The Latest Progress of China’s Property Tax ReformOECDtax
The document summarizes the latest progress of China's property tax reform, including four goals of the reform: 1) Balance central-local fiscal capacity and reduce dependency on land revenue, 2) Cope with real estate market speculation and promote financial stability, 3) Promote intensive land use and encourage long-term development, 4) Use taxation to mitigate income and wealth disparity. It then discusses property tax under the framework of common prosperity, highlighting the differences between existing property tax pilot programs in Shanghai and Chongqing. Finally, it suggests Zhejiang, Shenzhen, and Hainan as possible new areas for property tax pilots given their relevance to promoting common prosperity.
Current Property-Tax System is Massively Out of Sync with Sustainability
Established Institutional Structure for Collecting
Easy to Calculate and Understand
Non-portability of Real Estate Makes Tax Evasion Difficult
Local Governments Have Broad Powers to Compel Payment or Forfeiture
Local Property Taxation Based on a Flat-Rate
Current Major Problems with Local Property Taxation is its Regressiveness…
How Might We Turn the Property Tax into a Tool that Facilitates Sustainable Consumption?
Shift From a Flat-Rate to a Graduated-Rate Property Tax
Historical Basis of the Graduated Property Tax
Early Twentieth Century New Zealand
Public Referendum on a Graduated Property Tax in 1950 in North Dakota
Graduated Property Tax in Singapore
Attempt to Implement a Graduated Property Tax Refund in Minnesota, USA and Great Barrington, Massachusetts, USA and other examples
Graduated Property Tax Variants
Summary
The cost of renting property in many parts of the UK continues to rise - would rent controls make any difference? A Unit 1 economics revision presentation.
The government sector establishes and enforces rules regarding commerce and property rights. It regulates competition and the environment. The government also redistributes income, provides public goods that are non-excludable and non-rival in consumption, and manages the macro economy through monetary and fiscal policy.
This document summarizes key points from an OECD report on housing policy and the environment. It notes that housing accounts for a large portion of global energy use and emissions. The report recommends policies like land value capture, building codes, and property tax reform to increase housing affordability while reducing emissions. Specifically, it advocates shifting from transaction taxes to annual property taxes based on land value rather than building value, and providing discounts for energy-efficient buildings. This could encourage construction and mobility while addressing climate change. The document argues the UK in particular needs holistic reforms like increasing social housing and incentivizing development to improve its affordability crisis.
This document requests changes to an eviction ban extension beyond June 4, 2020. It proposes allowing eviction of tenants with income who choose not to pay rent (elective non-payers), and excluding them from the moratorium. It also calls for quantifying and qualifying COVID-19 related rent delinquency across different types of residents and negotiating compensation for housing providers through direct payments or property tax relief from recovery funds. A survey of nearly 4,000 units found the problem of elective non-payers not paying rent is growing exponentially and could cause a crisis if the blanket eviction ban continues.
OECD - Fiscal Network Work Programme (Item5)OECDtax
Presentation delivered during the 13th Annual Meeting of the OECD Network on Fiscal Relations Across Levels of Government, 23-24 November 2017, Paris, France.
The Latest Progress of China’s Property Tax ReformOECDtax
The document summarizes the latest progress of China's property tax reform, including four goals of the reform: 1) Balance central-local fiscal capacity and reduce dependency on land revenue, 2) Cope with real estate market speculation and promote financial stability, 3) Promote intensive land use and encourage long-term development, 4) Use taxation to mitigate income and wealth disparity. It then discusses property tax under the framework of common prosperity, highlighting the differences between existing property tax pilot programs in Shanghai and Chongqing. Finally, it suggests Zhejiang, Shenzhen, and Hainan as possible new areas for property tax pilots given their relevance to promoting common prosperity.
Current Property-Tax System is Massively Out of Sync with Sustainability
Established Institutional Structure for Collecting
Easy to Calculate and Understand
Non-portability of Real Estate Makes Tax Evasion Difficult
Local Governments Have Broad Powers to Compel Payment or Forfeiture
Local Property Taxation Based on a Flat-Rate
Current Major Problems with Local Property Taxation is its Regressiveness…
How Might We Turn the Property Tax into a Tool that Facilitates Sustainable Consumption?
Shift From a Flat-Rate to a Graduated-Rate Property Tax
Historical Basis of the Graduated Property Tax
Early Twentieth Century New Zealand
Public Referendum on a Graduated Property Tax in 1950 in North Dakota
Graduated Property Tax in Singapore
Attempt to Implement a Graduated Property Tax Refund in Minnesota, USA and Great Barrington, Massachusetts, USA and other examples
Graduated Property Tax Variants
Summary
The cost of renting property in many parts of the UK continues to rise - would rent controls make any difference? A Unit 1 economics revision presentation.
The government sector establishes and enforces rules regarding commerce and property rights. It regulates competition and the environment. The government also redistributes income, provides public goods that are non-excludable and non-rival in consumption, and manages the macro economy through monetary and fiscal policy.
This document summarizes key points from an OECD report on housing policy and the environment. It notes that housing accounts for a large portion of global energy use and emissions. The report recommends policies like land value capture, building codes, and property tax reform to increase housing affordability while reducing emissions. Specifically, it advocates shifting from transaction taxes to annual property taxes based on land value rather than building value, and providing discounts for energy-efficient buildings. This could encourage construction and mobility while addressing climate change. The document argues the UK in particular needs holistic reforms like increasing social housing and incentivizing development to improve its affordability crisis.
This document requests changes to an eviction ban extension beyond June 4, 2020. It proposes allowing eviction of tenants with income who choose not to pay rent (elective non-payers), and excluding them from the moratorium. It also calls for quantifying and qualifying COVID-19 related rent delinquency across different types of residents and negotiating compensation for housing providers through direct payments or property tax relief from recovery funds. A survey of nearly 4,000 units found the problem of elective non-payers not paying rent is growing exponentially and could cause a crisis if the blanket eviction ban continues.
OECD - Fiscal Network Work Programme (Item5)OECDtax
Presentation delivered during the 13th Annual Meeting of the OECD Network on Fiscal Relations Across Levels of Government, 23-24 November 2017, Paris, France.
This document summarizes key housing issues in the Czech Republic. It outlines the country's territorial structure of municipalities and regions. It also describes the institutional framework for housing policy, involving several government ministries. Responsibilities are divided between central, regional and local governments. The document reviews the history of housing finance and construction in the country. It discusses past issues with rent control regulations and challenges facing housing policy, such as the privatization of social housing and lack of funding at local levels.
Presentation from Richard Bacon MP
Richard Bacon is the MP for South Norfolk. He served on the Public Accounts Committee (PAC) for sixteen years and was the PAC’s deputy chairman from 2010 to 2017. Based on his PAC experiences, Richard wrote the book ‘Conundrum: Why Every Government Gets Things Wrong - and What We Can Do About It’ (published by Biteback Publishing) and also contributed to the book ‘How to Run a Country’ (published by the Reform think tank). He has lectured widely, including at the London School of Economics and at Saїd Business School, University of Oxford. Parliamentary colleagues have voted him the House Magazine's ‘Backbencher of the Year’ and also ‘Commons Select Committee Member of the Year’ and he has twice been named The Spectator magazine’s Parliamentarian of the Year.
He founded the All-Party Parliamentary Group on Self-Build, Custom and Community Housebuilding and Place-Making, and steered through Parliament a Private Member's Bill which became the Self-Build and Custom Housebuilding Act 2015. He is now Ambassador for the Right to Build Task Force, focusing on implementing the Right to Build legislation.
Laure Maillard- Financing social housing in France #housingfinanceHousing Europe
1. Financing for social housing in France comes primarily from loans through the country's Savings Fund (73%), which collects savings from passbook accounts and transforms them into long-term, low-interest loans for social housing and other community projects.
2. The Savings Fund model allows for very long-term financing at preferred rates through a single pricing policy, with loans often granted at or below the resource cost for social and environmentally-focused housing.
3. This dedicated funding source proved resilient during the financial crisis, ensuring a steady supply of long-term loans to social housing providers when credit was constrained elsewhere.
The COVID-19 crisis and recovery has been uneven across regions and cities. There is an average 17 percentage point gap in excess mortality rates within countries in 2020. Vaccination rates also vary significantly between regions, with an average 16 percentage point difference between the most and least vaccinated regions in September 2021. This uneven impact risks increasing regional inequalities and threats to the broader economic recovery, as unemployment remains higher than pre-COVID levels in over 80% of OECD regions. The OECD Regional Recovery Platform aims to better understand this uneven recovery and support policymakers through indicators on resilience, recovery, impacts, scenarios, and a policy database.
Tom Chance
National Community Land Trust (CLT) Network, Acting Director
Tom Chance is Acting Director of the National CLT Network. He has run the Network's programmes to support CLTs and enabling organisations since 2016, led a policy review of new sources of housing supply for an All Party Parliamentary Group, and has previously worked on housing policy and practice at the Greater London Authority and Bioregional.
The document discusses carbon credits and emissions trading under the Kyoto Protocol, in which countries can buy carbon credits from emission reduction projects in other countries if they have exceeded their emissions limits. It provides details on certified emission reduction credits and voluntary emission reduction credits that can be generated and traded from forestry and other clean development mechanism projects. The document also examines examples of ongoing clean development mechanism projects in Israel that generate carbon credits by switching to renewable energy or more efficient technologies.
A Planning Obligation is an agreement entered into by a developer with an interest in land that restricts development or requires certain operations/activities related to a proposed development. Planning Obligations must be necessary to make a development acceptable, directly related to the development, and fairly related in scale. They are used to require affordable housing, education facilities, highways improvements, and other social/community facilities necessitated by new developments. Lichfield District Council requires major housing and commercial developments to provide social/community facilities through on-site provision or contributions, with residential developments of over 10 homes required to contribute £2,500 per dwelling.
NL Agency plays a key role in supporting municipalities in the Netherlands to develop and implement SEAPs through various programs and financial mechanisms. It has over 12 years of experience working with municipalities and provinces. It provides guidance to help municipalities identify climate projects, set ambitions, and develop local climate projects. It also maintains a toolbox of innovative financial constructions to help fund projects as direct financing has decreased. Within Covenant of Mayors East, NL Agency leads work package 4 to promote more financing for SEAPs by linking municipalities to funding opportunities and facilitating matchmaking between stakeholders.
UK spending on housing benefit: problems, causes, solutionsIPPR
UK public spending on housing benefits has risen steadily over the last 30 years to over £23 billion as the gap between housing demand and supply has increased in all regions of the country. With less social housing available, more people have had to rent privately, which costs more and increases housing benefit awards. Around £9.3 billion is now spent on benefits in the private rental sector alone. To control rising housing benefit costs, the government should reverse spending trends and invest more in building affordable homes through devolving greater powers and funding to local councils.
The document summarizes several upcoming changes to UK housing law under the Localism Bill and other acts. Key changes include:
1) Local authorities will have more flexibility to determine housing tenure and allocations policies, including offering 2-year fixed term tenancies.
2) A national home swap scheme will be established to help tenants exchange properties and support mobility.
3) Local authorities will be able to discharge their homelessness duties by offering private rented housing.
4) Reforms aim to help address overcrowding and encourage tenants to downsize through underoccupation incentives.
The document discusses renewable energy opportunities in Vietnam, specifically wind and solar power projects. It provides background on Vietnam's economy and energy sector, current government policies supporting wind and solar, and recommendations for foreign investors. The key points are that Vietnam aims to significantly increase renewable energy production by 2030. The government offers financial incentives for wind and solar projects and has feed-in tariffs, but is transitioning to an auction system for determining power purchase agreements.
For economic growth and stability affordable housing is a prerequisiteHousing Europe
EU Economic Country Specific Recommendations and the Housing Trends.
A presentation at the representation of the "Caisse des dépôts" in Brussels.
8 June 2012
Stormwater utilities are growing in the US as a way to fund stormwater management programs. They allow municipalities to charge stormwater fees rather than relying on tax revenues. Over 1,800 stormwater utilities exist in 40 states. Fees are typically based on a property's impervious surface area and provide a steady dedicated funding source for aging infrastructure and regulatory compliance. Regional stormwater authorities can achieve greater economies of scale and cost savings compared to individual municipal programs. The Wyoming Valley Stormwater Authority in Pennsylvania serves 32 municipalities and reduces costs for ratepayers by 60% compared to tax-based funding.
This document discusses how national governments can help overcome barriers to climate mitigation actions by non-Party stakeholders. It notes that while local governments have some direct influence over emissions, multilevel climate action is needed. National governments can establish enabling legislation and regulations to incentivize mitigation activities. They can also help with financing by providing incentives, disincentives, and facilitating access to international funds. The role of national governments is key to encouraging increased climate action by non-Party stakeholders.
Exploration of the income support role of social housing in a selective housi...TITA research
Kauppinen: Exploration of the income support role of social housing in a selective housing regime. Presentation at TITA Annual Research Meeting, Turku 15.-16.9.2016.
The document summarizes the key findings of the 2017 report "The State of Housing in the EU" published by Housing Europe. It finds that while economic growth has returned to Europe, inequality is increasing and many are being left behind. Housing markets are recovering but prices are growing faster than incomes in most countries. The crisis exacerbated housing exclusion and homelessness, while policy responses have been largely inadequate. Cities are developing innovative solutions to address affordable housing challenges with limited national support.
The affordable housing challenge: The UK experience (2008)Grant Fitzner
What are the drivers of the UK's affordable housing challenge? What are some of the policy options to tackle it? Presentation to the ULI European Summit in Amsterdam, June 2008, when I was chief economist at the UK Department for Communities and Local Government.
This document summarizes key housing issues in the Czech Republic. It outlines the country's territorial structure of municipalities and regions. It also describes the institutional framework for housing policy, involving several government ministries. Responsibilities are divided between central, regional and local governments. The document reviews the history of housing finance and construction in the country. It discusses past issues with rent control regulations and challenges facing housing policy, such as the privatization of social housing and lack of funding at local levels.
Presentation from Richard Bacon MP
Richard Bacon is the MP for South Norfolk. He served on the Public Accounts Committee (PAC) for sixteen years and was the PAC’s deputy chairman from 2010 to 2017. Based on his PAC experiences, Richard wrote the book ‘Conundrum: Why Every Government Gets Things Wrong - and What We Can Do About It’ (published by Biteback Publishing) and also contributed to the book ‘How to Run a Country’ (published by the Reform think tank). He has lectured widely, including at the London School of Economics and at Saїd Business School, University of Oxford. Parliamentary colleagues have voted him the House Magazine's ‘Backbencher of the Year’ and also ‘Commons Select Committee Member of the Year’ and he has twice been named The Spectator magazine’s Parliamentarian of the Year.
He founded the All-Party Parliamentary Group on Self-Build, Custom and Community Housebuilding and Place-Making, and steered through Parliament a Private Member's Bill which became the Self-Build and Custom Housebuilding Act 2015. He is now Ambassador for the Right to Build Task Force, focusing on implementing the Right to Build legislation.
Laure Maillard- Financing social housing in France #housingfinanceHousing Europe
1. Financing for social housing in France comes primarily from loans through the country's Savings Fund (73%), which collects savings from passbook accounts and transforms them into long-term, low-interest loans for social housing and other community projects.
2. The Savings Fund model allows for very long-term financing at preferred rates through a single pricing policy, with loans often granted at or below the resource cost for social and environmentally-focused housing.
3. This dedicated funding source proved resilient during the financial crisis, ensuring a steady supply of long-term loans to social housing providers when credit was constrained elsewhere.
The COVID-19 crisis and recovery has been uneven across regions and cities. There is an average 17 percentage point gap in excess mortality rates within countries in 2020. Vaccination rates also vary significantly between regions, with an average 16 percentage point difference between the most and least vaccinated regions in September 2021. This uneven impact risks increasing regional inequalities and threats to the broader economic recovery, as unemployment remains higher than pre-COVID levels in over 80% of OECD regions. The OECD Regional Recovery Platform aims to better understand this uneven recovery and support policymakers through indicators on resilience, recovery, impacts, scenarios, and a policy database.
Tom Chance
National Community Land Trust (CLT) Network, Acting Director
Tom Chance is Acting Director of the National CLT Network. He has run the Network's programmes to support CLTs and enabling organisations since 2016, led a policy review of new sources of housing supply for an All Party Parliamentary Group, and has previously worked on housing policy and practice at the Greater London Authority and Bioregional.
The document discusses carbon credits and emissions trading under the Kyoto Protocol, in which countries can buy carbon credits from emission reduction projects in other countries if they have exceeded their emissions limits. It provides details on certified emission reduction credits and voluntary emission reduction credits that can be generated and traded from forestry and other clean development mechanism projects. The document also examines examples of ongoing clean development mechanism projects in Israel that generate carbon credits by switching to renewable energy or more efficient technologies.
A Planning Obligation is an agreement entered into by a developer with an interest in land that restricts development or requires certain operations/activities related to a proposed development. Planning Obligations must be necessary to make a development acceptable, directly related to the development, and fairly related in scale. They are used to require affordable housing, education facilities, highways improvements, and other social/community facilities necessitated by new developments. Lichfield District Council requires major housing and commercial developments to provide social/community facilities through on-site provision or contributions, with residential developments of over 10 homes required to contribute £2,500 per dwelling.
NL Agency plays a key role in supporting municipalities in the Netherlands to develop and implement SEAPs through various programs and financial mechanisms. It has over 12 years of experience working with municipalities and provinces. It provides guidance to help municipalities identify climate projects, set ambitions, and develop local climate projects. It also maintains a toolbox of innovative financial constructions to help fund projects as direct financing has decreased. Within Covenant of Mayors East, NL Agency leads work package 4 to promote more financing for SEAPs by linking municipalities to funding opportunities and facilitating matchmaking between stakeholders.
UK spending on housing benefit: problems, causes, solutionsIPPR
UK public spending on housing benefits has risen steadily over the last 30 years to over £23 billion as the gap between housing demand and supply has increased in all regions of the country. With less social housing available, more people have had to rent privately, which costs more and increases housing benefit awards. Around £9.3 billion is now spent on benefits in the private rental sector alone. To control rising housing benefit costs, the government should reverse spending trends and invest more in building affordable homes through devolving greater powers and funding to local councils.
The document summarizes several upcoming changes to UK housing law under the Localism Bill and other acts. Key changes include:
1) Local authorities will have more flexibility to determine housing tenure and allocations policies, including offering 2-year fixed term tenancies.
2) A national home swap scheme will be established to help tenants exchange properties and support mobility.
3) Local authorities will be able to discharge their homelessness duties by offering private rented housing.
4) Reforms aim to help address overcrowding and encourage tenants to downsize through underoccupation incentives.
The document discusses renewable energy opportunities in Vietnam, specifically wind and solar power projects. It provides background on Vietnam's economy and energy sector, current government policies supporting wind and solar, and recommendations for foreign investors. The key points are that Vietnam aims to significantly increase renewable energy production by 2030. The government offers financial incentives for wind and solar projects and has feed-in tariffs, but is transitioning to an auction system for determining power purchase agreements.
For economic growth and stability affordable housing is a prerequisiteHousing Europe
EU Economic Country Specific Recommendations and the Housing Trends.
A presentation at the representation of the "Caisse des dépôts" in Brussels.
8 June 2012
Stormwater utilities are growing in the US as a way to fund stormwater management programs. They allow municipalities to charge stormwater fees rather than relying on tax revenues. Over 1,800 stormwater utilities exist in 40 states. Fees are typically based on a property's impervious surface area and provide a steady dedicated funding source for aging infrastructure and regulatory compliance. Regional stormwater authorities can achieve greater economies of scale and cost savings compared to individual municipal programs. The Wyoming Valley Stormwater Authority in Pennsylvania serves 32 municipalities and reduces costs for ratepayers by 60% compared to tax-based funding.
This document discusses how national governments can help overcome barriers to climate mitigation actions by non-Party stakeholders. It notes that while local governments have some direct influence over emissions, multilevel climate action is needed. National governments can establish enabling legislation and regulations to incentivize mitigation activities. They can also help with financing by providing incentives, disincentives, and facilitating access to international funds. The role of national governments is key to encouraging increased climate action by non-Party stakeholders.
Exploration of the income support role of social housing in a selective housi...TITA research
Kauppinen: Exploration of the income support role of social housing in a selective housing regime. Presentation at TITA Annual Research Meeting, Turku 15.-16.9.2016.
The document summarizes the key findings of the 2017 report "The State of Housing in the EU" published by Housing Europe. It finds that while economic growth has returned to Europe, inequality is increasing and many are being left behind. Housing markets are recovering but prices are growing faster than incomes in most countries. The crisis exacerbated housing exclusion and homelessness, while policy responses have been largely inadequate. Cities are developing innovative solutions to address affordable housing challenges with limited national support.
The affordable housing challenge: The UK experience (2008)Grant Fitzner
What are the drivers of the UK's affordable housing challenge? What are some of the policy options to tackle it? Presentation to the ULI European Summit in Amsterdam, June 2008, when I was chief economist at the UK Department for Communities and Local Government.
1) The project aims to develop a framework, indicators, and policy toolkit to help governments design coherent housing strategies that balance goals like affordable housing, economic resilience, labor mobility, and environmental sustainability.
2) Key activities will examine how policies can enhance housing outcomes and economic performance, promote labor mobility, incorporate local factors, and reduce inequality and environmental impacts.
3) The project will pull expertise from across the OECD to provide holistic and actionable policy advice to member countries.
Synergies between policy tools for provision of affordable housingfond admin
Презентація "Synergies between policy tools for provision of affordable housing.
Reflection on S106 and PSLA" Агати Краузе.
Доповідь з круглого столу «Кращі практики житлової політики та можливості їх застосування в Україні», проведеного Держмолодьжитлом за підтримки Секції по житловому господарству та землекористуванню ЕЄК ООН і Програми розвитку ООН в Україні 26 квітня 2018 року.
Presentation of OECD work on the governance of land use made at the launch of the sythesis report, by Tamara Krawchenko and Abel Schumann, Regional Development Policy Division, OECD.
This work is designed to provide a practical resource for local government to address housing affordability, using census data-based time series analysis, to quantify:
- Who is in housing stress?
- How many are there?
- Where are they? and
- What can be done about it?
This document discusses topics around social housing in Europe. It addresses issues like affordability, mobility, demographics, and financing social housing. It notes that over 1.3 million asylum seekers came to Europe in 2015. Inequality in housing is increasing, with housing costs disproportionately burdening low-income tenants. Affordable housing shortages, empty homes, high construction costs, and obstacles to credit are ongoing problems. Cities struggle with increasing housing prices that push people out. Innovative solutions are needed to provide permanent, decent and affordable housing connected to opportunities.
Presentation at NERI Seminar by Dr Rory Hearne, NUI Maynooth NevinInstitute
The current housing crisis in Ireland is not a mere ‘blip’, with a return to a ‘normal’ functioning housing market due to take place in the coming years. This paper argues that the Irish housing system, as a result of government housing policies combined with macro-level shifts in the economy towards precariousness and the increasing importance of global investment funds, has undergone a structural ‘shock’. This has resulted in a dramatic increase in housing inequalities and exclusion, from the rise in homelessness and those in mortgage arrears to the emergence of ‘generation rent’. This paper provides a critical analysis of the key government policies of marketisation and privatisation of social housing (HAP, Public Private Partnerships and leasing) and the financialisation of housing (the strategy for ‘economic recovery’ – NAMA and Real Estate Investment Trusts in private rental provision and land sale, vulture funds in mortgage arrears, the prioritising of investor interest over tenant security of tenure) and their role in contributing to the crisis and rising inequality. It looks, not just at who are ‘losing’ but also documents the ‘winners’ - those who have benefitted most from this crisis and the post-2008 housing regime in Ireland. Finally, it presents the case that if the crisis is to be addressed a fundamental shift is required in policy approach to treat housing as a social good and human right, but this is only like to happen if there is a cross-societal citizen mobilisation, with trade unions, social movements and NGOs playing a key role, in re-imagining a new paradigm for housing as a home in Ireland.
Home Ownership - English Housing Survey Household report 2008–09Think Ethnic
The report provides an overview of housing tenure trends in England between 1999 and 2008-09. During this period, owner occupation increased slightly to 68% of households, social renting decreased to 18% while private renting increased to 14%. There were significant regional variations, with London having higher rates of private (21.5%) and social renting (25.5%). Owner occupiers tended to be older working couples or retired, while younger households aged 16-34 were more likely to privately or socially rent. Social renters on average had lower incomes than other tenures.
2016 GGSD Forum - Session 1: Presentation by Mr. Joaquim Oliveira Martins, He...OECD Environment
This document discusses land use policies for green growth. It notes that land and property make up the largest share of capital in most countries. There are significant differences in the amount of developed land per capita across urban areas in OECD countries. While developed land is growing everywhere, land use per capita is declining in many places. Restrictive land use policies can contribute to rising housing costs if insufficient land is available for new construction. Examples of land use policies from Amsterdam aim to increase density, transform mono-functional areas, and prepare for a low-carbon future. Fiscal and tax systems also influence land use decisions and need better alignment with land use objectives.
Inclusionary zoning programs require that new market-rate housing developments include a portion of units affordable to lower-income households. Over 800 jurisdictions in the US have adopted inclusionary zoning. Key aspects of effective programs include whether requirements are mandatory or voluntary, the percentage and income levels of affordable units, and compliance options for developers. Research shows that well-designed inclusionary zoning can produce affordable housing without significantly impacting overall housing production or price increases, though local housing market conditions are also important factors. Ongoing challenges include mitigating displacement and adjusting long-standing programs.
KRI Public Talk – Housing As Habitat: A Case Of Market Failure Or Institution...KhazanahResearchInstitute
Professor Michael Oxley gave a keynote address on housing policy and market failures. He discussed that housing policy aims to address unmet housing needs and affordability issues caused by market failures like externalities, information deficiencies, and income inequality. Housing policy must be linked to land use planning policies to effectively address externality problems. There are debates around using demand-side subsidies that help households versus supply-side subsidies that help increase housing supply. Social housing can play a role in meeting needs, providing more than just shelter, and having good governance through appropriate institutions that are not necessarily public bodies. The type of government intervention is more important than arguing over intervening in markets, as both markets and institutions can fail without the right policies to tackle
The document discusses factors affecting the UK housing market such as demand for housing, supply of housing, and market failures. It analyzes problems in the UK housing market like high house prices and lack of affordable housing. It also evaluates policies to address issues like the inelastic housing supply, such as providing tax incentives to builders, government funding for skills training, and directly funding social housing construction. However, policies face challenges like not resulting in enough affordable housing or causing house prices to fall.
White Paper on Homelessness and National Partnership Agreements - SAenergetica
Presentation to South Australian sector, presented Tuesday 17th March 2009 by Carol Shard, Manager, Homelessness and Community Programs Department for Families and Communities
The document discusses the changing role of housing associations in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. It describes how housing associations have historically provided most social housing in Amsterdam, owning over half the housing stock. It outlines major reforms in the 1990s that shifted housing associations' role from primarily builders of social housing to taking on responsibilities like urban renewal and livability. The national and local governments set policies and regulations to guide housing associations' work in developing affordable and mixed housing.
Similar to Session Five: Decentralisation And Governance In The Housing Sector, Meeting 2019 (20)
Convention multilatérale pour la mise en œuvre des mesures relatives aux conv...OECDtax
Cet instrument transposera les résultats du Projet sur l'érosion de la base d'imposition et le transfert de bénéfices (BEPS) dans plus de 2 000 conventions fiscales à l'échelle mondiale.
Multilateral instrument for BEPS tax treaty measures - Overview OECDtax
The Multilateral Convention to Implement Tax Treaty Related Measures to Prevent BEPS will implement minimum standards to counter treaty abuse and to improve dispute resolution mechanisms while providing flexibility to accommodate specific tax treaty policies. It will also allow governments to strengthen their tax treaties with other tax treaty measures developed in the OECD/G20 BEPS Project.
Version January 2023.
Learn more about the BEPS MLI: https://oe.cd/mli
Presentation: Economic impact assessment of the Two-Pillar Solution (January ...OECDtax
The OECD provided an update on its ongoing work to assess the economic impact of the Two-Pillar Solution to Address the Tax Challenges Arising from the Digitalisation of the Economy, including new estimates of the revenue impacts of implementing Pillar One and Pillar Two. These estimates are based on updated data and incorporate many recently agreed design features of Pillar One and Pillar Two, many of which have not been accounted for in other studies.
- Tax evasion and illicit financial flows hinder domestic resource mobilization in Latin America, with estimated revenue forgone of 6.1% of GDP. Due to non-compliance, tax authorities collect less than half of the revenues they should theoretically gather in several Latin American countries.
- Latin American countries have strongly committed to tax transparency initiatives like the Punta del Este Declaration to tackle these issues. All Latin American members of the Global Forum are now signatories.
- Progress has been made in building tax transparency capacities and infrastructure in Latin America, but more work remains to fully implement transparency standards, encourage automatic exchange of information, and advance the wider use of treaty-exchanged information.
Population aging is expected to increase healthcare expenditures in OECD countries more than government revenues, putting pressure on government fiscal positions. Taxes on labor income are more vulnerable to aging than other tax types like consumption taxes. Deteriorating subnational fiscal positions may be difficult to overcome if subnational governments have limited revenue raising autonomy. Reforms to fiscal federalism may be needed to address imbalances across levels of government as the impact of aging is asymmetric depending on their expenditure and revenue responsibilities.
Will health spending and revenues be sustainable in the long-term?OECDtax
This document discusses the sustainability of health spending and revenues for the Australian central government in the long term. Chart 1 shows projections of the fiscal position over time, with the primary balance and net interest expected to decline but remain in deficit by 2060-61. Chart 2 shows that health spending projections as a percentage of GDP have increased across intergenerational reports and are expected to continue rising. Chart 4 specifically focuses on rising health spending projections over time. The document raises the question of whether these spending levels can be sustained by the tax system into the future.
How do you assess your country’s response during the crisis?OECDtax
The 17th Annual Meeting of the Network on Fiscal Relations Across Levels of Government featured a presentation by David Rowe from the U.S. Office of Management and Budget on state and local finances during the COVID-19 recovery. Rowe discussed federal legislation passed in response to the pandemic, current vaccination rates, and tensions between levels of government regarding vaccine requirements and COVID-19 mitigation policies.
Intergovernmental relations and the covid-19 crisis: early lessonsOECDtax
Monetary and fiscal support from central governments successfully accelerated the economic recovery from COVID-19. While GDP growth slowed, revenues and expenditures at subnational government levels were stabilized due to central support and reliance on stable tax bases. Despite vaccination programs, COVID-19 death rates remain high, and the future outlook is uncertain as infections rise again in winter months. Central government fiscal positions are now more fragile, and inflation and potential interest rate hikes could increase debt burdens across levels of government.
Tax Transparency in Latin America 2021: Punta del Este Declaration Progress R...OECDtax
This document summarizes progress on tax transparency and exchange of information in Latin America. It finds that while commitments to transparency have grown, with most countries signing the Punta del Este Declaration, capacity for exchange of information still varies significantly between countries. It also reports that exchange of information requests from Latin American countries have yielded over EUR 298 million in additional tax revenue from 2014 to 2020. Going forward, further technical assistance is needed to fully implement transparency standards and help countries make greater use of automatic exchange of information.
As the COVID-19 crisis continues to affect people's lives and force governments to take action, the international tax agenda remains highly relevant. Work has continued throughout the crisis on the pressing issue of reaching a multilateral, consensus-based solution to the tax challenges arising from the digitalisation of the economy, and in other areas of the OECD's tax agenda. With a number of recent and upcoming developments in the OECD's international tax agenda, experts from the OECD Centre for Tax Policy and Administration gave an update on our work.
Topics included:
- Update on G20
- Tax and digitalisation update on Pillar One and Pillar Two
- Tax policy
- COVID-19 response – tax treaties and transfer pricing
- BEPS implementation and tax transparency
- Tax and crime
Visit our website: http://oe.cd/taxtalks
Independent oversight bodies lessons from fiscal productivity and regulatory ...OECDtax
This document summarizes an academic paper that discusses the rise of independent oversight bodies in fiscal policy, productivity, and regulation. It begins by noting the growing trend for governments to establish independent, non-partisan institutions to provide oversight and analysis to inform policymaking. However, some argue this replaces democracy with technocracy. The document then examines three types of independent bodies - independent fiscal institutions, independent productivity commissions, and regulatory oversight bodies. It provides examples from different countries and discusses key features like independence. In conclusion, it considers lessons learned and debates around technocratic approaches.
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On June 11-16, several important international events were organized and they are expected
to contribute to Ukraine's resilience and victory: URC2024, the G7 meeting, and the Global
Peace Summit.
According to the IER, real GDP growth slowed slightly to 3.5% yoy in May compared to 4.2%
yoy in April due to significant damage caused by russian attacks on electricity generation.
Restrictions on electricity supply to industry and the population continue: efficient consumption
and the installation of decentralized power generation capacities are a priority.
The Ukrainian Sea Corridor allows an increase in the exports of ores and metallurgical products.
Foreign aid was the lowest in May. However, already in June Ukraine should receive about
USD 4 bn in loans.
In May, as in the previous three months, consumer inflation was slightly above 3% (3.3% yoy).
In June, the NBU again reduced the discount rate – from 13.5% to 13% per annum.
The hryvnia exchange rate has surpassed UAH 40 per dollar due to the growing demand for
cash currency.
The IER is preparing the pub
PFMS, India's Public Financial Management System, revolutionizes fund tracking and distribution, ensuring transparency and efficiency. It enables real-time monitoring, direct benefit transfers, and comprehensive reporting, significantly improving financial management and reducing fraud across government schemes.
Calculation of compliance cost: Veterinary and sanitary control of aquatic bi...Alexander Belyaev
Calculation of compliance cost in the fishing industry of Russia after extended SCM model (Veterinary and sanitary control of aquatic biological resources (ABR) - Preparation of documents, passing expertise)
Vadhavan Port Development _ What to Expect In and Beyond (1).pdfjohnson100mee
The Vadhavan Port Development is poised to be one of the most significant infrastructure projects in India's maritime history. This deep-sea port, located in Maharashtra, promises to transform the region's economic landscape, bolster India's trade capabilities, and generate a plethora of employment opportunities. In this blog, we will delve into the various facets of the Vadhavan Port Development: what to expect in and beyond its completion, and how it stands to influence the future of India's maritime and economic sectors.
2. The housing spectrum is diverse
Emergency
and shelter
spaces
Supported
housing
Social
housing
(non-market
rental)
Subsidised
housing
Private
market
rental
Home
ownership
Temporary Permanent
Market
Higher incomeLowerincome
Non-market
3. 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Number
of
countries
Number of ministries involved in housing policy
Housing policies create important multi-level
governance challenges
%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
1996 2006 2016
Share of subnational spending
5. Responsibilities on social housing by level of
government
0 20 40 60 80 100
National/federal
National specialised
agency
Regional/state
Local/municipal
Housing providers (non-
govt)
Tenant cooperative
Other
Deciding levels and rates of property taxes on private residences (e.g.
transfer duties, land rates)
Designing and implementing a scale for contributions by users of
social housing
Setting overall budget for social housing
0 20 40 60
National/federal
National specialised agency
Regional/state
Local/municipal
Housing provider(non-govt)
Tenant cooperative
Other
Hiring and firing of staff involved in the construction
of social housing (e.g. construction workers,
architects)
Determining working conditions of staff involved in
the construction of social housing (e.g. construction
workers, architects)
Determining which social housing services can be
outsourced (services obtained from outside
providers, such as cleaning)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
National/federal
National specialised agency
Regional/state
Local/municipal
Housing provider(non-govt)
Tenant cooperative
Other
Opening/closing of social housing
Selecting users of social housing
Selecting the placement of users of social housing
Determining the processes to apply for social housing
% of
respondents
Budgeting decisions Input decisions Output decisions
% of
respondents
% of
respondents
6. Land-use planning plays a key role for housing
• Land-use planning and zoning
determining housing supply
• Land-use planning and zoning
generally the responsibility of local
governments
• 10% of U.S. housing is more than twice as
expensive due to land-use restrictions in
housing supply (Glaeser & Gyourko, 2017).
• Land-use regulations in England increase
average house prices by GBP 79,000 (Hilber &
Vermeulen, 2016).
• Land-use regulations preventing the growth of
the most productive cities in the U.S. reduce
GDP by 9.5% (Hsieh & Moretti, 2015).
• Germany built just 32% of the needed housing
units since 2011 in cities, but 40% more
single-family homes than needed in rural
areas, creating sprawl and risking future
abandonment (Deschermeier et al., 2017).
7. Fiscal incentives matter for zoning decisions
by local governments
• Local governments use zoning regulations to steer housing
development within their jurisdictions
New housing development creates more
costs than revenues for local governments
Local governments do not permit
sufficient housing development, leading
to rising housing costs
Local governments obtain a
disproportionate share of revenues from
local business taxes
Local governments have an incentive to
zone excessive amounts of land for
commercial development