This slide will guide other researchers that wants to collect data using Interview method. It teaches how to analyse the data as well. This was a presentation that was carried out in our research method class by our group.
Interview Method for Qualitative ResearchPun Yanut
Interview is the verbal conversation between two people with the objective of collecting relevant information for the purpose of research.
Interviewing, a method for conducting research, is a technique used to understand the experiences of others.
McNamra (1999), the interviewer can pursue in-depth information around the topic.
Interview may be useful as follow-up to certain respondent
This document discusses questionnaires as a research method. It defines a questionnaire as a structured set of questions used to collect data from subjects about their knowledge, attitudes and beliefs. The document outlines different types of questions that can be included in a questionnaire like open-ended, closed-format, dichotomous and Likert questions. It also provides guidelines for designing a good questionnaire and discusses methods for questionnaire administration and their advantages/disadvantages.
Questionnaire designing in a research processRajneesh Gautam
This document discusses the design and use of questionnaires. It defines a questionnaire as a set of questions used to gather information from individuals. Questionnaires can be administered via mail, phone, interviews, as handouts, or electronically. There are two main types of questions: open-ended questions that allow free responses and closed questions like multiple choice. Proper construction and administration are important to get useful statistical information. Factors like question wording, order, and avoiding sensitive topics should be considered when designing a questionnaire.
This document discusses various methods for collecting primary and secondary data. It describes observation, interviews, questionnaires, and schedules as the main methods for collecting primary data. It provides details on the types, advantages, and disadvantages of each method. It also discusses other techniques like surveys, audits, and panels. For secondary data, it notes that this involves using already available data from sources like governments, organizations, and past research. The key methods are summarized in 3 sentences or less.
Questionnaire construction is presented by Prakash Aryal. Questionnaires can be used for primary research and involve asking respondents questions either in person or through mail/online surveys. Key steps in constructing a questionnaire include determining the type of survey, developing questions, organizing the question sequence and layout, and pilot testing. Questions should avoid ambiguity, bias, and double meanings. Both open-ended and closed-ended questions can be used, with closed-ended questions being easier to analyze but potentially limiting responses. The order and format of questions is also important to make the questionnaire smooth, logical and easy for respondents to follow.
This is an exclusive presentation on data collection for researchers in National Institutes Labor of Administration & Training (NILAT), Ministry of production, government of Pakistan
This document provides an overview of case study research. It defines case study as a qualitative approach that focuses on a bounded system. Case study is not a methodological choice but a choice of what to study. It can be used to answer descriptive and explanatory questions. There are three main types of case studies: intrinsic, instrumental, and collective. Case studies are particularistic, descriptive, and heuristic. They involve collecting data through various techniques. Cross-site analysis strategies help compare multiple cases. Case studies have strengths like providing an in-depth understanding but also limitations such as subjectivity. Examples of famous case studies include studies of Genie the feral child and Jill Price.
This document discusses interview as a method for research. It defines interviews and describes three main types: structured, unstructured, and semi-structured. It outlines advantages like feedback and probing answers, and disadvantages like costs and lack of anonymity. Characteristics of interviewing covered include preparation, sampling techniques, structuring questions, and controlling the interview process. Qualities of a good interviewer and ensuring reliability and validity are also discussed. The document concludes with considerations for recording interviews like equipment and transcription, as well as record keeping.
Interview Method for Qualitative ResearchPun Yanut
Interview is the verbal conversation between two people with the objective of collecting relevant information for the purpose of research.
Interviewing, a method for conducting research, is a technique used to understand the experiences of others.
McNamra (1999), the interviewer can pursue in-depth information around the topic.
Interview may be useful as follow-up to certain respondent
This document discusses questionnaires as a research method. It defines a questionnaire as a structured set of questions used to collect data from subjects about their knowledge, attitudes and beliefs. The document outlines different types of questions that can be included in a questionnaire like open-ended, closed-format, dichotomous and Likert questions. It also provides guidelines for designing a good questionnaire and discusses methods for questionnaire administration and their advantages/disadvantages.
Questionnaire designing in a research processRajneesh Gautam
This document discusses the design and use of questionnaires. It defines a questionnaire as a set of questions used to gather information from individuals. Questionnaires can be administered via mail, phone, interviews, as handouts, or electronically. There are two main types of questions: open-ended questions that allow free responses and closed questions like multiple choice. Proper construction and administration are important to get useful statistical information. Factors like question wording, order, and avoiding sensitive topics should be considered when designing a questionnaire.
This document discusses various methods for collecting primary and secondary data. It describes observation, interviews, questionnaires, and schedules as the main methods for collecting primary data. It provides details on the types, advantages, and disadvantages of each method. It also discusses other techniques like surveys, audits, and panels. For secondary data, it notes that this involves using already available data from sources like governments, organizations, and past research. The key methods are summarized in 3 sentences or less.
Questionnaire construction is presented by Prakash Aryal. Questionnaires can be used for primary research and involve asking respondents questions either in person or through mail/online surveys. Key steps in constructing a questionnaire include determining the type of survey, developing questions, organizing the question sequence and layout, and pilot testing. Questions should avoid ambiguity, bias, and double meanings. Both open-ended and closed-ended questions can be used, with closed-ended questions being easier to analyze but potentially limiting responses. The order and format of questions is also important to make the questionnaire smooth, logical and easy for respondents to follow.
This is an exclusive presentation on data collection for researchers in National Institutes Labor of Administration & Training (NILAT), Ministry of production, government of Pakistan
This document provides an overview of case study research. It defines case study as a qualitative approach that focuses on a bounded system. Case study is not a methodological choice but a choice of what to study. It can be used to answer descriptive and explanatory questions. There are three main types of case studies: intrinsic, instrumental, and collective. Case studies are particularistic, descriptive, and heuristic. They involve collecting data through various techniques. Cross-site analysis strategies help compare multiple cases. Case studies have strengths like providing an in-depth understanding but also limitations such as subjectivity. Examples of famous case studies include studies of Genie the feral child and Jill Price.
This document discusses interview as a method for research. It defines interviews and describes three main types: structured, unstructured, and semi-structured. It outlines advantages like feedback and probing answers, and disadvantages like costs and lack of anonymity. Characteristics of interviewing covered include preparation, sampling techniques, structuring questions, and controlling the interview process. Qualities of a good interviewer and ensuring reliability and validity are also discussed. The document concludes with considerations for recording interviews like equipment and transcription, as well as record keeping.
This document provides an overview of survey research. It defines a survey as collecting information from a sample of a population by asking questions in order to describe aspects of the population. Surveys are conducted for descriptive purposes to determine how a population distributes across variables. There are two main types of surveys: cross-sectional, which collects information at one time point, and longitudinal, which collects information over multiple time points. Proper survey methodology includes defining the problem, identifying the target population, choosing a data collection method, selecting and sampling participants, designing the questionnaire, training interviewers, addressing non-response rates, and analyzing the data.
This document describes descriptive research and survey research methods. Descriptive research aims to describe characteristics of a population without determining causes. Survey research involves asking questions of respondents using methods like questionnaires and interviews. The document outlines approaches like case studies and surveys, and survey designs including cross-sectional, before-after, and longitudinal studies. It also discusses steps to conduct surveys, question formats, data collection modes, and advantages and limitations of interviews and questionnaires.
Participant observation is a qualitative research method where a researcher immerses themselves in a group to observe and participate in their daily lives over an extended period of time. This allows the researcher to gain an intimate understanding of the group's practices, behaviors, and culture. There are various levels of participation a researcher can take, from non-participatory observation to fully embracing the group's customs. While this provides rich insights, it also carries risks like bias and losing objectivity. Participant observation works best when little is known about a topic or setting and a detailed understanding is needed.
The document discusses different types of interviews and surveys that can be used for research purposes. It describes unstructured, semi-structured, and structured interviews. It also outlines Kvale's seven stages of interviews which include designing, conducting, transcribing, analyzing, verifying, and reporting. Additional tips provided include establishing rapport with interviewees, deciding how to record the interview, analyzing interview texts, and frequently asked questions about interviews. The document also discusses open-ended and closed-ended questionnaires and considerations for designing surveys.
Ethnography is defined as the observation and study of human cultures and involves learning from people by observing their behaviors and interactions in their natural social and cultural contexts. It was invented in 1915 by Bronislaw Malinowski who spent three years living with and observing the Trobriand Islands people of New Guinea, establishing the modern practice of ethnographic fieldwork. The key aspects of ethnography include preparing for and conducting field studies through observation and interviews, analyzing the collected data, and reporting the findings to provide insights into the people, activities, and cultures being studied.
This document discusses various aspects of conducting qualitative interviews for research purposes. It defines key terms, describes different types of interviews including informal, general guide, and standardized interviews. It covers telephone interviews, training interviewers to reduce bias, preparing for interviews, and procedures for conducting and analyzing interviews. The goal of qualitative interviews is to understand participants' meanings and experiences on a deeper level through open-ended questioning and probes.
This document discusses different types of interviewing techniques used in research. It defines an interview as a verbal conversation between two people to collect relevant information. The main types of interviews covered are personal interviews conducted in-person, telephone interviews, focus group interviews involving a moderator and group, depth interviews which are nondirective, and projective techniques which use ambiguous stimuli. Personal interviews generally follow five stages - rapport building, introduction, probing, recording, and closing. Telephone and focus group interviews as well as projective techniques are also outlined. The conclusion states that interviews allow researchers to feel they have collected true, honest, and original data through direct interaction.
The document discusses the process of collecting qualitative data through various methods such as observations, interviews, documents, and audiovisual materials. It provides details on purposeful sampling strategies, gaining access to research sites and participants, developing data collection forms like interview protocols, and ethical considerations in qualitative data collection. The key steps and advantages and disadvantages of different qualitative data collection methods are also outlined.
Qualitative research - type of data, analysis of qualitative data, software f...Dr.Preeti Tiwari
This document provides an overview of qualitative research methods, including:
- Qualitative research seeks to understand people's experiences and interpretations of the world through methods like interviews and observation.
- There are several types of qualitative research designs including case studies, grounded theory, phenomenology, and ethnography.
- Data collection methods include interviews, focus groups, participant observation, and analysis involves coding data into themes and concepts.
- Qualitative research aims to gather rich descriptive data rather than numerical data, and the researcher plays a role in data collection and interpretation.
This document provides an overview of the differences between qualitative and quantitative research methods. It discusses that qualitative research aims to understand social interactions through smaller, non-randomly selected groups, using open-ended responses and interviews. Quantitative research aims to test hypotheses and make predictions through larger, randomly selected groups and validated quantitative data collection instruments. The researcher's role and biases are known in qualitative research but hidden in quantitative research. Qualitative findings are less generalizable while quantitative findings can be more widely applied.
This document discusses various tools for data collection, including questionnaires, interviews, and focus group discussions. Questionnaires allow collection of subjective and objective data from a large sample through a structured set of questions. Interviews can be structured, semi-structured, or in-depth and open-ended to collect qualitative information. Focus groups stimulate discussion around a topic among 8-10 participants led by a facilitator. Each tool has advantages like completeness of data but also disadvantages like bias or difficulty in analysis.
The document discusses different types of interviews that can be used for research data collection. It describes personal interviews, telephone interviews, focus group interviews, depth interviews, and projective techniques. Personal interviews involve face-to-face communication between an interviewer and respondent. They are generally structured with questions planned in advance. Telephone interviews collect information by asking respondents questions over the phone. Focus group interviews involve a moderator leading a discussion among a small group of respondents. Depth interviews are nondirective and give respondents freedom to answer openly. Projective techniques indirectly reveal responses through interpretation of ambiguous objects or activities.
This document discusses various methods of data collection in research. It describes 7 common methods: questionnaires, checklists, interviews, observation, records, experimental approaches, and survey approaches. For each method, it outlines the key aspects, such as how it is administered or structured, as well as advantages and disadvantages. It also discusses important considerations for developing research instruments and measuring variables in studies. The overall purpose is to provide guidance on selecting appropriate data collection techniques based on the research problem and design.
The document discusses important considerations for designing effective questionnaires. It recommends that questionnaires should begin by engaging respondents, ask target questions in the middle, and place optional questions at the end. Early questions should be simple and convey the study's theme. A pilot test can identify weaknesses to improve the questionnaire before full administration. The goal is to create a questionnaire that collects meaningful data through clear, well-ordered questions.
The document provides an overview of survey research and questionnaire design. It discusses that surveys are used to collect data and facts from a target population about a certain situation or issue. The key steps in survey research include developing hypotheses, designing the survey questions and format, sampling, data collection, analysis, and reporting findings. It also describes different types of surveys, methods of data collection including mail, interview and telephone surveys, and considerations for question structure, format, and response options. The document emphasizes that carefully designing and testing the questionnaire is important for effective survey research.
This document provides an overview of quantitative research and report writing. It discusses the researcher's responsibility to report findings to stakeholders and communicate practical significance. It also describes the main differences between style manuals, particularly the American Psychological Association (APA) style. The main parts of a research report are outlined as the title, abstract, introduction, literature review, methodology, results, conclusion, references, and appendix.
Qualitative research aims to understand people's experiences and interpretations of the world. It provides rich, detailed descriptions through methods like interviews, observations, and written responses. The researcher immerses themselves in the topic to understand perspectives without assumptions. Main types include case studies, grounded theory, phenomenology, and ethnography. Data collection involves interactions, written responses, and observations. Analysis begins during data collection to guide further inquiry. The process moves from specific to general understanding through a funnel or inductive approach. Validity is increased through triangulation of multiple data sources, types, and collection methods. Strengths include understanding context, but it is time consuming and results may not generalize. Mixed methods combine qualitative and quantitative approaches at different stages of
The document defines observation as the systematic recording of behaviors, objects, and events to learn about a phenomenon. It classifies observation as structured vs unstructured, disguised vs undisguised, and natural vs contrived. Various observation methods are described such as personal observation, mechanical observation, audits, content analysis, and trace analysis. Each method is evaluated based on factors like degree of structure, ability to observe naturally, and analysis bias. Advantages of observation include measuring actual behavior while disadvantages include inability to obtain reasons for behavior and potential biases.
The document discusses observation as a research method, noting that it involves systematically watching and recording natural, unmanipulated behaviors, and can be participant or non-participant; it also addresses operationalizing behaviors into categories, sampling techniques like time and event sampling, potential observer bias issues, and the strengths and weaknesses of observational research.
This document provides an overview of survey research. It defines a survey as collecting information from a sample of a population by asking questions in order to describe aspects of the population. Surveys are conducted for descriptive purposes to determine how a population distributes across variables. There are two main types of surveys: cross-sectional, which collects information at one time point, and longitudinal, which collects information over multiple time points. Proper survey methodology includes defining the problem, identifying the target population, choosing a data collection method, selecting and sampling participants, designing the questionnaire, training interviewers, addressing non-response rates, and analyzing the data.
This document describes descriptive research and survey research methods. Descriptive research aims to describe characteristics of a population without determining causes. Survey research involves asking questions of respondents using methods like questionnaires and interviews. The document outlines approaches like case studies and surveys, and survey designs including cross-sectional, before-after, and longitudinal studies. It also discusses steps to conduct surveys, question formats, data collection modes, and advantages and limitations of interviews and questionnaires.
Participant observation is a qualitative research method where a researcher immerses themselves in a group to observe and participate in their daily lives over an extended period of time. This allows the researcher to gain an intimate understanding of the group's practices, behaviors, and culture. There are various levels of participation a researcher can take, from non-participatory observation to fully embracing the group's customs. While this provides rich insights, it also carries risks like bias and losing objectivity. Participant observation works best when little is known about a topic or setting and a detailed understanding is needed.
The document discusses different types of interviews and surveys that can be used for research purposes. It describes unstructured, semi-structured, and structured interviews. It also outlines Kvale's seven stages of interviews which include designing, conducting, transcribing, analyzing, verifying, and reporting. Additional tips provided include establishing rapport with interviewees, deciding how to record the interview, analyzing interview texts, and frequently asked questions about interviews. The document also discusses open-ended and closed-ended questionnaires and considerations for designing surveys.
Ethnography is defined as the observation and study of human cultures and involves learning from people by observing their behaviors and interactions in their natural social and cultural contexts. It was invented in 1915 by Bronislaw Malinowski who spent three years living with and observing the Trobriand Islands people of New Guinea, establishing the modern practice of ethnographic fieldwork. The key aspects of ethnography include preparing for and conducting field studies through observation and interviews, analyzing the collected data, and reporting the findings to provide insights into the people, activities, and cultures being studied.
This document discusses various aspects of conducting qualitative interviews for research purposes. It defines key terms, describes different types of interviews including informal, general guide, and standardized interviews. It covers telephone interviews, training interviewers to reduce bias, preparing for interviews, and procedures for conducting and analyzing interviews. The goal of qualitative interviews is to understand participants' meanings and experiences on a deeper level through open-ended questioning and probes.
This document discusses different types of interviewing techniques used in research. It defines an interview as a verbal conversation between two people to collect relevant information. The main types of interviews covered are personal interviews conducted in-person, telephone interviews, focus group interviews involving a moderator and group, depth interviews which are nondirective, and projective techniques which use ambiguous stimuli. Personal interviews generally follow five stages - rapport building, introduction, probing, recording, and closing. Telephone and focus group interviews as well as projective techniques are also outlined. The conclusion states that interviews allow researchers to feel they have collected true, honest, and original data through direct interaction.
The document discusses the process of collecting qualitative data through various methods such as observations, interviews, documents, and audiovisual materials. It provides details on purposeful sampling strategies, gaining access to research sites and participants, developing data collection forms like interview protocols, and ethical considerations in qualitative data collection. The key steps and advantages and disadvantages of different qualitative data collection methods are also outlined.
Qualitative research - type of data, analysis of qualitative data, software f...Dr.Preeti Tiwari
This document provides an overview of qualitative research methods, including:
- Qualitative research seeks to understand people's experiences and interpretations of the world through methods like interviews and observation.
- There are several types of qualitative research designs including case studies, grounded theory, phenomenology, and ethnography.
- Data collection methods include interviews, focus groups, participant observation, and analysis involves coding data into themes and concepts.
- Qualitative research aims to gather rich descriptive data rather than numerical data, and the researcher plays a role in data collection and interpretation.
This document provides an overview of the differences between qualitative and quantitative research methods. It discusses that qualitative research aims to understand social interactions through smaller, non-randomly selected groups, using open-ended responses and interviews. Quantitative research aims to test hypotheses and make predictions through larger, randomly selected groups and validated quantitative data collection instruments. The researcher's role and biases are known in qualitative research but hidden in quantitative research. Qualitative findings are less generalizable while quantitative findings can be more widely applied.
This document discusses various tools for data collection, including questionnaires, interviews, and focus group discussions. Questionnaires allow collection of subjective and objective data from a large sample through a structured set of questions. Interviews can be structured, semi-structured, or in-depth and open-ended to collect qualitative information. Focus groups stimulate discussion around a topic among 8-10 participants led by a facilitator. Each tool has advantages like completeness of data but also disadvantages like bias or difficulty in analysis.
The document discusses different types of interviews that can be used for research data collection. It describes personal interviews, telephone interviews, focus group interviews, depth interviews, and projective techniques. Personal interviews involve face-to-face communication between an interviewer and respondent. They are generally structured with questions planned in advance. Telephone interviews collect information by asking respondents questions over the phone. Focus group interviews involve a moderator leading a discussion among a small group of respondents. Depth interviews are nondirective and give respondents freedom to answer openly. Projective techniques indirectly reveal responses through interpretation of ambiguous objects or activities.
This document discusses various methods of data collection in research. It describes 7 common methods: questionnaires, checklists, interviews, observation, records, experimental approaches, and survey approaches. For each method, it outlines the key aspects, such as how it is administered or structured, as well as advantages and disadvantages. It also discusses important considerations for developing research instruments and measuring variables in studies. The overall purpose is to provide guidance on selecting appropriate data collection techniques based on the research problem and design.
The document discusses important considerations for designing effective questionnaires. It recommends that questionnaires should begin by engaging respondents, ask target questions in the middle, and place optional questions at the end. Early questions should be simple and convey the study's theme. A pilot test can identify weaknesses to improve the questionnaire before full administration. The goal is to create a questionnaire that collects meaningful data through clear, well-ordered questions.
The document provides an overview of survey research and questionnaire design. It discusses that surveys are used to collect data and facts from a target population about a certain situation or issue. The key steps in survey research include developing hypotheses, designing the survey questions and format, sampling, data collection, analysis, and reporting findings. It also describes different types of surveys, methods of data collection including mail, interview and telephone surveys, and considerations for question structure, format, and response options. The document emphasizes that carefully designing and testing the questionnaire is important for effective survey research.
This document provides an overview of quantitative research and report writing. It discusses the researcher's responsibility to report findings to stakeholders and communicate practical significance. It also describes the main differences between style manuals, particularly the American Psychological Association (APA) style. The main parts of a research report are outlined as the title, abstract, introduction, literature review, methodology, results, conclusion, references, and appendix.
Qualitative research aims to understand people's experiences and interpretations of the world. It provides rich, detailed descriptions through methods like interviews, observations, and written responses. The researcher immerses themselves in the topic to understand perspectives without assumptions. Main types include case studies, grounded theory, phenomenology, and ethnography. Data collection involves interactions, written responses, and observations. Analysis begins during data collection to guide further inquiry. The process moves from specific to general understanding through a funnel or inductive approach. Validity is increased through triangulation of multiple data sources, types, and collection methods. Strengths include understanding context, but it is time consuming and results may not generalize. Mixed methods combine qualitative and quantitative approaches at different stages of
The document defines observation as the systematic recording of behaviors, objects, and events to learn about a phenomenon. It classifies observation as structured vs unstructured, disguised vs undisguised, and natural vs contrived. Various observation methods are described such as personal observation, mechanical observation, audits, content analysis, and trace analysis. Each method is evaluated based on factors like degree of structure, ability to observe naturally, and analysis bias. Advantages of observation include measuring actual behavior while disadvantages include inability to obtain reasons for behavior and potential biases.
The document discusses observation as a research method, noting that it involves systematically watching and recording natural, unmanipulated behaviors, and can be participant or non-participant; it also addresses operationalizing behaviors into categories, sampling techniques like time and event sampling, potential observer bias issues, and the strengths and weaknesses of observational research.
This document provides guidance on writing observation essays based on direct investigation through the five senses. It discusses choosing a topic that is new to readers, focusing on specific details to help readers visualize the topic, and using showing rather than telling to convey meaning. The key is to gather detailed notes through observing with all five senses, then select vivid details to paint a picture for the reader rather than summarizing. The goal is to engage and intrigue readers through showing techniques.
Observation Method of Research by Niranjan Mohapatra, MLIS, IGNOU- 142389253NIRANJAN MOHAPATRA
This document discusses the observation method for collecting primary research data. It defines observation as watching phenomena systematically for research purposes. The objectives are to understand how to plan, conduct, record, and analyze observations. Observation involves using the senses to gather accurate data in natural settings without manipulation. It can be used to study user behavior and needs in libraries to help improve services. While time-consuming, observation provides realistic insights when combined with other data collection methods.
Qualitative interviews involve flexible, unstructured conversations to understand participants' perspectives. They are commonly used in combination with other methods like observation. Interviews can vary in structure from unstructured to semi-structured using an interview guide. Factors like number of interviews, use of visual aids, group settings, and recording methods are considered. Locating respondents, obtaining consent, and addressing issues like researcher effects are important planning considerations. Analyzing interviews involves transcription and identifying common themes.
This presentation is intended for 3rd year media studies or social sciences. It gives a succinct introduction to what Qualitative Research is and how to position quotes gathered from interviews in a text. It is somewhat explicit about the necessity that students do not engage in statistical analysis or Quantitative Research
This document defines observation and discusses its purposes and types in research. Observation involves perceiving data through the senses and can be used to gather empirical data, supplement information, and describe variables that cannot be described without direct observation. There are two types of observation: participant observation where the observer is involved and nonparticipant where they are an outside observer. Observation can also be structured to focus on particular aspects or unstructured with no predefined items. It has advantages like providing first-hand data and allowing subjects to be studied in natural settings, but disadvantages include lack of control over external factors and difficulty quantifying unstructured data. Characteristics of good observational research include being specific, systematic, quantitative, immediately recorded, and done by an expert whose results
This document discusses different types of observation methods used in social research, including their key features and advantages/disadvantages. It covers participant observation, non-participant observation, structured observation, naturalistic observation, and covert/overt behavior observation. The document also discusses observation schedules, coding schemes, and provides examples of how different observation methods could be used to study topics like literacy rates.
Observation is a primary data collection method that involves recognizing and noting facts or occurrences without asking questions. It can be used to study things like sales techniques, customer movements, and brand preferences. Some advantages are that it can be used regardless of willingness to report and with those unable to respond, like infants. Limitations include only being able to observe current behaviors, not attitudes or opinions, and it being slow for large groups. There are structured and unstructured, disguised and undisguised, and direct and indirect observation methods.
Transcribing interviews accurately needs a diligent approach. However, it's perfectly attainable for anyone who has proficiency in language and grammar, along with other requisite transcription skills.
Observation Power Point Presentation 9 10 2010lggvslideshare
Example of Professional Development Workshop designed to expand upon teacher expertise, enrich the learning environment, and better understand the whole child.
The document discusses different types of interviews. It begins by defining an interview as a formal meeting where a person is asked questions, typically to assess suitability for a job or course of study. The document then covers various classifications of interviews, including by structure (structured, unstructured, semi-structured), purpose (stress, appraisal, exit), content (situational, job-related, behavioral, psychological) and administration (one-to-one, sequential, group, panel). Common interview types like telephone and video conferencing interviews are also mentioned. The document concludes by providing tips for interview preparation and dos and don'ts for interviews.
The document discusses different types of interviews used in psychology: structured, semi-structured, and unstructured. A structured interview involves asking all candidates the same predetermined questions in the same order to allow for objective comparison. A semi-structured interview involves both predetermined and spontaneous questions to provide a more personalized approach. An unstructured interview has no predetermined questions and follows a free-flowing conversation format to explore topics in depth. The document outlines the key characteristics, steps, advantages, and disadvantages of each interview type.
The document discusses different types of interviews used in psychology: structured, semi-structured, and unstructured. A structured interview involves asking all candidates the same predetermined questions in the same order to allow for objective comparison. A semi-structured interview involves both predetermined and spontaneous questions to provide a more personalized approach. An unstructured interview has no predetermined questions and follows a free-flowing conversation format to gather personal details from candidates. The document outlines the key characteristics, steps, advantages, and disadvantages of each interview type.
The document discusses different types of interview methods used in psychology: structured interviews, semi-structured interviews, and unstructured interviews. Structured interviews involve asking all candidates the same predetermined questions. Semi-structured interviews involve asking some predetermined questions but also allowing new questions to arise spontaneously. Unstructured interviews have no predetermined questions and arise organically from a free-flowing conversation. Each method has advantages like objectivity or flexibility and disadvantages like lack of structure or difficulty in analysis.
This document provides guidance on conducting effective interviews. It discusses preparing an interview schedule and guide to structure the interviews. The interview guide should include an introduction, body, and wrap-up section with open-ended, closed, and probe questions. When conducting interviews, building rapport is important while maintaining focus. Afterward, notes should be written to capture key findings, background, discussion points, and next steps. Adjusting approach based on the interviewee's personality and providing feedback on the process are also discussed.
Structured interviews use a fixed set of closed-ended questions to quantify answers, while unstructured interviews use open-ended questions in a conversational format to obtain qualitative data. Semi-structured interviews employ a list of topics and questions but allow the interviewer flexibility to probe for more information. The document discusses advantages and disadvantages of each type of interview for obtaining valid and reliable data in sociological research.
This document discusses various methods for collecting primary data, including individual interviews, focus groups, and projective techniques. It provides details on how to conduct effective interviews and focus groups, including developing discussion guides, selecting and incentivizing participants, and the roles of the moderator. It also compares primary and secondary data and discusses how to minimize bias in interviews.
This document outlines the steps for creating a research protocol for conducting interviews. It discusses deciding on a research question and phenomenon, designing relevant interview questions, identifying interview participants, and determining the type of interview. The document provides details on creating an interview protocol, piloting questions, obtaining consent, and conducting the interview. It also discusses structured, semi-structured, and unstructured interviews and the process of testing and refining the interview questions.
This document discusses different types of interviews. It begins by defining an interview as a formal meeting between an interviewer and interviewee where the interviewer asks questions to obtain information. Interviews are important for assessing candidates' skills, knowledge, behavior and fit for an organization. The main types of interviews discussed are formal vs informal, sequential and panel, group, situational, and phone/video interviews. Behavioral, task-oriented, and stress interviews are also outlined. The document concludes with dos and don'ts for interviewees.
This document discusses different types of interviews used in hiring processes: individual interviews, group interviews, and observations. Individual interviews can be structured, semi-structured, or unstructured and take place face-to-face. Group interviews involve multiple candidates or interviewers and allow for efficient evaluation of how candidates work with others. Observations involve passively watching employee performance on the job. The document outlines advantages and disadvantages of individual interviews and provides tips for standing out in group interviews, such as being confident, a good listener, and a leader while staying true to yourself.
The document provides tips for students new to conducting qualitative interviews. It discusses developing an interview protocol with an introduction and conclusion script, open-ended questions guided by research, and the option to conduct a follow-up interview. Students should pick an interesting topic, conduct a pilot test, and ensure the interview is not too long. The tips also cover obtaining consent, using recording devices, arranging a quiet interview location, and blocking off sufficient time without distractions. The overall goal is to make the interviewee comfortable sharing their experiences.
This document provides guidelines for effective interviewing techniques. It discusses different types of interviews such as structured, unstructured, formal, informal, individual, group, depth, panel, research, clinical, and diagnostic interviews. It also outlines steps to conduct interviews such as introduction, establishing rapport, asking open-ended questions, active listening, avoiding bias, maintaining focus, and concluding professionally. Key recommendations include using interviews appropriately for the research purpose, establishing trust, respecting participants, and practicing skills to obtain rich qualitative data.
This document provides tips for conducting interviews. It discusses planning the interview by clearly articulating the purpose and determining the interview format. Some common formats are informal interviews, general interview guides, standardized open-ended interviews, and closed fixed-response interviews. The document also discusses developing good interview questions, choosing an interview location, recruiting interviewees, conducting the interview, and following up after the interview.
This document discusses different types of interviews. It begins by defining an interview as a conversation where questions are asked and answers are given. It then describes formal interviews as highly structured with predetermined questions asked in a set order. Informal interviews are described as unstructured without predetermined questions or order. Semi-structured interviews use a flexible framework of topics rather than strict questions. The document provides details on each type of interview.
This document discusses interview techniques and best practices. It covers types of interviews like structured, semi-structured, and unstructured. It also discusses training interviewers to avoid bias, preparing for an interview with topics like confidentiality and format, asking questions with the right sequence and type, analyzing interviews, and considering the strengths and weaknesses of interviews. The overall goal is to help researchers conduct effective qualitative interviews.
1. Qualitative interviews involve interactions between an interviewer and respondent to explore topics in an unstructured or semi-structured format. This allows researchers to understand human perspectives and lived experiences.
2. Qualitative interviews are used in criminal justice research to understand subjects' perspectives and gather first-hand accounts. They can also explore how people feel about their roles and identities.
3. There are different types of interview structures from fully structured to unstructured, with semi-structured in between, allowing some flexibility to explore emerging themes. The structure influences how in-depth the interviews can be.
The document provides guidance on conducting effective interviews. It discusses preparing well in advance with an interview schedule and guide to ensure interviews stay focused. The three key steps are preparation, execution, and review. During execution, interviewers should listen actively, ask open and closed questions, and adjust their style based on the interviewee. After, they should write up structured interview notes for review and comparison. The goal is to gain rich information through well-structured guided dialogues.
The document discusses interview methods for research. Interviews involve direct face-to-face interaction between the interviewer and interviewee. They allow for collection of in-depth data through open-ended questions and discussion. There are different types of interviews - structured interviews follow a rigid standardized format; semi-structured interviews have some flexibility in question order; single interviews involve one interviewer and interviewee; group interviews have multiple interviewees. Interviews have advantages like depth of information, insights from experts, and flexibility, but are also time consuming to analyze and can be affected by the interviewer.
The document provides guidance on conducting effective interviews for research purposes. It discusses preparing for an interview by developing questions and researching the interviewee. It also covers conducting the interview, including etiquette, note-taking, and flexibility. The document concludes by addressing following up with the interviewee and thanking them for their time.
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2. 1) Definition of interview
1) Types of interview
a) Personal interview
b) Telephone interview
c) Focus Group
d) Depth interview
e) Project techniques
3) Roles of interviewer.
4) How to conduct an interview?
4) How to create interview questions?
5) How to analyze data gathered from an interview?
6) Advantages and disadvantages of interview?
FLOW OF THE PRESENTATION
3. What is an interview?
•Interview is commonly used survey
method in social sciences.
•It involves the gathering of data
through direct verbal interaction
between the interviewer and
interviewee.
4. Definition
• It is an interactional communication process which
involves the asking of questions by the interviewer
for the specific purpose of obtaining research-relevant
information and answering of questions by the
interviewee.
6. Personal interview
• A face to face two way communication
between the interviewer and the respondents
• carried out in a planned manner and is referred
to as „structured interview‟.
Structured Interview?
An interview which all the questions asked are
all planned beforehand.
8. (cont) Personal interview
A) Rapport Building
Important for the interviewer to build rapport
with the interviewee.
This will enables greater and easier
communication between the two people.
Interviewer must try to make the respondent
feels comfortable before starting the interview.
9. (cont.) Personal Interview
b) Introduction
interviewer identifying himself by giving him
his name and the purpose of the interview.
c) Probing
technique of encouraging the respondents to
answer completely, freely and relevantly.
10. (cont.) Personal interview
d) Recording
The interviewer will do the writing of the
response, either during the interview or after
that.
e)Closing
interviewer should thank the respondent and
assure him about the worth of his answers
Assure him the confidentiality of his
responses.
12. Focus Group Interview
DEFINITION
A research method that brings together a small
group of consumers to discuss the product or
advertising, under the guidance of a trained
interviewer.
13. (cont.) Focus Group Interview
• Respondents for a focus group interview are
carefully recruited.
• Members for this interview is normally
between to 5-10, but 6-8 persons per group is
preferred.
14. Projective Techniques Interview
• Allow respondents to express themselves in
a different way.
• They speak indirectly by projecting their
thoughts and ideas- by talking about other
people, objects, or situations.
• Provides better understanding about
human needs and emotional values.
16. Roles of an interviewer
• To locate and enlist cooperation of
respondents.
- Know how to find respondents, locate them.
- Work on how to find the suitable time when
the respondents are most readily available.
17. • Motivator
- Motivate respondents to do good job. If the
interviewer does not take the work
seriously, why would the respondent.
- Must be motivated and able to communicate
that motivation to the respondent.
- Must be very attuned and responsive – what
interviewee is doing and saying.
18. • Clarify any confusions / concerns.
- Interviewers have to be able to think on their
feet. Respondents may raise objections or
concerns that were not anticipated.
- The interviewer has to be able to respond
candidly and informatively.
19. • Observe quality of responses
- Whether the interview is personal or over the
phone, the interviewer is in the best position to
judge the quality of the information that is
being received.
20. • Conduct a good interview.
- Has to conduct a good interview.
- Every interview has a life of its own. Some
respondents are motivated and attentive, others
are distracted or disinterested. The interviewer
also has good or bad days.
- An ethically sensitive interviewer will not
want to place undue pressure on the person
he/she is talking to.
21. CONDUCTING THE INTERVIEW
• Interviewers must be trained in the procedures
for conducting the specific interview, and these
procedure must be “standardized” so that the
respondents receive as consistent and identical
interviews as possible.
• To schedule the interview, a mutually
convenient time for the potential respondent
and the interviewer must be identified.
22. • Interviewers should have flexible schedules so they
are available at times convenient for the
respondents.
• After the interview is scheduled or initiated, it is
necessary to obtain the respondent’s cooperation.
• An advance letter informing the respondent about
the study can be effective in obtaining cooperation.
• The respondents should be informed about the
purposes of the study and the importance of their
contributions.
23. • Respondents should not be threatened by the
interview or subsequent use of data.
• Making the respondent informed and
comfortable about the interview does much to
enhance cooperation.
• The interviewer must know the extent of
probing desirable and the extent of
elaboration allowed if the respondent has
questions.
• Because interview is a social encounter, it is
important that interviewer establish a good
rapport with the respondent.
24. • Confidentiality of information should be
assured, and the respondent should not be
threatened by the questions.
• The data-recording procedures used in the
interview should be efficiently structured so that
they do not interfere with the process of
conducting the interview.
• A tape recorder can retain the entire oral
communication, but the interviewer should get the
respondent‟s consent before using one.
25. KEY STEPS TO CONDUCT AN
INTERVIEW
• Making contact with interviewee
• Preparing for the interview
- Coming up with questions
• Meeting with your interviewee
• Following up on your interview
26. SETTING UP THE INTERVIEW
• Contact the potential interviewee in advance
• Be sure that you ask for the interview. This
person is doing you a favour.
• Arrange a specific time and place, and let the
interviewee know how much time it will take.
• Identifying the topic that you will be
discussing during the interview.
27. PREPARING FOR THE INTERVIEW
• Be sure to write out a list of questions in
advance.
• Find out whatever information you can
about the person you’re interviewing.
• Decide which questions are highest priority
if time runs short.
• Decide what your goals are for the
interview.
28. COMING UP WITH QUESTIONS
• Ask yourself : “What is it that I need to
know?”
• Write down a list of things that you are hoping
to find out.
• Write a list of questions that you think will
lead to these answers.
• Check the questions carefully to see if the
wording could be offensive to your
interviewee.
29. INTERVIEW QUESTIONS
• The kind of questions asked in qualitative
interviews are highly variable.
• Kvale (1996) has suggested 9 different kinds
of questions;
1) Introducing questions : “Have you ever...?”
“Why did you go to...?”
“Please tell me about when your interest in X
first began?”
30. 2) Follow-up questions: getting the interviewee to
elaborate his / her answer, such as ‘Could you say
some more about that?’; ‘What do you mean by
that.....?’; even ‘Yeeees?’
3) Probing questions: following up what has been said
through direct questioning.
4) Specifying questions : ‘ What did you do then?’;
‘How did X react to what you said?’
31. 5) Direct questions : „Do you find it easy to keep smiling when
serving customers?‟;
„Are you happy with the way you and your husband decide
how money should be spent?‟
Such question are perhaps best left until towards the end of the
interview, in order not to influence the direction of the
interview too much.
6) Indirect questions : „What do most people round here think of
the ways that management treats its staff?‟, followed up by „Is
that the way you feel too?‟, in order to get at the individual‟s
own view.
32. 7) Structuring questions : „I would now like to move on
to different topic‟.
8) Silence : Allow pauses to signal that you want to give
the interviewee the opportunity to reflect and amplify
an answer.
9) Interpreting questions : „Do you mean that your
leadership role has had to change from one of
encouraging others to a more directive one?‟;
33. • ‘Is it fair to say that what you are suggesting is that
you don’t mind being friendly towards customers
most of the time, but when they are unpleasant or
demanding you find it more difficult?’
34. FORMULATING QUESTIONS FOR AN
INTERVIEW GUIDE
General
Research Area
Specific
Research
Questions
Interview
Topics
Review /
Revise
Questions
Finalise
38. TRANSCRIBE THE
INTERVIEW
Creating a complete, written copy of the recorded interview by playing
the recording back and typing each word that is spoken on the
recording, noting who spoke which words.
Better: if includes non- verbal communication: gestures and intonations
Can follow transcription conventions.
39. Consider the following questions
when transcribing data:
•Is special formatting needed to meet the requirements of qualitative
analysis software?
•Will the transcription be verbatim (every utterance recorded) or
only include complete thoughts and useful information?
•How will background noises, interruptions, and silences be recorded, if
at all?
•How will non-standard grammar, slang, and dialects be
recorded?
If you hire a transcriber, explain how to format documents following your
transcription rules. Be sure to check the transcription against the audio recording
for accuracy. Providing transcribers with your interview questions is also helpful.
40. PLEMINARY EXPLORATORY
ANALYSIS
1)- Exploring the data to become
familiar with the interview
information
- Identify some patterns across
the data
2) Kristen Exterberg (2002)
suggested that there are two
types of coding: open coding
and close coding
3) Do coding: identify themes
across the interview data by
reading and rereading the data
Do open coding : Make a note of
whatever themes seem to jump
out to you
-4) Require multiple rounds
- You will begin to see some
commonalities in the data
41. MAKING CONNECTIONS TO THE
RESEARCH
DO FOCUS CODING
1) Identify themes that seem to be related, perhaps merging some by
referring back to Research Questions
2) Give each emerged theme a name (code)
Code: A shorthand representation of some more complex set of issues or
ideas.
1) Identify the passages of data that represent the codes
For example: RQ: What are the major perceptual barriers to bilingual
programs in public schools?
42. Theme Subcategories Interview Excerpt
Fear 1. Job security “Teacher feel it‟s kind of a one-way system in that
the teachers who are in the all-English program are
fearful at a real basic visceral level that their jobs
and their livelihood are at risk”
2. Lack of knowledge of
bilingual programs
“When the child needs to come into the first year
and has 90% in Spanish and 10% in English, it's
easily perceived that we are withholding English
from the child. “
3. Ethnocentric “Based again in the fact that the United States is a
very isolated island in that we are closed in by two
oceans and we have never had the habit of
stretching out beyond our borders much, or
valuing much of what is beyond our borders. We
are xenophobic in that sense. So we haven't
traditionally learned other languages, or been
interested in other languages.”
43. Berkowitz (1997) suggests considering these
questions when coding qualitative data:
•What common themes emerge in responses about specific
topics? How do these patterns (or lack thereof) help to
illuminate the broader central question(s) or hypotheses?
•Are there deviations from these patterns? If so, are there
any factors that might explain these deviations?
•Are the patterns that emerge similar to the findings of
other studies on the same topic? If not, what might
explain these discrepancies?
44. INTER-RATER RELIABILITY
Have other’s perspectives
The people will review the transcript and
use the mentioned coding scheme to code
the data
Results are then shared
Any discrepancies are discussed and
resolved
Changes in coding scheme may include
additions, deletions, and clarifications.
45. INTERPRET FINDINGS
Finalize the data coded
that have been divided
into themes to produce
new insights
Software: NVivo
Put the cutting passage into each
theme.
Can have multiple copies of
transcripts as data that may be
placed into more than one
category
The data is then reviewed
and an understanding of
each theme is reached
Notes and comments can be
written on the index cards to
denote the researcher’s ideas while
examining the data
Interpret the themes in a way that
contributes to the development of
knowledge, that is in the context of
contextual frameworks or theories
46. 1. Opportunity for Feedback – Interviewer can provide direct feedback
to the respondent, give clarifications and help alleviate any
misconceptions or apprehensions over confidentiality that the
respondent may have in answering the interviewer‟s questions
2. Probing Complex Answers – Interviewers can probe if the
respondent‟s answer is too brief or unclear. This gives interviewers
some flexibility in dealing with unstructured questions and is
especially suited for handling complex questions
3. Length of Interview – If the questionnaire is very lengthy, the
personal interview is the best technique for getting respondents
to cooperate, without overtaxing their patience
47. 4. Complete Questionnaires – Personal ensures ensure that the
respondent will answer all questions asked, unlike in
telephone interview where the respondent may hang up or in
mail questionnaire where some questions may go unanswered
5. Props & Visual Aids – Interviewers have the opportunity of
showing respondents items such as sample products, graphs
ands sketches, which can aid in their answers
6. High Participation – Interviewing respondents personally can
increase the likelihood of their participation, as many people
prefer to communicate directly verbally and sharing
information and insights with interviewers
48. 1. Cost – Personal interviews are usually more expensive than mail, telephone
and internet surveys. Factors influencing the cost of the interview include the
respondents‟ geographic proximity, the length and complexity of the
questionnaire, and the number of non-respondents
2. Lack of Anonymity – Respondents are not anonymous in a personal (face-to-
face) interview and may be reluctant to disclose certain information to the
interviewer. Hence, considerable must be expended by the interviewer when
dealing with sensitive questions to avoid bias effects on the respondent‟s part
3. Necessity for Callbacks – When a person selected for interview cannot be
reached the first time, a callback has to be scheduled which result in extra cost
and time spent
49. 4.Variance Effects – It has been shown that the demographic
characteristics of the interviewer can influence the answers of
the respondents. In one study, male interviewers had a much
larger variance of answers than female interviewers in a sample
of most female individuals
5. Dishonesty – Interviewers cheat to make their life easier and
save time and effort
6. Personal Style – The interviewers individual questioning style,
techniques, approach and demeanor may influence the
respondents‟ answers
7. Global Considerations – Cultural aspects may influence
peoples‟ willingness to participate in an interview (e.g.
repressive Middle Eastern cultures discourage females from
being questioned by male interviewers)
50. • So we can use the interview technique as one of
the data collection methods for the research.
• It makes the researcher to feel that the data what
he collected is true and honest and original by
nature because of the face to face interaction.