strategies for buildings in hot, dry climates. Key strategies include building orientation along an east-west axis for optimal sun exposure, minimizing exterior surface areas, and employing shading techniques like overhangs, fins, and trees to reduce solar heat gain. Interior features like courtyards and wind towers can also promote ventilation to control temperatures. Landscaping with native, drought-resistant plants and water features helps modify the microclimate.
Passive solar architecture utilizes building materials, design, and orientation to collect, store, and distribute solar energy for heating and cooling without mechanical or electrical devices. It involves designing windows, walls, and floors to maximize solar gain in winter and minimize it in summer. Techniques include direct gain, indirect gain through thermal mass walls or roof ponds, and isolated gain. The goal is to provide thermal comfort year-round while reducing energy costs. Passive solar cooling also employs natural ventilation strategies like operable windows, wing walls, and thermal chimneys to draw in breezes without mechanical assistance.
The CII - Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre in Hyderabad is considered one of the most environmentally friendly buildings in the world. It utilizes numerous sustainable design features like a green roof, solar panels, jali designs, natural ventilation techniques, and water recycling to minimize its environmental impact. The building achieves significant reductions in energy and water usage compared to a conventional building of the same size. It also uses primarily local and recycled materials and has measures to reduce waste. The Green Business Centre won international recognition and serves as a model for green building practices in India.
CII- SOHRABJI GODREJ GREEN BUSINESS CENTER CASE STUDY PPT vk78512
The CII-Godrej Green Business Center in Hyderabad is India's first platinum-rated green building according to the US Green Building Council. It serves as the center of excellence for CII's energy efficiency, green building, renewable energy and sustainability activities. The building achieved an 88% reduction in lighting energy usage compared to a conventional building and a 35% reduction in municipal water usage through efficient fixtures. 95% of materials were locally sourced and 77% contained recycled content. The building's design incorporates elements like a central courtyard, roof garden, natural lighting and ventilation to minimize energy and water usage.
The document discusses different climate types and their key characteristics:
- Climate Hot and Humid located between 15°N-S with day temperatures 27-32°C, high humidity, and annual rainfall of 2000-5000mm.
- Hot and Dry located 15-30°N/S with day temperatures 43-49°C, low humidity, and low annual rainfall of 50mm.
- Composite climate near tropics with temperatures and rainfall varying between dry and wet seasons.
This document discusses design considerations for shelters in composite climates. Composite climates have three distinct seasons: a hot dry season, warm humid season, and cool dry season. Design must account for conflicting requirements between seasons. A discomfort index is used to prioritize seasons based on temperature and duration. Design strategies include compact planning around courtyards, large overhangs, light colors, stack ventilation, and emphasis on thermal mass and insulation appropriate to each season. Openings are oriented for breeze in warm periods and solar gain in cool periods. Condensation is rarely an issue due to weather conditions.
The CII-Godrej Green Business Centre in India was the first building to receive LEED Platinum certification outside of the US. It uses various sustainable design and construction features, such as a circular structure to maximize ventilation, local and recycled materials, passive cooling techniques like wind towers, a green roof for stormwater management and reduced energy consumption. The building aims to be a model for green building practices and environmental stewardship in India.
The ppt consists of types of climatic regions in india, 5 typesof climatic zones in india, their description , cold and cloudy zone, shimla, himachal pradesh, types of design features according to climatic zones, active and passive cooling and heating techniques in cold and cloudy region.
Teri, bangalore & solar passive techniques(rupesh)Rupesh Chaurasia
The document summarizes the green building features of TERI's campus in Bangalore. The campus utilizes passive design principles to maximize natural lighting, ventilation and minimize energy usage. Key features include an optimized building orientation, ample fenestrations for cross ventilation, skylights, green roofs, solar panels, rainwater harvesting and use of local sustainable materials. Passive design strategies like earth air tunnels help regulate indoor temperature passively.
Passive cooling techniques are least expensive means of cooling a home which maximizes the efficiency of the building envelope without mechanical devices.
For more information on energy conversation concepts and green architecture, follow us at - www.archistudent.net
The document discusses climatic conditions and architectural features of cold regions. It describes the climates of Himachal Pradesh, Ladakh, and Mongolia. For Himachal Pradesh, it notes temperature variations by altitude and common building materials like timber. In Ladakh, the dry, sunny climate and hilly terrain influence the compact, solar-oriented settlement patterns. Traditional houses have thick mud walls, flat roofs, and courtyards. Mongolian architecture features portable yurts made of a wooden frame and felt covering. All three regions employ natural, insulating materials and passive solar design strategies to cope with cold weather.
Designing for different climatic zones in IndiaGwahyulo Semy
This document summarizes the climate of New Delhi, India, which has a composite climate with three distinct seasons. The hot, dry season lasts for around 2/3 of the year with daytime highs of 32-43°C. The warm, humid season lasts around 1/3 of the year with temperatures of 27-32°C. In the northern and southern parts, there is also a brief cold, dry season with temperatures below 27°C. New Delhi receives around 790mm of annual rainfall mostly during the July-September monsoon. Courtyard buildings with large overhangs and verandahs are well-suited to provide shade from sun and rain across the different seasons.
Solar thermal walls (Trombe ,water and trans walls)srikanth reddy
Thermal storage walls like Trombe walls, water walls, and trans walls can passively heat buildings using solar energy. Trombe walls consist of a south-facing glass wall separated from a thick concrete wall by an air gap. During the day, solar radiation passes through the glass and heats the concrete wall. This stored heat is then radiated into the building. Trans walls use a semi-transparent absorber sandwiched between two water columns for rapid heat transfer and direct gain, while reducing heat loss. Different wall designs provide heating benefits like load leveling or daytime heating, depending on the application. Components like wall thickness, vent size, and overhangs influence heat transfer and storage. Advancements
Building services (Passive Cooling Techniques) for Architectural studentsChad Minott
Passive cooling has several methods of cooling a structure specifically the Caribbean region. This essay will help students gain a greater understanding of ways to approach in cooling a building within the Caribbean.
1) The document proposes a design for an Applied Arts Crafts and Design Campus inspired by the works of architect Charles Correa.
2) It will incorporate Correa's approach of blending modernism with traditional Indian architecture through stepped platforms, outdoor classrooms, and connecting indoor and outdoor spaces.
3) The design aims to make education feel sacred through its organization of academic blocks at the highest level, with recreational areas below, evoking traditional Indian concepts.
This document discusses the basic principles of passive design, including passive heating, cooling, and daylighting. It explains that passive design uses climate considerations, building orientation, shape, materials, and natural ventilation/solar energy to control indoor comfort without consuming fuels. The key principles covered include solar geometry, passive heating strategies like direct gain and thermal storage, passive cooling strategies like ventilation and shading, and daylighting. It emphasizes that passive buildings require active users to effectively manage windows, shades, and interior environments.
This document discusses passive solar heating techniques for buildings, including direct gain, indirect gain, and isolated gain systems. It provides details on different types of direct gain systems and thermal storage walls, such as Trombe walls and water walls, that use indirect solar heating. Key components and design considerations are outlined for various passive heating approaches, along with diagrams illustrating how they function. Case studies are also mentioned of buildings that have implemented passive and active solar heating techniques.
The document discusses building envelopes and energy conservation in buildings. It defines a building envelope as the outer shell that maintains indoor climate control. Properly designing, constructing, and maintaining the building envelope prevents air and water infiltration. The purposes of the building envelope include water resistance, air flow control, and serving as a thermal envelope. Passive solar systems operate without external devices by using solar energy captured through windows. Active solar systems use collectors and storage to capture solar heat and transfer it within a building. The document also discusses types of energy used in commercial buildings and embodied energy in building materials and construction processes. Building automation and management systems aim to efficiently control building operations and reduce energy consumption and costs.
The document discusses strategies for architecture in hot and dry climates. It defines hot and dry climates as having average monthly temperatures over 30°C and relative humidity under 55%. Key strategies mentioned include compact building forms, minimizing sun exposure through orientation and shading, maximizing ventilation, using heat-storing wall materials, and incorporating courtyards to provide cross ventilation and natural cooling.
The document discusses design strategies for buildings in hot, dry climates. Key strategies include building orientation along an east-west axis for optimal sun exposure, minimizing exterior surface areas, and employing shading techniques like overhangs, fins, and trees to reduce solar heat gain. Interior features like courtyards and wind towers can also promote ventilation to control temperatures. Landscaping with native, drought-resistant plants and water features helps modify the microclimate.
Passive solar architecture utilizes building materials, design, and orientation to collect, store, and distribute solar energy for heating and cooling without mechanical or electrical devices. It involves designing windows, walls, and floors to maximize solar gain in winter and minimize it in summer. Techniques include direct gain, indirect gain through thermal mass walls or roof ponds, and isolated gain. The goal is to provide thermal comfort year-round while reducing energy costs. Passive solar cooling also employs natural ventilation strategies like operable windows, wing walls, and thermal chimneys to draw in breezes without mechanical assistance.
The CII - Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre in Hyderabad is considered one of the most environmentally friendly buildings in the world. It utilizes numerous sustainable design features like a green roof, solar panels, jali designs, natural ventilation techniques, and water recycling to minimize its environmental impact. The building achieves significant reductions in energy and water usage compared to a conventional building of the same size. It also uses primarily local and recycled materials and has measures to reduce waste. The Green Business Centre won international recognition and serves as a model for green building practices in India.
CII- SOHRABJI GODREJ GREEN BUSINESS CENTER CASE STUDY PPT vk78512
The CII-Godrej Green Business Center in Hyderabad is India's first platinum-rated green building according to the US Green Building Council. It serves as the center of excellence for CII's energy efficiency, green building, renewable energy and sustainability activities. The building achieved an 88% reduction in lighting energy usage compared to a conventional building and a 35% reduction in municipal water usage through efficient fixtures. 95% of materials were locally sourced and 77% contained recycled content. The building's design incorporates elements like a central courtyard, roof garden, natural lighting and ventilation to minimize energy and water usage.
The document discusses different climate types and their key characteristics:
- Climate Hot and Humid located between 15°N-S with day temperatures 27-32°C, high humidity, and annual rainfall of 2000-5000mm.
- Hot and Dry located 15-30°N/S with day temperatures 43-49°C, low humidity, and low annual rainfall of 50mm.
- Composite climate near tropics with temperatures and rainfall varying between dry and wet seasons.
This document discusses design considerations for shelters in composite climates. Composite climates have three distinct seasons: a hot dry season, warm humid season, and cool dry season. Design must account for conflicting requirements between seasons. A discomfort index is used to prioritize seasons based on temperature and duration. Design strategies include compact planning around courtyards, large overhangs, light colors, stack ventilation, and emphasis on thermal mass and insulation appropriate to each season. Openings are oriented for breeze in warm periods and solar gain in cool periods. Condensation is rarely an issue due to weather conditions.
The CII-Godrej Green Business Centre in India was the first building to receive LEED Platinum certification outside of the US. It uses various sustainable design and construction features, such as a circular structure to maximize ventilation, local and recycled materials, passive cooling techniques like wind towers, a green roof for stormwater management and reduced energy consumption. The building aims to be a model for green building practices and environmental stewardship in India.
The ppt consists of types of climatic regions in india, 5 typesof climatic zones in india, their description , cold and cloudy zone, shimla, himachal pradesh, types of design features according to climatic zones, active and passive cooling and heating techniques in cold and cloudy region.
Teri, bangalore & solar passive techniques(rupesh)Rupesh Chaurasia
The document summarizes the green building features of TERI's campus in Bangalore. The campus utilizes passive design principles to maximize natural lighting, ventilation and minimize energy usage. Key features include an optimized building orientation, ample fenestrations for cross ventilation, skylights, green roofs, solar panels, rainwater harvesting and use of local sustainable materials. Passive design strategies like earth air tunnels help regulate indoor temperature passively.
Passive cooling techniques are least expensive means of cooling a home which maximizes the efficiency of the building envelope without mechanical devices.
For more information on energy conversation concepts and green architecture, follow us at - www.archistudent.net
The document discusses climatic conditions and architectural features of cold regions. It describes the climates of Himachal Pradesh, Ladakh, and Mongolia. For Himachal Pradesh, it notes temperature variations by altitude and common building materials like timber. In Ladakh, the dry, sunny climate and hilly terrain influence the compact, solar-oriented settlement patterns. Traditional houses have thick mud walls, flat roofs, and courtyards. Mongolian architecture features portable yurts made of a wooden frame and felt covering. All three regions employ natural, insulating materials and passive solar design strategies to cope with cold weather.
Designing for different climatic zones in IndiaGwahyulo Semy
This document summarizes the climate of New Delhi, India, which has a composite climate with three distinct seasons. The hot, dry season lasts for around 2/3 of the year with daytime highs of 32-43°C. The warm, humid season lasts around 1/3 of the year with temperatures of 27-32°C. In the northern and southern parts, there is also a brief cold, dry season with temperatures below 27°C. New Delhi receives around 790mm of annual rainfall mostly during the July-September monsoon. Courtyard buildings with large overhangs and verandahs are well-suited to provide shade from sun and rain across the different seasons.
Solar thermal walls (Trombe ,water and trans walls)srikanth reddy
Thermal storage walls like Trombe walls, water walls, and trans walls can passively heat buildings using solar energy. Trombe walls consist of a south-facing glass wall separated from a thick concrete wall by an air gap. During the day, solar radiation passes through the glass and heats the concrete wall. This stored heat is then radiated into the building. Trans walls use a semi-transparent absorber sandwiched between two water columns for rapid heat transfer and direct gain, while reducing heat loss. Different wall designs provide heating benefits like load leveling or daytime heating, depending on the application. Components like wall thickness, vent size, and overhangs influence heat transfer and storage. Advancements
Building services (Passive Cooling Techniques) for Architectural studentsChad Minott
Passive cooling has several methods of cooling a structure specifically the Caribbean region. This essay will help students gain a greater understanding of ways to approach in cooling a building within the Caribbean.
1) The document proposes a design for an Applied Arts Crafts and Design Campus inspired by the works of architect Charles Correa.
2) It will incorporate Correa's approach of blending modernism with traditional Indian architecture through stepped platforms, outdoor classrooms, and connecting indoor and outdoor spaces.
3) The design aims to make education feel sacred through its organization of academic blocks at the highest level, with recreational areas below, evoking traditional Indian concepts.
This document discusses the basic principles of passive design, including passive heating, cooling, and daylighting. It explains that passive design uses climate considerations, building orientation, shape, materials, and natural ventilation/solar energy to control indoor comfort without consuming fuels. The key principles covered include solar geometry, passive heating strategies like direct gain and thermal storage, passive cooling strategies like ventilation and shading, and daylighting. It emphasizes that passive buildings require active users to effectively manage windows, shades, and interior environments.
This document discusses passive solar heating techniques for buildings, including direct gain, indirect gain, and isolated gain systems. It provides details on different types of direct gain systems and thermal storage walls, such as Trombe walls and water walls, that use indirect solar heating. Key components and design considerations are outlined for various passive heating approaches, along with diagrams illustrating how they function. Case studies are also mentioned of buildings that have implemented passive and active solar heating techniques.
The document discusses building envelopes and energy conservation in buildings. It defines a building envelope as the outer shell that maintains indoor climate control. Properly designing, constructing, and maintaining the building envelope prevents air and water infiltration. The purposes of the building envelope include water resistance, air flow control, and serving as a thermal envelope. Passive solar systems operate without external devices by using solar energy captured through windows. Active solar systems use collectors and storage to capture solar heat and transfer it within a building. The document also discusses types of energy used in commercial buildings and embodied energy in building materials and construction processes. Building automation and management systems aim to efficiently control building operations and reduce energy consumption and costs.
The document summarizes Steve Bourne's patented solar.fin energy system for buildings. The system uses rotating insulation panels and a mechanical connection to collect, store, and transfer heat or cold between a solar collector and the building structure for heating and cooling. During the day, the panels absorb solar energy and at night can radiate heat to cool the building. It provides a simple and cost-effective way to actively manage a building's temperature through different configurations of the insulation and connection to the structure.
Different physical processes for providing thermal comfort for passive buildings include solar radiation, long‐wave radiation exchange, radiative cooling, and evaporative cooling. Solar radiation and radiative cooling are the processes used for both thermal heating and cooling purposes
The document discusses passive solar building design. It begins by noting that population growth and urbanization have increased energy consumption. About 35-40% of energy is used by buildings, mostly for heating. The rest of the document discusses various passive solar design elements that can be used to collect, store, and distribute solar energy for heating buildings in winter and cooling in summer. These include south-facing windows, thermal mass materials, shading devices, and thermal storage walls like Trombe walls. The benefits of passive solar design are reducing energy consumption and heating/cooling costs.
This document discusses passive solar building design techniques to reduce energy consumption from heating. It describes how passive solar buildings are designed to allow winter sun to enter and heat the building using elements like south-facing windows and thermal mass materials that absorb and slowly release heat. Specific passive solar techniques discussed include direct gain, indirect gain, day lighting, thermal storage walls, water walls, radiant panels, and skylights. The document explains how these different passive design elements work to efficiently heat buildings using natural solar energy without mechanical systems.
The document discusses passive design techniques for houses. Passive design takes advantage of climate to maintain comfortable temperatures without mechanical heating or cooling. It refers to using the sun's energy for heating and cooling living spaces. Direct gain involves admitting sunlight directly through windows to heat walls, floors, and air inside. Thermal mass materials like concrete and brick absorb and store heat. Solar orientation positions a building to make best use of sunlight and winds. The building envelope separates interior and exterior, including walls, floors, roofs, and windows. Factors affecting thermal comfort include landscaping, built to open space ratio, water locations, orientation, plan form, and envelope/fenestration.
Passive solar systems utilize natural means like building materials and design to collect, store, and distribute solar energy for heating and cooling. They include direct gain systems using windows to let sunlight in for floor/wall storage, thermal storage walls behind south-facing glazing, attached sunspaces with storage walls, and thermal storage roofs with water bags or ponds that absorb heat from the sun. Passive systems provide heating and cooling without mechanical equipment by integrating solar design into the building structure and envelope.
This document discusses passive solar design and passive cooling techniques. It describes how passive solar design uses windows, walls and floors to collect, store and distribute solar heat in winter and reject it in summer. The key elements are proper window placement and size, thermal insulation, thermal mass and shading. Passive cooling techniques like natural ventilation can provide indoor comfort with zero energy use through strategies like stack ventilation, cross ventilation and night ventilation.
Passive cooling is a design approach that focuses on controlling heat gain and dissipating heat without energy usage. It involves preventing heat entry, storing heat in thermal mass, and releasing heat at night. Key techniques include site design for climate/wind, solar shading, insulation, natural ventilation like cross/stack ventilation, night flushing to release stored heat, radiative cooling of roofs at night, evaporative cooling using water, and coupling buildings to cooler earth temperatures underground.
This document discusses passive solar design and passive cooling techniques. It describes how passive solar design uses windows, walls and floors to collect, store and distribute solar heat in winter and reject it in summer. The key elements are proper window placement and insulation to take advantage of solar gains while minimizing losses. Passive cooling techniques like shading, ventilation and thermal mass are also covered, emphasizing designs that remove unwanted heat without active mechanical systems. Natural ventilation methods like stack effect, cross ventilation and night cooling are explained.
Passive solar design uses natural sunlight and the sun's energy to heat and cool buildings with minimal use of mechanical and electrical devices. Key elements of passive solar design include apertures like south-facing windows to collect sunlight, thermal mass materials like masonry walls and floors to absorb and store heat, and passive methods to distribute stored heat like natural convection. Different passive solar techniques include direct gain, indirect gain using elements like trombe walls, isolated gain, and passive solar cooling methods involving shading, natural ventilation, and thermal mass.
The document discusses the principles and techniques of passive solar design, which aims to provide thermal comfort in buildings by harnessing solar energy through architectural design features like building orientation, thermal mass, sunspaces, and shading without mechanical systems. These passive design strategies use natural ventilation and materials like masonry floors and walls to collect, store, and distribute solar heat in winter and reject it in summer for environmentally friendly space heating and cooling. Elements of passive design include apertures to collect sunlight, thermal mass to absorb and store heat, and control mechanisms to regulate solar gain seasonally.
Passive heating utilizes building design and orientation to heat buildings without energy consumption. It works by allowing sunlight to enter through apertures like windows, where it is absorbed by dark surfaces and transferred to thermal mass materials that store the heat. Common passive heating techniques include direct solar gain, thermal mass walls, and Trombe walls, which use glazing, high mass materials, and solar orientation to collect, store, and distribute solar heat within a building. Apertures, shading, and other design elements must be implemented intelligently to take advantage of winter sunlight while avoiding overheating in summer months.
The document discusses several methods to reduce operational energy in buildings, including:
1. Using energy efficient building envelopes with high insulation to control air, water, and heat flow. This includes roofs, walls, foundations, and thermal barriers.
2. Considering the solar heat gain coefficient and U-values of facade materials like windows to reduce unwanted solar heat gain and heat loss.
3. Implementing efficient lighting technologies, energy efficient appliances, renewable energy sources, and energy monitoring systems to reduce overall energy usage.
The document discusses the history and various techniques of passive solar heating systems. It describes how ancient Greeks and Romans designed houses to maximize sunlight exposure for warmth. Passive solar techniques discussed include direct gain, indirect gain like Trombe walls, and using thermal mass materials like masonry to store heat. Elements of passive solar design like apertures, absorbers, and distribution of heat are also outlined. Active solar systems that use pumps or fans to circulate heated fluids or air are compared to passive systems.
The document discusses various passive design strategies for buildings to optimize the use of natural light, heat, and ventilation. It describes approaches for day lighting with apertures, top lighting with rooftop openings, and the effects of glazing options and shading devices on solar heat gain. Passive solar heating is explained as designing for winter sun exposure while excluding summer heat. Natural ventilation techniques of wind-driven ventilation and stack ventilation are also covered. The conclusion advocates adopting passive design approaches that utilize environmental elements like sun, light, and wind to create healthy, low-cost, and energy efficient buildings.
Sustainable site selection and development. Simple passive design considerations involving site
conditions, building orientation, plan form and building envelope for sun and wind.
Passive heating of buildings- direct, indirect and isolated gain.
Passive cooling of buildings – shading of buildings, insulation, induced ventilation (air vents, wind
tower, etc.,), radiative cooling, evaporative cooling, earth coupling, dessicant cooling.
Similar to Green Buildings-passive heating techniques (20)
This document discusses green buildings and sustainable design concepts. It begins by defining green buildings and their key features, such as their orientation for optimal sunlight and wind. It then discusses sustainable real estate development and how green buildings aim to balance environmental, social and economic sustainability. Green buildings conserve energy and resources, have less waste and impact on the environment. Rating systems like LEED have emerged to evaluate green buildings. Chennai, India has over 45 green certified structures due to the benefits of reduced costs and construction time. The five key elements of green building projects are discussed - sustainable site design, water conservation, energy efficiency, indoor environmental quality, and conservation of materials.
This document provides information about an interior services course focused on plumbing. It includes 5 units: water supply in buildings, building drainage, plumbing, solid waste disposal, and a services studio. Unit 1 discusses water quality standards and methods for removing impurities from water, including chlorination. It also describes factors that affect water quality like turbidity, pH, and hardness. The document provides detailed information about an interior services course curriculum and content related to plumbing and water supply.
The document describes the layout and sections of a restaurant interior. It has three sections for seating with around 32 seats each that require 1-3 servers. Section A has tables for 4-6 people that can be combined or separated. Section B has more private 4-person tables separated by partitions. Section C has 4 private rooms for larger groups. The document also lists some common issues for restaurant design like balancing capacity and ambiance, problem seating areas, and considerations for heating and ventilation. It provides examples of theme-based restaurant designs and features from different locations.
SERVICES STUDIO - Preparation of plumbing layout of a single storey building & working drawings of various fittings and fixtures of water supply and sanitary installations
SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL - Solid wastes collection and removal from buildings. On-site processing and disposal methods. Aerobic and Anaerobic decomposition
PLUMBING - Common hand tools used for plumbing and their description and uses, Joints for various types of pipes, Sanitary fitting standards for public conveniences
Different types of pipes and accessories for water supply, controlling fixtures like valves, taps, etc. Fittings and Choice of materials for piping: cast iron, steel, wrought iron, galvanized lead, copper, cement concrete and asbestos pipes, PVC pipes
Sizes of pipes and taps for house drainage, Testing drainage pipes for leakage - smoke test, water test etc, CI pipes for soil disposal and rain water drainage, Wrought iron, steel and brass pipes.
Rain water disposal drainage pipes spouts, sizes of rainwater pipes
BUILDING DRAINAGE - Layout, Principles of drainage, Trap type, materials and functions, Inspection chambers, Design of Septic tanks and soak pits, Ventilation of house drains
Anti-syphonage or vent pipes, One and two pipe systems
Sinks, bath tub, water closets, flushing cisterns, urinals, wash basins, bidet, shower panel etc.
Architectural design studio responsibilities and expectationsctlachu
This document discusses the philosophy and strategies of architectural design studio teaching. It emphasizes that studio teaching is an active learning approach where students direct their own learning, rather than a traditional classroom. Good studio teaching involves project-based learning, clear expectations, and feedback to help students develop problem-solving and design skills. Faculties should demonstrate design examples, facilitate peer critique, and make mid-course adjustments to improve outcomes. The goal is to ignite students' passion for design and critical thinking.
Green Buildings - innovative green technologies and case studiesctlachu
Innovative uses of solar energy : BIPV, Solar Forest, Solar powered street elements,- Innovative materials:
Phase changing materials, Light sensitive glass, Self cleansing glass- Integrated Use of Landscape :
Vertical Landscape, Green Wall, Green Roof. Case studies on Green buildings : CII building,Hyderabad,
Gurgaon Development Centre-Wipro Ltd. Gurgaon; Technopolis, Kolkata; Grundfos Pumps India Pvt Ltd,
Chennai; Olympia Technology Park, Chennai.
This document provides information on various methods for water conservation and wastewater treatment in green buildings, including rainwater harvesting, reuse of recycled water, and physical, chemical, and biological wastewater treatment techniques. It discusses components of roof top rainwater harvesting systems, such as catchments, transportation, first flush devices, and filters. Methods of rainwater harvesting include storage and direct use or recharging groundwater. The document outlines dos and don'ts for rainwater harvesting and different wastewater treatment methods like sedimentation, screening, aeration, filtration, chlorination, ozonation, and neutralization.
The document provides guidelines for designing cyclone shelters. Locations should be on high ground or elevated structures. Buildings should be RCC or masonry, two stories, and elevated on stilts if needed. Various shapes can be used but corners should be rounded. Doors should open outward and windows should be louvered FRP. Parapets and heights should provide protection from storm surges. Considerations include access roads, power, communication, and maintenance committees.
The document discusses the key points of cyclone resistant construction. It recommends using circular, hexagonal, or octagonal building shapes to improve aerodynamics during cyclones. Corner rounding is also suggested for rectangular structures. Design considerations include using reinforced concrete structures, integrating vertical stiffeners and horizontal bands, and avoiding large openings or projections on walls.
This document discusses landslides, including their classification, causes, and mitigation strategies. It defines a landslide as the downward and outward movement of slope-forming materials along surfaces of separation. Landslides are classified based on depth, type of movement, and speed. Key causes of landslides include geological weaknesses, erosion, rainfall, excavation, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions. Main mitigation strategies involve hazard mapping, land use planning, retaining walls, drainage control, engineered structures, vegetation, and insurance. Increasing slope stability also requires preventing rising groundwater levels in landslide areas.
Cyclones are rotating storms that form over warm tropical oceans and are characterized by high winds swirling about a central area of low pressure. They are known by different names in different regions. A tropical cyclone is defined as a circular storm with winds exceeding 64 knots. Cyclones can be predicted days in advance using meteorological records, and hazard maps can illustrate vulnerable areas. Risk reduction measures for cyclones include coastal belt plantation, land use control, engineered structures, flood management, and improving vegetation cover.
The document discusses zoning and subdivision regulations, explaining that zoning is used by local governments to regulate land use through separating incompatible uses and preserving community character, while subdivision regulations aim to ensure the efficient and orderly development of land in accordance with the overall city plan. It covers different types of zoning approaches and outlines the subdivision process involving surveying land, consulting officials, preparing preliminary plans, and obtaining necessary approvals.
The document discusses regional planning and central place theory. It defines a region as an area with homogeneous characteristics that make it suitable for administrative purposes. Central place theory examines the distribution and hierarchy of settlements that provide goods and services. Key elements include central goods/places and their complementary hinterlands. The theory assumes an even distribution of population and resources and aims to minimize transportation costs. Central places form hexagonal market areas to efficiently divide space and serve consumers. Regional planning deals with infrastructure development across large multi-jurisdictional areas based on their functional relationships and characteristics.
Fatehpur Sikri was founded by Emperor Akbar in honor of the saint Shaikh Salim Chishti, who blessed Akbar with three sons. The city was planned as the new capital of the Mughal Empire, featuring impressive red sandstone architecture blending Hindu and Islamic styles. However, it was abandoned just 14 years later when the water supply ran dry. Today it remains remarkably preserved as an open air museum, a ghost city reflecting its former glory as the center of Mughal power and culture.
The document provides details about the planning and development of Chandigarh, the new capital city of Punjab in India.
[1] The first master plan for Chandigarh was created by American planner Albert Mayer in the early 1950s. [2] When Le Corbusier was brought on to redesign the master plan, he retained the basic framework conceived by Mayer but replaced the neighborhood units with sectors. [3] Key features of Chandigarh designed by Le Corbusier include the open hand layout of the Capitol Complex, strict controls on housing and industry, and the use of parks and open spaces throughout the city.
The document discusses several important planning concepts including:
1) Garden City Concept by Ebenezer Howard which proposed planned, self-contained communities surrounded by greenbelts that combined the benefits of both urban and rural living.
2) Geddesian Triad by Patrick Geddes which emphasized the organic relationship between social, physical, and economic environments in planning.
3) Neighborhood Unit concept by Clarence Perry which proposed planning residential areas with schools, parks, and shops at their core to create self-sufficient neighborhoods.
4) Radburn Concept by Clarence Stein and Henry Wright which pioneered the separation of pedestrian and vehicular traffic in planned communities.
Statistical Analysis presentation for the Developing an On-farm Experiment’ W...
Green Buildings-passive heating techniques
1. Notes on ARC 306 GREEN BUILDINGS : Unit 2
Compiled by CT.Lakshmanan B.Arch., M.C.P. Page 1
UNIT-2 PASSIVE AND ACTIVE HEATING TECHNIQUES
Passive Heating techniques : General principles – Direct gain systems - Glazed walls, Bay windows,
Attached sun spaces etc. Indirect gain systems – Trombe wall, Water wall, Solar Chimney, Transwall, Roof
pond, etc - Isolated gain systems – Natural convective loop etc. Active Heating Systems : Solar water
heating systems
Case studies on buildings designed with passive and active heating techniques.
DIRECT GAIN
Direct gain is a passive heating technique that is generally used in cold climates. It is the simplest approach
and is therefore widely used. In this technique, sunlight is admitted into the living spaces directly through
openings or glazed windows. The sunlight heats the walls and floors, which then store and transmit the
heat to the indoor environment. The main requirements of a direct gain system are large glazed windows to
receive maximum solar radiation and thermal storage mass.
During the day, the affected part of the house tends to get very hot, and hence, thermal storage mass is
provided in the form of bare massive walls or floors to absorb and store heat. This also prevents
overheating of the room. The stored heat is released at night when it is needed most for space heating.
Carpets and curtains should not be used to cover floors and walls used as storage mass because they
impede the heat flow rate. Suitable overhangs for shading and openable windows for ventilation must be
provided to avoid overheating in the summer. Thus a direct gain system has the following components: (a)
glazing – to transmit and trap the incoming solar radiation, (b) thermal mass – to store heat for night-time
use, (c) insulation – to reduce losses at night, (d) ventilation – for summer time cooling, and (e) shading –
to reduce overheating in summer. A schematic diagram showing the components of direct gain system is
given below. Reflectors may be provided outside windows to increase the efficiency of the direct gain
system. Clerestories and skylights may also be used to gain heat.
Direct gain is the most common, simple, cheap and effective heating approach. However, overheating,
glare and degradation of building materials due to ultraviolet radiation are some of its disadvantages.
Components of a direct gain system
2. Notes on ARC 306 GREEN BUILDINGS : Unit 2
Compiled by CT.Lakshmanan B.Arch., M.C.P. Page 2
Solarium ( Attached Green House / Sunspace)
Sunspaces are essentially used for passive heating in cold climates. This approach integrates the direct
gain and thermal storage concepts. Solar radiation admitted directly into the sunspace heats up the air,
which, by convection and conduction through the mass wall reaches the living space. A solarium essentially
consists of a sunspace or a green house constructed on the south side (in the northern hemisphere) of the
building with a thick mass wall linking the two. The sunspace can be used as a sit-out during day as it
allows solar radiation but keeps out the surrounding cool air. At night, it acts as a buffer space.
Working principle of a solarium
3. Notes on ARC 306 GREEN BUILDINGS : Unit 2
Compiled by CT.Lakshmanan B.Arch., M.C.P. Page 3
The basic requirements of this type of building are:
a glazed south facing collector space attached, yet distinct from the building
thermal storage link between the collector and living space for heat transfer
Variations and controls:
The location of the sunspace depends on the building design and orientation of the sun. The area of
contact between the sunspace and the living space determines the size of the former.
The thermal mass must be located where winter radiation can reach it. Floors, walls, benches, rock bed or
covered pools of water can be used to store heat. Glazing should preferably be sloped by about 45o in
overcast and 60o in clear and sunny areas. The storage walls are generally 200 – 450 mm thick. If a
rockbed storage is used, then the typical size is 0.75 – 1.25 m3 per square metre of the glazed area.
Ideally, it should cover the entire floor, the typical rock size being about 5 –7.5 cm in diameter.
The temperature inside the sunspace must be controlled depending on its usage. Shading to prevent
overheating in summer, and movable insulation and shutters to prevent heat loss in winter can be provided.
If the sunspaces are used for plantation or as a green house, humidity control must be incorporated to
prevent mould from growing on the storage mass or other materials kept inside.
A sunspace with vents for convective heating as well as radiative heating
The same sunspace at night, with vents closed, to keep convection going the proper direction
4. Notes on ARC 306 GREEN BUILDINGS : Unit 2
Compiled by CT.Lakshmanan B.Arch., M.C.P. Page 4
General remarks: The manner of arrangement of the passive components, namely. glazing, insulation,
collector, storage and the living space to be heated or cooled, differentiates one passive system from the
other. The variations and controls that each type offers have been indicated. Further possibilities within
each class are created by using different types of heat storage materials. Sometimes passive systems also
use small fans for direct control over convective heat distribution. These may be referred to as ‘hybrid’
systems.
The various passive concepts outlined so far essentially represent passive heating systems wherein
attention is given to efficient collection of solar energy. Movable insulating curtains are provided to prevent
unwanted heat loss to the environment at nights as well as on overcast winter days. However, as indicated,
some of them could also be used for passive cooling purposes by changing the mode of operation. But
there are certain concepts which are used exclusively for passive cooling. These are outlined in the next
section.
INDIRECT GAIN
systems that indirectly exploit solar gains for heating the building. These systems absorb the solar radiation
on the envelope of the building and then allow it to penetrate to the living space. The thermal mass
operates like a regulator between the collecting surface and the inside. The thermal wall (mass, Trombe or
water wall), the thermal storage roof and the wall between a sunspace (conservatory) and the living space,
are the main applications of the indirect gain mechanism.
Thermal storage wall
Thermal storage wall systems are designed primarily for space heating purposes. In this approach, a wall is
placed between the living space and the glazing such that it receives maximum solar radiation (generally
the southern face of the building in the northern hemisphere). This prevents solar radiation from directly
entering the living space; instead, the collection, absorption, storage and control of solar energy occur
outside it. The glazing reduces heat loss to the ambient. Windows can also be integrated into the thermal
storage wall to provide light, view and some direct gain heating. Movable insulation can be applied outside
the glazing façades or in the airspace between the glazing and the storage wall to reduce heat loss at night.
Shading and reflecting devices are typically placed on the exterior. Different types of storage walls are
discussed in this section.
5. Notes on ARC 306 GREEN BUILDINGS : Unit 2
Compiled by CT.Lakshmanan B.Arch., M.C.P. Page 5
(a) Trombe wall
A Trombe wall is a thermal storage wall made of materials having high heat storage capacity such as
concrete, bricks or composites of bricks, block and sand. The external surface of the wall is painted black to
increase its absorptivity and is placed directly behind the glazing with an air gap in between. Solar radiation
is absorbed by the blackened surface and is stored as sensible heat in the wall. In an unvented wall, the
stored heat slowly migrates to the interior, where it heats the adjacent living space. If properly designed, the
wall can provide adequate heat to the living space throughout the night. Some of the heat generated in the
air space between the glazing and the storage wall is lost back to the outside through the glass. The hotter
the air in the airspace, the greater is the heat loss. This heat loss can be reduced by venting the storage
wall at the top and bottom. Such units are called as ‘vented Trombe walls’. The air, in the space between
the glazing and the wall gets warmed up and enters the living room through the upper vents. Cool room air
takes its place through the lower vents, thus establishing a natural circulation pattern (thermocirculation)
that needs no mechanical means for moving the air.
A part of the absorbed heat is conducted through the wall and is transferred to the living space by
convection and radiation. This process is illustrated in Fig. Thus, vented Trombe walls are suitable for
buildings having daytime use, such as offices and shops. Care should be taken to ensure that the
circulation pattern does not reverse itself at night. This is because temperatures in the airspace drop at
night leading to warm air from the living space flowing into the airspace. This warm air then pushes the
cooler air in the airspace into the living room. Thus, the heat may actually be lost from the living space to
the environment by the Trombe wall. To prevent such reverse circulation, simple backdraft dampers or
openable louvers need to be provided on the upper vents.
In a vented system, due to circulation of hot air, the amount of heat available for storage by the Trombe
wall is reduced. An unvented system does not lose heat in this way and thus has the advantage of storing a
greater percentage of the solar energy available to it than does a vented wall. This stored heat is, however,
not readily available for immediate use, instead, it is transferred slowly into the living area. Hence, un-
vented Trombe walls are provided for residences, which require heating mainly during the night.
Furthermore, in cold climates where daytime as well as night-time heating requirements are high, it is
desirable to provide a certain amount of heat directly to the living space. In such situations, a vented wall
may be provided. In more moderate climates where daytime heating is not as important as night-time
heating, an unvented system may be preferable. The thickness and thermal properties of the wall materials
determine the time lag of the heat travelling from the outside surface of the unvented wall to the interiors.
This may vary from several hours to an entire day.
A Trombe wall offers several advantages. Glare, and the problem of ultraviolet degradation of materials is
eliminated as compared to the direct gain system. The time lag due to the storage wall ensures that heat is
available at night when it is needed most. Besides, one is able to provide sufficient storage mass in a
relatively small area. However, a storage wall can block view and daylight. It is desirable to provide
movable insulation between the glazing and storage wall; otherwise, the stored heat can be lost to the
ambient at a very high rate at night due to the difference in temperature between the ambient and the
storage wall. It is noteworthy that in buildings with thermal storage walls, the indoor temperature can be
maintained at about 15oC when the corresponding outside temperature may be as low as – 11oC
6. Notes on ARC 306 GREEN BUILDINGS : Unit 2
Compiled by CT.Lakshmanan B.Arch., M.C.P. Page 6
Working principle of a Trombe wall
During summer months, when the sun’s altitude is high, an overhang is required to cut off direct sunshine.
The Trombe wall can provide induced ventilation for summer cooling of the space as shown in Fig. Here,
the heated air in the collector space flows out through exhaust vents at the top of the outer glazing, and air
from outside enters the space through openings on the cooler side to replace the hot air. This continuous
air movement cools the living space.
7. Notes on ARC 306 GREEN BUILDINGS : Unit 2
Compiled by CT.Lakshmanan B.Arch., M.C.P. Page 7
Details of a Trombe wall
A section of the Trombe wall is shown giving various construction details. It consists of a number of
components such as, (a) glazed walls – to transmit the incoming solar radiation, (b) thermal mass – to store
heat for night-time use, (c) air space for trapping heat, and in case of vented wall, to transfer heat by
convection, (d) movable insulation in air space– to reduce losses at night, (e) vents in glazed walls and
storage walls – for circulating hot air, and in summer for exhausting heat, and (f) shading – to reduce
overheating in summer. Reflectors may be provided outside the glazing to increase the efficiency of the
Trombe wall system. Generally, the thickness of the storage wall is between 200–450 mm, the air gap
between the wall and the glazing is 50–150 mm, and the total area of each row of vents is about 1% of the
storage wall area.
8. Notes on ARC 306 GREEN BUILDINGS : Unit 2
Compiled by CT.Lakshmanan B.Arch., M.C.P. Page 8
A Trombe wall with overhang to shade from summer sun
(b) Water wall
Water walls are based on the same principle as that of the Trombe wall, except that they employ water as
the thermal storage material. Water walls can store more heat than concrete walls because of the higher
specific heat. A water wall is a thermal storage wallmade up of drums of water stacked up behind glazing. It
is painted black externally toincrease the absorption of radiation. The internal surface can be painted with
any other colour and can be in contact with the interior space directly, or separated by a thin concrete wall
or insulating layer. A view of the same is shown in Fig. As the storage in the water wall is a convective body
of mass, heat transfer is very rapid compared to a masonry wall. Table gives the typical wall area required
for maintaining the living space temperatures between 18 and 24oC for different ambient conditions on a
clear day (solar radiation > 4 kWh/m2-day).
Water wall
9. Notes on ARC 306 GREEN BUILDINGS : Unit 2
Compiled by CT.Lakshmanan B.Arch., M.C.P. Page 9
Sizing a water wall for different climatic conditions
(Calculated for a mean U-value of 1.9 to 2.1 W/m2-K for a room) [10,11]
Variations and controls:
A large storage volume provides longer and greater storage capacity, while smaller units enable faster
distribution. In order to fix the quantity of water, the thumb rule is usually taken as 150 litres of water per
square metre of south oriented water wall. A variety of containers like tin cans, bottles, tubes, bins, barrels,
drums, etc., provide different heat exchange surfaces to the storage mass ratio. Care should be taken to
ensure that steel and metal containers are lined with corrosion resistant materials. Also, the water should
be treated with algae retardant chemicals. Troughs should be provided as a precaution against leakage of
water from containers or from condensation.
Heat transfer through a water wall is much faster than through a Trombe wall. So a control on the
distribution of heat is needed, if it (heat) is not immediately necessary for the building. This can be effected
by using a thin concrete layer or insulating layer, or by providing air circulation through vents. Buildings like
schools or government offices which work during the day, benefit from the rapid heat transfer in water
walls. To reduce heat losses, the glazing of the water wall is usually covered with insulation at night.
Overheating during summer may be prevented by using movable overhangs.
(c) Transwall
Transwall is a thermal storage wall that is semitransparent in nature. It partly absorbs and partly transmits
the solar radiation. The transmitted radiation causes direct heating and illumination of the living space. The
absorbed heat is transferred to the living space at a later time. Heat loss through the glazing is low, as
much of the heat is deposited at the centre of the transwall ensuring that its exterior surface does not
become too hot. Thus, the system combines the attractive features of both direct gain and Trombe wall
systems.
A transwall has three main components:
Container made of parallel glass walls set in metal frame.
Thermal storage liquid, which is generally water.
A partially absorbing plate set at the centre of the transwall, parallel to the glass walls.
10. Notes on ARC 306 GREEN BUILDINGS : Unit 2
Compiled by CT.Lakshmanan B.Arch., M.C.P. Page 10
Typical section of a transwall
Figure illustrates the typical section of a Transwall. It is installed on the south side of the building (in the
northern hemisphere), located directly behind double glazing. To prevent the growth of micro-organisms in
the storage, an inhibiting agent may be added.
Variations and controls:
The dimensions of the storage module are dictated by the hydrostatic pressure exerted by the liquid. Also
important, are the considerations of transportation, the method of installation, the ways of filling and
draining the module, and attachment of the modules to each other and integration with the building.
As the storage is a convective body of water, the transfer of heat is rapid. This can be regulated by
providing baffles and adding a gelling compound. Baffles are transparent plates which connect the module
walls with the absorbing plate and prevent water movement. The gelling compound increases the general
flow resistance.
Solar chimney / Thermal chimney
11. Notes on ARC 306 GREEN BUILDINGS : Unit 2
Compiled by CT.Lakshmanan B.Arch., M.C.P. Page 11
12. Notes on ARC 306 GREEN BUILDINGS : Unit 2
Compiled by CT.Lakshmanan B.Arch., M.C.P. Page 12
A Trombe wall acting as a solar chimney
ISOLATED GAIN
In isolated gain systems, the solar radiation collection and storage are thermally isolated from the living
spaces of the building. This allows in a greater flexibility in the design and operation of the passive concept.
The most common example of isolated gain is the natural convective loop. In this system, solar radiation is
absorbed to heat air or water. The warm air or water rises and passes through the storage, transferring its
heat. The cooler air falls onto the absorber to get heated up again. Thus, a ‘thermosiphoning heat flow’
occurs as shown in Fig.
The basic requirements for this system are:
a collector, which absorbs the solar radiation to heat the fluid
a storage mass, which absorbs the heat from the fluid, to be stored for distribution into the living
space
a mechanism to distribute the heat stored in the storage mass
13. Notes on ARC 306 GREEN BUILDINGS : Unit 2
Compiled by CT.Lakshmanan B.Arch., M.C.P. Page 13
Isolated gain
Variations and controls :
The collector can be located at any suitable place and oriented independently of the building for maximum
solar gain. Thus the building design can be flexible. The slope of the collector is generally equal to the
latitude of the place. Its area may range from 20 to 40 % of the floor area of the living space to be heated.
The collector consists of an absorber (usually a corrugated metal plate with a black paint that can withstand
temperatures upto 120o C) and glazing. Single glazing is the norm except in severely cold climates where
more than one is required to be used. The gap between the glazing and the absorber should be about 5 –
6% of the absorber length.
Variations in the storage materials can be achieved by using different types of materials as well as by
varying their location (for example, below the floors and windows or in the wall). The method of distribution
of heat from the storage can be either by radiation or convection, or it can also be directly from the
collector. If water is used as the working fluid, the hot water can be run through pipes installed in the floor
slab, where heat is stored and radiated into the living space. This can be supplemented by a boiler, or fired
by wood/gas during extended overcast seasons for maintaining comfort conditions.
If the contact area between the collector space and the storage is not large, then the link between the two
can be blocked or disconnected easily to control the performance of the system. It follows that the larger
the area of contact, the greater and quicker the heat transfer. Therefore performance control can be
exercised by designing the area of contact between the collector space and storage to meet specific
heating demands.
14. Notes on ARC 306 GREEN BUILDINGS : Unit 2
Compiled by CT.Lakshmanan B.Arch., M.C.P. Page 14
Stack Ventilation and Bernoulli's Principle
Lower air pressures at higher heights can passively pull air through a building.
Stack ventilation and Bernoulli's principle are two kinds of passive ventilation that use air pressure
differences due to height to pull air through the building. Lower pressures higher in the building help pull air
upward. The difference between stack ventilation and Bernoulli's principle is where the pressure difference
comes from.
Stack ventilation uses temperature differences to move air. Hot air rises because it is lower pressure. For
this reason, it is sometimes called buoyancy ventilation.
The stack effect: hot air rises due to buoyancy, and its low pressure sucks in fresh air from outside
Bernoulli's principle uses wind speed differences to move air. It is a general principle of fluid dynamics,
saying that the faster air moves, the lower its pressure. Architecturally speaking, outdoor air farther from the
ground is less obstructed, so it moves faster than lower air, and thus has lower pressure. This lower
pressure can help suck fresh air through the building. A building's surroundings can greatly affect this
strategy, by causing more or less obstruction.
15. Notes on ARC 306 GREEN BUILDINGS : Unit 2
Compiled by CT.Lakshmanan B.Arch., M.C.P. Page 15
The advantage of Bernoulli’s principle over the stack effect is that it multiplies the effectiveness of wind
ventilation. The advantage of stack ventilation over Bernoulli's principle is that it does not need wind: it
works just as well on still, breezeless days when it may be most needed. In many cases, designing for one
effectively designs for both, but some strategies can be employed to emphasize one or the other. For
instance, a simple chimney optimizes for the stack effect, while wind scoops optimize for Bernoulli’s
principle.
For example, the specially-designed wind cowls in the BedZED development use the faster winds above
rooftops for passive ventilation. They have both intake and outlet, so that fast rooftop winds get scooped
into the buildings, and the larger outlets create lower pressures to naturally suck air out. The stack effect
also helps pull air out through the same exhaust vent.
Special wind cowls in the BedZED development use the faster winds above rooftops for passive ventilation
After wind ventilation, stack ventilation is the most commonly used form of passive ventilation. It and
Bernoulli's principle can be extremely effective and inexpensive to implement. Typically, at night, wind
speeds are slower, so ventilation strategies driven by wind is less effective. Therefore, stack ventilation is
also important strategy.
Successful passive ventilation using these strategies is measured by having high thermal comfort and
adequate fresh air for the ventilated spaces, while having little or no energy use for active HVAC cooling
and ventilation.
Strategies for Stack Ventilation and Bernoulli’s Principle
Designing for the stack effect and Bernoulli's principle are similar, and a structure built for one will generally
have both phenomena at work. In both strategies, cool air is sucked in through low inlet openings and
hotter exhaust air escapes through high outlet openings. The ventilation rate is proportional to the area of
the openings. Placing openings at the bottom and top of an open space will encourage natural
ventilation through stack effect. The warm air will exhaust through the top openings, resulting in cooler air
being pulled into the building from the outside through the openings at the bottom. Openings at the top and
bottom should be roughly the same size to encourage even air flow through the vertical space.
To design for these effects, the most important consideration is to have a large difference in height between
air inlets and outlets. The bigger the difference, the better.
16. Notes on ARC 306 GREEN BUILDINGS : Unit 2
Compiled by CT.Lakshmanan B.Arch., M.C.P. Page 16
Towers and chimneys can be useful to carry air up and out, or skylights or clerestories in more modest
buildings. For these strategies to work, air must be able to flow between levels. Multi-story buildings should
have vertical atria or shafts connecting the airflows of different floors.
Chimneys / atria with vents at top and bottom
Solar radiation can be used to enhance stack effect ventilation in tall open spaces. By allowing solar
radiation into the space (by using equator facing glazing for example), you can heat up the interior surfaces
and increase the temperature that will accelerate stack ventilation between the top and bottom openings.
Installing weatherproof vents to passively ventilate attic spaces in hot climates is an important design
strategy that is often overlooked. In addition to simply preventing overheating, ventilated attics can use
these principles to actually help cool a building. There are several styles of passive roof vents: Open stack,
turbine, gable, and ridge vents, to name a few.
Some roof vents: open stack, turbine, and gable vents
To allow adjustability in the amount of cooling and fresh air provided by stack effect and Bernoulli systems,
the inlet openings should be adjustable with operable windows or ventilation louvers. Such systems can be
mechanized and controlled by thermostats to optimize performance.
Stack ventilation and the Bernoulli effect can be combined with cross-ventilation as well. This matrix shows
how multiple different horizontal and vertical air pathways can be combined.
17. Notes on ARC 306 GREEN BUILDINGS : Unit 2
Compiled by CT.Lakshmanan B.Arch., M.C.P. Page 17
TROMBE WALL - H.P. STATE CO-OPERATIVE BANK BUILDING, SHIMLA
Location : Shimla, Himachal Pradesh
Climate : Cold and Cloudy
Brief description of building :
This building is a ground and three-storeyed structure with its longer axis facing the east-west direction.
The smaller northern wall faces the prevailing winter winds from the north-eastern direction. The building
shares a common east wall with an adjoining structure. Its west façade overlooks a small street from which
the building draws its main requirements of ventilation and daylighting. A plan and section of the building
showing the various passive techniques incorporated is given in Fig.
Energy conscious features:
South-facing Trombe wall and sunspace heats up the interior
South-facing solar collectors on the roof provide warm air, which is circulated by means of ducts
North face is protected by a cavity wall that insulates the building from prevailing winter winds
Western wall is provided with insulation as well as double glazing
18. Notes on ARC 306 GREEN BUILDINGS : Unit 2
Compiled by CT.Lakshmanan B.Arch., M.C.P. Page 18
Daylighting is enhanced by providing light shelves. Skylight on the terrace also provides daylighting
Air lock lobbies are provided to reduce air exchange
Performance of the building:
The predictions of the energy savings of the building (component-wise) per
annum, as compared to a conventional building are as follows:
West wall (double glazing and insulation) = 43248 kWh
Roof insulation = 23796 kWh
Roof top solar collector = 10278 kWh
Trombe wall = 7398 kWh
Total = 84720 kWh
SOLAR CHIMNEY - Sudha and Atam Kumar's residence in the composite climate of New Delhi.
Innovative ventilation strategies by use of building integrated solar chimneys have been used in Sudha and
Atam Kumar's residence in the composite climate of New Delhi.
The windows, as discussed earlier, play a dominant role in inducing indoor ventilation due to wind forces.
Other passive cooling techniques that induce indoor natural ventilation and are used by architects to
achieve passive cooling are as follows.
ROOF-BASED AIR HEATING SYSTEM
In this technique, incident solar radiation is trapped by the roof and is used for heating interior spaces. In
the Northern Hemisphere, the system usually consists of an inclined south-facing glazing and a north-
sloping insulated surface on the roof. Between the roof and the insulation, an air pocket is formed, which is
heated by solar radiation. A moveable insulation can be used to reduce heat loss through glazed panes
during nights. There can be variations in the detailing of the roof air heating systems. In the Himachal
19. Notes on ARC 306 GREEN BUILDINGS : Unit 2
Compiled by CT.Lakshmanan B.Arch., M.C.P. Page 19
Pradesh State Cooperative Bank building, the south glazing is in the form of solar collectors warming the
air and a blower fan circulating the air to the interior spaces.