This document discusses different types of screw threads, their purposes, and terminology. It describes threads in terms of pitch, lead, thread form, and various thread standards. It also covers thread representation, types of threaded fasteners like bolts and screws, nuts, and thread gauging. The overall purpose of threads is to hold parts together, adjust parts relative to each other, and transmit power or motion between parts.
This document discusses different types of screw threads including external and internal threads, right and left hand threads, single and multi-start threads. It provides details on thread specifications such as shape, pitch, diameter, length, number of starts, material, and direction. It then describes various forms of threads including British Standard Fine (BSF), British Standard Pipe (BSP), British Standard Whitworth (BSW), square, acme, knuckle, and buttress threads. It discusses the applications of each thread type and concludes with references used.
This presentation gives the information about Screw thread measurements and Gear measurement of the subject: Mechanical measurement and Metrology (10ME32/42) of VTU Syllabus covering unit-4.
The document discusses various types of mechanical fasteners. It begins by defining fasteners and classifying them as detachable or non-detachable. Detachable fasteners are further divided into threaded and non-threaded types. Threaded fasteners can have external or internal threads. Common threaded fasteners are nuts and bolts, while rivets and press fits are examples of non-detachable fasteners. The document also covers thread nomenclature, types of threads and bolts, and methods of manufacturing and representing threads.
This document provides information on threading operations for mechanical engineering technology students. It defines threading terminology like major diameter, minor diameter, crest, root, flank, pitch and lead. It describes the two main categories of threads - external and internal - and different types of threads. It explains how to cut threads using taps and dies by hand as well as on a lathe, outlining the steps and safety precautions for each method. The goal is for students to understand threading concepts and processes.
This document discusses various instruments used to measure angles:
- Protractors, bevel protractors, vernier bevel protractors, and optical bevel protractors are used to measure angles between two faces. Vernier bevel protractors provide more precise readings through a vernier scale.
- Sine bars and sine centers are used with slip gauges to measure angles through trigonometric functions. Sine bars become inaccurate for angles over 45 degrees.
- Angle gauges precisely measure angles through calibrated blocks that can be added or subtracted.
- Spirit levels and clinometers measure angles of incline relative to horizontal, with clinometers providing a scale to measure the exact
,
diploma mechanical engineering
,
mechanical engineering
,
machine design
,
design of machine elements
,
knuckle joint
,
failures of knuckle joint under different streses
,
fork end
,
single eye end
,
knuckle pin
This document discusses different types of screw threads including external and internal threads, right and left hand threads, single and multi-start threads. It provides details on thread specifications such as shape, pitch, diameter, length, number of starts, material, and direction. It then describes various forms of threads including British Standard Fine (BSF), British Standard Pipe (BSP), British Standard Whitworth (BSW), square, acme, knuckle, and buttress threads. It discusses the applications of each thread type and concludes with references used.
This presentation gives the information about Screw thread measurements and Gear measurement of the subject: Mechanical measurement and Metrology (10ME32/42) of VTU Syllabus covering unit-4.
The document discusses various types of mechanical fasteners. It begins by defining fasteners and classifying them as detachable or non-detachable. Detachable fasteners are further divided into threaded and non-threaded types. Threaded fasteners can have external or internal threads. Common threaded fasteners are nuts and bolts, while rivets and press fits are examples of non-detachable fasteners. The document also covers thread nomenclature, types of threads and bolts, and methods of manufacturing and representing threads.
This document provides information on threading operations for mechanical engineering technology students. It defines threading terminology like major diameter, minor diameter, crest, root, flank, pitch and lead. It describes the two main categories of threads - external and internal - and different types of threads. It explains how to cut threads using taps and dies by hand as well as on a lathe, outlining the steps and safety precautions for each method. The goal is for students to understand threading concepts and processes.
This document discusses various instruments used to measure angles:
- Protractors, bevel protractors, vernier bevel protractors, and optical bevel protractors are used to measure angles between two faces. Vernier bevel protractors provide more precise readings through a vernier scale.
- Sine bars and sine centers are used with slip gauges to measure angles through trigonometric functions. Sine bars become inaccurate for angles over 45 degrees.
- Angle gauges precisely measure angles through calibrated blocks that can be added or subtracted.
- Spirit levels and clinometers measure angles of incline relative to horizontal, with clinometers providing a scale to measure the exact
,
diploma mechanical engineering
,
mechanical engineering
,
machine design
,
design of machine elements
,
knuckle joint
,
failures of knuckle joint under different streses
,
fork end
,
single eye end
,
knuckle pin
The document discusses various thread terminology and types of threads. It defines common thread terminology such as major diameter, minor diameter, pitch, lead, and thread angles. It also describes several common thread forms including ISO metric, American National, British Standard, Unified, Acme, and square threads. It provides details on thread fits, classifications, tolerances and how to calculate thread properties.
Bearing Description about basic, types, failure causesPankaj
This document discusses different types of bearings. It begins by defining a bearing as a device that allows constrained relative motion between two parts, typically rotation or linear movement. It then classifies bearings based on the motions they allow and their principle of operation. The document goes on to describe various types of bearings in detail, including ball bearings, roller bearings, thrust bearings, tapered roller bearings, and cylindrical roller bearings. It provides information on the characteristics, advantages, applications, and physical features of each bearing type.
The document discusses riveted joints. It describes the different types of rivets and rivet heads. The key types of riveted joints are lap joints and butt joints. Important terms used in riveted joints are also defined, such as pitch and margin. Guidelines for the proportions of dimensions for riveted joints are provided. Examples of different double and single riveted lap and butt joints are shown.
This document discusses tolerances, allowances, and fits between parts. It defines tolerance as the permissible variation in a dimension, given as the difference between maximum and minimum limits. Tolerances are necessary due to variations in materials and machines. The document provides examples of shaft and hole tolerances of 0.001 inches each, resulting in a clearance of 0.004 inches maximum. Allowance is defined as the intentional difference between the lower hole limit and higher shaft limit, ensuring the proper fit. The key difference between tolerance and allowance is that tolerance refers to variation within a single part, while allowance refers to the relationship between mating parts.
The bevel protractor can be used to measure both internal and external angles of objects. It has a protractor dial with degree divisions and an attached Vernier scale to allow for precise measurements. To take a measurement, the object is placed between the protractor's sliding and fixed blades. Readings less than 90 degrees are read directly from the dial, while those over 90 degrees require subtracting the dial reading from 180 degrees. The Vernier scale allows measurements to be made with a least count of 5 minutes. Possible sources of error include damage to the instrument, parallax effects, and observer carelessness.
Type of threads - How to identify threadsTeesing BV
This document provides information about different types of threads, including metric (M), BSPP, BSPT, NPT, UNC, and UNF threads. It discusses the key characteristics that define each type of thread such as diameter, pitch, taper angle, and flank angle. Examples are given for various common thread sizes of each type. In addition, the document addresses frequently asked questions about identifying threads, determining if threads are tapered or parallel, differences between BSPP and BSPT, thread sealing, and thread compatibility.
Rolling is a metal forming process where metal stock is passed through one or more pairs of rolls to reduce the thickness and change the cross section of the metal. There are both hot and cold rolling processes. The metal is compressed between the rolls through frictional forces, changing the shape of the metal. Rolling processes can produce shapes like plates, sheets, rods, bars, pipes and rails. Rolling mills can have two, three, four or multiple rolls depending on the specific application and required shape. Rolling is used to mass produce metal products and form complex cross sections.
Gauges are precision measurement tools used to ensure dimensional accuracy and interchangeability of manufactured components. There are several types of gauges classified by their design, including plug, ring, snap, and thread gauges. Key materials for gauges include high carbon steel and cemented carbides due to their hardness and wear resistance. Proper design of limit gauges involves allocating tolerances for manufacturing variability and wear over the gauge's lifespan.
Shaft & keys (machine design & industrial drafting )Digvijaysinh Gohil
This document discusses different types of shafts, keys, and their design considerations. It contains the following key points:
1. Shafts can be classified based on their shape (solid or hollow), application (transmitting, machine, spindle), and construction (rigid or flexible).
2. Keys are used to connect rotating machine elements to shafts and prevent relative motion. Common types include rectangular, square, parallel, gib-head, feather, and woodruff keys.
3. Shaft design considers factors like bending moment, shear stress, and material properties. Hollow shafts have higher strength-to-weight ratio than solid shafts of the same size.
Nuts are threaded fasteners that are used with bolts to fasten multiple parts together. Nuts and bolts work together, with their threaded friction and the stretch and compression of parts, to securely hold items in place. Washers are thin, disk-shaped plates that are often used with nuts and bolts to more widely distribute the load. Common materials used for nuts, bolts, and washers include carbon steel, alloy steel, stainless steel, and nickel alloys.
The document describes the parts and functions of an indexing or dividing head used on milling machines. The indexing head allows the precise rotation of a workpiece to cut complex shapes. It consists of a headstock, index plates, gears, and other components. There are several methods for indexing including direct, simple, angular, and differential indexing. Direct indexing uses numbered slots or holes to rotate the workpiece a set number of divisions. Simple indexing uses gears and a crank to rotate the workpiece a calculated fraction of a turn.
This document discusses different types of fasteners and fastening methods. It describes threaded fasteners like bolts, screws, and nuts. It defines screw thread terminology and profiles of common thread types. It explains characteristics of bolts and nuts like chamfering, washer facing, and counter-sinking. Methods for drawing hexagonal and square head bolts and nuts are also presented. The document provides details on different threaded fastener components and their uses to fasten and join parts in machines and structures.
This document provides information about thread cutting tools and procedures. It discusses various types of taps used to cut internal threads, including hand taps, tap sizes and sets of taps. It also discusses tap drill sizes, how to tap holes, and methods for removing broken taps. Additionally, it covers threading dies used to cut external threads and the procedures for using hand dies. The objectives are to understand thread cutting tools and processes for both internal and external threads in inch and metric systems.
A bolt is a type of fastener with an external helical thread that mates with a complementary internal thread, often found in nuts. Bolts are commonly used to hold objects together or position objects. There are different types of bolts including carriage bolts, eye bolts, hex bolts, and lag bolts. A nut is a fastener with an internal threaded hole that works with a mating bolt to fasten multiple parts together. Nuts come in varieties such as castle nuts, acorn nuts, hex nuts, and wing nuts.
Electric arc welding is a process that joins metals by heating them with an electric arc between an electrode and the metals. It is one of the most common welding processes and uses a consumable electrode coated in flux to lay the weld. The electric arc melts the tip of the electrode and filler metal is deposited into the weld pool while the flux provides shielding from contamination and leaves a slag layer. Proper welding techniques along with the right equipment, electrodes, and power source are required to perform arc welding.
Fasteners and Fasteners types
Bolts and nuts
fasteners identification
Sizes and descriptions of bolts and nuts
official website: http://bu.edu.eg/staff/alielgazar3
Bearings are used in machines to allow rotating parts to move freely while supporting loads. There are two main types of bearings: sliding contact/frictional bearings which operate on sliding friction; and rolling contact/anti-frictional bearings which have rolling elements like balls or rollers to reduce friction. Rolling contact bearings can carry heavier loads than sliding contact bearings and have lower friction, but are more complex and expensive to manufacture. Bearings are classified based on the type of load they support, such as radial loads, axial/thrust loads, or combined loads. Common bearing types include ball bearings, roller bearings, tapered roller bearings, and needle roller bearings.
Screw Thread measurement: Two wire
Screw Thread measurement: Three wire
Screw Thread measurement: Floating Carriage
Gear measurement: Gear tooth comparator
Gear measurement: Master Gear
Gear measurement: Using Rollers and Parkinson Gear Tester
Special measuring Equipments: Principles of measurement using Tool Maker’s microscope,
Special measuring Equipments: Principles of measurement using Profile Projector
Special measuring Equipments: Principles of measurement using 3D CMM
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Belt is a Flexible Mechanical element that transmit power from one shaft to another
Belt is a Flexible Mechanical element that transmit power from one shaft to another
Gear Train
Ex: Automobile, engines etc.
Chain Drive
Ex : Bi-cycle , Motor cycle etc.
Belt Drive
Ex: Rice mills, sewing machine etc.
Rope Drive
Ex: lift, crane etc
The document discusses different types of screw threads. It defines threads as helical ridges on cylinders or cones and describes key thread elements like pitch, depth, and angle. It classifies threads based on position as external or internal, shape as V, square, Acme or buttress threads, direction as right or left hand, and number of starts as single or multi-start. Common uses are also outlined for different thread types.
This document provides information on measuring various elements of screw threads, including major diameter, minor diameter, mean diameter, and thread form. It defines each element and describes methods for measuring them using tools like micrometers, wires, and optical comparators. The document focuses on measuring ISO metric, unified, and Whitworth screw threads specifically. It provides formulas for calculating mean diameter and pitch diameter based on measurements taken using a 3-wire method.
The document discusses various thread terminology and types of threads. It defines common thread terminology such as major diameter, minor diameter, pitch, lead, and thread angles. It also describes several common thread forms including ISO metric, American National, British Standard, Unified, Acme, and square threads. It provides details on thread fits, classifications, tolerances and how to calculate thread properties.
Bearing Description about basic, types, failure causesPankaj
This document discusses different types of bearings. It begins by defining a bearing as a device that allows constrained relative motion between two parts, typically rotation or linear movement. It then classifies bearings based on the motions they allow and their principle of operation. The document goes on to describe various types of bearings in detail, including ball bearings, roller bearings, thrust bearings, tapered roller bearings, and cylindrical roller bearings. It provides information on the characteristics, advantages, applications, and physical features of each bearing type.
The document discusses riveted joints. It describes the different types of rivets and rivet heads. The key types of riveted joints are lap joints and butt joints. Important terms used in riveted joints are also defined, such as pitch and margin. Guidelines for the proportions of dimensions for riveted joints are provided. Examples of different double and single riveted lap and butt joints are shown.
This document discusses tolerances, allowances, and fits between parts. It defines tolerance as the permissible variation in a dimension, given as the difference between maximum and minimum limits. Tolerances are necessary due to variations in materials and machines. The document provides examples of shaft and hole tolerances of 0.001 inches each, resulting in a clearance of 0.004 inches maximum. Allowance is defined as the intentional difference between the lower hole limit and higher shaft limit, ensuring the proper fit. The key difference between tolerance and allowance is that tolerance refers to variation within a single part, while allowance refers to the relationship between mating parts.
The bevel protractor can be used to measure both internal and external angles of objects. It has a protractor dial with degree divisions and an attached Vernier scale to allow for precise measurements. To take a measurement, the object is placed between the protractor's sliding and fixed blades. Readings less than 90 degrees are read directly from the dial, while those over 90 degrees require subtracting the dial reading from 180 degrees. The Vernier scale allows measurements to be made with a least count of 5 minutes. Possible sources of error include damage to the instrument, parallax effects, and observer carelessness.
Type of threads - How to identify threadsTeesing BV
This document provides information about different types of threads, including metric (M), BSPP, BSPT, NPT, UNC, and UNF threads. It discusses the key characteristics that define each type of thread such as diameter, pitch, taper angle, and flank angle. Examples are given for various common thread sizes of each type. In addition, the document addresses frequently asked questions about identifying threads, determining if threads are tapered or parallel, differences between BSPP and BSPT, thread sealing, and thread compatibility.
Rolling is a metal forming process where metal stock is passed through one or more pairs of rolls to reduce the thickness and change the cross section of the metal. There are both hot and cold rolling processes. The metal is compressed between the rolls through frictional forces, changing the shape of the metal. Rolling processes can produce shapes like plates, sheets, rods, bars, pipes and rails. Rolling mills can have two, three, four or multiple rolls depending on the specific application and required shape. Rolling is used to mass produce metal products and form complex cross sections.
Gauges are precision measurement tools used to ensure dimensional accuracy and interchangeability of manufactured components. There are several types of gauges classified by their design, including plug, ring, snap, and thread gauges. Key materials for gauges include high carbon steel and cemented carbides due to their hardness and wear resistance. Proper design of limit gauges involves allocating tolerances for manufacturing variability and wear over the gauge's lifespan.
Shaft & keys (machine design & industrial drafting )Digvijaysinh Gohil
This document discusses different types of shafts, keys, and their design considerations. It contains the following key points:
1. Shafts can be classified based on their shape (solid or hollow), application (transmitting, machine, spindle), and construction (rigid or flexible).
2. Keys are used to connect rotating machine elements to shafts and prevent relative motion. Common types include rectangular, square, parallel, gib-head, feather, and woodruff keys.
3. Shaft design considers factors like bending moment, shear stress, and material properties. Hollow shafts have higher strength-to-weight ratio than solid shafts of the same size.
Nuts are threaded fasteners that are used with bolts to fasten multiple parts together. Nuts and bolts work together, with their threaded friction and the stretch and compression of parts, to securely hold items in place. Washers are thin, disk-shaped plates that are often used with nuts and bolts to more widely distribute the load. Common materials used for nuts, bolts, and washers include carbon steel, alloy steel, stainless steel, and nickel alloys.
The document describes the parts and functions of an indexing or dividing head used on milling machines. The indexing head allows the precise rotation of a workpiece to cut complex shapes. It consists of a headstock, index plates, gears, and other components. There are several methods for indexing including direct, simple, angular, and differential indexing. Direct indexing uses numbered slots or holes to rotate the workpiece a set number of divisions. Simple indexing uses gears and a crank to rotate the workpiece a calculated fraction of a turn.
This document discusses different types of fasteners and fastening methods. It describes threaded fasteners like bolts, screws, and nuts. It defines screw thread terminology and profiles of common thread types. It explains characteristics of bolts and nuts like chamfering, washer facing, and counter-sinking. Methods for drawing hexagonal and square head bolts and nuts are also presented. The document provides details on different threaded fastener components and their uses to fasten and join parts in machines and structures.
This document provides information about thread cutting tools and procedures. It discusses various types of taps used to cut internal threads, including hand taps, tap sizes and sets of taps. It also discusses tap drill sizes, how to tap holes, and methods for removing broken taps. Additionally, it covers threading dies used to cut external threads and the procedures for using hand dies. The objectives are to understand thread cutting tools and processes for both internal and external threads in inch and metric systems.
A bolt is a type of fastener with an external helical thread that mates with a complementary internal thread, often found in nuts. Bolts are commonly used to hold objects together or position objects. There are different types of bolts including carriage bolts, eye bolts, hex bolts, and lag bolts. A nut is a fastener with an internal threaded hole that works with a mating bolt to fasten multiple parts together. Nuts come in varieties such as castle nuts, acorn nuts, hex nuts, and wing nuts.
Electric arc welding is a process that joins metals by heating them with an electric arc between an electrode and the metals. It is one of the most common welding processes and uses a consumable electrode coated in flux to lay the weld. The electric arc melts the tip of the electrode and filler metal is deposited into the weld pool while the flux provides shielding from contamination and leaves a slag layer. Proper welding techniques along with the right equipment, electrodes, and power source are required to perform arc welding.
Fasteners and Fasteners types
Bolts and nuts
fasteners identification
Sizes and descriptions of bolts and nuts
official website: http://bu.edu.eg/staff/alielgazar3
Bearings are used in machines to allow rotating parts to move freely while supporting loads. There are two main types of bearings: sliding contact/frictional bearings which operate on sliding friction; and rolling contact/anti-frictional bearings which have rolling elements like balls or rollers to reduce friction. Rolling contact bearings can carry heavier loads than sliding contact bearings and have lower friction, but are more complex and expensive to manufacture. Bearings are classified based on the type of load they support, such as radial loads, axial/thrust loads, or combined loads. Common bearing types include ball bearings, roller bearings, tapered roller bearings, and needle roller bearings.
Screw Thread measurement: Two wire
Screw Thread measurement: Three wire
Screw Thread measurement: Floating Carriage
Gear measurement: Gear tooth comparator
Gear measurement: Master Gear
Gear measurement: Using Rollers and Parkinson Gear Tester
Special measuring Equipments: Principles of measurement using Tool Maker’s microscope,
Special measuring Equipments: Principles of measurement using Profile Projector
Special measuring Equipments: Principles of measurement using 3D CMM
Like Comment and download
Belt is a Flexible Mechanical element that transmit power from one shaft to another
Belt is a Flexible Mechanical element that transmit power from one shaft to another
Gear Train
Ex: Automobile, engines etc.
Chain Drive
Ex : Bi-cycle , Motor cycle etc.
Belt Drive
Ex: Rice mills, sewing machine etc.
Rope Drive
Ex: lift, crane etc
The document discusses different types of screw threads. It defines threads as helical ridges on cylinders or cones and describes key thread elements like pitch, depth, and angle. It classifies threads based on position as external or internal, shape as V, square, Acme or buttress threads, direction as right or left hand, and number of starts as single or multi-start. Common uses are also outlined for different thread types.
This document provides information on measuring various elements of screw threads, including major diameter, minor diameter, mean diameter, and thread form. It defines each element and describes methods for measuring them using tools like micrometers, wires, and optical comparators. The document focuses on measuring ISO metric, unified, and Whitworth screw threads specifically. It provides formulas for calculating mean diameter and pitch diameter based on measurements taken using a 3-wire method.
This document discusses screw threads and methods for measuring their key parameters. It defines screw threads as helical ridges on cylinders or cones that allow rotational motion. Threads are classified as external or internal, right-handed or left-handed, single-start or multi-start. Common thread forms include Vee threads and transmission threads. Parameters like major diameter, minor diameter, pitch, and angle are measured using instruments like micrometers, parallels, and wires. Errors in threads can occur due to issues in manufacturing and include progressive, periodic, drunken, and irregular errors.
Prof. Altafhussain.G.Momin is from the Mechanical Department at L.D.College of Engineering in Ahmedabad, India. The document provides the name and department of Prof. Altafhussain.G.Momin at L.D.College of Engineering in Ahmedabad.
This document discusses the metrology of threads. It begins by defining external and internal threads and providing examples. It then defines various thread terminology including pitch, lead, crest, flank, root, major diameter, minor diameter, effective diameter, depth of thread, angle of thread, and others. It describes various types of thread forms and types of errors in threads. The document outlines various measurement methods for elements of a thread like major diameter, minor diameter, effective diameter, and pitch. It also discusses gear terminology and types of gears like spur gears, helical gears, bevel gears, worm gears, and rack and pinion gears.
The following presentation consists of a brief introduction to power screw that we use in our day to day life, its types, analysis of load, efficiency, application and examples with images.
This document provides objectives and information about measuring and testing screw threads. The specific objectives are to identify methods of measuring major diameter, minor diameter, and mean diameter of a screw thread; to measure and calculate those diameters; and to check the thread form using an optical comparator. The introduction explains that pitch, angle, and effective diameter are important elements that influence the strength and interchangeability of screw threads.
A valve is a component of the piping network. It is a mechanical device, controlling or modifying the flow and pressure within a pipeline that convey liquids and gases. A valve stops, allows, control and modifies flow of a fluid media.
This document summarizes key aspects of screw thread design and manufacturing. It defines screw threads as helical ridges on cylinders used for bolts, nuts, and tapped holes. Thread forms have crests, roots, and flanks that make up the thread profile. Pitch is the distance between threads, measured parallel to the axis. Thread tolerances and allowances determine the fit between external and internal threads. Threads can be cut or rolled, with rolling producing stronger threads by compressing material into the roots. Proper thread design ensures bolts break in tension before threads strip.
This document provides an overview of screw thread metrology. It begins with an introduction to screw thread classification and the key elements that define screw threads, such as major diameter, minor diameter, pitch, etc. It then discusses various types of pitch errors that can occur in screw threads and how they are measured. The document outlines different methods for measuring elements of screw threads, including using indicating thread gages or individual measurement processes like bench micrometers or optical projection. It provides details on measuring major diameter, minor diameter, pitch errors, and flank angles. In summary, the document covers the principles and techniques for inspecting and measuring the various geometric parameters that define screw threads.
The document discusses different types of comparators used to compare dimensions of components to a standard. It describes mechanical, pneumatic, optical, electrical, and electronic comparators. Mechanical comparators include dial indicators, reed type, sigma, and Johansson Mikrokator comparators. They work using gears, levers, and springs to magnify small movements. Pneumatic comparators use air pressure differences to determine dimensions. Mechanical-optical comparators amplify movements mechanically first, then optically using projections. Advantages of mechanical comparators include not needing external energy and being portable, while disadvantages are limited range and potential for parallax errors.
Chapter 10 threads and fasteners - 2010Shelly Wilke
This document discusses threads and fasteners used in engineering drawings. It covers common thread types including unified and metric threads. It explains how to represent threads on drawings using detailed, schematic or simplified methods. It also describes how to include all necessary information about threads in a thread note, such as diameter, pitch, thread type and class. Key information about manufacturing and defining screw threads is provided through examples and exercises.
The document discusses various terms and measurements related to gear teeth. It defines terms like pitch circle, diametral pitch, module, addendum, dedendum, clearance, pressure angle, and helix angle. It also describes common methods for measuring individual elements of gear teeth, such as tooth thickness, pitch, and errors, using instruments like gear tooth calipers, constant chord method, and base tangent method. Sources of errors in gear manufacturing by generating and reproducing methods are also outlined.
A comparator is a device that compares two voltages or currents and outputs a digital signal indicating which is larger. It has two analog input terminals and one binary digital output. These are widely used in A/D converters. When the i/p signal is sampled, then this signal is applied to multiple comparators to convert the digital form from analog.
This document discusses the design and characteristics of CMOS voltage comparators. It begins by defining the basic requirement of a comparator to compare an analog input voltage to a reference voltage and output a binary signal. It then covers comparator static characteristics like gain, offset voltage, resolution and noise. Dynamic characteristics of propagation delay and slew rate are also discussed. Different comparator circuit topologies like open-loop, regenerative and high-speed designs are presented. The document provides small-signal models of common comparator circuits and examines the effects of hysteresis. It concludes by presenting the typical architecture of high-speed comparators using preamplifier and latch stages to minimize propagation delay.
Generation of Electrical Power - Power Plants and Transmission Systems.maneesh001
Basics of generation of electricity by thermal, hydro, nuclear and renewable sources are provided in this document.
Students of APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University (KTU) may find this helpful for their fouth module preparations.
The document discusses screw thread nomenclature and types. It defines key thread terms like major diameter, minor diameter, pitch diameter, pitch, and flank. It describes common thread forms like ISO metric, British Standard Whitworth, V-thread, buttress thread, square thread, ACME thread, and worm thread. It explains how to designate thread sizes using the diameter-pitch combination and abbreviations for different profiles. Finally, it shows representations of internal and external threads and examples of hexagonal and square nuts.
This document discusses mechanical fasteners. It defines fasteners as mechanical elements that hold two or more machine or structural parts together. Fasteners are classified as detachable or non-detachable. Threaded and non-threaded fasteners are types of detachable fasteners. Common threaded fasteners include bolts, screws, and nuts. The document provides details on threaded fastener terminology, types of threads, thread manufacturing, and considerations for selecting an appropriate fastener.
1. The document discusses different types of threaded fasteners including bolts, nuts, screws, and studs. It covers thread terminology, types of threads, and how to draw and dimension threaded parts.
2. Methods for cutting external and internal threads are described. Metric and imperial thread standards are also outlined.
3. Detailed steps are provided for drawing bolts, nuts, studs, cap screws, and set screws including terminology, applications, and dimensional conventions.
Threaded fasteners such as bolts and screws join components together through the transformation of rotational motion into linear motion. There are various thread standards that specify attributes like diameter, pitch, class of fit, and thread type. Early threaded fasteners lacked standardization but efforts in the 18th-19th centuries established conventions for sizes. Modern standards include metric and unified external and internal thread systems.
The document discusses different types of threaded fasteners including bolts, studs, screws, and set screws. It defines threaded fastener terminology such as external and internal threads, major and minor diameters, pitch, and thread forms. It also provides steps for drawing representations of various threaded fasteners and holes.
This document discusses threaded fasteners and their terminology. It describes different types of threads including external and internal threads, right-hand and left-hand threads, and thread dimensions. It also outlines methods for drawing threaded components including bolts, nuts, studs, and threaded holes. Key steps are provided for dimensioning these parts and representing threads in drawings. Common applications of bolts, studs, and other threaded fasteners are also highlighted.
This document discusses different types of threaded fasteners including external and internal threads. It describes five common types of thread profiles and provides details on thread conventions and standards. Specific fastener types are also summarized such as hexagonal bolts, studs, nuts, and foundation bolts along with their typical applications. Dimensional representations and conventions for depicting threaded components in drawings are also covered.
The document discusses screw thread measurement and different thread standards. It begins by defining a screw thread as a helical structure that converts rotational motion to linear motion. There are several common thread standards including ISO metric, British Standard, and Unified Thread Standard. ISO metric threads have a symmetric V-shape profile with 60 degree flanks and are designated by the letter M followed by the diameter and pitch in millimeters. Thread gauges are used to measure thread pitch and profile and classify threads. Tolerances are applied to threads using tolerance classes to ensure proper fit between external and internal threads.
Screwed fasteners such as bolts and nuts are used to join machine parts. They allow for both permanent and removable connections. Screwed fasteners have threads cut into cylindrical surfaces that engage to hold parts together, adjust parts relative to each other, and transmit power. The document defines threaded fastener terminology like major diameter, pitch, and flank and describes different thread forms including V-thread, square thread, and ACME thread. It also covers thread designation, multi-start threads, and right-hand versus left-hand threads.
Sheet metal working involves forming metal into thin, flat pieces that can be cut and bent into various shapes. Common materials for sheet metal include steel, aluminum, brass, and copper. Sheet metal has many applications and can be formed through processes like cutting, bending, drawing, and joining. Thickness of sheet metal is measured by gauge, with higher gauges being thinner.
This document discusses screw thread measurement and terminology. It defines a screw thread as a helical ridge on a cylinder or cone used to hold parts together or transmit motion. There are external and internal threads. Key terms are defined such as pitch, diameter, flank, and angle. Methods to measure major diameter, minor diameter, and effective diameter are described using instruments like micrometers and thread gauges. Sources of errors in threads are also outlined.
This document discusses the measurement of screw threads. It defines various screw thread terminology such as crest, root, flank, pitch, and angle of thread. It describes common types of pitch errors in screw threads such as progressive, periodic, and drunken threads. It also outlines various methods for measuring important screw thread dimensions like major diameter, minor diameter, and effective diameter. These include using a bench micrometer, thread micrometer, and two-wire method. Accurately measuring thread features is important for evaluating thread quality and fit.
This document discusses screw threads, including their classification, measurement, and sources of errors. It defines a screw thread as a helical ridge on the external or internal surface of a cylinder or cone. Threads are classified by their location (external or internal) and direction of rotation (right-handed or left-handed). Methods to measure the major diameter, effective diameter, and pitch are described using instruments like micrometers and wires. Sources of errors in threads include issues with the major diameter, minor diameter, pitch, and form that can lead to interference or lack of contact between threads.
The document discusses various threading tools and procedures. It covers different types of taps such as taper, plug, and bottoming taps. It also discusses tap drill sizes, threading dies, and machine screws. Common thread standards covered include American National and Metric systems. Proper techniques are outlined for tapping holes and using dies.
The document discusses various types of threaded and non-threaded fasteners used in automotive applications. It describes bolts, nuts, washers, rivets, snap rings, and other fasteners. Key terms are defined, such as bolt grade, tensile strength, and thread pitch. Proper use and installation of different fasteners is also covered.
The document discusses various types of threaded and non-threaded fasteners used in vehicles. It describes bolts, nuts, washers, rivets, pins and other fasteners. It explains how to identify different fasteners based on size, material grade, and other markings. It provides guidance on proper use and installation of various fasteners.
The document discusses the design of various types of screw fasteners. It describes screw threads as helical grooves cut into cylindrical surfaces. Screw joints are commonly used for assembly and have advantages of being convenient to assemble/disassemble, reliable, and inexpensive due to standardization. The main types of screw fasteners are bolts, screws, studs, tapping screws, and set screws. Stresses in screw joints include tension, torsional shear, shear across threads, crushing stress, and bending stress. Screw joints are also subjected to stresses from initial tightening and external loads. Design considerations are discussed for bolted joints under eccentric loading parallel or perpendicular to the bolt axis.
This document defines screw thread terminology and describes methods for measuring screw thread features. It discusses thread elements such as major diameter, minor diameter, pitch diameter. It also explains different thread types and gauging methods used to check threads, including plug gauges, ring gauges, and micrometers. Measurement of pitch, form, and angle is described along with causes and measurement of pitch errors. Tolerances for screw threads based on ISO standards are also provided.
1. The document discusses different types of threaded fasteners including bolts, studs, screws, and set screws. It describes thread terminology and provides details on external and internal thread cutting tools.
2. Thread drawings are explained through detailed, schematic, and simplified representations. Dimensioning of external and internal threads as well as threaded holes is also covered.
3. Drawing procedures are provided for bolts, nuts, studs, and cap screws. Their applications in assembly are illustrated along with counterbore and countersink hole features.
Unit 5 Design of Threaded and Welded JointsMahesh Shinde
1) The document discusses different types of threaded and welded joints. It describes various threaded fasteners like bolts, studs, screws and their characteristics.
2) For threaded joints subjected to eccentric loads, it explains how to calculate the primary and secondary shear forces on each bolt. This involves finding the center of gravity of the bolt system and determining the forces based on the load direction.
3) Sample problems are included to demonstrate how to select the bolt size based on the maximum resultant shear force and required factor of safety. Calculations are shown for eccentrically loaded bolted joints with the load in the plane of bolts.
2. To hold parts together
To adjust parts with reference to each
other
To transmit power
3. PITCH: The distance from a point on a screw
thread to a corresponding point on the next thread
measured parallel to the axis. The pitch P is equal
to 1 divided by the number of threads per inch.
LEAD: The distance a screw thread advances in
one turn.
Thread Form: The cross section of thread cut by
a plane containing the axis.
4. Pitch
The pitch of a thread is
the distance from one
point on the thread
form to the
corresponding point
of the next thread.
Pitch
Notice the
pitch can be
measured
from crest-to-
crest OR
Root-to-Root
5. The lead (pronounced "leed") is the distance
that a threaded part (such as a nut) would
move or travel in the horizontal direction if the
screw thread was rotated 360 degrees.
In triple threads, the lead is three
times the pitch.
In double threads, the lead is
equal to twice the pitch.
In single threads, the lead is equal
to the pitch.
6. What term refers to the distance a
threaded part would move parallel to
the axis in one rotation?
Lead
7.
8. British Standard Whitworth Thread (B.S.W)
British Standard Fine Thread (B.S.F)
British Standard Pipe Thread (B.S.P)
British Association Thread (B.A)
Square Thread
Buttress Thread
Acme Thread
Knuckle Thread
10. Example of where a Buttress Thread would
be used
11. Example of where a Square Thread would
be used
12. British Standard Whitworth Thread (B.S.W)
A general standard
British Standard Fine Thread (B.S.F)
A standard developed for accurate threads
British Standard Pipe Thread (B.S.P)
A standard developed for pipe work
Not used as commonly as the Metric standard
13.
14. Plug Gauges
For checking internal
threads
Ring Gauges
For checking external
threads
15. Threads are always assumed to be right
handed threads unless marked with the initials
LH (Left Hand) at the end of the thread note.
18. T
W
θ
y
W moves up
when T is
rotating
clockwise
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19.
20. Most screws have single threads. Assume single thread
unless otherwise noted. Multiple threads are used
where parts must screw together or apart quickly. For
example, the compass adjustment bar and toothpaste
tube caps have multiple threads. Notice in the picture
above that:
› Single Thread - The lead is equal to the pitch.
› Double Thread - The lead is twice the pitch
› Triple Thread - The lead is three times the pitch.
21.
22.
23. Thread series refers to standard number of
threads per inch set for different diameters.
They include:
› UNC: A course-thread series
› UNF: A fine-thread series
› UNEF: An extra-fine thread series
and constant pitch threads, with a constant
number of threads per inch:
› 8-thread series
› 12-thread series
› 16-thread series
24. Coarse-thread Series (UNC or NC) In this series the
pitch for each diameter is relatively large. This series is
used for screws, bolts, and nuts produced in quantity,
and also for fastening in general.
Fine-thread Series (UNF or NF) In this series, the pitch
for each diameter is smaller (there are more threads per
inch) than in the coarse- thread series. This series is
used where a finer thread is needed, as in making
automobiles and airplanes.
Extra-fine-thread Series (UNEF or NEF) In this series,
the pitch is even smaller than in the fine-thread series.
This series is used where the thread depth must be very
small, as on aircraft gear or thin-walled tubes.
25. Thread Class refers to sets of standard
tolerances and allowances
Classes 1A and 1B
› Loose fit for ease of assembly
Classes 2A and 2B
› Ordinary good grade of commercial products, like
machine screws and fasteners
Classes 3A and 3B
› Snug fit, used for high-grade commercial products
26. Grade numbers reflect the size of tolerance in
that grade
Grade 4 tolerances are smaller than grade 6
tolerance
› Grade 6: Medium-quality length of engagement
› Grades higher than 6: Course quality and/or long
length of engagement
› Grades lower than 6: Fine quality and/or short length
of engagement
27.
28. Does the term UNF refer to a grade, class
or series?
Series
29. 1/2” - 13 UNC - 2A
external thread
(B means internal)
Class of fit
(1 is loosest tolerance, 3 is tightest)
Thread Series
UNC (Unified Coarse)
UNF (Unified Fine)
Pitch (threads/inch)
Nominal Diameter
(also shown as decimal or screw #)
30. The screw is enormously useful in when
pressure is needed to seal the lid onto a jar,
a top on a bottle, hold a light bulb in its
socket or hold two pieces of metal together.
*(Note: Ball screws are used in some
machines to greatly reduce friction.)
31. There are three methods of representing
screw threads on drawings:
1. Detailed
2. Simplified
3. Schematic
43. Step 1
1. Establish the pitch and half-pitch at the
major diameter.
2. Measure intervals the size of the pitch
along the major diameter from the first
two marks.
3. Add crest
lines.
44. Step 2
1. Add the V profile for one thread, top
and bottom, locating the root diameter.
2. Add construction lines for the root
diameter.
45. Step 3
1. Add one side of the remaining Vs
(thread profile).
2. Add the other side of the Vs, completing
the thread profile.
46. Step 4
Add the root lines to complete the detailed
representation of the threads.
47. Staggered lines perpendicular to the axis
of the thread represent the thread root
and crests.
Spacing between root and crest lines is
any convenient size.
Root lines are any convenient length.
48. Machine screw
› Used in tapped hole
or with a nut
Cap screw
Passes through a
clearance hole in one
part and screws into
a tapped hole in a
second part
49. Bolt
› Passes through a
clearance hole
and threads into a
nut
Stud
A shaft threaded at both
ends used in assemblies
50.
51.
52. What is the term for a shaft that is
threaded on both ends?
Stud
62. Summary
There are many types of threads for
different applications
These come in various sizes with a set
standard tolerance
Metric sizes are more commonly used
today
Mechanical bolts, screws and rivets
come in various forms and sizes for
different purposes
Editor's Notes
Acme thread used extensively for transmitting motion on a lathe.
Buttress thread used for when pressure acts in one direction only such as a quick acting vice.
Square thread used for moving heavy loads such as lifting jacks.
If you had to repair an old machine regarding a thread. Its more than likely to be manufactured to either BSW or BSP standard.
Multi start lead screws
When a double thread is formed it starts and finishes at opposite ends. 180 degrees. When a triple thread is formed the start and finishing point are equally spaced. 120 degrees
Resources: Paper, pencil, rubber, 60 degrees tri square, ruler
Draw a parallel line 150mm long 20mm from bottom of page. Draw another parallel line 50mm from the previous line 100mm long. M42, 4mm pitch, scale 2:1 (width 84, 8mm pitch) Half pitch 4mm. Add crest lines.
To reduce friction so parts last longer
High friction means it will ware quite easy
Less friction, less ware
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