The document discusses risk and return in investments. It defines key concepts such as realized and expected return, ex-ante and ex-post returns, sources and measurements of risk including standard deviation and coefficient of variation. It also discusses the risk-return tradeoff and how higher risk investments require higher potential returns to compensate for additional risk.
The document discusses risk and return in investing. It explains that equity investments like stocks historically have higher average returns of over 10% compared to debt investments like bonds that return 3-4%, but stocks are also more volatile. It defines risk as the variability of returns, and introduces the concepts of systematic risk that affects all stocks equally and unsystematic risk that is specific to individual stocks. Diversification can reduce unsystematic risk but not systematic risk. It also discusses measuring market risk through a stock's beta value, which represents its volatility relative to the overall market.
This document discusses the relationship between risk and return in investments. It defines total risk as the sum of systematic and unsystematic risk. Systematic risk stems from external market factors that affect all investments, while unsystematic risk is specific to a particular company. The expected return and risk of individual stocks varies, with higher risk investments generally offering higher returns. A portfolio combines multiple assets to reduce overall risk through diversification. The portfolio risk depends on the covariance and correlation between the individual assets' returns. Diversifying across assets with low correlation is an effective way to reduce risk.
1) Total risk of a security is composed of systematic risk, which stems from external market factors, and unsystematic risk, which is specific to a company.
2) Diversifying a portfolio by holding many securities with returns that are not perfectly positively correlated can reduce total risk through lowering unsystematic risk exposure.
3) The degree of risk reduction from diversification depends on the correlation between the returns of the securities in the portfolio. Perfectly negatively correlated securities eliminate risk, while perfectly positively correlated securities do not allow for risk reduction through diversification.
risk and return. Defining Return, Return Example, Defining Risk,Determining Expected Return , How to Determine the Expected Return and Standard Deviation, Determining Standard Deviation (Risk Measure), Portfolio Risk and Expected Return Example, Determining Portfolio Expected Return, Determining Portfolio Standard Deviation, Summary of the Portfolio Return and Risk Calculation, Total Risk = Systematic Risk + Unsystematic Risk,
Managerial Finance. "Risk and Return". Types of risk. Required return. Correlation. Diversification. Beta coefficient. Risk of a portfolio. Capital Asset Pricing Model. Security Market Line.
The document discusses various bond valuation concepts like coupon rate, current yield, spot interest rate, yield to maturity, yield to call, and realized yield. It provides examples to calculate these measures and explains how bond prices are determined based on factors like interest rates, time to maturity, and cash flows. Bond duration is introduced as a measure of interest rate risk exposure, and bond risks from default and changes in interest rates are explained.
This module discusses key concepts related to investment avenues and portfolio management. It covers mutual funds, investor lifecycles, personal finance, international investing, and portfolio management of funds in banks, insurance companies and pension funds. It also provides an introduction to portfolio management, including the meaning of portfolio management, portfolio analysis, portfolio objectives, and the portfolio management process.
The document discusses risk and return in investments. It defines key concepts such as realized and expected return, ex-ante and ex-post returns, sources and measurements of risk including standard deviation and coefficient of variation. It also discusses the risk-return tradeoff and how higher risk investments require higher potential returns to compensate for additional risk.
The document discusses risk and return in investing. It explains that equity investments like stocks historically have higher average returns of over 10% compared to debt investments like bonds that return 3-4%, but stocks are also more volatile. It defines risk as the variability of returns, and introduces the concepts of systematic risk that affects all stocks equally and unsystematic risk that is specific to individual stocks. Diversification can reduce unsystematic risk but not systematic risk. It also discusses measuring market risk through a stock's beta value, which represents its volatility relative to the overall market.
This document discusses the relationship between risk and return in investments. It defines total risk as the sum of systematic and unsystematic risk. Systematic risk stems from external market factors that affect all investments, while unsystematic risk is specific to a particular company. The expected return and risk of individual stocks varies, with higher risk investments generally offering higher returns. A portfolio combines multiple assets to reduce overall risk through diversification. The portfolio risk depends on the covariance and correlation between the individual assets' returns. Diversifying across assets with low correlation is an effective way to reduce risk.
1) Total risk of a security is composed of systematic risk, which stems from external market factors, and unsystematic risk, which is specific to a company.
2) Diversifying a portfolio by holding many securities with returns that are not perfectly positively correlated can reduce total risk through lowering unsystematic risk exposure.
3) The degree of risk reduction from diversification depends on the correlation between the returns of the securities in the portfolio. Perfectly negatively correlated securities eliminate risk, while perfectly positively correlated securities do not allow for risk reduction through diversification.
risk and return. Defining Return, Return Example, Defining Risk,Determining Expected Return , How to Determine the Expected Return and Standard Deviation, Determining Standard Deviation (Risk Measure), Portfolio Risk and Expected Return Example, Determining Portfolio Expected Return, Determining Portfolio Standard Deviation, Summary of the Portfolio Return and Risk Calculation, Total Risk = Systematic Risk + Unsystematic Risk,
Managerial Finance. "Risk and Return". Types of risk. Required return. Correlation. Diversification. Beta coefficient. Risk of a portfolio. Capital Asset Pricing Model. Security Market Line.
The document discusses various bond valuation concepts like coupon rate, current yield, spot interest rate, yield to maturity, yield to call, and realized yield. It provides examples to calculate these measures and explains how bond prices are determined based on factors like interest rates, time to maturity, and cash flows. Bond duration is introduced as a measure of interest rate risk exposure, and bond risks from default and changes in interest rates are explained.
This module discusses key concepts related to investment avenues and portfolio management. It covers mutual funds, investor lifecycles, personal finance, international investing, and portfolio management of funds in banks, insurance companies and pension funds. It also provides an introduction to portfolio management, including the meaning of portfolio management, portfolio analysis, portfolio objectives, and the portfolio management process.
This presentation discusses bond valuation. It defines bonds and bond valuation, which includes calculating the present value of future interest payments and the bond's value at maturity. It then discusses various ways to calculate bond returns, including coupon rate, current yield, spot interest rate, and yield to maturity. It also covers bond price valuation, bond risks, bond duration, and five principles of bond pricing theorems.
Measurement of Risk and Calculation of Portfolio RiskDhrumil Shah
This document discusses measuring risk and calculating portfolio risk. It defines risk as the probability of loss and explains that higher investment means higher risk but also higher potential return. It then discusses measuring the risk of individual assets using variance and standard deviation calculated from the asset's probability distribution of returns. The document also explains how to calculate the expected return, variance and standard deviation of a portfolio by taking the weighted average of the individual assets. Diversifying a portfolio can reduce overall risk since the returns on different assets may not move in the same direction.
Risk And Return In Financial Management PowerPoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Analyze investment risk and profitability with this professionally designed Risk and Return in Financial Management PowerPoint Presentation Slides. The content ready portfolio risk-return trade-off PowerPoint compete deck comprises of PPT slides such as risk and return of stock bonds, and T-bills, investment strategies of predefined portfolios, risk and return of portfolio manager, measuring stock volatility proportionate, portfolio return analysis, calculating asset beta, portfolio value at risk, ranking the passive income streams impact to name a few. Explain the relationship between risk on investing in the financial market with potential return using portfolio risk analysis PPT slides. Utilize the visually appealing risk-reward relationship presentation design to structure your financial presentation. Furthermore, portfolio risk-return in security analysis PPT visuals are completely customizable. You can add or delete the content if needed. Download this visually appealing security analysis and portfolio management presentation deck to manage investment risk. Our Risk And Return In Financial Management PowerPoint Presentation Slides ensure you feel joyous. You will find the inspiration you desire.
This document defines key concepts related to risk and return in investments. It discusses components of return including yields and capital gains. It also defines expected return, relative return, and real rate of return. The document outlines several types of risk that can impact investments such as market risk, interest rate risk, liquidity risk, and foreign exchange risk. It also discusses standard deviation and the coefficient of variation as measures of risk. Finally, the capital asset pricing model is introduced as relating expected return on an asset to its systematic risk.
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 5 of the textbook "Fundamentals of Financial Management" regarding risk and return. It defines return, expected return, risk, and standard deviation as measures of risk. It provides examples of how to calculate expected return and standard deviation for discrete distributions. It also discusses risk attitudes, portfolio return and risk, systematic and unsystematic risk, and the Capital Asset Pricing Model.
CAPM was developed in 1960 as an extension of Markowitz's portfolio theory. It derives the relationship between expected return and risk of individual securities. CAPM assumes investment decisions are based on risk-return assessments and that markets are efficient. It allows investors to combine risky and risk-free assets on the efficient frontier to maximize return for a given level of risk. The model is used to price individual securities based on their beta and expected market return.
Because of the risk-return tradeoff, you must be aware of your personal risk tolerance when choosing investments for your portfolio. Taking on some risk is the price of achieving returns; therefore, if you want to make money, you can't cut out all risk. The goal instead is to find an appropriate balance - one that generates some profit, but still allows you to sleep at night.
This chapter discusses risk and return, including:
- Risk and return of individual assets is measured using probability distributions and expected return and standard deviation.
- Portfolio risk is lower than holding individual assets due to diversification. Beta measures the sensitivity of an asset's return to market movements.
- The Security Market Line shows the expected return of an asset based on its beta and the risk-free rate. The Capital Asset Pricing Model suggests assets should be priced based on their systematic risk.
This presentation is an overview of Capital Structure Theories.
Dr. Soheli Ghose ( Ph.D (University of Calcutta), M.Phil, M.Com, M.B.A., NET (JRF), B. Ed).
Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce,St. Xavier's College, Kolkata.
Guest Faculty, M.B.A. Finance, University of Calcutta, Kolkata
This document discusses the cost of capital. It begins by defining key concepts like capital, investor required rate of return, and financial policy. It then discusses how to calculate the costs of different sources of capital like debt, preferred stock, and common equity. Next, it explains how to calculate a firm's weighted average cost of capital. It provides an example of how PepsiCo calculates divisional costs of capital. The document concludes by discussing how cost of capital can be used to evaluate investments and how interest rates differ internationally.
- Cost of capital is the minimum rate of return that a company must earn on its investments to maintain its value and attract funds. It includes the costs of different sources of financing like equity, debt, and retained earnings.
- Cost of capital is classified as historical vs future, specific vs composite, average vs marginal, and explicit vs implicit. Composite cost is the weighted average cost across all sources.
- Specific costs include cost of debt (interest rate), cost of preference shares (dividend rate), and cost of equity (dividend yield method, CAPM, etc.). Cost of debt and preference shares are explicit while cost of equity can be implicit.
- Calculating cost of equity involves dividend yield
This document provides an overview of call and put options, including:
- Call options give the buyer the right to purchase an underlying asset at a specified strike price. Put options give the buyer the right to sell an underlying asset at a specified strike price.
- Options have an expiration date and are used for speculation or hedging. Speculators try to profit from price changes, while hedgers use options to reduce risk.
- The value of an option depends on the value of the underlying asset and volatility. At expiration, call options are worth the maximum of the asset price minus strike price and zero. Put options are worth the maximum of strike price minus asset price and zero.
- Buy
The document provides an overview of the Black-Scholes option pricing model (BSOPM). It describes the key assumptions of the BSOPM, including that the underlying stock pays no dividends, markets are efficient, and prices are lognormally distributed. It also outlines how the BSOPM can be used to calculate theoretical option prices from historical data on the stock price, strike price, time to expiration, interest rate, and volatility. The document discusses implied volatility and how it differs from historical volatility, as well as limitations of the BSOPM.
This document discusses various concepts related to investment returns and risk. It begins by defining return as income received plus capital gains. It then discusses the components of return including yield and capital gains. It provides a formula to calculate total return. The document then discusses various types of risk including market risk, liquidity risk, and foreign exchange risk. It also covers sensitivity analysis using range and standard deviation. Finally, it discusses portfolio returns and risks, and introduces the Capital Asset Pricing Model to relate expected returns to market risk.
This document discusses various asset pricing models, including the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) and the Security Market Line (SML). It provides an overview of the key assumptions and components of the CAPM, such as the capital market line, market portfolio, beta, and the security market line equation. An example is shown of calculating expected returns based on the SML. The differences between the capital market line and security market line are also explained.
The document summarizes the evolution of modern portfolio theory from its origins in Harry Markowitz's mean-variance model to subsequent developments like the Sharpe single-index model and CAPM. It discusses how Markowitz showed investors could maximize returns for a given risk level by holding efficient portfolios on the efficient frontier. The Sharpe model reduced the inputs needed for portfolio risk estimation by correlating assets to a market index rather than each other. CAPM then defined the market portfolio as the efficient portfolio and allowed a risk-free asset, changing the shape of the efficient frontier.
This document defines key concepts related to risk and return in finance. It discusses how return is calculated based on income and price changes. It also defines risk as the variability of actual returns compared to expected returns. The document introduces the capital asset pricing model (CAPM), which relates a security's expected return to its systematic risk (beta). It describes how beta measures the sensitivity of a stock's returns to market returns. The CAPM holds that a security's expected return is determined by the risk-free rate and a risk premium based on the security's beta. The document provides examples of how to calculate portfolio expected returns and standard deviations, as well as how to determine the required rate of return and intrinsic value of individual stocks using CAP
1) Portfolio construction involves blending different asset classes like stocks, bonds, and cash to obtain returns while minimizing risk through diversification.
2) There are two main approaches - the traditional approach selects securities to meet an investor's needs, while the Markowitz efficient frontier approach constructs portfolios that maximize expected return for a given level of risk.
3) The Markowitz model helps investors reduce risk by choosing securities whose returns do not move together, identifying the efficient frontier of portfolio options, and allowing investors to select the portfolio with the highest return for a given risk level.
The document discusses the Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT), which assumes an asset's return depends on various macroeconomic, market, and security-specific factors. The APT model estimates the expected return of an asset based on its sensitivity to common risk factors like inflation, interest rates, and market indices. It was developed by Stephen Ross in 1976 as an alternative to the Capital Asset Pricing Model. The APT formula predicts an asset's return based on factor risk premiums and the asset's sensitivity to each factor.
The document defines key investment terms such as return, risk, expected return, and standard deviation. It provides examples of how to calculate return for an individual stock investment and explains how to determine the expected return and standard deviation for a portfolio consisting of multiple assets. Diversification across unrelated assets can reduce a portfolio's overall risk.
This document provides an overview of the key concepts to be covered in Chapter 5 on risk and return. It begins with learning objectives for the chapter, which include understanding the relationship between risk and return, defining and measuring risk and return, investor attitudes toward risk, risk and return in portfolio context, the capital asset pricing model, and efficient financial markets. It then covers definitions of return, examples of calculating return, definitions of risk, and how to determine expected return and standard deviation using probability distributions to measure risk. Other topics summarized are risk attitudes, risk and return for portfolios, diversification, the capital asset pricing model, and systematic versus unsystematic risk.
This presentation discusses bond valuation. It defines bonds and bond valuation, which includes calculating the present value of future interest payments and the bond's value at maturity. It then discusses various ways to calculate bond returns, including coupon rate, current yield, spot interest rate, and yield to maturity. It also covers bond price valuation, bond risks, bond duration, and five principles of bond pricing theorems.
Measurement of Risk and Calculation of Portfolio RiskDhrumil Shah
This document discusses measuring risk and calculating portfolio risk. It defines risk as the probability of loss and explains that higher investment means higher risk but also higher potential return. It then discusses measuring the risk of individual assets using variance and standard deviation calculated from the asset's probability distribution of returns. The document also explains how to calculate the expected return, variance and standard deviation of a portfolio by taking the weighted average of the individual assets. Diversifying a portfolio can reduce overall risk since the returns on different assets may not move in the same direction.
Risk And Return In Financial Management PowerPoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Analyze investment risk and profitability with this professionally designed Risk and Return in Financial Management PowerPoint Presentation Slides. The content ready portfolio risk-return trade-off PowerPoint compete deck comprises of PPT slides such as risk and return of stock bonds, and T-bills, investment strategies of predefined portfolios, risk and return of portfolio manager, measuring stock volatility proportionate, portfolio return analysis, calculating asset beta, portfolio value at risk, ranking the passive income streams impact to name a few. Explain the relationship between risk on investing in the financial market with potential return using portfolio risk analysis PPT slides. Utilize the visually appealing risk-reward relationship presentation design to structure your financial presentation. Furthermore, portfolio risk-return in security analysis PPT visuals are completely customizable. You can add or delete the content if needed. Download this visually appealing security analysis and portfolio management presentation deck to manage investment risk. Our Risk And Return In Financial Management PowerPoint Presentation Slides ensure you feel joyous. You will find the inspiration you desire.
This document defines key concepts related to risk and return in investments. It discusses components of return including yields and capital gains. It also defines expected return, relative return, and real rate of return. The document outlines several types of risk that can impact investments such as market risk, interest rate risk, liquidity risk, and foreign exchange risk. It also discusses standard deviation and the coefficient of variation as measures of risk. Finally, the capital asset pricing model is introduced as relating expected return on an asset to its systematic risk.
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 5 of the textbook "Fundamentals of Financial Management" regarding risk and return. It defines return, expected return, risk, and standard deviation as measures of risk. It provides examples of how to calculate expected return and standard deviation for discrete distributions. It also discusses risk attitudes, portfolio return and risk, systematic and unsystematic risk, and the Capital Asset Pricing Model.
CAPM was developed in 1960 as an extension of Markowitz's portfolio theory. It derives the relationship between expected return and risk of individual securities. CAPM assumes investment decisions are based on risk-return assessments and that markets are efficient. It allows investors to combine risky and risk-free assets on the efficient frontier to maximize return for a given level of risk. The model is used to price individual securities based on their beta and expected market return.
Because of the risk-return tradeoff, you must be aware of your personal risk tolerance when choosing investments for your portfolio. Taking on some risk is the price of achieving returns; therefore, if you want to make money, you can't cut out all risk. The goal instead is to find an appropriate balance - one that generates some profit, but still allows you to sleep at night.
This chapter discusses risk and return, including:
- Risk and return of individual assets is measured using probability distributions and expected return and standard deviation.
- Portfolio risk is lower than holding individual assets due to diversification. Beta measures the sensitivity of an asset's return to market movements.
- The Security Market Line shows the expected return of an asset based on its beta and the risk-free rate. The Capital Asset Pricing Model suggests assets should be priced based on their systematic risk.
This presentation is an overview of Capital Structure Theories.
Dr. Soheli Ghose ( Ph.D (University of Calcutta), M.Phil, M.Com, M.B.A., NET (JRF), B. Ed).
Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce,St. Xavier's College, Kolkata.
Guest Faculty, M.B.A. Finance, University of Calcutta, Kolkata
This document discusses the cost of capital. It begins by defining key concepts like capital, investor required rate of return, and financial policy. It then discusses how to calculate the costs of different sources of capital like debt, preferred stock, and common equity. Next, it explains how to calculate a firm's weighted average cost of capital. It provides an example of how PepsiCo calculates divisional costs of capital. The document concludes by discussing how cost of capital can be used to evaluate investments and how interest rates differ internationally.
- Cost of capital is the minimum rate of return that a company must earn on its investments to maintain its value and attract funds. It includes the costs of different sources of financing like equity, debt, and retained earnings.
- Cost of capital is classified as historical vs future, specific vs composite, average vs marginal, and explicit vs implicit. Composite cost is the weighted average cost across all sources.
- Specific costs include cost of debt (interest rate), cost of preference shares (dividend rate), and cost of equity (dividend yield method, CAPM, etc.). Cost of debt and preference shares are explicit while cost of equity can be implicit.
- Calculating cost of equity involves dividend yield
This document provides an overview of call and put options, including:
- Call options give the buyer the right to purchase an underlying asset at a specified strike price. Put options give the buyer the right to sell an underlying asset at a specified strike price.
- Options have an expiration date and are used for speculation or hedging. Speculators try to profit from price changes, while hedgers use options to reduce risk.
- The value of an option depends on the value of the underlying asset and volatility. At expiration, call options are worth the maximum of the asset price minus strike price and zero. Put options are worth the maximum of strike price minus asset price and zero.
- Buy
The document provides an overview of the Black-Scholes option pricing model (BSOPM). It describes the key assumptions of the BSOPM, including that the underlying stock pays no dividends, markets are efficient, and prices are lognormally distributed. It also outlines how the BSOPM can be used to calculate theoretical option prices from historical data on the stock price, strike price, time to expiration, interest rate, and volatility. The document discusses implied volatility and how it differs from historical volatility, as well as limitations of the BSOPM.
This document discusses various concepts related to investment returns and risk. It begins by defining return as income received plus capital gains. It then discusses the components of return including yield and capital gains. It provides a formula to calculate total return. The document then discusses various types of risk including market risk, liquidity risk, and foreign exchange risk. It also covers sensitivity analysis using range and standard deviation. Finally, it discusses portfolio returns and risks, and introduces the Capital Asset Pricing Model to relate expected returns to market risk.
This document discusses various asset pricing models, including the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) and the Security Market Line (SML). It provides an overview of the key assumptions and components of the CAPM, such as the capital market line, market portfolio, beta, and the security market line equation. An example is shown of calculating expected returns based on the SML. The differences between the capital market line and security market line are also explained.
The document summarizes the evolution of modern portfolio theory from its origins in Harry Markowitz's mean-variance model to subsequent developments like the Sharpe single-index model and CAPM. It discusses how Markowitz showed investors could maximize returns for a given risk level by holding efficient portfolios on the efficient frontier. The Sharpe model reduced the inputs needed for portfolio risk estimation by correlating assets to a market index rather than each other. CAPM then defined the market portfolio as the efficient portfolio and allowed a risk-free asset, changing the shape of the efficient frontier.
This document defines key concepts related to risk and return in finance. It discusses how return is calculated based on income and price changes. It also defines risk as the variability of actual returns compared to expected returns. The document introduces the capital asset pricing model (CAPM), which relates a security's expected return to its systematic risk (beta). It describes how beta measures the sensitivity of a stock's returns to market returns. The CAPM holds that a security's expected return is determined by the risk-free rate and a risk premium based on the security's beta. The document provides examples of how to calculate portfolio expected returns and standard deviations, as well as how to determine the required rate of return and intrinsic value of individual stocks using CAP
1) Portfolio construction involves blending different asset classes like stocks, bonds, and cash to obtain returns while minimizing risk through diversification.
2) There are two main approaches - the traditional approach selects securities to meet an investor's needs, while the Markowitz efficient frontier approach constructs portfolios that maximize expected return for a given level of risk.
3) The Markowitz model helps investors reduce risk by choosing securities whose returns do not move together, identifying the efficient frontier of portfolio options, and allowing investors to select the portfolio with the highest return for a given risk level.
The document discusses the Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT), which assumes an asset's return depends on various macroeconomic, market, and security-specific factors. The APT model estimates the expected return of an asset based on its sensitivity to common risk factors like inflation, interest rates, and market indices. It was developed by Stephen Ross in 1976 as an alternative to the Capital Asset Pricing Model. The APT formula predicts an asset's return based on factor risk premiums and the asset's sensitivity to each factor.
The document defines key investment terms such as return, risk, expected return, and standard deviation. It provides examples of how to calculate return for an individual stock investment and explains how to determine the expected return and standard deviation for a portfolio consisting of multiple assets. Diversification across unrelated assets can reduce a portfolio's overall risk.
This document provides an overview of the key concepts to be covered in Chapter 5 on risk and return. It begins with learning objectives for the chapter, which include understanding the relationship between risk and return, defining and measuring risk and return, investor attitudes toward risk, risk and return in portfolio context, the capital asset pricing model, and efficient financial markets. It then covers definitions of return, examples of calculating return, definitions of risk, and how to determine expected return and standard deviation using probability distributions to measure risk. Other topics summarized are risk attitudes, risk and return for portfolios, diversification, the capital asset pricing model, and systematic versus unsystematic risk.
This document discusses risk and return concepts in finance. It defines types of risk like stand-alone risk and portfolio risk. It shows how to calculate the expected return and standard deviation of individual investments and portfolios. Lower risk can be achieved through diversification since unique investment risks offset each other in a portfolio. The Capital Asset Pricing Model suggests investors should only be compensated for systematic market risk rather than risks that can be diversified away. Beta is introduced as a measure of a security's non-diversifiable market risk relative to the overall market.
The document provides an overview of key concepts related to expected returns, risk, and the security market line. It defines expected returns and how they differ from realized returns. It also discusses diversification and how it relates to systematic and unsystematic risk. The security market line models the relationship between risk and return, with the slope representing the market risk premium. The capital asset pricing model uses an asset's beta to determine its expected return based on the risk-free rate and market risk premium.
1. The document discusses risk and return, defining concepts like expected return, risk, standard deviation, beta, and models like the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM).
2. It provides examples of how to calculate expected return, standard deviation, and beta for both discrete and continuous probability distributions.
3. The CAPM model relates a security's expected return to market risk (beta) and the risk-free rate, stating that expected return equals the risk-free rate plus a risk premium based on beta.
This document discusses portfolio risk and return, including expected return, measures of risk like variance and standard deviation, and how diversification can reduce risk. It provides examples of calculating expected return, variance, and standard deviation for individual stocks and portfolios. It then introduces the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), which specifies the relationship between risk and required return of individual stocks based on the stock's beta. It provides examples of using the CAPM equation to calculate required return given beta and market factors, and calculating beta given expected return and market factors.
Portfolio Risk And Return Analysis PowerPoint Presentation Slides SlideTeam
Presenting this set of slides with name - Portfolio Risk And Return Analysis Powerpoint Presentation Slides. Enhance your audiences knowledge with this well researched complete deck. Showcase all the important features of the deck with perfect visuals. This deck comprises of total of twenty nine slides with each slide explained in detail. Each template comprises of professional diagrams and layouts. Our professional PowerPoint experts have also included icons, graphs and charts for your convenience. All you have to do is DOWNLOAD the deck. Make changes as per the requirement. Yes, these PPT slides are completely customizable. Edit the colour, text and font size. Add or delete the content from the slide. And leave your audience awestruck with the professionally designed Portfolio Risk And Return Analysis Powerpoint Presentation Slides complete deck.
This document discusses risk and return in capital budgeting. It defines key concepts like the weighted average cost of capital, cost of equity, expected return, standard deviation, covariance, correlation, and diversification. It explains that the appropriate discount rate is the weighted average cost of capital. While cost of debt can be estimated easily, cost of equity is harder to determine as the required rate of return depends on an asset's risk and investors' risk preferences which can be measured using historical data, probability distributions, or portfolio theory involving multiple assets. Diversification reduces overall portfolio risk even as the number of assets increases.
This is the fifth presentation for the University of New England Graduate School of Business course GSB711 Managerial Finance, offered by Dr Subba Reddy Yarram. This presentation examines risk, return and the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM).
Risk Return Trade Off PowerPoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Presenting this set of slides with name - Risk Return Trade Off Powerpoint Presentation Slides. This deck consists of total of twenty nine slides. It has PPT slides highlighting important topics of Risk Return Trade Off Powerpoint Presentation Slides. This deck comprises of amazing visuals with thoroughly researched content. Each template is well crafted and designed by our PowerPoint experts. Our designers have included all the necessary PowerPoint layouts in this deck. From icons to graphs, this PPT deck has it all. The best part is that these templates are easily customizable. Just click the DOWNLOAD button shown below. Edit the colour, text, font size, add or delete the content as per the requirement. Download this deck now and engage your audience with this ready made presentation.
Return is the amount of gain or loss of an Investment for a particular period of time.
The future is uncertain. When we are dealing with the future, we assign probabilities to future returns. The Expected rate of return on an investment represents the mean probability distribution of possible future returns.
Risk reflects the chance that the actual return on an investment may be different than the expected return.
One way to measure risk is to calculate the variance and standard deviation of the distribution of returns.
We will once again use a probability distribution in our calculations.
Finance Risk And Return PowerPoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Presenting this set of slides with name - Finance Risk And Return Powerpoint Presentation Slides. This PPT deck displays twenty eight slides with in depth research. Our topic oriented Finance Risk And Return Powerpoint Presentation Slides presentation deck is a helpful tool to plan, prepare, document and analyse the topic with a clear approach. We provide a ready to use deck with all sorts of relevant topics subtopics templates, charts and graphs, overviews, analysis templates. Outline all the important aspects without any hassle. It showcases of all kind of editable templates infographs for an inclusive and comprehensive Finance Risk And Return Powerpoint Presentation Slides presentation. Professionals, managers, individual and team involved in any company organization from any field can use them as per requirement.
This document discusses risk and return relationships in financial markets. It introduces concepts like expected return, variance, diversification, systematic and unsystematic risk, beta, the security market line (SML), and the capital asset pricing model (CAPM). The SML shows the positive relationship between expected return and systematic risk (beta). The CAPM says the expected return of an asset is determined by the risk-free rate, the market risk premium, and the asset's beta. Understanding these risk/return models allows setting appropriate discount rates for valuing companies.
Bring structure to your financial plan with our visually appealing Financial Concepts Risk Return PowerPoint Presentation Slides. The content ready portfolio risk and return analysis PowerPoint compete deck comprises of PPT slides such as risk and return of stock bonds, and T-bills, investment strategies of predefined portfolios, risk and return of portfolio manager, measuring stock volatility, proportionate, portfolio return analysis, calculating asset beta, portfolio value at risk, ranking the passive income streams impact of to name a few. Furthermore, to cover all the important concepts our designers have included additional slides like meet our team, mission and vision, comparison, timeline, financial, sticky notes, target, contact us, etc. Since all our slides are fully editable, you can easily customize it as per your needs. The visually appealing portfolio risk-return in security analysis PPT template can keep your audience engaged. Get access to this risk and return relationship PowerPoint template to design risk management strategies. Facilitate the joining of hands with our Financial Concepts Risk Return PowerPoint Presentation Slides. Improve the chances of cohesive action.
The document provides an overview of portfolio management concepts from Markowitz portfolio theory, including risk aversion, measures of risk, expected returns, variance, standard deviation, covariance, correlation, portfolio risk calculation, diversification, the efficient frontier, and estimation issues. Key points covered include how diversification reduces portfolio risk through negative correlation between assets, and how the efficient frontier shows optimal portfolios that maximize return for a given level of risk.
Risk And Return Relationship PowerPoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
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The document discusses risk and return in investments. It defines key concepts like holding period return (HPR), expected return, standard deviation, variance, and coefficient of variation. It provides examples of calculating HPR for stocks based on purchase price, selling price, and dividends. Expected return is the average HPR and can be calculated in different ways. Risk is the variability in returns and can be measured using standard deviation, variance, beta, etc. The document also discusses portfolio returns and how to calculate expected portfolio return based on individual asset expected returns and weights.
Risk and return are key concepts in finance. Return represents the total gain or loss on an investment. Risk is the potential variability in future cash flows and the possibility that actual returns will differ from expected returns. Expected return is the return an investor expects to earn on an asset, while required return is the return an investor requires given an asset's risk. Standard deviation and coefficient of variation are common measures of risk. A portfolio combines multiple assets to reduce overall risk through diversification. The two main types of risk are unsystematic (company-specific) risk, which can be diversified away, and systematic (market) risk, which cannot. Beta is used to measure an asset's systematic risk relative to the market.
Unit IV Risk Return Analysis bjbiuybjiuyJashanRekhi
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Fears in business operations are known as risks. They mainly affect external and international
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Define conflict and conflict behavior in organizations
Distinguish between functional and dysfunctional conflict
Understand different levels and types of conflict in organizations
Analyze conflict episodes and the linkages among them
Explain why conflict arises, and identify the types and sources of conflict in organizations.
Describe conflict management strategies that managers can use to resolve conflict effectively.
Understand the nature of negotiation and why integrative bargaining is more effective than distributive negotiation.
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the capital budgeting process
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techniques of capital budgeting
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types of project
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basic organization of computer
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input unit
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output unit
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storage unit
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arithmetic logic unit (alu)
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computer codes
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computer for organization
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2. 5-2
After studying this Chapter,
you should be able to:
1. Understand the relationship (or “trade-off”) between
risk and return.
2. Define risk and return and show how to measure
them by calculating expected return, standard
deviation, and coefficient of variation.
3. Explain risk and return in a portfolio context, and
distinguish between individual security and portfolio
risk.
4. Distinguish between avoidable (unsystematic) risk
and unavoidable (systematic) risk and explain how
proper diversification can eliminate one of these
risks.
3. 5-3
Risk and Return
Defining Risk and Return
Using Probability Distributions to
Measure Risk
Risk and Return in a Portfolio Context
Diversification
4. 5-4
Defining Return
Income received on an investment
plus any change in market price,
usually expressed as a percent of
the beginning market price of the
investment.
Dt + (Pt - Pt-1 )
Pt-1
R =
5. 5-5
Return Example
The stock price for Stock A was $10 per
share 1 year ago. The stock is currently
trading at $9.50 per share and shareholders
just received a $1 dividend. What return
was earned over the past year?
6. 5-6
Return Example
The stock price for Stock A was $10 per
share 1 year ago. The stock is currently
trading at $9.50 per share and shareholders
just received a $1 dividend. What return
was earned over the past year?
$1.00 + ($9.50 - $10.00 )
$10.00R = = 5%
7. 5-7
Defining Risk
What rate of return do you expect on your
investment (savings) this year?
What rate will you actually earn?
Does it matter if it is a bank CD or a share
of stock?
The variability of returns from
those that are expected.
8. 5-8
Determining Expected
Return (Discrete Dist.)
R = S ( Ri )( Pi )
R is the expected return for the asset,
Ri is the return for the ith possibility,
Pi is the probability of that return
occurring,
n is the total number of possibilities.
n
i=1
9. 5-9
How to Determine the Expected
Return and Standard Deviation
Stock BW
Ri Pi (Ri)(Pi)
-.15 .10 -.015
-.03 .20 -.006
.09 .40 .036
.21 .20 .042
.33 .10 .033
Sum 1.00 .090
The
expected
return, R,
for Stock
BW is .09
or 9%
10. 5-10
Determining Standard
Deviation (Risk Measure)
s = S ( Ri - R )2( Pi )
Standard Deviation, s, is a statistical
measure of the variability of a distribution
around its mean.
It is the square root of variance.
Note, this is for a discrete distribution.
n
i=1
11. 5-11
How to Determine the Expected
Return and Standard Deviation
Stock BW
Ri Pi (Ri)(Pi) (Ri - R )2(Pi)
-.15 .10 -.015 .00576
-.03 .20 -.006 .00288
.09 .40 .036 .00000
.21 .20 .042 .00288
.33 .10 .033 .00576
Sum 1.00 .090 .01728
13. 5-13
Coefficient of Variation
The ratio of the standard deviation of
a distribution to the mean of that
distribution.
It is a measure of RELATIVE risk.
CV = s / R
CV of BW = .1315 / .09 = 1.46
14. 5-14
Problems…
By using the following returns of the respective companies,
calculate the average expected returns, the standard deviations
and coefficient of variance for the following stocks. However, is it
possible that most investors might regards stock of Kohinoor
Chemicals Ltd. as being less risky than the stock of BEXIMCO
LTD.?
Year Kohinoor
Chemicals Ltd.
BEXIMCO Ltd. Probabilities
2015 (12.5%) (14.5%) 0.20
2016 16% 14.50% 0.35
2017 18% 15% 0.25
2018 17.5% 18% 0.20
15. 5-15
RP = S ( Wj )( Rj )
RP is the expected return for the portfolio,
Wj is the weight (investment proportion)
for the jth asset in the portfolio,
Rj is the expected return of the jth asset,
m is the total number of assets in the
portfolio.
Determining Portfolio
Expected Return
m
j=1
16. 5-16
Determining Portfolio
Standard Deviation
m
j=1
m
k=1
sP = S S Wj Wk sjk
Wj is the weight (investment proportion)
for the jth asset in the portfolio,
Wk is the weight (investment proportion)
for the kth asset in the portfolio,
sjk is the covariance between returns for
the jth and kth assets in the portfolio.
17. 5-17
You are creating a portfolio of Stock D and Stock
BW (from earlier). You are investing $2,000 in
Stock BW and $3,000 in Stock D. Remember that
the expected return and standard deviation of
Stock BW is 9% and 13.15% respectively. The
expected return and standard deviation of Stock D
is 8% and 10.65% respectively. The correlation
coefficient between BW and D is 0.75.
What is the expected return and standard
deviation of the portfolio?
Portfolio Risk and
Expected Return Example
19. 5-19
Two-asset portfolio:
Col 1 Col 2
Row 1 WBW WBW sBW,BW WBW WD sBW,D
Row 2 WD WBW sD,BW WD WD sD,D
This represents the variance - covariance
matrix for the two-asset portfolio.
Determining Portfolio
Standard Deviation
20. 5-20
Two-asset portfolio:
Col 1 Col 2
Row 1 (.4)(.4)(.0173) (.4)(.6)(.0105)
Row 2 (.6)(.4)(.0105) (.6)(.6)(.0113)
This represents substitution into the
variance - covariance matrix.
Determining Portfolio
Standard Deviation
21. 5-21
Two-asset portfolio:
Col 1 Col 2
Row 1 (.0028) (.0025)
Row 2 (.0025) (.0041)
This represents the actual element values
in the variance - covariance matrix.
Determining Portfolio
Standard Deviation
24. 5-24
Stock C Stock D Portfolio
Return 9.00% 8.00% 8.64%
Stand.
Dev. 13.15% 10.65% 10.91%
CV 1.46 1.33 1.26
The portfolio has the LOWEST coefficient
of variation due to diversification.
Summary of the Portfolio
Return and Risk Calculation
25. 5-25
Problem
Stock A and B have the following historical returns.
a) Calculate the average rate of return for each stock during the period
2008 to 2012. Assume that someone held a portfolio consisting of 50% of
stock A and Stock B. What would have been the realized rate of return on
the portfolio in which year from 2008 to 2012? What would have been the
average return on the portfolio during this period?
b) Calculate the SD of returns for each stock and the portfolio.
C) Calculate the CV of returns for each stock and the portfolio
Years Stock-A’s Return Stock-B’s Return
2010 38.67 44.25
2011 14.33 3.67
2012 33.00 28.30
26. 5-26
Combining securities that are not perfectly,
positively correlated reduces risk.
Diversification and the
Correlation Coefficient
INVESTMENTRETURN
TIME TIMETIME
SECURITY E SECURITY F
Combination
E and F
27. 5-27
Systematic Risk is the variability of return
on stocks or portfolios associated with
changes in return on the market as a whole.
Unsystematic Risk is the variability of return
on stocks or portfolios not explained by
general market movements. It is avoidable
through diversification.
Total Risk = Systematic
Risk + Unsystematic Risk
Total Risk = Systematic Risk +
Unsystematic Risk
28. 5-28
Total Risk = Systematic
Risk + Unsystematic Risk
Total
Risk
Unsystematic risk
Systematic risk
STDDEVOFPORTFOLIORETURN
NUMBER OF SECURITIES IN THE PORTFOLIO
Factors such as changes in nation’s
economy, tax reform by the Congress,
or a change in the world situation.
29. 5-29
Total Risk = Systematic
Risk + Unsystematic Risk
Total
Risk
Unsystematic risk
Systematic risk
STDDEVOFPORTFOLIORETURN
NUMBER OF SECURITIES IN THE PORTFOLIO
Factors unique to a particular company
or industry. For example, the death of a
key executive or loss of a governmental
defense contract.