The document discusses interaction design and the design process for interactive systems. It covers identifying user requirements, conceptual and physical design, prototyping and evaluation. The design process involves requirements specification, architectural design, detailed design, coding, testing, and maintenance. Iterative design and user evaluation are important to develop an acceptable product. Capturing the design rationale helps communicate decisions and supports reuse.
Engineering Design is an iterative decision-making process used to devise a component, product, process, or system to meet the needs and functions desired by the user in a sustainable manner.
The engineering design process involves several iterative steps:
1) Recognizing customer needs and wants and defining design requirements and goals.
2) Developing preliminary design concepts and analyzing them to ensure they meet requirements.
3) Applying decision processes to select the best design concept that meets requirements and is superior regarding goals.
4) Product development involves tooling, fabrication, testing, and may require redesign.
5) The design process is usually a team effort involving different engineering and business functions.
Design and its objectives; Design constraints, Design functions, Design means and Design from; Role of Science, Engineering and Technology in design; Engineering as a business proposition; Functional and Strength Designs. Design form, function and strength; How to initiate creative designs Initiating the thinking process for designing a product of daily use. Need identification; Problem Statement; Market survey‐customer requirements; Design attributes and objectives; Ideation; Brain storming approaches; arriving at solutions; Closing on to the Design needs.
Project: An Exercise in the process of design initiation. A simple problem is to be taken up to examine different solutions
The document discusses engineering design and the engineering design process. It defines design as creating something new by arranging existing things in a new way to satisfy a societal need. Good design requires both analysis of how a part will perform and synthesis to identify design elements. The engineering design process starts by determining a need, gathering information, stimulating design concepts, investigating concepts using analytical tools, reviewing information, testing the best design, and optimizing through iteration. Types of design discussed include original, adaptive, redesign, selection, and industrial design.
Introduction to Engineering Design ProcessLk Rigor
Mapúa Institute of Technology
Codes and Specifications
COE134/B2 Group 1
Source:
Haik, Y. and T. Shahin. (2011). "Engineering Design Process." Stamford: Cengage Learning.
Design process‐ Different stages in design and their significance; Defining the design space; Analbgies and "thinking outside of the box"; Quality function deployment‐meeting what the customer wants; Evaluation and choosing of a design. Design Communication; Realization of the concept into a configuration, drawing and model. Concept of "Complex is Simple". Design for function and strength. Design detailing‐ Material selection, Design visualization‐ Solid modelling; Detailed Architectures; Tolerance; Use of standard items in design; Research needs in design; Energy needs of the design, both in its realization and in the applications.
Project: An exercise in the detailed design of any architecture
The engineering design process involves 8 steps to develop a new product or system: 1) Identify the problem, 2) Identify criteria and constraints, 3) Brainstorm possible solutions, 4) Generate detailed ideas, 5) Explore the pros and cons of ideas, 6) Select the best approach, 7) Build a prototype, and 8) Refine the design based on testing and feedback. Students will go through this process to design a lunar plant growth chamber by documenting their work and solutions for each step.
1. The document outlines the fundamentals of the engineering design process, including requirement analysis, system design, detailed design and testing, and documentation.
2. Requirement analysis involves understanding customer needs, assessing needs, writing a problem statement, and specifying design requirements. System design includes conceptualization, synthesis, and analysis to develop a solution.
3. Detailed design, system integration, and testing involves developing detailed designs for each system block, implementing, testing, and integrating the system to produce a prototype.
Engineering Design is an iterative decision-making process used to devise a component, product, process, or system to meet the needs and functions desired by the user in a sustainable manner.
The engineering design process involves several iterative steps:
1) Recognizing customer needs and wants and defining design requirements and goals.
2) Developing preliminary design concepts and analyzing them to ensure they meet requirements.
3) Applying decision processes to select the best design concept that meets requirements and is superior regarding goals.
4) Product development involves tooling, fabrication, testing, and may require redesign.
5) The design process is usually a team effort involving different engineering and business functions.
Design and its objectives; Design constraints, Design functions, Design means and Design from; Role of Science, Engineering and Technology in design; Engineering as a business proposition; Functional and Strength Designs. Design form, function and strength; How to initiate creative designs Initiating the thinking process for designing a product of daily use. Need identification; Problem Statement; Market survey‐customer requirements; Design attributes and objectives; Ideation; Brain storming approaches; arriving at solutions; Closing on to the Design needs.
Project: An Exercise in the process of design initiation. A simple problem is to be taken up to examine different solutions
The document discusses engineering design and the engineering design process. It defines design as creating something new by arranging existing things in a new way to satisfy a societal need. Good design requires both analysis of how a part will perform and synthesis to identify design elements. The engineering design process starts by determining a need, gathering information, stimulating design concepts, investigating concepts using analytical tools, reviewing information, testing the best design, and optimizing through iteration. Types of design discussed include original, adaptive, redesign, selection, and industrial design.
Introduction to Engineering Design ProcessLk Rigor
Mapúa Institute of Technology
Codes and Specifications
COE134/B2 Group 1
Source:
Haik, Y. and T. Shahin. (2011). "Engineering Design Process." Stamford: Cengage Learning.
Design process‐ Different stages in design and their significance; Defining the design space; Analbgies and "thinking outside of the box"; Quality function deployment‐meeting what the customer wants; Evaluation and choosing of a design. Design Communication; Realization of the concept into a configuration, drawing and model. Concept of "Complex is Simple". Design for function and strength. Design detailing‐ Material selection, Design visualization‐ Solid modelling; Detailed Architectures; Tolerance; Use of standard items in design; Research needs in design; Energy needs of the design, both in its realization and in the applications.
Project: An exercise in the detailed design of any architecture
The engineering design process involves 8 steps to develop a new product or system: 1) Identify the problem, 2) Identify criteria and constraints, 3) Brainstorm possible solutions, 4) Generate detailed ideas, 5) Explore the pros and cons of ideas, 6) Select the best approach, 7) Build a prototype, and 8) Refine the design based on testing and feedback. Students will go through this process to design a lunar plant growth chamber by documenting their work and solutions for each step.
1. The document outlines the fundamentals of the engineering design process, including requirement analysis, system design, detailed design and testing, and documentation.
2. Requirement analysis involves understanding customer needs, assessing needs, writing a problem statement, and specifying design requirements. System design includes conceptualization, synthesis, and analysis to develop a solution.
3. Detailed design, system integration, and testing involves developing detailed designs for each system block, implementing, testing, and integrating the system to produce a prototype.
The document discusses key concepts in engineering design including:
1) What design is and the iterative process of defining requirements, generating concepts, and refining solutions.
2) Factors that influence design such as perception, analysis vs synthesis, and challenges in the design environment.
3) The engineering design process which follows scientific and iterative methods to understand problems, research solutions, develop prototypes, and test designs.
4) Considerations for good design including achieving performance requirements, addressing lifecycle issues, and meeting social and regulatory standards.
This document discusses engineering design and different types of designs. It defines engineering design as a systematic process where engineers generate and evaluate solutions to meet client/user needs within constraints. The document outlines several types of designs - original, adaptive, redesign, selection, and industrial design. It provides examples and descriptions of each type. The document also defines key concepts in design including objectives, constraints, functions, form, and means. It frames design as a process of questioning to understand goals, limits, required functions, and determining how to achieve them.
Study notes me-112-concepts-in-engineering-design-unit-1Prem Kumar Soni
This document discusses different types of design. It defines design and describes engineering design as applying science and math principles to practical ends like structures, machines, and systems. Engineering design types include original, adaptive, redesign, and selection design. Other design types discussed are industrial design, which improves aesthetics, product design, which converts ideas to goods fulfilling needs, interface design which facilitates user interaction, and visual design which provides an appealing experience. The document emphasizes that good design meets user needs and constraints through an iterative process involving research, modeling, and testing.
The document provides an overview of engineering design and the systematic design process. It defines engineering design according to ABET as meeting desired needs through a decision-making process applying science and engineering principles. The document then discusses the importance and challenges of design, introduces systematic design processes, and outlines typical steps in the design process including establishing requirements, developing product and solution concepts, embodiment design, and analysis.
Engineering design is an iterative process that applies science and problem solving techniques to modify or create something to meet predefined objectives. The basic stages include establishing objectives and criteria, analysis, synthesis, defining manufacturing techniques, usage, maintenance, and disposal. The design process involves understanding the problem, generating alternative solutions, evaluating alternatives against requirements, deciding on solutions, and communicating results through documentation. Safety, sustainability, and strategic questions are important aspects to consider throughout the design process.
This document discusses the engineering design process. It begins by defining a design space as an n-dimensional hyperspace containing all possible designs for a given problem. Each feasible design within the boundaries of this space is a potential solution.
The design process is then outlined in six main steps: 1) define the problem, 2) generate concepts, 3) develop a solution, 4) construct and test a prototype, 5) evaluate the solution, and 6) present the solution. At each step, the designer may need to return to previous steps if the solution is found to be invalid or non-functional.
A stationary solar system is provided as an analogy for a design space, with each planet or star representing a potential
The document discusses different design processes and models, including:
1. Shigley's model which involves identifying problems in existing products, developing designs to meet requirements, analyzing each design, selecting the optimum one, developing a prototype, and producing documentation.
2. Pahl and Beitz's model which involves clarifying the task, abstracting the problem, finding working principles, embodying the solution, and detailing the design.
3. Ohsuga's model which involves clarifying objectives and constraints, conceptual design, preliminary design, detailing design, and evaluation.
The engineering design process involves 10 stages: 1) identifying the problem, 2) defining goals and criteria, 3) researching the problem, 4) brainstorming ideas, 5) analyzing potential solutions, 6) developing and testing models, 7) making a decision, 8) communicating the design, 9) implementing and commercializing the design, and 10) reviewing the design after implementation. The stages involve problem scoping, research, idea generation, analysis, prototyping, testing, specification, production, and assessment.
Product definition starting point for medical device manufacturingKatherine Dalton
The document discusses the importance of product definition as the critical starting point for medical device manufacturing. It states that product definition involves developing a product strategy and plan to define target markets, customers, and competitive strengths. It also involves translating customer needs into a set of product requirements through techniques like Quality Function Deployment. The document emphasizes that properly defining requirements upfront and managing them throughout development is key to minimizing redesign iterations and ensuring medical devices can successfully navigate regulatory processes and certification.
The document describes the design process from conceptualization through detail design. It involves identifying customer needs, defining the problem, gathering information, conceptualizing solutions, and selecting a preferred concept through review. The embodiment phase determines product architecture, configurations, and parameters. Detail design completes drawings and specifications, builds prototypes, and calculates costs. The process aims to develop a design that satisfies customer needs through systematic decomposition, concept generation, evaluation, and refinement of the design.
The document outlines the product design process and methodology. It discusses the four C's of design - creativity, complexity, choice, and compromise. It then describes the steps in the design process as conceptual design, embodiment design, detail design, planning for manufacture, distribution, use, and retirement of the product. Each step is briefly explained. The document also compares the scientific method to the design method.
World Usability Day 2005 • User Research at OrbitzJason Kunesh
The document discusses user research methods like focus groups, usability tests, and surveys that are used to understand users, predict adoption of new features, and evaluate design performance. It provides an overview of when different methods are used in the product lifecycle and notes that usability tests can evaluate existing versus new designs. The document also provides guidance on properly conducting, interpreting, and communicating the results of usability tests to product teams.
The document outlines the stages of machine design including problem recognition and definition, synthesis and analysis, evaluation, and presentation. It discusses the building blocks of machines as mechanisms with moving parts and fixed structures. The document also describes the abilities needed for a good designer such as communication skills, understanding of sciences and processes, and the use of standards to enable interchangeability and replacements.
The document outlines key concepts in engineering design. It discusses the course objectives which aim to develop an understanding of product design and development through interdisciplinary projects. Engineering design is defined as the creative application of scientific knowledge to solving problems. The design process involves gathering information, generating alternative solutions, evaluating alternatives through analysis and decision making, and communicating results. Different types of design such as original, adaptive, and redesign are also described.
This document contains lecture notes from Chapter 4 on concepts in engineering design. It discusses key concepts around products, including definitions of products, the product life cycle which includes stages of introduction, growth, maturity and decline. It also discusses identifying customer needs through methods like interviews, focus groups and observation. The goal is to understand customer needs in order to design products that meet those needs.
The document discusses the importance of concept design. It defines concept design as the process of determining which technologies and ideas will be used in a product's production. Concept design is the most important phase as it establishes the blueprint for the product before production. A successful concept design considers constraints like costs, timelines, and technologies while ensuring the product is durable, user-friendly and affordable. It provides examples like Walmart's convenience-focused design and Apple's shift to a more intuitive interface.
This document discusses different aspects of the design process. It describes both the traditional engineering design (TED) process and concurrent engineering design (CED) process. The TED process is linear with individual designers passing the product between stages. The CED process uses a team approach where all members work together throughout ideation, refinement, and implementation phases accessing a shared computer database. CED allows for continuous improvements and overlaps the different stages, reducing time and costs compared to the traditional sequential approach.
Rapid prototyping allows for the quick fabrication of physical models using 3D computer aided design data. It involves building 3D objects layer by layer through techniques like 3D printing or additive layer manufacturing. Rapid prototyping has various uses including generating molds for production, creating models for engineering and construction projects, manufacturing replacement parts, and developing medical devices and surgical planning models. Common rapid prototyping methods are stereolithography, fused deposition modeling, and selective laser sintering.
Human Computer Interaction in software process.pptJothilakshmi S
The document discusses human-computer interaction in the software engineering process. It describes the typical software lifecycle activities like requirements specification, design, and testing. For interactive systems, a linear process is not suitable due to the need for extensive feedback. Usability engineering aims to specify usability attributes as requirements. Iterative design and prototyping help address incomplete requirements through simulations and prototypes. Design rationale techniques like issue-based information systems and design space analysis help communicate and structure design knowledge and decisions.
This document discusses human-computer interaction in the software engineering process. It describes the typical activities in the software life cycle including requirements specification, design, coding, and testing. It emphasizes that usability engineering must be integrated into all stages of development. Iterative design and prototyping methods are recommended to overcome incomplete requirements, using simulations, animations, and other prototypes. Design rationale involves documenting design decisions and trade-offs to support communication, reuse, and improving future iterations.
The document discusses key concepts in engineering design including:
1) What design is and the iterative process of defining requirements, generating concepts, and refining solutions.
2) Factors that influence design such as perception, analysis vs synthesis, and challenges in the design environment.
3) The engineering design process which follows scientific and iterative methods to understand problems, research solutions, develop prototypes, and test designs.
4) Considerations for good design including achieving performance requirements, addressing lifecycle issues, and meeting social and regulatory standards.
This document discusses engineering design and different types of designs. It defines engineering design as a systematic process where engineers generate and evaluate solutions to meet client/user needs within constraints. The document outlines several types of designs - original, adaptive, redesign, selection, and industrial design. It provides examples and descriptions of each type. The document also defines key concepts in design including objectives, constraints, functions, form, and means. It frames design as a process of questioning to understand goals, limits, required functions, and determining how to achieve them.
Study notes me-112-concepts-in-engineering-design-unit-1Prem Kumar Soni
This document discusses different types of design. It defines design and describes engineering design as applying science and math principles to practical ends like structures, machines, and systems. Engineering design types include original, adaptive, redesign, and selection design. Other design types discussed are industrial design, which improves aesthetics, product design, which converts ideas to goods fulfilling needs, interface design which facilitates user interaction, and visual design which provides an appealing experience. The document emphasizes that good design meets user needs and constraints through an iterative process involving research, modeling, and testing.
The document provides an overview of engineering design and the systematic design process. It defines engineering design according to ABET as meeting desired needs through a decision-making process applying science and engineering principles. The document then discusses the importance and challenges of design, introduces systematic design processes, and outlines typical steps in the design process including establishing requirements, developing product and solution concepts, embodiment design, and analysis.
Engineering design is an iterative process that applies science and problem solving techniques to modify or create something to meet predefined objectives. The basic stages include establishing objectives and criteria, analysis, synthesis, defining manufacturing techniques, usage, maintenance, and disposal. The design process involves understanding the problem, generating alternative solutions, evaluating alternatives against requirements, deciding on solutions, and communicating results through documentation. Safety, sustainability, and strategic questions are important aspects to consider throughout the design process.
This document discusses the engineering design process. It begins by defining a design space as an n-dimensional hyperspace containing all possible designs for a given problem. Each feasible design within the boundaries of this space is a potential solution.
The design process is then outlined in six main steps: 1) define the problem, 2) generate concepts, 3) develop a solution, 4) construct and test a prototype, 5) evaluate the solution, and 6) present the solution. At each step, the designer may need to return to previous steps if the solution is found to be invalid or non-functional.
A stationary solar system is provided as an analogy for a design space, with each planet or star representing a potential
The document discusses different design processes and models, including:
1. Shigley's model which involves identifying problems in existing products, developing designs to meet requirements, analyzing each design, selecting the optimum one, developing a prototype, and producing documentation.
2. Pahl and Beitz's model which involves clarifying the task, abstracting the problem, finding working principles, embodying the solution, and detailing the design.
3. Ohsuga's model which involves clarifying objectives and constraints, conceptual design, preliminary design, detailing design, and evaluation.
The engineering design process involves 10 stages: 1) identifying the problem, 2) defining goals and criteria, 3) researching the problem, 4) brainstorming ideas, 5) analyzing potential solutions, 6) developing and testing models, 7) making a decision, 8) communicating the design, 9) implementing and commercializing the design, and 10) reviewing the design after implementation. The stages involve problem scoping, research, idea generation, analysis, prototyping, testing, specification, production, and assessment.
Product definition starting point for medical device manufacturingKatherine Dalton
The document discusses the importance of product definition as the critical starting point for medical device manufacturing. It states that product definition involves developing a product strategy and plan to define target markets, customers, and competitive strengths. It also involves translating customer needs into a set of product requirements through techniques like Quality Function Deployment. The document emphasizes that properly defining requirements upfront and managing them throughout development is key to minimizing redesign iterations and ensuring medical devices can successfully navigate regulatory processes and certification.
The document describes the design process from conceptualization through detail design. It involves identifying customer needs, defining the problem, gathering information, conceptualizing solutions, and selecting a preferred concept through review. The embodiment phase determines product architecture, configurations, and parameters. Detail design completes drawings and specifications, builds prototypes, and calculates costs. The process aims to develop a design that satisfies customer needs through systematic decomposition, concept generation, evaluation, and refinement of the design.
The document outlines the product design process and methodology. It discusses the four C's of design - creativity, complexity, choice, and compromise. It then describes the steps in the design process as conceptual design, embodiment design, detail design, planning for manufacture, distribution, use, and retirement of the product. Each step is briefly explained. The document also compares the scientific method to the design method.
World Usability Day 2005 • User Research at OrbitzJason Kunesh
The document discusses user research methods like focus groups, usability tests, and surveys that are used to understand users, predict adoption of new features, and evaluate design performance. It provides an overview of when different methods are used in the product lifecycle and notes that usability tests can evaluate existing versus new designs. The document also provides guidance on properly conducting, interpreting, and communicating the results of usability tests to product teams.
The document outlines the stages of machine design including problem recognition and definition, synthesis and analysis, evaluation, and presentation. It discusses the building blocks of machines as mechanisms with moving parts and fixed structures. The document also describes the abilities needed for a good designer such as communication skills, understanding of sciences and processes, and the use of standards to enable interchangeability and replacements.
The document outlines key concepts in engineering design. It discusses the course objectives which aim to develop an understanding of product design and development through interdisciplinary projects. Engineering design is defined as the creative application of scientific knowledge to solving problems. The design process involves gathering information, generating alternative solutions, evaluating alternatives through analysis and decision making, and communicating results. Different types of design such as original, adaptive, and redesign are also described.
This document contains lecture notes from Chapter 4 on concepts in engineering design. It discusses key concepts around products, including definitions of products, the product life cycle which includes stages of introduction, growth, maturity and decline. It also discusses identifying customer needs through methods like interviews, focus groups and observation. The goal is to understand customer needs in order to design products that meet those needs.
The document discusses the importance of concept design. It defines concept design as the process of determining which technologies and ideas will be used in a product's production. Concept design is the most important phase as it establishes the blueprint for the product before production. A successful concept design considers constraints like costs, timelines, and technologies while ensuring the product is durable, user-friendly and affordable. It provides examples like Walmart's convenience-focused design and Apple's shift to a more intuitive interface.
This document discusses different aspects of the design process. It describes both the traditional engineering design (TED) process and concurrent engineering design (CED) process. The TED process is linear with individual designers passing the product between stages. The CED process uses a team approach where all members work together throughout ideation, refinement, and implementation phases accessing a shared computer database. CED allows for continuous improvements and overlaps the different stages, reducing time and costs compared to the traditional sequential approach.
Rapid prototyping allows for the quick fabrication of physical models using 3D computer aided design data. It involves building 3D objects layer by layer through techniques like 3D printing or additive layer manufacturing. Rapid prototyping has various uses including generating molds for production, creating models for engineering and construction projects, manufacturing replacement parts, and developing medical devices and surgical planning models. Common rapid prototyping methods are stereolithography, fused deposition modeling, and selective laser sintering.
Human Computer Interaction in software process.pptJothilakshmi S
The document discusses human-computer interaction in the software engineering process. It describes the typical software lifecycle activities like requirements specification, design, and testing. For interactive systems, a linear process is not suitable due to the need for extensive feedback. Usability engineering aims to specify usability attributes as requirements. Iterative design and prototyping help address incomplete requirements through simulations and prototypes. Design rationale techniques like issue-based information systems and design space analysis help communicate and structure design knowledge and decisions.
This document discusses human-computer interaction in the software engineering process. It describes the typical activities in the software life cycle including requirements specification, design, coding, and testing. It emphasizes that usability engineering must be integrated into all stages of development. Iterative design and prototyping methods are recommended to overcome incomplete requirements, using simulations, animations, and other prototypes. Design rationale involves documenting design decisions and trade-offs to support communication, reuse, and improving future iterations.
This document discusses human-computer interaction in the software development process. It describes the typical stages of the software life cycle and how usability engineering fits in. Iterative design and prototyping are emphasized to allow for user feedback and adjustments. Design rationale techniques are presented for documenting key design decisions and issues to support communication, reuse, and improving future iterations.
This document discusses human-computer interaction (HCI) and usability engineering. It covers HCI in the software development process, including design rules, evaluation techniques, and universal design. Specific topics covered include the software life cycle, usability engineering, iterative design and prototyping, design rationale, and evaluation methods. Prototyping techniques like storyboards and simulations are also discussed. The goal of the document is to provide an overview of how usability and user experience is incorporated into the software engineering process.
The document discusses different software development models:
- The classical waterfall model divides development into sequential phases: feasibility study, requirements, design, coding/testing, integration/testing, and maintenance. It lacks mechanisms to handle errors between phases.
- The iterative waterfall model and V-model are more suitable for well-defined problems with clear requirements. The evolutionary model is suitable for large problems developed incrementally.
- The prototyping model uses initial toy implementations to refine requirements before full development. Different models suit different types of projects based on factors like size, risks, and requirements stability.
The document discusses software requirement engineering. It outlines the objective of requirement engineering as understanding issues, processes, elicitation and specification techniques. It describes requirement engineering as identifying user needs and bridging them to software capabilities. The key tasks are inception, elicitation, elaboration, negotiation, specification, validation and management. Requirements errors are most costly if found late, so requirement engineering aims to establish a solid foundation early in development.
The document discusses various software process models including prescriptive models like waterfall model and incremental process model. It also covers evolutionary models like prototyping and spiral process model. Specialized models covered are component based development, formal methods model, aspect oriented development and unified process model. The key highlights are that different models are suited for different situations based on project needs and each model has advantages and disadvantages to consider.
The document discusses human-computer interaction in the software engineering process. It describes the typical stages of the software life cycle and how usability engineering fits in. Key aspects covered include iterative design and prototyping techniques, making usability measurable requirements, and capturing design rationale to communicate decisions and allow reuse across products.
This document discusses various process models for software engineering:
- The waterfall model defines sequential phases of requirements, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. It is inflexible to change.
- Iterative models allow repetition of phases to incrementally develop software. The incremental model delivers functionality in increments.
- Evolutionary models like prototyping and spiral development use iterative evaluation and refinement of prototypes to evolve requirements and manage risk.
- Other models include component-based development, formal methods, aspect-oriented development, and the Unified Process with iterative development of use cases. Personal and team software processes focus on self-directed teams, planning, metrics, and process improvement.
UNIT 1-IDENTIFY THE NEED FOR SOFTWARE ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT.pptxLeahRachael
The document discusses planning for a software engineering project. It begins by outlining the key steps in planning: defining the problem, developing a solution strategy, planning the development process, and planning the organizational structure. For the development process, it recommends using a phased lifecycle model with milestones, documents, and reviews. It also discusses estimating costs and scheduling. The organizational structure could follow a project, functional, or matrix format. Programming teams may use different structures like democratic, chief programmer, or hierarchical models. Overall, the document provides guidance on the essential activities needed to properly plan a software engineering project.
The document discusses different software engineering process models including:
1. The waterfall model which is a linear sequential model where each phase must be completed before moving to the next.
2. Prototyping models which allow requirements to be refined through building prototypes.
3. RAD (Rapid Application Development) which emphasizes short development cycles through reuse and code generation.
4. Incremental models which deliver functionality in increments with early increments focusing on high priority requirements.
5. The spiral model which has multiple iterations of planning, risk analysis, engineering and evaluation phases.
The document discusses SDLC (Systems Development Life Cycle) and e-business. It begins by defining key terms like system, information system, and problem identification. It then explains various phases of SDLC like planning, analysis, design, implementation, testing and maintenance. It also discusses different SDLC models like waterfall, iterative and agile. The document also covers topics like requirements analysis, feasibility study, design and testing. Finally, it provides definitions of business, commerce and e-business and discusses how ICT technologies help in integrating business processes and enabling e-business.
The document describes the key activities and concepts in software development processes including requirements analysis, specification, architecture, design, implementation, testing, deployment, and maintenance. It discusses various process models like waterfall, agile, iterative, RAD, and XP. It also covers supporting disciplines such as configuration management, documentation, quality assurance, and project management as well as development tools.
Software Process Models, The Linear Sequential Model, The Prototyping Model, The RAD Model, Evolutionary Process Models, Agile Process Model, Component-Based Development, Process, Product and Process.
The document discusses multi-modal and multi-media technology, which use more than one sense or medium to interact with users. It also discusses alternative modes of human-computer interaction including touch, sound, handwriting and gesture recognition. Wearable computing is defined as portable computers that are hands-free and allow augmented reality. Implementation of wearable computers involves inputs like speech recognition and outputs like head-mounted displays. Mobile computing allows information access from portable devices.
Universal design aims to make products usable by anyone regardless of abilities through principles like intuitive use and tolerance for error. Multi-sensory systems use more than one sensory channel like sound and vision, benefiting users with special needs. While computers can use sight and sound, they cannot yet use taste or smell. Speech recognition and synthesis have challenges like accents and background noise. Non-speech sounds and auditory icons using natural mappings can provide information. Handwriting recognition captures strokes but has issues with variation, while gestures interface but depend on the user. Technologies support users with disabilities through adaptations like screen readers or predictive systems.
The document outlines 7 principles of universal design with guidelines for each principle. The principles are: 1) Equitable Use, 2) Flexibility in Use, 3) Simple and Intuitive Use, 4) Perceptible Information, 5) Tolerance for Error, 6) Low Physical Effort, and 7) Size and Space for Approach and Use. Each principle is described in 1-2 sentences and accompanied by 4-6 more specific guidelines. The overall purpose is to define a set of principles to make designs usable by all people to the greatest extent possible without special adaptation.
The document discusses principles of human-computer interface design proposed by Ben Shneiderman, including recognizing diversity in users, using consistent design, enabling shortcuts for experienced users, providing feedback, and reducing memory load. It also summarizes guidelines for designing dialog boxes, error messages, and preventing errors. Examples are given of how these principles can be applied to web design, such as making navigation fast for repeat users and providing explanations for new users. Consistency in menus, layout, and terminology is recommended.
The Model Human Processor is a detailed model of how computer users process information. It consists of specialized concurrent processing units and memories like working memory and long-term memory that are characterized by attributes like speed and capacity. The model aims to help designers make predictions about human information processing by taking into account factors like perception and processing times, encoding, task demands, and the limits of the human processor. It has been applied in techniques like GOMS and KLM analysis to identify different types of human processing and memory and potential concurrency.
This document discusses various types of human-computer interfaces, including command line interfaces, menus, natural language interfaces, and WIMP (windows, icons, menus, pointers) interfaces. It provides details on the characteristics and uses of each type of interface. For example, it explains that command line interfaces use function keys, single characters or abbreviations and are best for expert users, while menus display options on screen that can be selected using numbers, letters or a mouse. The document also covers interfaces like form-fills, point and click, 3D interfaces, and aspects of web navigation like global and local navigation.
The document discusses various interaction styles between users and computers, including command line interfaces, menus, natural language interfaces, form-fills, and three-dimensional interfaces. It focuses on the Windows, Icons, Menus, and Pointer (WIMP) style, describing the key elements of windows, icons, menus, buttons, toolbars, palettes, and dialog boxes that make up the WIMP interface.
The document discusses interaction frameworks in human-computer interaction (HCI). It describes Norman's 7-stage model of interaction and the Abowd and Beale framework, which extends Norman's model. The Abowd and Beale framework has four parts - the user, input, system, and output. It conceptualizes interaction as the translation between the unique languages of these components. The framework provides a general model for understanding interaction and for comparing different systems.
The document discusses the elements that make up a computer system and how they affect human-computer interaction. It notes that input devices like keyboards and pointing devices, as well as output screens, virtual reality devices, and physical interaction tools all shape the interaction style a system supports. The document also addresses how memory capacity and processing speed influence what a computer can do and provides examples of common computer devices found in homes and on persons.
Evaluation techniques are used to test the usability and functionality of human-computer interaction systems. Common evaluation methods include cognitive walkthroughs, heuristic evaluations, laboratory studies, field studies, and observational methods like think aloud protocols. The goal is to identify usability problems, assess the effects of interfaces on users, and determine if system designs support users in completing tasks. Careful consideration of factors like the design stage, desired objectivity, and available resources helps researchers select the most appropriate evaluation method.
This document discusses ergonomics and human factors in interface design. It covers three main topics:
1) Ergonomics is the study of physical interaction and aims to define standards for interface design. This includes arranging controls based on function, frequency of use, or sequential order.
2) Environmental health issues that can impact users, such as seating, temperature, lighting, noise, and time limits for interactive systems.
3) Principles of color design, including how color is perceived, models like RGB and HSL, and guidelines for using color sparingly and strategically to support tasks while avoiding misuse.
The document discusses different control structures in C++ programs that allow for flow of execution. There are three main control structures: sequential, selection, and repetition. The sequential structure executes statements in order without branching. The selection structure (if/else, switch) allows for decisions and choosing between code blocks. The repetition structure (loops) allows code to repeat until a condition is met.
This document discusses basic program elements in C++, including:
1. Initializing variables can be done in two ways - by appending an equal sign followed by the value (int a = 0), or by enclosing the value in parentheses (int a(0)). Both methods are valid in C++.
2. Variables can have either local or global scope - local variables are declared within a function while global variables are declared outside all functions.
3. Keywords are reserved words in C++ that have special meaning and cannot be used as regular identifiers. Common keywords include int, float, if, else, while, etc.
The document provides an introduction to fundamentals of C++ programming. It discusses C++ program structure including comments, preprocessor directives, header files, the main function and return statements. It also covers data types, variables, constants, naming conventions. The compiling process and different types of errors in programming such as syntax errors, logical errors and runtime errors are described.
This document provides information on arrays, structures, and pointers in C++. It defines an array as a collection of data storage locations that hold the same type of data. Arrays can be one-dimensional or multi-dimensional. Structures are collections of variables of different data types grouped together under a single name. Pointers are variables that store the address of another variable in memory. Pointers can be used to access elements in an array using pointer arithmetic and to dynamically allocate memory using operators like new and delete.
The document discusses recursive functions in programming. A recursive function is one that calls itself during execution. The key aspects are that recursive functions must have a condition to control how many times the function calls itself to avoid infinite recursion, similar to a loop condition. The document provides examples of a simple recursive message printing function that calls itself a specified number of times determined by a parameter passed to the function.
The document discusses functions in C++. It defines functions as subprograms that can be compiled and tested separately, and reused in different programs. This modularization aids in managing large programs. Functions make programs easier to plan, code, test, debug, understand and maintain. Well-defined functions can be called from main() or from other functions. Parameters allow functions to access values from the calling context. Functions may return values to provide results. Functions increase code reuse and reduce duplication.
This document provides an introduction to HTML document structure and formatting. It discusses the basic structure of an HTML document including the <!DOCTYPE>, <head>, and <body> sections. It also covers common text formatting tags such as <b>, <i>, <u> and others. The document uses examples to demonstrate how to properly structure an HTML document and apply basic formatting tags.
GFW Office Hours: How to Use Planet Imagery on Global Forest Watch_June 11, 2024Global Forest Watch
Earlier this year, we hosted a webinar on Deforestation Exposed: Using High Resolution Satellite Imagery to Investigate Forest Clearing.
If you missed this webinar or have any questions about Norway’s International Climate & Forests Initiative (NICFI) Satellite Data Program and Planet’s high-resolution mosaics, please join our expert-led office hours for an overview of how to use Planet’s satellite imagery on GFW, including how to access and analyze the data.
Classification of Clove sizes as planting material to the bulb yield of Garli...Open Access Research Paper
Garlic is one of the highly valued crops in the Philippines. However, low production yield is the main constraint, specifically in the native varieties that could not satisfy the demand. Among the limiting factors are the use of unsuitable clove size as planting materials. The results revealed that clove sizes significantly influenced the growth of garlic. Large clove size and extra-large clove size obtained average plant vigor with ratings of 5.83 and 6.33, respectively. Significant differences were also found in both fresh and dry bulb weights, with the largest clove size yielding the heaviest weights at 19.36g and 16.67g, respectively. Moreover, large and extra-large clove sizes produced the highest number of cloves per bulb with an average of 19.87 and 19.33 respectively. However, no significant differences were observed in yield per plant and yield per hectare. Consequently, large clove sizes employed as planting material increased the vigor, bulb weights, and the number of cloves with no significant effect on the yield. The study showed that planting large clove sizes (2.0-2.50g) is more promising as planting materials of native varieties like Ilocos white.
2. • Creating interventions in often complex situations
using technology of many kinds including PC
software, the web and physical devices.
• Design involves:
– Achieving goals within constraints and trade-off between
these
– Understanding the raw materials: computer & human
– Accepting limitations of humans and of design
3. Identifying needs and establishing
requirements for the user experience
Developing alternative designs that meet
those requirements
Building interactive versions of the designs
Evaluating what is being built throughout
the process and the user experience it offers
4. • Must know who our target users are and what kind
of support an interactive product could usefully
provide.
• These needs form the basis of the product
requirements and underpin subsequent design and
development.
• This activity is fundamental to a user-centered
approach, and is very important in interaction
design.
5. • Can be divide into 2 sub-categories :
– Conceptual design
– Physical design
• Conceptual design involves producing the conceptual
model for the product, & a conceptual model describes
what the product should do, what it should look like &
how it should behave.
• Physical design considers the detail of the product
including the colors, sounds, & images to use, menu
design & icon design.
• Alternatives are considered at every point.
6. • Interaction design involves designing interactive
products.
• The most sensible way for users to evaluate such
designs, then, is to interact with them.
• There are different techniques for achieving
‘interaction’, not all of which require a working piece
of software.
7. • Determining the usability & acceptability of the
product or design that is measured in terms of a
variety of criteria including the number of errors
users make using it, how appealing it is, how well it
matches the requirements, and so on.
• Interaction design requires a high level of user
involvement throughout development, & this
enhances the chances of an acceptable product
being delivered.
8. Software engineering and the design
process for interactive systems
Usability engineering
Iterative design and prototyping
Design rationale
9. • Software engineering is the discipline for understanding the
software design process, or life cycle
• The design process in software engineering can be assessed
for its effectiveness in interaction system design.
• Designing for usability occurs at all stages of the life cycle,
not as a single isolated activity
• Software engineering has spawned many lifecycle models
including the waterfall, the spiral, and rapid application
development (RAD).
14. • Requirements specification
– The designer & customer try to capture a description of
what the eventual system will be expected to provide.
– Involves eliciting information from the customer about
the work environment, or domain, in which the final
product will function.
– Aspect of the work domain include not only the particular
functions that the software product must perform but also
details about the environment in which it must operate,
such as the people whom it will potentially affect & the
new product’s relationship to any other products which it
is updating or replacing.
15. • Architectural design
– Concentrate on how the system provides the services
expected from it.
– high-level description of how the system will provide the
services required factor system into major components of
the system and how they are interrelated needs to satisfy
both functional and non-functional requirements
16. • Detailed design
– refinement of architectural components and interrelations
to identify modules to be implemented separately the
refinement is governed by the non-functional
requirements
• Coding & Unit testing
– Implement in some executable programming language.
– Then, the component can be tested to verify that it
performs correctly.
17. • Integration &Testing
– Once enough components have been implemented &
individually tested, they must be integrated as described
in the architectural design.
– Further testing is done to ensure correct behavior &
acceptable use of any shared resources.
• Maintenance
– After product release, all work on the system is
considered under the category of maintenance, until such
time as a new version of the product demands a total
redesign or the product is phased out entirely.
18. Verification
designing the product right
Validation
designing the right product
The formality gap
validation will always rely to some extent on subjective means of proof
Management and contractual issues
design in commercial and legal contexts
Real-world
requirements
and constraints The formality gap
19. cannot assume a linear
sequence of activities
as in the waterfall model
lots of feedback!
Requirements
specification
Architectural
design
Detailed
design
Coding and
unit testing
Integration
and testing
Operation and
maintenance
20. • The ultimate test of usability based on measurement of user
experience
• Usability engineering demands that specific usability
measures be made explicit as requirements
• Usability specification
– usability attribute/principle
– measuring concept
– measuring method
– now level/ worst case/ planned level/ best case
• Problems
– usability specification requires level of detail that may not be
– possible early in design satisfying a usability specification
– does not necessarily satisfy usability
21. Attribute: Backward recoverability
Measuring concept: Undo an erroneous programming
sequence
Measuring method: Number of explicit user actions
to undo current program
Now level: No current product allows such an undo
Worst case: As many actions as it takes to
program-in mistake
Planned level: A maximum of two explicit user actions
Best case: One explicit cancel action
22. adopts traditional usability categories:
• effectiveness
– can you achieve what you want to?
• efficiency
– can you do it without wasting effort?
• satisfaction
– do you enjoy the process?
23. Usability Effectiveness Efficiency Satisfaction
objective measures measures measures
Suitability Percentage of Time to Rating scale
for the task goals achieved complete a task for satisfaction
Appropriate for Number of power Relative efficiency Rating scale for
trained users features used compared with satisfaction with
an expert user power features
Learnability Percentage of Time to learn Rating scale for
functions learned criterion ease of learning
Error tolerance Percentage of Time spent on Rating scale for
errors corrected correcting errors error handling
successfully
24. • Iterative design overcomes inherent problems of incomplete
requirements
• Prototypes
– simulate or animate some features of intended system
– different types of prototypes
• throw-away
• incremental
• Evolutionary
• Management issues
– time
– planning
– non-functional features
– contracts
25. • Storyboards
–need not be computer-based
–can be animated
• Limited functionality simulations
–some part of system functionality provided by designers
–tools like HyperCard are common for these
–Wizard of Oz technique
• Warning about iterative design
–design inertia – early bad decisions stay bad
–diagnosing real usability problems in prototypes….
– …. and not just the symptoms
26. • Design rationale is information that explains why a computer
system is the way it is.
• Benefits of design rationale
– communication throughout life cycle
– reuse of design knowledge across products
– enforces design discipline
– presents arguments for design trade-offs
– organizes potentially large design space
– capturing contextual information
27. Types of DR:
• Process-oriented
– preserves order of deliberation and decision-making
• Structure-oriented
– emphasizes post hoc structuring of considered design alternatives
• Two examples:
– Issue-based information system (IBIS)
– Design space analysis
28. • to support task-artefact cycle in which user tasks are affected by the
systems they use
• aims to make explicit consequences of design for users
• designers identify tasks system will support
• scenarios are suggested to test task
• users are observed on system
• psychological claims of system made explicit
• negative aspects of design can be used to improve next iteration of
design
29. • basis for much of design rationale research
• process-oriented
• main elements:
issues
– hierarchical structure with one ‘root’ issue
positions
– potential resolutions of an issue
arguments
– modify the relationship between positions and issues
• gIBIS is a graphical version
31. • structure-oriented
• QOC – hierarchical structure:
questions (and sub-questions)
– represent major issues of a design
options
– provide alternative solutions to the question
criteria
– the means to assess the options in order to make a choice
• DRL – similar to QOC with a larger language and more formal
semantics
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