This document discusses the role of seismic surveys in establishing oil and gas fields. It describes the various steps involved in seismic data acquisition, including planning, preparation, field operations such as drilling shot holes or operating vibrators, recording seismic data, and processing the data. The objectives of seismic surveys are listed as regional exploration, prospect delineation, and field development. Key factors in planning a survey include the targeted geological features, available budgets and data, and parameter selection for recording seismic signals.
1) Seismic interpretation uses acoustic waves to image the subsurface by measuring the two-way travel time and amplitude of reflections. 2) A seismic source generates wavefronts that travel through the subsurface, reflecting or transmitting at interfaces between rock layers. 3) The amount of reflection depends on the relative difference in physical properties across interfaces, defined by reflection coefficients. Layers thinner than 1/4 the wavelength cannot be resolved individually.
This document provides an introduction to seismic interpretation. It begins with an overview of seismic acquisition methods both onshore and offshore. It then discusses key concepts in seismic data such as common depth points, floating datum, two-way time, and the relationship between time and depth. The document also covers seismic resolution, reflection coefficients, and examples of calculating tuning thickness. Finally, it discusses important steps for seismic interpretation including checking the line scale and orientation and interpreting major reflectors and geometries.
This document outlines a simple seismic data processing workflow. It begins with acquiring field data and updating the geometry. Next steps include trace editing, amplitude recovery, and noise attenuation. Velocity analysis and normal moveout correction are then applied. Deconvolution and multiple attenuation are performed before migration. Post-migration involves stacking, filtering and amplitude scaling to produce the final processed seismic section. The goal of seismic processing is to produce high quality seismic data for geological interpretation and hydrocarbon exploration.
E & P Company DGPC hired a seismic survey company to conduct a seismic survey for a concession license. The document describes the various crews and equipment used in a land seismic data acquisition project. It details the roles of the survey, drilling, loading, layout, recording, shooting, LVL, and safety crews. It also explains the use of GPS, batteries, receivers, survey controllers, jackhammers, drilling rigs, dynamite, detonators, geophones, cables, recording trucks, monitors, recorders, and other equipment used to shoot seismic sources, record the seismic data, and ensure crew safety.
The document discusses parameters for designing 2D and 3D seismic surveys. It explains that survey design aims to achieve geophysical objectives cost-effectively within time constraints. Key factors in design include target depth, resolution needs, and noise levels. Parameters that can be set include fold, offsets, bin size, and record length. The design must satisfy criteria like resolving the target, avoiding interference, and allowing for processing steps. Proper parameter selection depends on the exploration problem and existing seismic data.
The document describes seismic interpretation workflows, including conventional and unconventional techniques. Conventional techniques involve horizon interpretations, fault picking, and tying seismic data to well logs to understand subsurface geology. Unconventional techniques analyze seismic attribute variations like amplitudes to identify hydrocarbon indicators. The workflow includes generating synthetics from well logs, interpreting horizons on seismic sections, identifying structures like faults and gas chimneys, and determining direct hydrocarbon indicators.
The document provides an overview of principles of seismic data interpretation. It discusses fundamentals of seismic acquisition and processing such as seismic response, phase, polarity, reflections, and resolution. It also covers topics like structural interpretation pitfalls, seismic interpretation workflows involving building databases and time-depth relationships, and structural styles. The document includes sections on depth conversion, subsurface mapping techniques, and different types of velocities.
This document provides an overview of principles of seismic data processing. It discusses key concepts like seismic generation, data processing steps, velocity analysis, noise attenuation techniques, and common processing flows. The document is divided into multiple chapters that cover topics such as wave propagation, reflection coefficients, deconvolution, F-K transforms, and factors that affect seismic amplitudes. Specific noise types like swell noise are also explained and methods to attenuate them, such as using band-pass filters or amplitude/frequency filters, are described.
1) Seismic interpretation uses acoustic waves to image the subsurface by measuring the two-way travel time and amplitude of reflections. 2) A seismic source generates wavefronts that travel through the subsurface, reflecting or transmitting at interfaces between rock layers. 3) The amount of reflection depends on the relative difference in physical properties across interfaces, defined by reflection coefficients. Layers thinner than 1/4 the wavelength cannot be resolved individually.
This document provides an introduction to seismic interpretation. It begins with an overview of seismic acquisition methods both onshore and offshore. It then discusses key concepts in seismic data such as common depth points, floating datum, two-way time, and the relationship between time and depth. The document also covers seismic resolution, reflection coefficients, and examples of calculating tuning thickness. Finally, it discusses important steps for seismic interpretation including checking the line scale and orientation and interpreting major reflectors and geometries.
This document outlines a simple seismic data processing workflow. It begins with acquiring field data and updating the geometry. Next steps include trace editing, amplitude recovery, and noise attenuation. Velocity analysis and normal moveout correction are then applied. Deconvolution and multiple attenuation are performed before migration. Post-migration involves stacking, filtering and amplitude scaling to produce the final processed seismic section. The goal of seismic processing is to produce high quality seismic data for geological interpretation and hydrocarbon exploration.
E & P Company DGPC hired a seismic survey company to conduct a seismic survey for a concession license. The document describes the various crews and equipment used in a land seismic data acquisition project. It details the roles of the survey, drilling, loading, layout, recording, shooting, LVL, and safety crews. It also explains the use of GPS, batteries, receivers, survey controllers, jackhammers, drilling rigs, dynamite, detonators, geophones, cables, recording trucks, monitors, recorders, and other equipment used to shoot seismic sources, record the seismic data, and ensure crew safety.
The document discusses parameters for designing 2D and 3D seismic surveys. It explains that survey design aims to achieve geophysical objectives cost-effectively within time constraints. Key factors in design include target depth, resolution needs, and noise levels. Parameters that can be set include fold, offsets, bin size, and record length. The design must satisfy criteria like resolving the target, avoiding interference, and allowing for processing steps. Proper parameter selection depends on the exploration problem and existing seismic data.
The document describes seismic interpretation workflows, including conventional and unconventional techniques. Conventional techniques involve horizon interpretations, fault picking, and tying seismic data to well logs to understand subsurface geology. Unconventional techniques analyze seismic attribute variations like amplitudes to identify hydrocarbon indicators. The workflow includes generating synthetics from well logs, interpreting horizons on seismic sections, identifying structures like faults and gas chimneys, and determining direct hydrocarbon indicators.
The document provides an overview of principles of seismic data interpretation. It discusses fundamentals of seismic acquisition and processing such as seismic response, phase, polarity, reflections, and resolution. It also covers topics like structural interpretation pitfalls, seismic interpretation workflows involving building databases and time-depth relationships, and structural styles. The document includes sections on depth conversion, subsurface mapping techniques, and different types of velocities.
This document provides an overview of principles of seismic data processing. It discusses key concepts like seismic generation, data processing steps, velocity analysis, noise attenuation techniques, and common processing flows. The document is divided into multiple chapters that cover topics such as wave propagation, reflection coefficients, deconvolution, F-K transforms, and factors that affect seismic amplitudes. Specific noise types like swell noise are also explained and methods to attenuate them, such as using band-pass filters or amplitude/frequency filters, are described.
The document provides information about a presentation on seismic surveys given by Rakesh Kumar. It lists the group members and discusses topics including the origin of oil and gas from plankton and cooking of organic matter, oil migration and traps, reservoir rocks, and seismic surveys. Seismic surveying involves firing sound waves into the earth and analyzing the reflected waves to image rock formations and determine potential locations for oil and gas reservoirs.
This document discusses geotechnical seismic services, including 2D and 3D seismic acquisition. It outlines the objectives, preparation, planning, and parameter selection involved in 2D/3D seismic surveys. These include determining acquisition parameters, source and receiver layouts, and raw shot recording. The goals are regional exploration, prospect delineation, and field development.
Using 3-D Seismic Attributes in Reservoir Characterizationguest05b785
The document discusses using 3D seismic attributes for reservoir characterization. It provides an overview of seismic reflection methods and defines seismic attributes as any measurement derived from seismic data. Common types of attributes are described including time, complex trace, window, Fourier and multi-trace attributes. The document gives examples of attributes like envelope, phase, frequency and coherence that can provide information on lithology, thickness, faults and fractures. Methods of interpreting attribute data from 3D volumes are outlined. The document concludes by providing examples of how attributes can be used for reservoir characterization tasks like fault interpretation and porosity estimation.
Seismic data interpretation aims to tell the geologic story contained in seismic data by correlating seismic features with known geological elements. The summary outlines key concepts including:
1. Reflection, velocity, P and S waves, polarity, phase, resolution and detectability which influence seismic interpretation.
2. Depositional environments, rock types, faults and folds are interpreted from seismic data to understand the subsurface petroleum system.
3. Structural and stratigraphic interpretation including seismic attributes, multi-attribute logging, direct hydrocarbon indicators, and AVO/impedance inversion are used to characterize reservoirs.
1. The document describes the key elements of a petroleum system including the source rock, migration route, reservoir rock, seal rock, and trap that are necessary for oil and gas accumulation.
2. It explains the processes of generation of petroleum from organic-rich source rocks buried deep underground and subjected to heat and pressure over millions of years, and the migration of oil and gas from the source rock into porous reservoir rocks.
3. The document outlines the characteristics of reservoir rocks that allow for the accumulation and storage of oil and gas, as well as cap rocks that form an impermeable seal above reservoir rocks preventing further migration and trapping hydrocarbons below.
This document discusses the key geological elements of a petroleum system including source rocks, reservoir rocks, seals, migration routes, and traps. It explains that source rocks contain organic matter that generates hydrocarbons through diagenesis, catagenesis and metagenesis as the rocks are buried deeper. Reservoir rocks have pore spaces that can absorb hydrocarbons, while seal rocks are impermeable layers that trap hydrocarbons between them and the reservoir rock. Traps form where hydrocarbons are blocked from further migrating, such as in structural traps like folds and faults or stratigraphic traps caused by changes in rock layers.
is one of the first steps in
searching for oil and gas resources that directly
affects the land and the landowners Seismic surveys are like sonar on steroids They are based on recording the time it takes for sound waves generated by controlled energy sources .The survey usually requires people and machinery
to be on private property and may result in
disturbances of the land such as the clearing of
trees
This document provides an outline for a course on sequence stratigraphy. It covers key concepts in stratigraphy including sedimentary depositional environments, facies analysis, sequence stratigraphy principles, and causes of sea level change. Common siliciclastic and carbonate stratigraphic successions are examined. The role of base level and relative sea level changes in controlling sediment accumulation and sequence boundaries is discussed.
This document discusses seismic surveying methods used in geophysical exploration. It describes how seismic waves are generated artificially and recorded to map subsurface structures and lithologies. The main methods discussed are 2D and 3D seismic surveys. 2D surveys involve collecting seismic data along widely spaced lines, while 3D surveys acquire closely-spaced data to generate high-resolution 3D images of the subsurface. The document outlines the objectives, preparation, data acquisition, and interpretation of seismic data to infer the presence of oil and gas reservoirs.
This document describes model-based seismic inversion performed on a 3D seismic dataset from the F3 block in the Dutch sector of the North Sea. The study area has complex geology from the Paleozoic to Cenozoic eras. The authors applied model-based inversion using Hampson-Russell software to determine lithology and fluid distributions in the target reservoir. They imported the 3D seismic cube, identified the target reservoir horizon, performed depth conversion and quality control, extracted the wavelet, built an initial model, ran the inversion, and analyzed the resulting acoustic impedance volume to characterize the subsurface.
Sedimentary facies refer to rock or sediment bodies that are distinguished by their composition, texture, structures and other features related to the depositional environment. Key aspects of facies include grain size, sorting, fossils and bedding. Individual facies represent specific depositional conditions. Multiple genetically-related facies comprise a facies association representing a depositional system. Facies successions occur at different scales from individual systems to basin-scale sequences reflecting changes in sea level over time.
Sequence stratigraphy and its applicationsPramoda Raj
Sequence stratigraphy is the study of rock strata in terms of depositional sequences that are genetically related and bounded by unconformities or correlative conformities. It was pioneered by James Hutton in 1788 and further developed by researchers like Sloss and Vail to understand global eustatic sea level changes and their control on sediment deposition. Key concepts include systems tracts like transgressive, highstand, and parasequences which are building blocks of sequences. Sequence stratigraphy is useful for basin analysis, hydrocarbon exploration, and understanding past sea level fluctuations. Case studies have applied it to outcrops and subsurface sediments.
Seismic interpretation involves correlating seismic data features with geological elements to understand the subsurface. The goal is to map reservoirs, including depth, thickness, and properties. This involves processing data, well calibration, horizon and fault tracking, and attribute analysis. Direct hydrocarbon indicators on seismic can help identify potential reservoirs, but require validation with amplitude versus offset analysis due to limitations and need for a geological model.
This document defines sequence stratigraphy and discusses its basic concepts. Sequence stratigraphy studies genetically related rock units bounded by unconformities. It is based on dividing strata into sequences bounded by sea level changes. Key concepts discussed include depositional sequences, parasequences, flooding surfaces, system tracts, accommodation space, and the importance of sequence stratigraphy for understanding basin evolution and resource exploration.
This document discusses seismic data processing workflows. It begins with an introduction and agenda. The general workflow includes reformatting, trace editing, geometry handling, amplitude recovery, noise attenuation through techniques like frequency and FK filtering, deconvolution, multiple removal, migration, velocity analysis, NMO correction, muting, stacking, and post-stack filtering and amplitude scaling to produce a final image for geological interpretation. The document emphasizes that the proper workflow selection depends on processing environment, targets, costs, and client preferences. It concludes with time for questions.
Seismic interpretation and well logging techniquesPramoda Raj
This document provides an overview of seismic interpretation and well logging techniques used in hydrocarbon exploration. It begins with introducing the aims and objectives, which are to understand the principles of seismic interpretation and well log interpretation. It then discusses various topics related to petroleum exploration including basins in India, petroleum systems elements, geophysical exploration methods, seismic surveys, well logging tools, and seismic and well log interpretation. The conclusion emphasizes that the work helped to interpret well logs and seismic sections to understand subsurface lithology and formations.
The mineral reserves & reserves estimation using triangular methods Numan Hossain
The document discusses methods for estimating mineral reserves, specifically focusing on the triangular method. It defines mineral reserves and describes proven and probable reserves. It then explains the triangular method which involves calculating the area of the ore body using triangular sections, determining the average thickness, calculating the volume by multiplying area and thickness, and finally estimating reserves by multiplying volume by density. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to use the triangular method and calculate reserves using different techniques to determine average thickness.
The document discusses Seascape Technical Resources, which provides marine geoscience and seafloor engineering services including multidiscipline surveys using geophysical, geotechnical and hydrographic equipment. It focuses on techniques for pipeline depth of cover surveys using subbottom profilers, echosounders, sidescan sonar, magnetometers and optionally gradiometer arrays to determine pipeline location and depth below the seafloor.
The document provides information about a presentation on seismic surveys given by Rakesh Kumar. It lists the group members and discusses topics including the origin of oil and gas from plankton and cooking of organic matter, oil migration and traps, reservoir rocks, and seismic surveys. Seismic surveying involves firing sound waves into the earth and analyzing the reflected waves to image rock formations and determine potential locations for oil and gas reservoirs.
This document discusses geotechnical seismic services, including 2D and 3D seismic acquisition. It outlines the objectives, preparation, planning, and parameter selection involved in 2D/3D seismic surveys. These include determining acquisition parameters, source and receiver layouts, and raw shot recording. The goals are regional exploration, prospect delineation, and field development.
Using 3-D Seismic Attributes in Reservoir Characterizationguest05b785
The document discusses using 3D seismic attributes for reservoir characterization. It provides an overview of seismic reflection methods and defines seismic attributes as any measurement derived from seismic data. Common types of attributes are described including time, complex trace, window, Fourier and multi-trace attributes. The document gives examples of attributes like envelope, phase, frequency and coherence that can provide information on lithology, thickness, faults and fractures. Methods of interpreting attribute data from 3D volumes are outlined. The document concludes by providing examples of how attributes can be used for reservoir characterization tasks like fault interpretation and porosity estimation.
Seismic data interpretation aims to tell the geologic story contained in seismic data by correlating seismic features with known geological elements. The summary outlines key concepts including:
1. Reflection, velocity, P and S waves, polarity, phase, resolution and detectability which influence seismic interpretation.
2. Depositional environments, rock types, faults and folds are interpreted from seismic data to understand the subsurface petroleum system.
3. Structural and stratigraphic interpretation including seismic attributes, multi-attribute logging, direct hydrocarbon indicators, and AVO/impedance inversion are used to characterize reservoirs.
1. The document describes the key elements of a petroleum system including the source rock, migration route, reservoir rock, seal rock, and trap that are necessary for oil and gas accumulation.
2. It explains the processes of generation of petroleum from organic-rich source rocks buried deep underground and subjected to heat and pressure over millions of years, and the migration of oil and gas from the source rock into porous reservoir rocks.
3. The document outlines the characteristics of reservoir rocks that allow for the accumulation and storage of oil and gas, as well as cap rocks that form an impermeable seal above reservoir rocks preventing further migration and trapping hydrocarbons below.
This document discusses the key geological elements of a petroleum system including source rocks, reservoir rocks, seals, migration routes, and traps. It explains that source rocks contain organic matter that generates hydrocarbons through diagenesis, catagenesis and metagenesis as the rocks are buried deeper. Reservoir rocks have pore spaces that can absorb hydrocarbons, while seal rocks are impermeable layers that trap hydrocarbons between them and the reservoir rock. Traps form where hydrocarbons are blocked from further migrating, such as in structural traps like folds and faults or stratigraphic traps caused by changes in rock layers.
is one of the first steps in
searching for oil and gas resources that directly
affects the land and the landowners Seismic surveys are like sonar on steroids They are based on recording the time it takes for sound waves generated by controlled energy sources .The survey usually requires people and machinery
to be on private property and may result in
disturbances of the land such as the clearing of
trees
This document provides an outline for a course on sequence stratigraphy. It covers key concepts in stratigraphy including sedimentary depositional environments, facies analysis, sequence stratigraphy principles, and causes of sea level change. Common siliciclastic and carbonate stratigraphic successions are examined. The role of base level and relative sea level changes in controlling sediment accumulation and sequence boundaries is discussed.
This document discusses seismic surveying methods used in geophysical exploration. It describes how seismic waves are generated artificially and recorded to map subsurface structures and lithologies. The main methods discussed are 2D and 3D seismic surveys. 2D surveys involve collecting seismic data along widely spaced lines, while 3D surveys acquire closely-spaced data to generate high-resolution 3D images of the subsurface. The document outlines the objectives, preparation, data acquisition, and interpretation of seismic data to infer the presence of oil and gas reservoirs.
This document describes model-based seismic inversion performed on a 3D seismic dataset from the F3 block in the Dutch sector of the North Sea. The study area has complex geology from the Paleozoic to Cenozoic eras. The authors applied model-based inversion using Hampson-Russell software to determine lithology and fluid distributions in the target reservoir. They imported the 3D seismic cube, identified the target reservoir horizon, performed depth conversion and quality control, extracted the wavelet, built an initial model, ran the inversion, and analyzed the resulting acoustic impedance volume to characterize the subsurface.
Sedimentary facies refer to rock or sediment bodies that are distinguished by their composition, texture, structures and other features related to the depositional environment. Key aspects of facies include grain size, sorting, fossils and bedding. Individual facies represent specific depositional conditions. Multiple genetically-related facies comprise a facies association representing a depositional system. Facies successions occur at different scales from individual systems to basin-scale sequences reflecting changes in sea level over time.
Sequence stratigraphy and its applicationsPramoda Raj
Sequence stratigraphy is the study of rock strata in terms of depositional sequences that are genetically related and bounded by unconformities or correlative conformities. It was pioneered by James Hutton in 1788 and further developed by researchers like Sloss and Vail to understand global eustatic sea level changes and their control on sediment deposition. Key concepts include systems tracts like transgressive, highstand, and parasequences which are building blocks of sequences. Sequence stratigraphy is useful for basin analysis, hydrocarbon exploration, and understanding past sea level fluctuations. Case studies have applied it to outcrops and subsurface sediments.
Seismic interpretation involves correlating seismic data features with geological elements to understand the subsurface. The goal is to map reservoirs, including depth, thickness, and properties. This involves processing data, well calibration, horizon and fault tracking, and attribute analysis. Direct hydrocarbon indicators on seismic can help identify potential reservoirs, but require validation with amplitude versus offset analysis due to limitations and need for a geological model.
This document defines sequence stratigraphy and discusses its basic concepts. Sequence stratigraphy studies genetically related rock units bounded by unconformities. It is based on dividing strata into sequences bounded by sea level changes. Key concepts discussed include depositional sequences, parasequences, flooding surfaces, system tracts, accommodation space, and the importance of sequence stratigraphy for understanding basin evolution and resource exploration.
This document discusses seismic data processing workflows. It begins with an introduction and agenda. The general workflow includes reformatting, trace editing, geometry handling, amplitude recovery, noise attenuation through techniques like frequency and FK filtering, deconvolution, multiple removal, migration, velocity analysis, NMO correction, muting, stacking, and post-stack filtering and amplitude scaling to produce a final image for geological interpretation. The document emphasizes that the proper workflow selection depends on processing environment, targets, costs, and client preferences. It concludes with time for questions.
Seismic interpretation and well logging techniquesPramoda Raj
This document provides an overview of seismic interpretation and well logging techniques used in hydrocarbon exploration. It begins with introducing the aims and objectives, which are to understand the principles of seismic interpretation and well log interpretation. It then discusses various topics related to petroleum exploration including basins in India, petroleum systems elements, geophysical exploration methods, seismic surveys, well logging tools, and seismic and well log interpretation. The conclusion emphasizes that the work helped to interpret well logs and seismic sections to understand subsurface lithology and formations.
The mineral reserves & reserves estimation using triangular methods Numan Hossain
The document discusses methods for estimating mineral reserves, specifically focusing on the triangular method. It defines mineral reserves and describes proven and probable reserves. It then explains the triangular method which involves calculating the area of the ore body using triangular sections, determining the average thickness, calculating the volume by multiplying area and thickness, and finally estimating reserves by multiplying volume by density. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to use the triangular method and calculate reserves using different techniques to determine average thickness.
The document discusses Seascape Technical Resources, which provides marine geoscience and seafloor engineering services including multidiscipline surveys using geophysical, geotechnical and hydrographic equipment. It focuses on techniques for pipeline depth of cover surveys using subbottom profilers, echosounders, sidescan sonar, magnetometers and optionally gradiometer arrays to determine pipeline location and depth below the seafloor.
The document summarizes the key stages in the life of an oil and gas field: exploration, appraisal, development, production, and decommissioning. It describes the objectives, methodologies, activities, parameters determined, and disciplines involved at each stage. The stages are presented chronologically from initial exploration and discovery through to production and eventual removal of facilities. Key parameters determined include structure, lithology, porosity, fluid contacts, and pressure/permeability properties which are used to evaluate and optimize recovery from the reservoir over the life of the field.
The Value Proposition of 3D and 4D Marine Seismic DataTaylor Goss
An explanation of what 3D/4D Seismic is and why it is valuable for the Oil & Gas industry. How it helps to reduce risk in exploration, and helps to monitor the reservoir.
Seismic surveys use seismic waves to image the subsurface. There are two main types: refraction surveys use refracted waves to determine shallow layer velocities, while reflection surveys use reflected waves to image deeper geological structures and boundaries between rock layers. Reflection surveys require more receivers and sources to adequately image the subsurface, making the data acquisition and processing more complex but able to image deeper targets compared to refraction surveys.
Monitoring measuring and verification, Gonzalo Zambrano, University of AlbertaGlobal CCS Institute
This document summarizes Gonzalo Zambrano's presentation on monitoring, measuring and verification (MMV) for CO2 storage projects. It discusses the Aquistore project, which aims to demonstrate safe CO2 storage in deep saline formations in Alberta, Canada. The Aquistore project involves injecting CO2 into a saline formation over 3 km underground and uses various surface and downhole techniques to monitor the CO2 plume and ensure containment. These include 3D and time-lapse seismic surveys, a permanent seismic array, tiltmeters, GPS, and soil gas and groundwater monitoring.
The document discusses the dredging process and its effects. It provides an overview of different types of dredgers including mechanical dredgers like bucket ladder dredgers and grab dredgers, and hydraulic dredgers like suction hopper dredgers and cutter suction dredgers. It also discusses site investigation processes, soil classification, dredger selection, dumping grounds, effectiveness, impacts, and environmental effects of dredging. Dredging is necessary for activities like creating harbors and maintaining waterways, but can impact the environment through disturbed sediments and potential contamination. Careful planning is required to select the appropriate dredger and minimize negative impacts.
Geocience skills have a place in the future. Geophysical & geotechnical data, interpretation will be required for identifying the best places & ways to install wind turbines.
The document provides information on Fugro Airborne Surveys' DIGHEM electromagnetic system for near-surface mapping. DIGHEM can be used from both fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters for applications such as mineral and aggregate exploration, groundwater mapping, contaminant mapping, bathymetry, and infrastructure mapping. It describes the DIGHEM system, presents case studies demonstrating its use, and compares it to other airborne electromagnetic systems.
The document summarizes the stages of a site investigation which includes a desk study, site reconnaissance, detailed exploration and sampling, field/in-situ testing, and laboratory testing. The objectives are to assess suitability, enable adequate design, plan construction, determine ground changes, and document the investigation in a report. Site investigations involve exploring ground conditions through methods like boreholes, trial pits, and geophysical surveys to inform engineering design decisions.
SEISMIC FOR EXPLORING SEABED MINERALS AT THE MID-ATLANTIC RIDGEiQHub
This document discusses a seismic survey conducted in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge to explore seabed minerals. It provides background on the geological features of the survey area, including the Mohn's Ridge slow spreading ridge. It then describes the 2D seismic acquisition using a source vessel and towed streamer, and the processing sequence applied to the data. The document presents some preliminary seismic section examples and interpretations, noting imaging challenges from the 2D nature and short offsets. It concludes by acknowledging the project partners and highlighting the improved geological understanding from the survey.
Concept of oc mine planning & design(final)sou_suk_sou
The document discusses concepts related to open cast mine planning and design. It covers various mining methods and factors that determine the suitable method. It describes ideal conditions for open cast mining and provides details about general planning studies and reports. The document also discusses basis for initial geological study, conceptual mine planning, pre-feasibility study and factors considered in mine design including access ramp, haul roads, pit design, production capacity and main mining equipment.
This document discusses new techniques for reducing exploration risk in challenging subsurface environments like deep water and beneath salt or basalt. It describes how 3D seismic surveys have improved drilling success rates from 25% to 50% but success is still low in some areas like 10% in deep Gulf of Mexico wells. New methods of acquiring seismic data from multiple azimuths and with vertically aligned sources and receivers are providing higher quality images to further reduce risk by illuminating subsurface targets from more directions. Examples from various basins demonstrate how these improvements in seismic technology decrease the chance of drilling dry holes.
This document provides information on different methods for measuring and analyzing beach profile data. It discusses techniques for measuring beach profiles including using emery rods, level and tape, total stations, survey sleds, fathometers, airborne lidar, and ground-based lidar. It also describes methods for analyzing beach profile data including determining changes in sand volume by integrating profile areas and the empirical orthogonal eigenfunction method. The empirical orthogonal eigenfunction method decomposes beach profile data into orthogonal functions or statistical modes to examine profile variations.
This curriculum vitae summarizes the professional experience and qualifications of Nduese Moffat, a Geologist/Geophysicist with over 15 years of experience in the oil and water industries. He has worked for several companies in roles such as site geologist, drilling supervisor, logging geologist, and coring engineer. His responsibilities have included formation evaluation, well logging, drilling supervision, data analysis, and ensuring core integrity. He holds an MSc in Petroleum Geophysics and BSc in Geology, along with various professional certificates.
The document summarizes common stages in soil exploration investigations which include desk study, site reconnaissance, field investigation including preliminary and detailed stages, laboratory testing, report writing, and follow up investigations. It describes various methods of soil exploration such as trial pits, trenches, borings using different tools, standard penetration testing, plate load testing, and geophysical methods like electrical resistivity and seismic methods. The key objectives of soil exploration are to determine soil conditions and properties to aid foundation design and construction.
The document summarizes a geophysical and geotechnical survey conducted of 61 sites for rig and barge moves. A comprehensive data acquisition campaign involved geophysical surveying and geotechnical borehole drilling and testing to identify seabed and subsurface hazards. The surveys found debris and disturbed seabed at some locations that could impact rig stability. The data obtained will support safe rig and barge positioning by informing plans to mitigate risks from geological features or man-made hazards.
1. The document discusses using 4D seismic data and petrophysical analysis to monitor reservoir performance on the Nelson Field.
2. Rock physics analysis links acoustic properties from seismic inversion to fluid and lithology properties from well logs.
3. Probabilistic fluid and lithology volumes are predicted from seismic data and used along with 4D differences to identify unswept oil areas.
This document summarizes the challenges and risks associated with drilling a deep water well. It discusses the geology of deep water areas like Green Canyon and Walker Ridge. It outlines the key challenges like shallow hazards, pore pressure prediction, and well planning. It provides a generic well schematic and discusses risks for each hole section. Finally, it briefly touches on evaluation, completions considerations, and the importance of understanding geology, risks, planning, and monitoring for deep water wells.
The document discusses several types of seismic velocity models including 1D layered models, community velocity models based on direct measurements, unified community models, and 3D tomography models derived from active and passive seismic data. It provides details on numerous global and regional reference models for the crust, mantle, and specific tectonic provinces.
The analysis of all of the significant processes that formed a basin and deformed its sedimentary fill from basin-scale processes (e.g., plate tectonics)
to centimeter-scale processes (e.g., fracturing)
This document discusses seismic data processing concepts and computer systems used for digital filtering. It explains that seismic data recorded in the field is processed using computer programs to transform it into a usable geological record section. The processing involves steps like demultiplexing, applying static and normal moveout corrections, filtering, stacking, and other analyses to improve data quality and clarity for geological interpretation. Digital computers allow complex processing techniques to be applied to enhance seismic data and better reveal subsurface structures.
Seismic waves are the waves of energy caused by the sudden breaking of rock within the earth or an explosion.
Response of material to the arrival of energy fronts released by rupture.
Energy that travels through the earth and is recorded on seismographs.
1) The document discusses the geological time scale which is used to divide Earth's history into standardized units including eras, periods, and epochs.
2) Scientists have studied rocks and fossils worldwide to develop the time scale and determine how life has changed over time on Earth.
3) Major events in Earth's history like asteroid impacts have caused mass extinctions and influenced the conditions and diversity of life.
A fossil is the preserved remains of a once-living organism.
Fossils give clues about organisms that lived long ago. They help to show that evolution has occurred.
They also provide evidence about how Earth’s surface has changed over time.
Fossils help scientists understand what past environments may have been like.
The document discusses the 79 CE eruption of Mount Vesuvius that buried the Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum. It provides background on Vesuvius and nearby Mediterranean volcanoes. Details are given about the features of Pompeii, including its streets, food stalls, plumbing, and gladiator school that were preserved by the volcanic ash and lava flows. The document also includes information on victims recovered from the eruption and a chart classifying volcanic explosivity on an index scale.
Pompeii was an ancient Roman city near the volcanic mountain Vesuvius that was destroyed in 79 AD when Vesuvius erupted in a massive Plinian eruption. The city was buried under ash and debris, preserving structures and remains. Nearly 20,000 residents could have evacuated but did not recognize the danger. Centuries later the buried city was rediscovered and excavations have since revealed details of daily Roman life. Pliny the Younger, who witnessed the eruption, provided the first detailed eyewitness account that is still used by volcanologists today.
A fossil is an impression, cast,
original material or track of any animal or plant that is preserved in rock after the original organic material is transformed or removed.
This document provides information about identifying and recognizing planktonic foraminifera. It notes that planktonic foraminifera lack additional skeletal structures found in benthic foraminifera, have a simple aperture, can permanently float or drift in the water column, and are very abundant in inner to outer neritic sediments. It also describes the wall textures of different planktonic foraminifera species and how their morphology has evolved over time, including developing elongate chamber extensions, becoming biserial, and muricae fusing.
Second-largest phylum in number of species- over 100,000 described.
Ecologically widespread- marine, freshwater, terrestrial (gastropods very successful on land)
Variety of body plans (therefore, many classes within the phylum)
Variety in body size- from ~1 mm to ~18 m (60 feet). 80% are under 5 cm, but many are large and therefore significant as food for man.
This document contains a list of different types of fossils including trilobites, worms, crinoids, brachiopods, pelecypods, and the gastropod Turritela. The document provides names of various fossil forms but does not include any descriptions.
This document discusses the classification of organisms into taxonomic kingdoms, including:
- Kingdom Monera includes bacteria and blue-green algae.
- Kingdom Protista includes protozoa like amoebas and algae.
- Kingdom Fungi includes mushrooms, molds, and yeasts.
- Kingdom Plantae includes plants, algae, mosses, and liverworts.
- Kingdom Animalia includes sponges, jellyfish, corals, mollusks, arthropods, echinoderms, and vertebrates.
Brachiopods are marine invertebrates with hard shells known as valves. They are divided into two classes - Articulata and Inarticulata. Articulata have valves that are hinged and can open, while Inarticulata valves are cemented together and cannot open. Brachiopods live with their lophophore protruding between the valves to filter feed on plankton. Their shells have distinct features like teeth and sockets that interlock the valves together. Brachiopods were most common in the Paleozoic era and remain important index fossils for determining paleoenvironments.
A synthetic gemstone is identical to a natural gemstone in almost every way. This includes the same basic crystal structure, refractive index, specific gravity, chemical composition, colors, and other characteristics. Since the same gemological tests are used for stone identification on both natural and synthetic gems, it is sometimes even possible for a gemologist to be puzzled as to whether or not a stone is natural or synthetic. When this occurs, the best course of action is to send the stone to an accredited gem laboratory, like the Gemological Institute of America. They can positively determin ewhether a stone is synthetic or naturally occuring. Only minor internal characteristics allow separation of a synthetic gemstone from a natural gemston
This document summarizes seismicity data from the Indian plate, including 570 earthquakes in India from 1636 to 2009. It provides tables with details on specific historical earthquakes including location, date, and intensity. It also discusses major earthquakes in Pakistan and zones of seismic hazard on the Indian plate, delineating 5 zones of increasing risk. Finally, it outlines several active faults on the Indian plate, including the Muzaffarabad, Jhelum, Sagaing, Kalabagh, Chaman, and others, describing their locations and characteristics.
Graphite is a highly scalable real-time graphing system. As a user, you write an application that collects numeric time series data that you are interested in graphing, and send it to Graphite’s processing backend, carbon, which stores the data in Graphite’s specialized database. The data can then be visualized through graphite’s web Interfaces.
When writing references, include the author's last name and publication year for in-text citations, and provide full details of each reference in an alphabetical reference list at the end. The reference list should include the author(s), date of publication, title of source, and publisher details.
Rodents, Birds and locust_Pests of crops.pdfPirithiRaju
Mole rat or Lesser bandicoot rat, Bandicotabengalensis
•Head -round and broad muzzle
•Tail -shorter than head, body
•Prefers damp areas
•Burrows with scooped soil before entrance
•Potential rat, one pair can produce more than 800 offspringsin one year
Continuing with the partner Introduction, Tampere University has another group operating at the INSIGHT project! Meet members of the Industrial Engineering and Management Unit - Aki, Jaakko, Olga, and Vilma!
The use of probiotics and antibiotics in aquaculture production.pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Aquaculture is one of the fastest growing agriculture sectors in the world, providing food and nutritional security to millions of people. However, disease outbreaks are a constraint to aquaculture production, thereby affecting the socio-economic status of people in many countries. Due to intensive farming practices, infectious diseases are a major problem in finfish and shellfish aquaculture, causing heavy loss to farmers (Austin & Sharifuzzaman, 2022). For instance Bacterial fish diseases are responsible for a huge annual loss estimated at USD 6 billion in 2014, and this figure has increased to 9.58 in 2020 globally.
Disease control in the aquaculture industry has been achieved using various methods, including traditional means, synthetic chemicals and antibiotics. In the 1970s and 1980s oxolinic acid, oxytetracycline (OTC), furazolidone, potential sulphonamides (sulphadiazine and trimethoprim) and amoxicillin were the most commonly used antibiotics in fish farming (Amenyogbe et al., 2020). However, the indiscriminate use of antibiotics in disease control has led to selective pressure of antibiotic resistance in bacteria, a property that may be readily transferred to other bacteria (Bondad‐Reantaso et al., 2023a). Traditional methods are ineffective against controlling new disease in large aquaculture systems. Therefore, alternative methods need to be developed to maintain a healthy microbial environment in aquaculture systems, thereby maintaining the health of the cultured organisms.
Compositions of iron-meteorite parent bodies constrainthe structure of the pr...Sérgio Sacani
Magmatic iron-meteorite parent bodies are the earliest planetesimals in the Solar System,and they preserve information about conditions and planet-forming processes in thesolar nebula. In this study, we include comprehensive elemental compositions andfractional-crystallization modeling for iron meteorites from the cores of five differenti-ated asteroids from the inner Solar System. Together with previous results of metalliccores from the outer Solar System, we conclude that asteroidal cores from the outerSolar System have smaller sizes, elevated siderophile-element abundances, and simplercrystallization processes than those from the inner Solar System. These differences arerelated to the formation locations of the parent asteroids because the solar protoplane-tary disk varied in redox conditions, elemental distributions, and dynamics at differentheliocentric distances. Using highly siderophile-element data from iron meteorites, wereconstruct the distribution of calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs) across theprotoplanetary disk within the first million years of Solar-System history. CAIs, the firstsolids to condense in the Solar System, formed close to the Sun. They were, however,concentrated within the outer disk and depleted within the inner disk. Future modelsof the structure and evolution of the protoplanetary disk should account for this dis-tribution pattern of CAIs.
This presentation offers a general idea of the structure of seed, seed production, management of seeds and its allied technologies. It also offers the concept of gene erosion and the practices used to control it. Nursery and gardening have been widely explored along with their importance in the related domain.
Complement Activation Pathways: Key Mechanisms in Immune Defensedeepsarao2001
The complement system is a key part of the immune response, made up of proteins that eliminate pathogens. It is activated through three main pathways:
Classical Pathway: Triggered by antibodies bound to antigens on a pathogen's surface.
Lectin Pathway: Initiated by mannose-binding lectin binding to sugars on pathogens.
Alternative Pathway: Activated spontaneously on pathogen surfaces without antibodies.
All pathways converge to form C3 convertase, leading to the destruction of pathogens by marking them for immune attack and creating pores in their membranes. This process enhances the body's ability to fight infections quickly and effectively.
Order : Trombidiformes (Acarina) Class : Arachnida
Mites normally feed on the undersurface of the leaves but the symptoms are more easily seen on the uppersurface.
Tetranychids produce blotching (Spots) on the leaf-surface.
Tarsonemids and Eriophyids produce distortion (twist), puckering (Folds) or stunting (Short) of leaves.
Eriophyids produce distinct galls or blisters (fluid-filled sac in the outer layer)
Mapping the Growth of Supermassive Black Holes as a Function of Galaxy Stella...Sérgio Sacani
The growth of supermassive black holes is strongly linked to their galaxies. It has been shown that the population
mean black hole accretion rate (BHAR) primarily correlates with the galaxy stellar mass (Må) and redshift for the
general galaxy population. This work aims to provide the best measurements of BHAR as a function of Må and
redshift over ranges of 109.5 < Må < 1012 Me and z < 4. We compile an unprecedentedly large sample with 8000
active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and 1.3 million normal galaxies from nine high-quality survey fields following a
wedding cake design. We further develop a semiparametric Bayesian method that can reasonably estimate BHAR
and the corresponding uncertainties, even for sparsely populated regions in the parameter space. BHAR is
constrained by X-ray surveys sampling the AGN accretion power and UV-to-infrared multiwavelength surveys
sampling the galaxy population. Our results can independently predict the X-ray luminosity function (XLF) from
the galaxy stellar mass function (SMF), and the prediction is consistent with the observed XLF. We also try adding
external constraints from the observed SMF and XLF. We further measure BHAR for star-forming and quiescent
galaxies and show that star-forming BHAR is generally larger than or at least comparable to the quiescent BHAR.
Unified Astronomy Thesaurus concepts: Supermassive black holes (1663); X-ray active galactic nuclei (2035);
Galaxies (573)
Detecting visual-media-borne disinformation: a summary of latest advances at ...VasileiosMezaris
We present very briefly some of the most important and latest (June 2024) advances in detecting visual-media-borne disinformation, based on the research work carried out at the Intelligent Digital Transformation Laboratory (IDT Lab) of CERTH-ITI.
2. Reconnaissance Structural / Stratigraphic Anomalies
Primary Production/Pool Development Reservoir Delineation
Prospect Generation/Exploratory Well
4D Seismic/Pool Development
ROLE OF SEISMIC SURVEYROLE OF SEISMIC SURVEY
IN ESTABLISHMENT OF AN OIL/GAS FIELDIN ESTABLISHMENT OF AN OIL/GAS FIELD
Detailed Seismic Acquisition/Processing
4. OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
• REGIONAL EXPLORATORY INVESTIGATIONS
Delineation of structural and stratigraphic anomalies
• PROSPECT DELINEATION
To mark the depth of prospective horizon and trap
closures
• FIELD DEVELOPMENT
To mark suitable locations for field development and for
reservoir studies
6. GEOLOGICAL DATAGEOLOGICAL DATA
Surface maps
Cross sections
Contour maps
Isopach
Formation depths/thickness
Lithologies
Well history
Wire Line Logs
MAPSMAPS
WELL DATAWELL DATA
7. GEOPHYSICAL DATAGEOPHYSICAL DATA
Time / Depth contour maps
Isochorn / Isopach maps
Velocity maps
MAPSMAPS
SECTIONSSECTIONS
Field monitors
Migrated / Unmigrated sections
10. KEY INFORMATIONKEY INFORMATION
• Depth of Target Horizon
• Dip of the Target Horizon
• Arial Extension of Target
• Maximum Desired Frequency
• Accessibility in the Area
• Noise Type in the Area
• Thickness of the Weathered Layer
• Structural Settings of the Area
• Terrain
• Climate
11. REFLECTION FROM A HORIZONTALREFLECTION FROM A HORIZONTAL
REFLECTORREFLECTOR
Offset
CMP
Surface
Reflector
Source Detector
12. SEISMIC DATA ACQUISITION ON LANDSEISMIC DATA ACQUISITION ON LAND
Shot Hole
Geophones
Recording Truck
Seismic Waves
Reflector
13. SEISMIC DATA ACQUISITION IN MARINESEISMIC DATA ACQUISITION IN MARINE
Hydrophones
Seismic ship
Seismic Waves
Shot
Reflector
Streamer
Sea surface
15. PLANNING & DESIGNING
PART OF OIL COMPANIES
1. ACQUISITION PARAMETERS
2. BID INVITATION
a. Minimum Offset b. Maximum Offset
c. Source Interval
e. No. of Channels
d. Receiver Interval
f. Fold Coverage
g. Source (Dynamite or Vibroseis)
16. 2D SEISMIC
LINES
REQUIREMENT OF THE CONTRACTOR
1. BLOCK BOUNDARIES (CONCESSION AREA)
2. START & END COORDINATES OF THE LINE
3. ACQUISITION PARAMETERS
17. SCOUTING
SERVICES COMPANIES GOES TO CHECK THE AREA
Surface Conditions (Hilly, Plane,Bushes,Sandy,Cultivated)
BIDS WITH PRICE
Decision of Location of a Base Camp
Decision of Source (Dynamite or Vibroseis)
Physibility Report
27. SYMMETRIC SPLIT SPREADSYMMETRIC SPLIT SPREAD
Maximum
Offset
Minimum
Offset
Minimum
Offset
Maximum
Offset
Shot pointCH 1 CH 61CH 60 CH 120
For a symmetric split spread, equal number of channels are laid out on both sides
of the shot
Minimum Offset: The distance between shot and very first live channel on either side of spread.
Maximum Offset: The distance between shot and last live channel on either side of spread
Near bin Center = Minimum Offset +( N / 2) * Group Interval
fold = 1/2 x N x (group interval/source interval) where N is the total number of recording channels
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