The document discusses turbochargers, including their advantages over other charging methods like superchargers. It describes how turbochargers can increase engine power and efficiency while reducing engine size. It also covers various turbocharger components like turbines, bearings and vibration, as well as operating issues like fouling, surging and fires in the scavenge system.
The document provides an overview of internal combustion engines. It discusses the basic classifications and cycles of internal combustion engines including two-stroke and four-stroke engines. It also covers the workings of spark ignition and compression ignition engines, as well as common engine components and systems such as carburetors and fuel injection systems. Key topics include the Otto, Diesel, and Carnot power cycles; combustion stages; valve timing diagrams; and scavenging, pre-ignition, detonation, lubrication, and emissions control.
A turbocharger uses the heat energy from exhaust gases to drive a turbine, which spins an air compressor to force more air into the engine. This allows more fuel to be burned, increasing engine power. A turbocharger has a turbine and compressor wheel connected by a shaft. Boost pressure is controlled using a wastegate valve. Turbochargers provide advantages like increased power and fuel efficiency but can experience failures if lubrication is inadequate.
This document discusses different types of ignition systems used in engines. It describes two main types: battery ignition systems and magneto ignition systems. Battery ignition systems use a battery to power the ignition coil and spark plugs. Magneto systems generate electricity through a flywheel magnet and do not require a battery. The document explains the basic components and working principles of both systems, and compares their advantages and disadvantages.
There are two main types of fuel pumps: mechanical and electrical. Mechanical fuel pumps use engine camshafts to drive diaphragms that push fuel through the pump, while electrical fuel pumps use electric motors located inside or inline with the fuel tank to draw and pressurize fuel for modern fuel injection systems. Within electrical fuel pumps there are in-tank and inline subtypes. Turbo pumps can also be used to further increase fuel pressure for high-performance engines.
This document discusses turbochargers, which are devices that increase an engine's power and efficiency by forcing extra air into the combustion chamber using the exhaust gases' kinetic energy. Turbochargers provide benefits like more power without increasing engine size, but can cause issues like turbo lag as the turbine spins up. The document covers different types of turbochargers like twin-scroll and variable-geometry models and discusses their applications, performance characteristics, components, sensitivities, maintenance needs, advantages, and disadvantages.
This document discusses turbochargers. It is authored by Afrasiab UW-15-EE-BSC-062, Farmanullah UW-15-EE-BSC-090, Ibadullah UW-15-EE-BSC-058, and Ihsan Elahi UW-15-EE-BSC-096. The document defines a turbocharger, explains how it works using exhaust gases to compress more air into the engine, and discusses its parts, design, sizing, and boost control. It also covers failures, maintenance issues, applications, advantages like improved fuel efficiency and power, and disadvantages such as cost and complex installation requirements.
The document discusses turbochargers and superchargers. It defines them as methods to increase the power of an engine by increasing the flow of air inducted. A turbocharger uses the engine's exhaust gases to power a turbine, which drives an air compressor. A supercharger is mechanically driven directly by the engine. The document outlines the working principles and components of each system. It discusses factors considered in turbocharger selection like pressure ratios and efficiencies. The document also summarizes an experiment evaluating a turbocharged agricultural tractor engine, finding increased torque, power, and operating range compared to the naturally aspirated engine.
This document discusses the technology and operation of turbochargers. It describes the key parts of a turbocharger including the turbine, compressor, and bearing system. It explains how a turbocharger works by using the engine's exhaust gases to drive a turbine which spins a compressor to force more air into the engine, allowing for more power. It covers turbocharger sizing and response time, boost control methods like wastegates, potential failures, and the effects on engine performance and emissions.
The document provides an overview of internal combustion engines. It discusses the basic classifications and cycles of internal combustion engines including two-stroke and four-stroke engines. It also covers the workings of spark ignition and compression ignition engines, as well as common engine components and systems such as carburetors and fuel injection systems. Key topics include the Otto, Diesel, and Carnot power cycles; combustion stages; valve timing diagrams; and scavenging, pre-ignition, detonation, lubrication, and emissions control.
A turbocharger uses the heat energy from exhaust gases to drive a turbine, which spins an air compressor to force more air into the engine. This allows more fuel to be burned, increasing engine power. A turbocharger has a turbine and compressor wheel connected by a shaft. Boost pressure is controlled using a wastegate valve. Turbochargers provide advantages like increased power and fuel efficiency but can experience failures if lubrication is inadequate.
This document discusses different types of ignition systems used in engines. It describes two main types: battery ignition systems and magneto ignition systems. Battery ignition systems use a battery to power the ignition coil and spark plugs. Magneto systems generate electricity through a flywheel magnet and do not require a battery. The document explains the basic components and working principles of both systems, and compares their advantages and disadvantages.
There are two main types of fuel pumps: mechanical and electrical. Mechanical fuel pumps use engine camshafts to drive diaphragms that push fuel through the pump, while electrical fuel pumps use electric motors located inside or inline with the fuel tank to draw and pressurize fuel for modern fuel injection systems. Within electrical fuel pumps there are in-tank and inline subtypes. Turbo pumps can also be used to further increase fuel pressure for high-performance engines.
This document discusses turbochargers, which are devices that increase an engine's power and efficiency by forcing extra air into the combustion chamber using the exhaust gases' kinetic energy. Turbochargers provide benefits like more power without increasing engine size, but can cause issues like turbo lag as the turbine spins up. The document covers different types of turbochargers like twin-scroll and variable-geometry models and discusses their applications, performance characteristics, components, sensitivities, maintenance needs, advantages, and disadvantages.
This document discusses turbochargers. It is authored by Afrasiab UW-15-EE-BSC-062, Farmanullah UW-15-EE-BSC-090, Ibadullah UW-15-EE-BSC-058, and Ihsan Elahi UW-15-EE-BSC-096. The document defines a turbocharger, explains how it works using exhaust gases to compress more air into the engine, and discusses its parts, design, sizing, and boost control. It also covers failures, maintenance issues, applications, advantages like improved fuel efficiency and power, and disadvantages such as cost and complex installation requirements.
The document discusses turbochargers and superchargers. It defines them as methods to increase the power of an engine by increasing the flow of air inducted. A turbocharger uses the engine's exhaust gases to power a turbine, which drives an air compressor. A supercharger is mechanically driven directly by the engine. The document outlines the working principles and components of each system. It discusses factors considered in turbocharger selection like pressure ratios and efficiencies. The document also summarizes an experiment evaluating a turbocharged agricultural tractor engine, finding increased torque, power, and operating range compared to the naturally aspirated engine.
This document discusses the technology and operation of turbochargers. It describes the key parts of a turbocharger including the turbine, compressor, and bearing system. It explains how a turbocharger works by using the engine's exhaust gases to drive a turbine which spins a compressor to force more air into the engine, allowing for more power. It covers turbocharger sizing and response time, boost control methods like wastegates, potential failures, and the effects on engine performance and emissions.
A fuel injector injects atomized fuel into the cylinder in the proper quantity. It is the main component of a fuel injection system and is a spray delivery device. There are mechanical and electronic fuel injectors. Mechanical injectors use a single piston to pump, mix, and inject fuel while electronic injectors are controlled by an ECU through electromagnetic coils. Fuel injectors have components like a nozzle, needle valve, spring, and body to atomize and distribute fuel uniformly in the cylinder.
This document discusses energy conversion and engines. It defines an engine as a device that transforms one form of energy into another. Heat engines transform chemical energy from fuel into thermal and mechanical energy. The first internal combustion engines were developed in the early 1800s, with improvements over time leading to modern gasoline and diesel engines. Reciprocating internal combustion engines are widely used and have advantages like simplicity and efficiency, though they also cause vibration. The document describes the components, types, and nomenclature of reciprocating IC engines.
Fuel injectors deliver fuel directly into an engine's combustion chamber or intake port. They require precise nozzle design to properly atomize fuel for efficient mixing and combustion. Common nozzle types include single-hole, multi-hole, and pintle nozzles. Modern electronic fuel injection systems use either an electronic unit injector (EUI) or hydraulic electronic unit injector (HEUI) to precisely control fuel injection timing and quantity electronically for improved performance and emissions.
Multipoint fuel injection (MPFI) systems provide better control of the air-fuel ratio compared to carburetors. MPFI systems use multiple fuel injectors, with one injector per cylinder, to inject fuel into the engine's intake ports or manifold. This allows supplying the optimum air-fuel ratio to each cylinder for all operating conditions. MPFI systems are electronically controlled using sensors to monitor various engine parameters and optimize fuel delivery and emissions performance. While more complex than carburetors, MPFI systems improve fuel efficiency, power, and reduce emissions.
The document presents information on turbochargers for internal combustion engines. It discusses that a turbocharger uses an engine's exhaust gases to power a turbine, which spins a compressor to increase the mass of air entering the engine. This results in greater engine performance and power. The key components of a turbocharger are the turbine, compressor, and center housing. The objective is to improve volumetric efficiency by compressing ambient air before it enters the intake manifold at a higher pressure, allowing more air into the cylinders per stroke. The exhaust gases drive the turbine which powers the compressor, converting the exhaust's potential energy into rotational energy to drive the compressor.
The document discusses various factors that affect the efficiency of internal combustion engines such as specific heat, dissociation, premixed vs non-premixed fuel charges, and different types of losses in actual engine cycles compared to ideal cycles. It notes that the actual efficiency of a good engine is around 25% of the estimated efficiency from the ideal air standard cycle due to losses from factors like heat transfer, combustion, pumping, and blow-by. Fuel-air ratio can impact maximum power output due to chemical equilibrium losses. Variable specific heats can increase maximum pressure but decrease maximum temperature compared to constant specific heats.
The document discusses fuel injection systems for diesel engines. It describes the key elements of fuel injection systems including pumping, metering, distribution, and timing controls. It outlines different types of injection systems such as common rail, unit injection, individual pump and nozzle, and distributor systems. It also discusses the injection pump, fuel injector, nozzle types, and operation of the fuel injector.
The document describes different lubricating and cooling systems for engines. It discusses six types of lubricating systems: petroil, splash, pressure, wet sump, dry sump, and combination. Splash systems splash oil onto moving parts from a pan, while pressure systems precisely pump oil to bearings. Combination systems use both splash and pressure. The document also covers air cooling, which uses fins, and water cooling, which circulates coolant through jackets.
The document discusses different types of fuel injection pumps used in diesel engines, including inline, rotary, and common rail diesel injection pumps. It describes the basic components and functioning of each type of pump. Inline pumps have separate plunger units for each cylinder and are activated by a camshaft. Rotary pumps use a single plunger connected to different ports on a distributor head via springs. Common rail diesel pumps operate at very high pressure and can vary the timing and amount of fuel injection independently for each cylinder.
A simple carburetor can only supply the correct air-fuel ratio at one throttle position. To address this, modern carburetors include additional systems like an idling system, auxiliary port system, power enrichment system, and accelerating pump system. These systems allow the carburetor to meet the engine's demands under different operating conditions like idling, cruising, acceleration, and high power.
This document summarizes the testing and performance of diesel and petrol engines. It describes the key components and operating principles of diesel and petrol engines. It then discusses various performance characteristics of internal combustion engines that are used to evaluate engine performance, such as brake thermal efficiency, indicated thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, mechanical efficiency, volumetric efficiency, air fuel ratio, and mean effective pressure. The performance of engines is tested by measuring fuel consumption, brake power, and specific power output using various types of dynamometers.
hi, I am sujon I just completed graduate at International University of Business Agriculture and Technology in Bangladesh Department of Mechanical Engineering
This document discusses different types of superchargers used to boost engine power. It describes how superchargers work by compressing air delivered to the engine, allowing for more fuel and a more powerful combustion. The document categorizes superchargers based on their compression methods and discusses common types like roots, twin-screw, and centrifugal superchargers in detail. It also covers why superchargers are used, how they provide advantages over turbochargers, and concludes that superchargers are still a cost-effective way to significantly increase an engine's horsepower.
A turbocharger increases an engine's efficiency and power output by forcing extra air into the combustion chamber using a turbine powered by the engine's exhaust gases. It was invented in 1905 but took 20 years to be implemented. Turbochargers are used widely in vehicles to allow smaller engines to have improved fuel economy, reduced emissions, and higher power/torque. A turbocharger works by using the exhaust flow to spin a turbine, which spins an air pump to compress more air into the engine.
The document discusses diesel engines and how they work. It explains that diesel engines ignite fuel through heat of compressed air rather than a spark plug. It provides details on the 4-stroke diesel engine cycle including intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes. It also describes the simpler 2-stroke engine cycle and discusses advantages and disadvantages of each.
This document provides an overview of reciprocating compressors. It describes how reciprocating compressors work by using pistons moving back and forth in cylinders to compress air. The document discusses the types of reciprocating compressors, how they operate through intake and compression strokes, and diagrams to illustrate the compression process. It also covers startup procedures, safety concerns around carbon buildup and explosions, efficiency calculations, and specifications for a sample reciprocating compressor.
A turbocharger uses the heat energy from a vehicle's exhaust gases to drive a turbine, which spins a compressor to force more air into the engine. It allows more fuel to be burned, increasing power without increasing engine size. A turbocharger has a turbine section, compressor section, center housing containing bearings, and plumbing. Larger wheels respond more slowly than smaller ones. Wastegates control boost pressure to prevent overboost. Failures usually involve oil starvation, contamination, or foreign object damage. Turbochargers improve power and efficiency but add complexity and cost.
The document summarizes the key components and functions of a carburetor. It describes the fuel strainer, float chamber, metering and idling system, choke, throttle, and additional modern systems. It then discusses the working of specific carburetor types, including the Solex carburetor which uses a starting jet, compensating jet, main jet, idling jet, and accelerating jet to regulate fuel flow during different engine operations.
Thermodynamic Cycles for CI engines
- Early CI engines injected fuel at top dead center, resulting in combustion during the expansion stroke. Modern engines inject fuel before top dead center, around 20 degrees.
- The combustion process in early CI engines approximates a constant pressure heat addition process, known as the Diesel cycle. Modern CI engines' combustion approximates a combination of constant volume and constant pressure processes, known as the Dual cycle.
- The air-standard Diesel cycle consists of four processes: isentropic compression, constant pressure heat addition, isentropic expansion, and constant volume heat rejection. Its thermal efficiency is lower than the Otto cycle for the same compression ratio due to the later fuel injection
The document discusses scavenging, supercharging, and exhaust systems in diesel engines. It provides details on:
1) The purpose and process of scavenging, including the stages of scavenging and types used such as uniflow and reverse flow.
2) The purpose and advantages of supercharging, including constant pressure and pulse turbocharging systems. Constant pressure turbocharging provides steady exhaust gas flow and turbine efficiency while pulse turbocharging extracts more energy from exhaust pulses.
3) The components and operation of marine turbochargers, including axial and radial flow designs, inward and outward bearing arrangements, and labyrinth seals.
Steam turbines convert heat energy from steam into rotational mechanical energy. There are two main types of steam turbines - impulse and reaction turbines. Impulse turbines expand steam in nozzles, while reaction turbines expand steam in both stationary and moving blades. Turbines require lubrication, governing, safety, and sealing systems to operate properly. Key components include turning gears to rotate turbines slowly for start up and shutdown, oil pumps and filters to lubricate bearings, control valves to govern speed, and condensers to condense exhaust steam using circulating cooling water.
A fuel injector injects atomized fuel into the cylinder in the proper quantity. It is the main component of a fuel injection system and is a spray delivery device. There are mechanical and electronic fuel injectors. Mechanical injectors use a single piston to pump, mix, and inject fuel while electronic injectors are controlled by an ECU through electromagnetic coils. Fuel injectors have components like a nozzle, needle valve, spring, and body to atomize and distribute fuel uniformly in the cylinder.
This document discusses energy conversion and engines. It defines an engine as a device that transforms one form of energy into another. Heat engines transform chemical energy from fuel into thermal and mechanical energy. The first internal combustion engines were developed in the early 1800s, with improvements over time leading to modern gasoline and diesel engines. Reciprocating internal combustion engines are widely used and have advantages like simplicity and efficiency, though they also cause vibration. The document describes the components, types, and nomenclature of reciprocating IC engines.
Fuel injectors deliver fuel directly into an engine's combustion chamber or intake port. They require precise nozzle design to properly atomize fuel for efficient mixing and combustion. Common nozzle types include single-hole, multi-hole, and pintle nozzles. Modern electronic fuel injection systems use either an electronic unit injector (EUI) or hydraulic electronic unit injector (HEUI) to precisely control fuel injection timing and quantity electronically for improved performance and emissions.
Multipoint fuel injection (MPFI) systems provide better control of the air-fuel ratio compared to carburetors. MPFI systems use multiple fuel injectors, with one injector per cylinder, to inject fuel into the engine's intake ports or manifold. This allows supplying the optimum air-fuel ratio to each cylinder for all operating conditions. MPFI systems are electronically controlled using sensors to monitor various engine parameters and optimize fuel delivery and emissions performance. While more complex than carburetors, MPFI systems improve fuel efficiency, power, and reduce emissions.
The document presents information on turbochargers for internal combustion engines. It discusses that a turbocharger uses an engine's exhaust gases to power a turbine, which spins a compressor to increase the mass of air entering the engine. This results in greater engine performance and power. The key components of a turbocharger are the turbine, compressor, and center housing. The objective is to improve volumetric efficiency by compressing ambient air before it enters the intake manifold at a higher pressure, allowing more air into the cylinders per stroke. The exhaust gases drive the turbine which powers the compressor, converting the exhaust's potential energy into rotational energy to drive the compressor.
The document discusses various factors that affect the efficiency of internal combustion engines such as specific heat, dissociation, premixed vs non-premixed fuel charges, and different types of losses in actual engine cycles compared to ideal cycles. It notes that the actual efficiency of a good engine is around 25% of the estimated efficiency from the ideal air standard cycle due to losses from factors like heat transfer, combustion, pumping, and blow-by. Fuel-air ratio can impact maximum power output due to chemical equilibrium losses. Variable specific heats can increase maximum pressure but decrease maximum temperature compared to constant specific heats.
The document discusses fuel injection systems for diesel engines. It describes the key elements of fuel injection systems including pumping, metering, distribution, and timing controls. It outlines different types of injection systems such as common rail, unit injection, individual pump and nozzle, and distributor systems. It also discusses the injection pump, fuel injector, nozzle types, and operation of the fuel injector.
The document describes different lubricating and cooling systems for engines. It discusses six types of lubricating systems: petroil, splash, pressure, wet sump, dry sump, and combination. Splash systems splash oil onto moving parts from a pan, while pressure systems precisely pump oil to bearings. Combination systems use both splash and pressure. The document also covers air cooling, which uses fins, and water cooling, which circulates coolant through jackets.
The document discusses different types of fuel injection pumps used in diesel engines, including inline, rotary, and common rail diesel injection pumps. It describes the basic components and functioning of each type of pump. Inline pumps have separate plunger units for each cylinder and are activated by a camshaft. Rotary pumps use a single plunger connected to different ports on a distributor head via springs. Common rail diesel pumps operate at very high pressure and can vary the timing and amount of fuel injection independently for each cylinder.
A simple carburetor can only supply the correct air-fuel ratio at one throttle position. To address this, modern carburetors include additional systems like an idling system, auxiliary port system, power enrichment system, and accelerating pump system. These systems allow the carburetor to meet the engine's demands under different operating conditions like idling, cruising, acceleration, and high power.
This document summarizes the testing and performance of diesel and petrol engines. It describes the key components and operating principles of diesel and petrol engines. It then discusses various performance characteristics of internal combustion engines that are used to evaluate engine performance, such as brake thermal efficiency, indicated thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, mechanical efficiency, volumetric efficiency, air fuel ratio, and mean effective pressure. The performance of engines is tested by measuring fuel consumption, brake power, and specific power output using various types of dynamometers.
hi, I am sujon I just completed graduate at International University of Business Agriculture and Technology in Bangladesh Department of Mechanical Engineering
This document discusses different types of superchargers used to boost engine power. It describes how superchargers work by compressing air delivered to the engine, allowing for more fuel and a more powerful combustion. The document categorizes superchargers based on their compression methods and discusses common types like roots, twin-screw, and centrifugal superchargers in detail. It also covers why superchargers are used, how they provide advantages over turbochargers, and concludes that superchargers are still a cost-effective way to significantly increase an engine's horsepower.
A turbocharger increases an engine's efficiency and power output by forcing extra air into the combustion chamber using a turbine powered by the engine's exhaust gases. It was invented in 1905 but took 20 years to be implemented. Turbochargers are used widely in vehicles to allow smaller engines to have improved fuel economy, reduced emissions, and higher power/torque. A turbocharger works by using the exhaust flow to spin a turbine, which spins an air pump to compress more air into the engine.
The document discusses diesel engines and how they work. It explains that diesel engines ignite fuel through heat of compressed air rather than a spark plug. It provides details on the 4-stroke diesel engine cycle including intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes. It also describes the simpler 2-stroke engine cycle and discusses advantages and disadvantages of each.
This document provides an overview of reciprocating compressors. It describes how reciprocating compressors work by using pistons moving back and forth in cylinders to compress air. The document discusses the types of reciprocating compressors, how they operate through intake and compression strokes, and diagrams to illustrate the compression process. It also covers startup procedures, safety concerns around carbon buildup and explosions, efficiency calculations, and specifications for a sample reciprocating compressor.
A turbocharger uses the heat energy from a vehicle's exhaust gases to drive a turbine, which spins a compressor to force more air into the engine. It allows more fuel to be burned, increasing power without increasing engine size. A turbocharger has a turbine section, compressor section, center housing containing bearings, and plumbing. Larger wheels respond more slowly than smaller ones. Wastegates control boost pressure to prevent overboost. Failures usually involve oil starvation, contamination, or foreign object damage. Turbochargers improve power and efficiency but add complexity and cost.
The document summarizes the key components and functions of a carburetor. It describes the fuel strainer, float chamber, metering and idling system, choke, throttle, and additional modern systems. It then discusses the working of specific carburetor types, including the Solex carburetor which uses a starting jet, compensating jet, main jet, idling jet, and accelerating jet to regulate fuel flow during different engine operations.
Thermodynamic Cycles for CI engines
- Early CI engines injected fuel at top dead center, resulting in combustion during the expansion stroke. Modern engines inject fuel before top dead center, around 20 degrees.
- The combustion process in early CI engines approximates a constant pressure heat addition process, known as the Diesel cycle. Modern CI engines' combustion approximates a combination of constant volume and constant pressure processes, known as the Dual cycle.
- The air-standard Diesel cycle consists of four processes: isentropic compression, constant pressure heat addition, isentropic expansion, and constant volume heat rejection. Its thermal efficiency is lower than the Otto cycle for the same compression ratio due to the later fuel injection
The document discusses scavenging, supercharging, and exhaust systems in diesel engines. It provides details on:
1) The purpose and process of scavenging, including the stages of scavenging and types used such as uniflow and reverse flow.
2) The purpose and advantages of supercharging, including constant pressure and pulse turbocharging systems. Constant pressure turbocharging provides steady exhaust gas flow and turbine efficiency while pulse turbocharging extracts more energy from exhaust pulses.
3) The components and operation of marine turbochargers, including axial and radial flow designs, inward and outward bearing arrangements, and labyrinth seals.
Steam turbines convert heat energy from steam into rotational mechanical energy. There are two main types of steam turbines - impulse and reaction turbines. Impulse turbines expand steam in nozzles, while reaction turbines expand steam in both stationary and moving blades. Turbines require lubrication, governing, safety, and sealing systems to operate properly. Key components include turning gears to rotate turbines slowly for start up and shutdown, oil pumps and filters to lubricate bearings, control valves to govern speed, and condensers to condense exhaust steam using circulating cooling water.
This document provides an overview of steam turbine maintenance, including:
- The various steam turbine manufacturers whose turbines are used in NTPC plants.
- How steam turbines work by converting high pressure steam into rotational energy.
- The different types of turbines including impulse, reaction, and compound turbines.
- Key components like blades, bearings, lubrication systems, and alignments procedures that are important for maintenance.
- Common losses that occur in steam turbines and how they vary based on turbine design.
This document provides an overview of steam turbine maintenance for new executives. It covers the basic working principles of steam turbines, including how they convert high pressure steam into rotational energy. It also describes different turbine types like impulse and reaction turbines. The document outlines key components like blades and discusses velocity compounding. It details various losses in steam turbines and maintenance best practices for bearings, lubrication, alignments and other aspects.
This is a presentation series part 3 on Frequently Asked Questions on Steam Turbines in large steam power plants. All questions are answered properly and any doubt may be mailed to the writer.
This document provides information about a 2x55 MW captive power plant including details about the steam turbine, electrical system, cooling system, and operation procedures. The plant includes two 55 MW turbines that use steam at 60 kg/cm2 and 475°C to generate electricity. The turbines are single cylinder single shaft units mounted on a common foundation with generators. Key systems described include the turbine construction, steam distribution system, condensate system, and protection systems. Startup and shutdown procedures are also outlined.
This document discusses different types of aircraft propulsion systems including air breathing and rocket propulsion. It provides details on various jet and rocket engine components such as compressors, combustors, turbines and nozzles. It describes the working of centrifugal and axial compressors. Combustion processes involving primary, secondary and dilution zones are explained. Different combustion chamber designs including can, annular and can-annular types are outlined. Impulse and reaction turbine types are also summarized. In addition, the working of turboprop engines is briefly mentioned.
This document contains frequently asked questions and answers about steam turbines. It discusses issues like speed variation, vibration, deposits, erosion, washing, compounding, and monitoring. Questions cover topics such as reducing speed variation through governor adjustments, the effects of deposits on efficiency, solid particle erosion, monitoring internal efficiency, and reducing vibration damage through blade design modifications. Causes and remedies of issues like governor lubrication problems, safety trip valve trips, and foreign particle damage are also addressed.
In Combustion Gas Turbines you will learn the operating principles of the compressor, the combustion chamber, and turbine section. You will also learn about the construction of the compressor, combustion chamber, and turbine section; the blading arrangement; and the use of the turbine as a driver and hot-gas generator. Also covered is turbine auxiliary equipment such as starting devices, governors, and overspeed mechanisms, and their functions. In Combustion Gas Turbines presentation you will learn about the functions of casing seals, bearings and lubrication in a combustion gas turbine. The slides also covers the control and operation of combustion gas turbines, including start-up, operating, and shutdown procedures, and the control of vibration, critical speed, and turbine imbalance. Finally, you will learn about temperature control, the use of turning gears, and turbine control using the automated control panel. Through this understanding of turbine principles, construction, and control, you will be better able to secure efficient and safe turbine operation.
The document discusses different types of jet engines. It describes the basic workings of a turbo jet engine including its thermodynamic cycle and performance characteristics. It then compares the turbo jet to turbo prop and turbo fan engines. The turbo prop combines a jet engine with a propeller, driven by a reduction gearbox, allowing for better fuel efficiency at lower speeds but adding complexity. The turbo fan divides the air into primary and secondary streams, using some of the air to bypass the engine for additional thrust at lower velocities than a turbo jet alone.
The document provides an overview of the basic parts of a steam turbine, including turbine casings, rotors, blades, stationary blades and nozzles, shrouds, barring devices, seals, couplings, governors, and lubrication systems. It describes the materials, designs, and purposes of each part. The rotors can be disc-type or drum-type, depending on the turbine design. Blades are made of heat-resistant alloys and fastened via different methods. Seals prevent steam leakage and include shaft seals like carbon rings or labyrinth seals and blade seals such as labyrinth seals. Larger turbines use pressurized lubrication systems to lubricate bearings.
In this presentation study on the basic parts of the steam turbine as following turbine casting, turbine rotors, turbine blades, shrouds, turbine bearing device, turbine seals, turbine couplings, governor and lubrication system.
This lecture discusses steam turbines and the Rankine cycle. It begins by outlining the learning objectives which are to understand the Rankine cycle, steam turbine configurations, and factors that affect turbine efficiency. It then provides details on the Rankine cycle processes and how modifications like high pressures and superheating can increase efficiency. The lecture describes impulse and reaction turbine designs as well as compounded turbine arrangements. It also discusses factors that cause erosion and corrosion in turbines and case studies of issues that have occurred. The lecture concludes with a student activity problem calculating shaft energy in an impulse turbine.
This document provides an overview of gas turbine engines and their components. It discusses the fundamentals of gas turbine engines including the Brayton cycle and basic components like compressors, combustion chambers, and nozzles. Regarding compressors, it describes the advantages and disadvantages of radial/centrifugal and axial flow compressors. For combustion chambers, it discusses different chamber types (can, can-annular, annular) and factors affecting combustor design like temperature, stability, and pollution control. It also provides information on supersonic combustion challenges. Finally, it provides an introduction to nozzles and their objectives in jet propulsion.
The document provides an overview of boiler feed pump operation and troubleshooting. It discusses key components like the balancing drum and leak off line which help balance axial thrust on the pump rotor. Minimum recirculation lines are used to maintain flow through the pump at low loads. Mechanical seals and bearings are important for preventing leakage and reducing friction. Protections like motor overload and high temperature trips ensure safe operation of the boiler feed pump.
This document provides an overview of different types of circuit breakers presented by Er. Rahul Sharma. It discusses AC and DC circuit breakers, as well as classifications based on rated voltage and medium of arc extinction. Specific circuit breaker types covered include oil circuit breakers (plain break, self-blast, minimum oil, vacuum), air blast circuit breakers, and their operating principles. Key advantages and applications of each type are highlighted.
Large capacity supercritical steam turbines can improve overall efficiency through increasing steam parameters like pressure and temperature. The document discusses 660MW supercritical steam turbines, which have higher steam inlet pressures up to 300 bar and temperatures above 374°C. This allows significant efficiency gains over subcritical units and lowers emissions. Details are provided on the construction and configuration of the high, intermediate, and low pressure turbine modules, materials used, governing systems, lubrication systems, and other components of 660MW supercritical steam turbines.
How Gas Turbine Power Plants Work_compressed.pdfOscar Duran
The document discusses various aspects of gas turbine systems including:
- The basic components and workings of a gas turbine including the compressor, combustion chamber, and turbine.
- Types of combustion chambers and turbines.
- Materials and coatings used for turbine blades.
- Factors that influence gas turbine output, efficiency, and reliability.
- Options for augmenting gas turbine output such as exhaust heat recovery.
Gas Turbines..........................pdfBlentBulut5
The document discusses various aspects of gas turbine systems including:
- The basic components of a gas turbine which are the compressor, combustion chamber, and turbine.
- Types of compressors, combustors, and turbines used in different gas turbine configurations.
- Operating principles and considerations for components like fuel systems, starting systems, and power transmission.
- Performance parameters for various gas turbine models from manufacturers like GE, Siemens, and Mitsubishi.
- Design requirements and cooling techniques for turbine blades to withstand high temperatures.
EMI and EMC Testing Laboratory Services in India.pdfURS Labs
A crucial stage in the design and production of electrical devices is EMC and EMI testing lab. The FDA, FCC, and ISO, among other regulating organizations, have established strict limitations on the emissions that are permitted from electronic devices.
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2. Advantages Of Increased Scavenge Pressure:
• Increased power for similar sized engines
• Reduced SFOC : ‑ Mechanical, scavenge and thermal
efficiencies are improved due to less cylinders, greater air
supply and use of exhaust gases respectively.
• Cheaper engine: ‑ Smaller for required output power.
• Thermal load reduced: ‑ due to less exacting cylinder
conditions
Class 2 TurboChargers
3. Advantages Of Turbo-charger
• Smaller and lighter than mechanical blower
• Less moving parts
• No drive required from engine
• Can easily deliver the large quantities of air required
• Increases thermal efficiency.
Class 2 TurboChargers
11. Radial ~ Axial Turbines
Advantages Disadvantages
• Larger pressure ratios • Difficult to cast with high
obtainable temp materials
• Greater blade tip velocity • If the turbine is damaged
attainable then the whole rotor
• Smaller requires replacement
• Reduced mass of rotor
produces better transient
• Response to load changes
Class 2 TurboChargers
26. TURBO CHARGER BEARINGS
Outside Bearing Location. Centrally Located Bearings.
• Good accessibility to bearings for • With plain bearings on main
engine lub oil system no FW
overhaul cooling is required as bearings
• Bearings in cooler region cooled by oil flow
• Oil reservoirs can be in castings • Reduced shaft mass gives better
• Greater overall turbine length transient response
• Easier to manually clean turbine
• Larger shaft diameter required to and impeller
keep the longer shaft sufficiently • Larger diameter at bearing
stiff, and this will increase rotor produces a larger friction loss
mass • Shaft balance needs to be good as
• Inlet passages of air/gas more whirl can be produced about
restrictive. centre bearing unit
• Bearing replacement a major job,
requiring impeller and rotor
removal
Class 2 TurboChargers
27. TURBO CHARGER BEARINGS
Rolling contact bearings Plain bearings
• Much lower friction than • Cheaper than roller bearings
plain bearings • Less susceptible to dirt than
• Need for dampening springs roller, main engine circ oil
to reduce vibration damage often used
of bearings, and to provide • Larger clearances required
flexible mounts for bearings in turbine for axial thrust
• Bearings can be damaged and radial tip clearances
whilst static (brinelling) • Less prone to complete
• Allows much smaller tip failure
clearances to be used
• Separate oil reservoir and
pump usual.
Class 2 TurboChargers
28. TURBO CHARGER VIBRATION
Gradual increase in vibration Sudden increase in vibration
could be due to: could be due to:
• Worn damping springs in • Washing removing only part
roller bearings of the rotor dirt
• Ineffective mounting bolts • Blade damage from
• Uneven fouling mechanical item striking
• Failure of damping wire rotor blades
• Bearing failure
Vibration after overhaul • Water striking rotor from
could be due to: casing leak
• Incomplete cleaning
• Misalignment of rotating
parts
Class 2 TurboChargers
29. RUNNING WITH DAMAGE
• Damaged Rotor Damaged Casing
• lock rotor – pulse system lock both • Blank off cooling flow to affected
ends as full gas flow must still pass casing
through turbine • Remove covers and direct
• Insert blanks – air side only for pulse scavenge air or air from vent fan
system, both sides for constant into open casing to assist in
pressure system. Blanks must have cooling
orifice to allow air flow to • Monitor oil temperature and
compressor for cooling and sealing, adjust load / rpm to ensure that
to allow gas flow to prevent cold end temperature does not go above
corrosion 90°C
• Run at reduced load/revs using
exhaust temps as load limiter (never
above 500°C). The following is used
as a guide by MAN B & W
(constant pressure T/C)
CUT OUT % POWER % M/E REVS
1 of 1 T/C 15 53
1 of 2 T/C 50 70
1 of 3 T/C 66 87
Class 2 TurboChargers
30. TURBOCHARGER REDUCED AIR
DELIVERY
• Drop in ambient pressure
• Reduction in engine load
• Change in fuel quality
• Change in engine timing
• Fouling of air intake filter
• Fouling of inducer/diffuser
• Fouling of air side of charger air
cooler
• Fouling of exhaust ports and
pipework
• Fouling of protection grid
• Fouling of nozzle ring, turbine
blades
• Fouling of exhaust gas boiler
• Fouling of silencer
• Mechanical damage to rotor
• Casing or piping leaks
Class 2 TurboChargers
31. Reasons For Turbo Charger Surging
• Rapid Change In Load
– Fluctuations due to rough weather, will cause variations in air mass flow rate due to
change in engine speed.
• Insufficient Supply Of Fuel
– This can cause the engine speed to vary due to fuel starvation. Produces similar result as
above.
• Fault In Fuel System
– Due to incorrect settings, timing of fuel pumps, or sticking fuel pump barrels, etc, result
in different combustion conditions for individual cylinders. This can lead to variation in
turbocharger speeds and air mass flow rates (pulse system).
• Restriction Of Scavenge Passages
– Blockage of air filters, will cause pressure ratio across compressor to increase and reduce
airflow rates. Operating line of turbocharger moves closer to the surge line.
• Narrowed Exhaust Gas Passages (After Turbo)
– An extreme increase in resistance of the exhaust gas discharge passage will result in the
reduction of airflow through the compressor.
• Engine Operation At Overload
– If the engine speed is maintained constant after fouling of the hull or damage to the
propeller turbocharger speed will increase without an increase in air mass flow.
Reduction in surge margin.
• Failure Of Turbine Blade, Nozzle Or Diffuser
– Fouling or damage to the above will result in increased resistance to gas flow and reduce
airflow into the engine.
Class 2 TurboChargers
32. PULSE SYSTEM CONSTANT PRESSURE
Advantages: SYSTEM
• T/C responds rapidly to load Advantages:
changes • Higher turbine efficiencies at
• No auxiliary blowers needed for steady loads
low loads • Simple pipework
• High energy input to turbine • Good performance at high loads
Disadvantages: Disadvantages:
• Exhaust pipework more complex • Requires auxiliary blowers to
• Turbine efficiency reduces at assist at low loads
higher loads due to operating with • Poor turbine response to load
fluctuating gas flow changes
• Pressure pulses can influence • Large space taken up by exhaust
blow down from adjacent receiver
cylinders
• Turbocharging dictates engine
timing
Class 2 TurboChargers
33. Fouling can be due to: This fouling is identified by:
2. The high temperatures of • rising scavenge air
the inlet air, which will temperatures (1, 2, & 3)
cause the salts in the sea • rising SW differential
water to come out of pressure (1, 2 & 3)
solution, form a hard scale • falling sea water
and reducing heat transfer temperature differential (1)
3. Debris in the water causing • rising sea water temperature
a blockage at the inlet to differential (2 & 3)
the tubes, reducing sea
water flow
4. Organisms (molluscs)
growing in the tubes
restricting coolant flow.
Class 2 TurboChargers
34. SCAVENGE FIRES
Contributing factors. Signs of scavenge fire.
• Inadequate draining of the • High temperature of exhaust
scavenge spaces. and scavenge system.
• Poor combustion. • Rough running of engine
• Faulty injectors or fuel and possible surging of
timing. turbochargers.
• Worn liners. • Smoky exhaust.
• Worn or damaged piston • Flames, smoke and sparks at
rings. scavenge drains.
• Exhaust system back • Failing engine speed.
pressure.
• Defective piston rod glands.
• Too little or too much
cylinder lubrication.
Class 2 TurboChargers
35. SCAVENGE FIRES
Avoidance. Action if Fire Occurs.
• Regular draining of the • Two different approaches.
scavenge spaces. • Slow down, shut fuel off
• Correct cylinder lubrication affected unit, increase
(spaces just damp). cylinder lubrication,
• Regular maintenance of continue until fire burns out.
cylinders, fuel injection (Sulzer recommendation)
equipment, etc. • Cut off fuel to affected unit
and slow down, ask bridge
for permission to stop.
Apply extinguishing
medium. Allow to cool
down then open up, clean
and inspect for damage.
(B&W ‑ also check tie rods)
Class 2 TurboChargers
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