This document provides an overview of Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) including how it is used to encapsulate TCP/IP and other network layer protocols over dial-up connections. PPP uses the Link Control Protocol (LCP) to establish and configure connections, and the Network Control Protocol (NCP) to establish specific network layer protocols. The document discusses how to configure PPP encapsulation on an interface and assign IP addresses to remote users. It also covers PPP authentication using PAP and CHAP as well as other PPP features negotiated by LCP such as compression and Multilink PPP.
MEMBERS:
Abletes, Charles Chille
Agustin, Eloisa Marie U.
Curammeng, Alona Jane E.
Galvan, Cyrus Kim
Macaysa, Czyryl Anne A.
Pagtaccunan, Roshiela Mae V.
El documento describe varios protocolos clave y sus funciones en las diferentes capas del modelo OSI. La capa de aplicación incluye protocolos como SMTP, APPC y FTAM. La capa de presentación incluye protocolos como SNMP. La capa de sesión gestiona el control de diálogo. La capa de transporte controla el flujo de datos. Protocolos como TCP/IP y IPX/SPX operan en esta capa. La capa de red incluye protocolos como IP e IPX. La capa de enlace incluye protocolos como IEEE 802.3, IEEE 802.
The document discusses address resolution protocol (ARP) which maps logical IP addresses to physical MAC addresses on a local area network. It explains that ARP broadcasts a request to find the MAC address associated with a given IP address, and the device with that IP address responds with its MAC. This dynamic address mapping is stored in an ARP cache for future use. It also describes how different network protocols may use ARP or similar methods to perform address mapping between logical and physical addresses.
The document discusses Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), which provides a standard method for transporting multi-protocol datagrams over point-to-point links. PPP consists of encapsulating packets into frames, a Link Control Protocol (LCP) for establishing and configuring the connection, and Network Control Protocols (NCPs) for network layer configuration. It describes PPP frame formats, byte stuffing for transparency, and authentication protocols like PAP and CHAP. The presentation includes a Wireshark demo and addresses questions about PPP design requirements and non-requirements.
The document discusses the User Datagram Protocol (UDP). It provides the following key points:
- UDP is an alternative to TCP that offers a limited connectionless datagram service for delivery of messages between devices on an IP network. It does not guarantee delivery, order of packets, or duplicate protection like TCP.
- UDP is commonly used for applications that require low latency and minimal processing time like DNS, SNMP, and streaming media. These applications can tolerate some data loss since reliability is not critical.
- The UDP header is only 8 bytes, containing source/destination port numbers and length fields. It provides an optional checksum for error detection but no other reliability mechanisms.
The OSI model is a layered architecture for networking that breaks down communication functions into 7 distinct layers. Each layer performs a subset of communication functions and relies on the layer below it. Changes to one layer should not require changes in other layers. The layers are physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application. The physical layer transmits individual bits, the data link layer transmits frames between two nodes, the network layer delivers packets across networks, the transport layer delivers messages between processes, and the upper layers establish communication sessions, define data formats, and provide services to users.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like depression and anxiety.
The document provides an overview of the OSI model and TCP/IP networking model. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model from the physical layer to the application layer and their responsibilities in networking. It also discusses the four layers of the TCP/IP model and compares it to the OSI model. Key protocols like TCP, UDP, IP, Ethernet, and HTTP are explained in their respective layers along with functions like encapsulation and data flow between layers. Network analysis tools like Wireshark are also mentioned.
MEMBERS:
Abletes, Charles Chille
Agustin, Eloisa Marie U.
Curammeng, Alona Jane E.
Galvan, Cyrus Kim
Macaysa, Czyryl Anne A.
Pagtaccunan, Roshiela Mae V.
El documento describe varios protocolos clave y sus funciones en las diferentes capas del modelo OSI. La capa de aplicación incluye protocolos como SMTP, APPC y FTAM. La capa de presentación incluye protocolos como SNMP. La capa de sesión gestiona el control de diálogo. La capa de transporte controla el flujo de datos. Protocolos como TCP/IP y IPX/SPX operan en esta capa. La capa de red incluye protocolos como IP e IPX. La capa de enlace incluye protocolos como IEEE 802.3, IEEE 802.
The document discusses address resolution protocol (ARP) which maps logical IP addresses to physical MAC addresses on a local area network. It explains that ARP broadcasts a request to find the MAC address associated with a given IP address, and the device with that IP address responds with its MAC. This dynamic address mapping is stored in an ARP cache for future use. It also describes how different network protocols may use ARP or similar methods to perform address mapping between logical and physical addresses.
The document discusses Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), which provides a standard method for transporting multi-protocol datagrams over point-to-point links. PPP consists of encapsulating packets into frames, a Link Control Protocol (LCP) for establishing and configuring the connection, and Network Control Protocols (NCPs) for network layer configuration. It describes PPP frame formats, byte stuffing for transparency, and authentication protocols like PAP and CHAP. The presentation includes a Wireshark demo and addresses questions about PPP design requirements and non-requirements.
The document discusses the User Datagram Protocol (UDP). It provides the following key points:
- UDP is an alternative to TCP that offers a limited connectionless datagram service for delivery of messages between devices on an IP network. It does not guarantee delivery, order of packets, or duplicate protection like TCP.
- UDP is commonly used for applications that require low latency and minimal processing time like DNS, SNMP, and streaming media. These applications can tolerate some data loss since reliability is not critical.
- The UDP header is only 8 bytes, containing source/destination port numbers and length fields. It provides an optional checksum for error detection but no other reliability mechanisms.
The OSI model is a layered architecture for networking that breaks down communication functions into 7 distinct layers. Each layer performs a subset of communication functions and relies on the layer below it. Changes to one layer should not require changes in other layers. The layers are physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application. The physical layer transmits individual bits, the data link layer transmits frames between two nodes, the network layer delivers packets across networks, the transport layer delivers messages between processes, and the upper layers establish communication sessions, define data formats, and provide services to users.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like depression and anxiety.
The document provides an overview of the OSI model and TCP/IP networking model. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model from the physical layer to the application layer and their responsibilities in networking. It also discusses the four layers of the TCP/IP model and compares it to the OSI model. Key protocols like TCP, UDP, IP, Ethernet, and HTTP are explained in their respective layers along with functions like encapsulation and data flow between layers. Network analysis tools like Wireshark are also mentioned.
This document discusses the use and copyright of slides from the textbook "Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach" by Jim Kurose and Keith Ross. It states that the slides are being made freely available for educational use provided that the source is cited and the copyright is acknowledged if posted online. The document asks users to mention the source of the slides if used in a class and to note the authors' copyright if posted on a website.
IV B.Tech I Sem CSE&IT JNTUK R10 regulation students have Mobile computing paper. This slides especially contains UNIT - 5 total material required for end exams
The document discusses network redundancy and spanning tree protocols. It explains that redundant links between devices provide backup paths in case of failure, but can also cause loops. Spanning tree protocols select the best path and block redundant paths to prevent loops. They dynamically unblock backup paths if the primary path fails to maintain connectivity while avoiding loops.
The document discusses IEEE 802 subgroups and local area network (LAN) technologies such as token bus and token ring. It provides details on:
- IEEE 802 subgroups and their responsibilities for various networking standards
- How token passing works on token bus and token ring networks, with stations passing a token frame that allows the holder to transmit data
- Standards such as IEEE 802.4 for token bus and IEEE 802.5 for token ring
- Key aspects of token ring and token bus networks, including frame formats, priority schemes, and how data is transmitted and errors are handled.
Ethernet was first created by Robert Metcalfe and standardized by IEEE as 802.3. Fast Ethernet (802.3u) transmitted data 10 times faster than standard Ethernet at 100 Mbps while still being backward compatible. Gigabit Ethernet (802.3z) further increased speed to 1000 Mbps and supported full duplex between computers and switches or half duplex between computers and hubs using CSMA/CD. Switched Ethernet uses switches containing plug-in cards to reduce collisions by separating collision domains and allowing parallel transmission between cards.
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) maps logical IP addresses to physical MAC addresses. It works by broadcasting an ARP request packet containing the logical IP address, and the physical host with that IP will respond with its MAC address in an ARP reply packet. ARP packets are encapsulated within Ethernet frames to be transmitted at the data link layer, and ARP is used to resolve addresses both for hosts on the same local network and for traffic destined for a default router on another network.
This document discusses network models and addressing in computer networks. It describes the OSI 7-layer model and its layers from physical to application layer. It also discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and how it maps to the OSI model. Finally, it covers the different types of addressing used in networks, including physical, logical, port, and specific addresses.
Ethernet is a family of local area network (LAN) protocols that was first developed in 1976. It uses bus or star topologies and supports data transfer rates of 10/100/1000 Mbps. Fast Ethernet was developed to support higher speeds of 100 Mbps, while Gigabit Ethernet supports 1000 Mbps. Ethernet uses CSMA/CD to handle simultaneous transmission demands in half-duplex mode, while full-duplex mode allows simultaneous transmission in both directions. Token ring is another common LAN protocol that uses a token passing mechanism to control access instead of CSMA/CD.
This document discusses the data link layer, which prepares network layer packets for transmission by encapsulating them into frames. It identifies common data link layer protocols for both LANs and WANs. The data link layer controls media access through logical link control and media access control sublayers. Media access control methods include controlled access like token ring and contention-based access like CSMA/CD. Frame structure is also discussed, with frames containing source/destination addresses, error checking fields, and encapsulated network layer data. Different frame types are used depending on the logical and physical network topology.
The OSI model defines a standard approach to network communication with 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application. Each layer has a specific function, with the lower layers focusing on physical connectivity and error checking and the upper layers providing services to applications. Information is encapsulated as it moves down the layers and headers are added before being de-encapsulated as it moves up the layers at the receiving end. The model separates network functions and allows components from different vendors to work together.
This document provides an introduction to the IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN standard. It outlines the standard's architecture including components like stations, basic service sets, extended service sets, and access points. It describes the medium access control sublayer which uses distributed coordination function and point coordination function to provide reliable data delivery and fair medium sharing. It also briefly discusses the physical layer and typical wireless LAN products.
This document provides information about the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), including:
- ICMP messages are divided into error-reporting messages and query messages. Error messages report problems encountered by routers or hosts, while query messages obtain specific information.
- ICMP is used to diagnose some network problems through query message types including echo request/reply, timestamp request/reply, address-mask request/reply, and router solicitation/advertisement.
- Tools like ping and traceroute use ICMP messages to test network connectivity and debug routing issues. Ping sends echo requests to test reachability, while traceroute identifies the routers along the path between two hosts.
Modelo OSI y sus protocolos y componentes de redSaul Adyure
El documento describe el modelo de referencia OSI (Open System Interconnection) creado por la ISO para estandarizar la comunicación de datos a través de redes. Explica cada una de las 7 capas del modelo OSI y sus funciones, así como algunos protocolos y dispositivos asociados a cada capa.
The document discusses Ethernet networks and communication. It covers the evolution of Ethernet from standard Ethernet operating at 10 Mbps to 10 Gigabit Ethernet at 10 Gbps. It describes Ethernet's frame format including fields for preamble, start frame delimiter, destination/source addresses, length/type, data, padding, and CRC. It also discusses Ethernet addressing using MAC addresses and Ethernet's access method of CSMA/CD.
This document discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and its layers. It begins by explaining that the OSI model was developed in 1970 as a networking standard, while TCP/IP was developed prior as a stack of protocols. It then notes that TCP/IP layers correspond to the OSI model layers. The document proceeds to describe some of the key protocols in each TCP/IP layer: application layer protocols include HTTP, FTP, SMTP, and Telnet; transport layer protocols are TCP and UDP; and internet layer protocols comprise IP, ARP, RARP, ICMP, and IGMP. Finally, it states that the host to network layers do not specify any special protocols.
This document summarizes Project 802 and token passing network protocols such as token ring and token bus. Project 802 established standards for local area network physical components. Token passing protocols like token ring and token bus ensure only one station can transmit at a time by passing a token. Token ring networks arrange stations in a logical ring topology, though the physical topology can be a star. The token frame format and operations of token ring networks are described, including the role of the active monitor station in maintenance. Comparisons are made between token ring and token bus networks, and their applications are discussed.
The document discusses storage area networks (SANs) and fiber channel technology. It provides background on SANs and how they function as a separate high-speed network connecting storage resources like RAID systems directly to servers. It then covers SAN topologies using fiber channel, including point-to-point, arbitrated loop, and fabric switch configurations. Finally, it discusses planning, managing and the management perspective of SANs in the data center.
The OSI model defines a standard framework for how applications can communicate over a network through 7 layers of abstraction: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application. Each layer has a specific purpose and set of protocols to convert data between layers, establish connections, route packets, ensure reliable and secure delivery of data, and interface with applications. The layers work together to take a message from an application, convert it to bits for transmission over a physical medium, and reconstruct it back to a message at the destination.
PPP is a protocol for point-to-point connections that defines how two devices can establish a link and exchange data. It uses byte stuffing to allow data transparency and defines the format of frames exchanged. PPP uses three protocols - LCP for link establishment and termination, authentication protocols like PAP and CHAP for verifying identities, and NCP like IPCP to encapsulate network layer data for transmission.
The document describes the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) and its use in establishing serial connections over WAN links. It discusses PPP concepts like its layered architecture, frame structure, session establishment process, and support for multiple network layer protocols. The document also covers configuring PPP encapsulation on serial interfaces, verifying the PPP connection, troubleshooting encapsulation issues, and configuring PPP authentication using PAP and CHAP protocols.
This document discusses the use and copyright of slides from the textbook "Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach" by Jim Kurose and Keith Ross. It states that the slides are being made freely available for educational use provided that the source is cited and the copyright is acknowledged if posted online. The document asks users to mention the source of the slides if used in a class and to note the authors' copyright if posted on a website.
IV B.Tech I Sem CSE&IT JNTUK R10 regulation students have Mobile computing paper. This slides especially contains UNIT - 5 total material required for end exams
The document discusses network redundancy and spanning tree protocols. It explains that redundant links between devices provide backup paths in case of failure, but can also cause loops. Spanning tree protocols select the best path and block redundant paths to prevent loops. They dynamically unblock backup paths if the primary path fails to maintain connectivity while avoiding loops.
The document discusses IEEE 802 subgroups and local area network (LAN) technologies such as token bus and token ring. It provides details on:
- IEEE 802 subgroups and their responsibilities for various networking standards
- How token passing works on token bus and token ring networks, with stations passing a token frame that allows the holder to transmit data
- Standards such as IEEE 802.4 for token bus and IEEE 802.5 for token ring
- Key aspects of token ring and token bus networks, including frame formats, priority schemes, and how data is transmitted and errors are handled.
Ethernet was first created by Robert Metcalfe and standardized by IEEE as 802.3. Fast Ethernet (802.3u) transmitted data 10 times faster than standard Ethernet at 100 Mbps while still being backward compatible. Gigabit Ethernet (802.3z) further increased speed to 1000 Mbps and supported full duplex between computers and switches or half duplex between computers and hubs using CSMA/CD. Switched Ethernet uses switches containing plug-in cards to reduce collisions by separating collision domains and allowing parallel transmission between cards.
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) maps logical IP addresses to physical MAC addresses. It works by broadcasting an ARP request packet containing the logical IP address, and the physical host with that IP will respond with its MAC address in an ARP reply packet. ARP packets are encapsulated within Ethernet frames to be transmitted at the data link layer, and ARP is used to resolve addresses both for hosts on the same local network and for traffic destined for a default router on another network.
This document discusses network models and addressing in computer networks. It describes the OSI 7-layer model and its layers from physical to application layer. It also discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and how it maps to the OSI model. Finally, it covers the different types of addressing used in networks, including physical, logical, port, and specific addresses.
Ethernet is a family of local area network (LAN) protocols that was first developed in 1976. It uses bus or star topologies and supports data transfer rates of 10/100/1000 Mbps. Fast Ethernet was developed to support higher speeds of 100 Mbps, while Gigabit Ethernet supports 1000 Mbps. Ethernet uses CSMA/CD to handle simultaneous transmission demands in half-duplex mode, while full-duplex mode allows simultaneous transmission in both directions. Token ring is another common LAN protocol that uses a token passing mechanism to control access instead of CSMA/CD.
This document discusses the data link layer, which prepares network layer packets for transmission by encapsulating them into frames. It identifies common data link layer protocols for both LANs and WANs. The data link layer controls media access through logical link control and media access control sublayers. Media access control methods include controlled access like token ring and contention-based access like CSMA/CD. Frame structure is also discussed, with frames containing source/destination addresses, error checking fields, and encapsulated network layer data. Different frame types are used depending on the logical and physical network topology.
The OSI model defines a standard approach to network communication with 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application. Each layer has a specific function, with the lower layers focusing on physical connectivity and error checking and the upper layers providing services to applications. Information is encapsulated as it moves down the layers and headers are added before being de-encapsulated as it moves up the layers at the receiving end. The model separates network functions and allows components from different vendors to work together.
This document provides an introduction to the IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN standard. It outlines the standard's architecture including components like stations, basic service sets, extended service sets, and access points. It describes the medium access control sublayer which uses distributed coordination function and point coordination function to provide reliable data delivery and fair medium sharing. It also briefly discusses the physical layer and typical wireless LAN products.
This document provides information about the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), including:
- ICMP messages are divided into error-reporting messages and query messages. Error messages report problems encountered by routers or hosts, while query messages obtain specific information.
- ICMP is used to diagnose some network problems through query message types including echo request/reply, timestamp request/reply, address-mask request/reply, and router solicitation/advertisement.
- Tools like ping and traceroute use ICMP messages to test network connectivity and debug routing issues. Ping sends echo requests to test reachability, while traceroute identifies the routers along the path between two hosts.
Modelo OSI y sus protocolos y componentes de redSaul Adyure
El documento describe el modelo de referencia OSI (Open System Interconnection) creado por la ISO para estandarizar la comunicación de datos a través de redes. Explica cada una de las 7 capas del modelo OSI y sus funciones, así como algunos protocolos y dispositivos asociados a cada capa.
The document discusses Ethernet networks and communication. It covers the evolution of Ethernet from standard Ethernet operating at 10 Mbps to 10 Gigabit Ethernet at 10 Gbps. It describes Ethernet's frame format including fields for preamble, start frame delimiter, destination/source addresses, length/type, data, padding, and CRC. It also discusses Ethernet addressing using MAC addresses and Ethernet's access method of CSMA/CD.
This document discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and its layers. It begins by explaining that the OSI model was developed in 1970 as a networking standard, while TCP/IP was developed prior as a stack of protocols. It then notes that TCP/IP layers correspond to the OSI model layers. The document proceeds to describe some of the key protocols in each TCP/IP layer: application layer protocols include HTTP, FTP, SMTP, and Telnet; transport layer protocols are TCP and UDP; and internet layer protocols comprise IP, ARP, RARP, ICMP, and IGMP. Finally, it states that the host to network layers do not specify any special protocols.
This document summarizes Project 802 and token passing network protocols such as token ring and token bus. Project 802 established standards for local area network physical components. Token passing protocols like token ring and token bus ensure only one station can transmit at a time by passing a token. Token ring networks arrange stations in a logical ring topology, though the physical topology can be a star. The token frame format and operations of token ring networks are described, including the role of the active monitor station in maintenance. Comparisons are made between token ring and token bus networks, and their applications are discussed.
The document discusses storage area networks (SANs) and fiber channel technology. It provides background on SANs and how they function as a separate high-speed network connecting storage resources like RAID systems directly to servers. It then covers SAN topologies using fiber channel, including point-to-point, arbitrated loop, and fabric switch configurations. Finally, it discusses planning, managing and the management perspective of SANs in the data center.
The OSI model defines a standard framework for how applications can communicate over a network through 7 layers of abstraction: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application. Each layer has a specific purpose and set of protocols to convert data between layers, establish connections, route packets, ensure reliable and secure delivery of data, and interface with applications. The layers work together to take a message from an application, convert it to bits for transmission over a physical medium, and reconstruct it back to a message at the destination.
PPP is a protocol for point-to-point connections that defines how two devices can establish a link and exchange data. It uses byte stuffing to allow data transparency and defines the format of frames exchanged. PPP uses three protocols - LCP for link establishment and termination, authentication protocols like PAP and CHAP for verifying identities, and NCP like IPCP to encapsulate network layer data for transmission.
The document describes the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) and its use in establishing serial connections over WAN links. It discusses PPP concepts like its layered architecture, frame structure, session establishment process, and support for multiple network layer protocols. The document also covers configuring PPP encapsulation on serial interfaces, verifying the PPP connection, troubleshooting encapsulation issues, and configuring PPP authentication using PAP and CHAP protocols.
- The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) provides a standard method for transporting multi-protocol packets over point-to-point links. PPP establishes communication in three phases: Link Control Protocol (LCP) phase for link configuration, optional authentication phase using Password Authentication Protocol (PAP) or Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP), and Network Control Protocol (NCP) phase for layer 3 configuration.
- PAP transmits passwords in clear text, while CHAP uses an encrypted hash to authenticate peers without transmitting passwords. The document provides configuration examples for PPP, PAP, and CHAP authentication between two routers to establish a point-to-point link.
The document discusses Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) and its roles in both wired and wireless internet access. PPP is used to establish and configure connections between two nodes and encapsulate network layer protocol packets for transmission over serial links. It consists of a Link Control Protocol (LCP) for link configuration and establishment and Network Control Protocols (NCPs) like IPCP for network layer configuration. The document examines how PPP is used for dial-up connections, WAP over CSD and GPRS, and using mobile phones as modems through PPP dial-in. Protocol analysis of an MMS transmission over HTTP, TCP, IP and PPP over CSD is also presented.
This document discusses several point-to-point data link protocols: HDLC, PPP, and SLIP. It provides an overview of HDLC, including its frame structure, operation, and applications. PPP is introduced as a successor to SLIP that adds functionality like authentication. The document also describes PPP's frame structure and use of link control and network control protocols.
CCNAv5 - S4: Chapter3 Point to-point ConnectionsVuz Dở Hơi
This chapter discusses point-to-point connections and configuring PPP. It covers serial point-to-point communication fundamentals including HDLC encapsulation. PPP operation is explained, including how LCP and NCP establish and manage connections. The document provides instructions for configuring PPP encapsulation, options like authentication, compression, and multilink. It also includes commands for verifying PPP configuration and troubleshooting connectivity issues.
Frame Relay is a packet-switching protocol used to transmit data over wide area networks in an efficient manner. It segments data into variable length frames and leaves error correction to end points, allowing for faster transmission. Frame Relay provides permanent virtual circuits to make connections appear dedicated while allowing dynamic routing of frames.
The document discusses different network topologies including mesh, star, bus, ring, tree, and hybrid topologies. For each topology, it describes the logical layout, advantages, disadvantages, and examples of applications. Mesh topology has every device connected to every other device but requires a large amount of cabling. Star topology has each device connected to a central hub, requiring less cabling than mesh. Bus topology uses a single backbone that devices connect to via taps. Ring topology passes signals in one direction between devices connected in a closed loop. Tree topology connects multiple star networks. A hybrid uses elements of different topologies under a single backbone. Factors like cost, cable needs, growth and cable type should be considered when choosing a topology
The document discusses point-to-point protocol (PPP) which is used to establish serial connections over WAN links. PPP provides authentication, compression and multiplexing. It describes PPP encapsulation, link establishment in multiple phases, and configuration of authentication using PAP or CHAP. PPP is configured on Cisco router serial interfaces to connect to other devices over WAN links.
QMI Services provides fully integrated automation solutions for material handling processes like end of line shipping. They offer systems for in-motion weighing, dimensioning, labeling, and scanning that generate rapid returns on investment through improved efficiency, accuracy, and order fulfillment velocity. QMI's flagship software Qbit connects hardware components and allows interface with customer systems. They partner with CubiScan to provide dimensioning equipment for various package sizes from small static items to large pallets.
PPP and HDLC are point-to-point protocols used at the data link layer. PPP provides connection management, parameter negotiation, and supports multiple network layer protocols. It is commonly used for dial-up and broadband connections. HDLC also supports point-to-point and multi-point connections with frame formatting and error detection. Both protocols provide reliable data transfer through mechanisms like sequence numbers, acknowledgments, and error checking.
“I Canada-Brazil Infrastructure Forum: The Canadian PPP Model” - Sao Paulo - ...Marcio Francesquine
This document provides information about the 1st Canada-Brazil Forum on Infrastructure Public-Private Partnership that will take place on March 28th, 2017 in São Paulo, Brazil. The forum organized by the Canadian Consulate General aims to present the Canadian PPP model and discuss how it can be used in Brazil. It will include presentations from Canadian and Brazilian officials on infrastructure development and the Canadian experience with PPP projects. High-level government officials and private sector executives in Brazil's infrastructure sector will attend.
This document discusses Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), which establishes a direct connection between two nodes over various physical link layers. PPP has several layers and frame types to negotiate options, authenticate users, and encapsulate network layer protocols like IP. It can also bundle multiple physical links together through Multilink PPP for increased bandwidth.
This document provides an overview and summary of Frame Relay and PPP technologies:
- Frame Relay uses DLCI to identify virtual circuits and supports point-to-point, multipoint, and hub-and-spoke topologies. It uses LMI, inverse ARP, and static mappings for L2-L3 address resolution.
- PPP can be used over Frame Relay virtual circuits to provide routing between sites. A virtual-template interface is used to represent each PPP session.
- Authentication for PPP connections can be provided by PAP or CHAP protocols. CHAP provides one-way authentication via a three-way handshake by default.
This project interfaces a GSM module with a PIC microcontroller using AT commands to:
1. Test a simple AT command
2. Retrieve the GSM module's IMEI number
3. Dial a mobile number
4. Send a text message
The code defines functions for sending AT commands, receiving responses, and displaying output on an LCD. Four tactile switches correspond to the four functions.
This document discusses Frame Relay and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) networking technologies. It covers Frame Relay architecture, addressing formats, and the lack of flow and error control. It then covers ATM design goals, cell-based transmission, virtual paths and connections, ATM layers, and adaptation layers. The document concludes by discussing using ATM for local area networks and the LAN Emulation standard.
This document summarizes the open source networking approach of Wikia Inc. It discusses how they use open source software like OpenWRT, Linux Virtual Server, Ganglia, Argus, and Vyatta to provide highly available and cost-effective networking across their multiple datacenters with no single points of failure. Their standard approach involves commodity hardware, virtualization, load balancing, and monitoring to achieve 99.9% uptime while minimizing costs.
Cellular technology with Embedded Linux - COSCUP 2016SZ Lin
This document provides steps and information for building your own Internet of Things (IoT) device using cellular technology. It discusses selecting a cellular module, enabling the device driver and utilities, and understanding cellular network generations and protocols like AT commands, QMI and MBIM. The document also addresses frequently asked questions about establishing connections and troubleshooting issues. Overall it serves as a guide for getting hands-on experience developing cellular-connected IoT devices.
FDDI es un estándar para redes de área amplia que utiliza un anillo de fibra óptica dual para transmitir datos a alta velocidad de forma fiable. X.25 es un protocolo que establece conexiones virtuales entre dispositivos de terminal de datos a través de redes de conmutación de paquetes. Frame Relay es una técnica simplificada para la transmisión de tramas de datos a través de redes de circuitos virtuales que proporciona mayores velocidades y transparencia en comparación con X.25.
PPP is a data link protocol commonly used to establish a direct connection between two networking nodes. It provides authentication, encryption, and compression. PPP was developed to overcome deficiencies of the earlier SLIP protocol, such as lack of error detection and support only for IP. PPP uses Link Control Protocol (LCP) to establish and configure the link, Network Control Protocol (NCP) for dynamic IP address assignment, and authentication protocols like PAP and CHAP. It transmits data in frames that use flags to indicate start/end and a protocol field to identify the encapsulated protocol. PPP establishes the link through a sequence of configure requests and acknowledges, and can then transmit IP data packets before terminating the connection.
PPP is a data link protocol commonly used to establish a direct connection between two nodes. It provides authentication, encryption, and compression. PPP was developed to overcome deficiencies of the earlier SLIP protocol, such as lack of error detection and support only for IP. PPP uses Link Control Protocol (LCP) to establish and configure the link, Network Control Protocol (NCP) for dynamic IP address assignment, and authentication protocols like PAP and CHAP. It transmits multi-protocol packets between two peers using byte stuffing to flag packet boundaries. The PPP connection process involves link configuration, authentication, IP configuration, data transfer, and termination. PPP is widely used for analog modem connections to ISPs.
Protocols And IP suite PPT
Contents are
History
TCP/IP Suite Layer
a} Network Interface
b} Internet Layer
c} Transport Layer
d} Application Layer
3.Comparison of OSI and IP
OSPF is an IGP routing protocol used to distribute routing information within an autonomous system. The document discusses configuring OSPF, including:
1. Configuring OSPF interface parameters such as cost, hello interval, dead interval, and authentication.
2. Specifying the OSPF network type as either broadcast, nonbroadcast multiaccess, or point-to-multipoint.
3. For nonbroadcast networks, explicitly configuring neighbors using the neighbor command.
The document provides instructions on configuring various OSPF parameters and features, including:
1. Configuring OSPF interface parameters such as cost, authentication, priority, and timers.
2. Configuring different OSPF network types like broadcast, non-broadcast, and point-to-multipoint.
3. Configuring OSPF areas including authentication, stub areas, and assigning costs. Also covers configuring Not So Stubby Areas (NSSA).
4. Configuring route summarization between OSPF areas and when redistributing routes.
5. Additional configuration topics like virtual links, default routes, route calculation timers, and monitoring OSPF.
The document provides instructions on configuring various OSPF parameters and features, including:
1. Configuring OSPF interface parameters such as cost, authentication, priority, and timers.
2. Configuring different OSPF network types like broadcast, non-broadcast, and point-to-multipoint.
3. Configuring OSPF areas including authentication, stub areas, and assigning costs. Features like NSSA and route summarization between areas are also described.
4. Additional OSPF configurations covered include virtual links, default routes, route calculation timers, and redistribution of routes into OSPF. Monitoring and troubleshooting OSPF is also mentioned.
Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP) is a tunneling protocol used to enable virtual private networks over the public Internet. L2TP merges features of PPTP and L2F to encapsulate PPP frames for transmission over an IP network. The L2TP Access Concentrator terminates the user connection and tunnels individual PPP frames to the L2TP Network Server, which processes the PPP session separately from the physical connection termination point. L2TP allows VPN endpoints to be located on different machines and eliminates possible long-distance charges.
CCNA (R & S) Module 02 - Connecting Networks - Chapter 2
Point to Point Connections, Serial Communications, Troubleshoot WAN Connectivity, PPP Sessions
This tutorial gives very good understanding on Computer Networks After completing this tutorial,You will find yourself at a moderate level of expertise in knowing Advance Networking(CCNA), from where you can take yourself to next levels.
Www ccnav5 net_ccna_3_v5_final_exam_answers_2014Đồng Quốc Vương
This document provides the final exam answers for CCNA 3 v5 Scaling Networks from 2014. It includes 40 multiple choice questions related to networking topics like VLANs, trunking, routing, DHCP, wireless networking, and security. The questions are taken from the CCNA 3 v5 final exam and provide the correct answer choices for each question.
This document discusses configuring point-to-point WAN links in Packet Tracer using different encapsulation types such as HDLC, PPP, and Frame Relay. It provides configuration examples for HDLC and PPP links which were successfully implemented. Frame Relay configuration posed more challenges to troubleshoot due to static routing requirements and Packet Tracer limitations. The author learned about Frame Relay configuration but was unable to fully implement it in this lab.
This chapter discusses wide area network (WAN) technologies including HDLC, PPP, Frame Relay, and virtual private networks (VPNs). It defines WAN terminology and components. PPP is described as a protocol used to transport network layer packets over point-to-point links. Frame Relay is introduced as a high-performance WAN protocol that uses virtual circuits to transmit data between network devices. Finally, VPNs are summarized as secured connections used for remote access, site-to-site networking, and business partnerships over public networks like the Internet.
This chapter discusses wide area network (WAN) technologies including HDLC, PPP, Frame Relay, and virtual private networks (VPNs). It defines WAN terminology and components. PPP is described as a protocol used to transport layer 3 packets across point-to-point links. Frame Relay is introduced as a high-performance WAN encapsulation method that provides a connection-oriented data link layer. VPNs allow remote access, site-to-site, and extranet connectivity over public networks like the internet.
This document provides instructions for configuring Frame Relay on routers and access servers. It discusses enabling Frame Relay encapsulation on an interface, configuring dynamic or static address mapping, configuring the Local Management Interface (LMI), configuring switched virtual circuits, and monitoring Frame Relay connections. Frame Relay can be configured to allow direct connection to a Frame Relay switch or connection through a channel service unit/digital service unit. The LMI type can be set explicitly or allowed to autosense. Switched virtual circuits allow dynamic connection setup when needed.
Here are the key steps:
1. Configure RIP as a backup routing protocol on all routers (R0, R1, R2, R3) and redistribute it into EIGRP using the redistribute rip command.
2. Configure EIGRP as the main routing protocol on all routers and include all connected networks in EIGRP using the network command.
3. Verify connectivity by pinging between subnets and checking routing tables to ensure routes are learned through EIGRP and RIP is acting as a backup.
The key points are:
- Use RIP as a backup routing protocol on all routers to prevent loss of connectivity if EIGRP fails
- Configure EIGRP as the main
The document discusses the functions of the transport layer in the OSI model. It explains that the transport layer accepts data from the session layer, breaks it into packets and delivers them to the network layer. It is responsible for guaranteeing successful arrival of data at the destination and provides end-to-end communication between source and destination transport layers. The transport layer separates upper layers from low-level data transmission details and handles any data loss or damage. It can transmit packets in the same order or as isolated messages depending on the network and protocol.
The document discusses routing and routing protocols. It defines routing as the process routers use to forward packets toward their destination network based on the destination IP address. It describes static routing, where network administrators manually configure routes, as well as dynamic routing protocols, where routers automatically share information to build and update routing tables. It outlines common routing protocols including RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF, and BGP and their key characteristics such as the metrics and timers they use.
The document discusses point-to-point connections using HDLC and PPP protocols. It begins by explaining wide area networks and the components that make them up. It then describes data-link protocols HDLC and PPP in detail, including their frame formats and how they establish and verify connections. The document also provides guidance on configuring these protocols on routers and troubleshooting potential issues that could arise with mismatched configurations.
1. Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
Chapter 2 explained how to configure an
asynchronous line for a dialup connection. In
this chapter, you will learn how to configure
that dialup connection to connect to the
network using point-to-point protocol (PPP) at
the data link layer.
It is based on open standards and includes a
variety of essential features, making it the de
facto standard for dialup and dedicated WAN
connections.
2. Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
In order for any layer 3 protocol to traverse
the WAN over a dialup or dedicated link, it
must be encapsulated by a data-link layer
protocol.
PPP, the Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP),
and the AppleTalk Remote Access Protocol
(ARAP) work at the data-link layer (Layer 2)
to encapsulate routed protocols like TCP/IP,
Novell IPX and Appletalk.
3. Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
The rest of this chapter focuses only on
encapsulating TCP/IP.
Today, there are essentially two data-
link layer protocols used to encapsulate
TCP/IP:
4. Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
SLIP - SLIP is a standard protocol for point-
to-point serial connections, using TCP/IP.
SLIP was a predecessor of PPP.
PPP - PPP provides router-to-router and
host-to-network connections over
synchronous and asynchronous circuits,
which can be either dialup or leased lines.
5. PPP
PPP is a more recent standard than
SLIP, and is almost always the
preferred data-link layer encapsulation
on dialup asynchronous links. On a
Cisco router, SLIP is the default
encapsulation on an asynchronous
dialup interface, so you must manually
configure the encapsulation in order to
use PPP.
6. PPP
SLIP is essentially limited to use with
IP, whereas PPP can be used for other
network-layer protocols such as IPX
and AppleTalk. Moreover, PPP
supports essential features such as
dynamic address allocation, PAP
authentication, CHAP authentication,
and Multilink PPP. SLIP does not
support these features.
7. PPP Overview
High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) is the
default encapsulation for ISDN and serial
interfaces on a Cisco router.
Cisco's HDLC is not necessarily compatible
with other vendors' HDLC implementations.
PPP implementations follow open standards
and are almost always compatible. Thus,
PPP is the protocol of choice when
configuring serial links in a multivendor
environment.
8. PPP Overview
It is important to note that PPP actually
uses HDLC as a basis for
encapsulating datagrams. However,
PPP is more expansible than HDLC
because it adds extensions (features) to
the link layer.
9. PPP Overview
PPP can negotiate link options dynamically
and can support multiple Layer 3 protocols
(IP, IPX, AppleTalk, etc.). PPP accomplishes
these two tasks by encapsulating Layer 3
datagrams with a specialized frame. PPP's
frame format is based on the HDLC frame
format.
PPP defines the Link Control Protocol (LCP).
The job of LCP is to establish, configure, and
test the data-link connection.
10. PPP Overview
When hosts negotiate a PPP
connection, they exchange LCP
packets. These packets allow link
partners to dynamically negotiate link
options, including authentication,
compression, and MLP.
11. PPP Overview
Once the LCP establishes the Layer 2
connection, the Network Control Protocol
(NCP) takes over. Link partners exchange
NCP packets to establish and configure
different network-layer protocols including IP,
IPX, and AppleTalk. Each Layer 3 protocol
has its own NCP. For example, IP's NCP is
IPCP; IPX's NCP is IPXCP, and Appletalk's
NCP is ATALKCP.
12. PPP Overview
The NCP can build up and tear down multiple
Layer 3 protocol sessions over a single data
link. This capability is called protocol
multiplexing. When a host requests that the
connection be terminated, the NCP tears
down the Layer 3 sessions and then the LCP
tears down the data link.
PPP's components operate at Layer 2 of the
OSI model.
13. Configuring PPP
You enable PPP encapsulation on an
interface by using the following command:
Router(config-if)#encapsulation
ppp
Thus, if you want dial-in hosts on terminal line
2 to use PPP, you would enter the following
commands:
RTA(config)#interface async 2
RTA(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
14. Configuring PPP
Note that the encapsulation
command is issued in interface
configuration mode, not line
configuration mode.
15. Configuring PPP
When a remote host dials into an access
server's asynchronous interface, it can start
an EXEC session with the router. This feature
allows remote users to login to the router and
issue commands as if the user was
connected to the console port. No IP
addressing or PPP encapsulation is needed
for this type of connection. Data is sent as
asynchronous characters.
16.
17. Configuring PPP
Alternately, a remote host can dial in to an
access server and send a Layer 3 protocol
packet encapsulated by PPP, SLIP, or ARA.
This type of connection allows the remote
user to access network resources such as file
servers and mail servers.
You can also configure the router's
asynchronous interface to automatically
select between PPP data sessions and EXEC
sessions.
18. Configuring PPP
Generally, you will want to restrict the ability
of remote users to start EXEC sessions with
your router. Typical end users do not require
access to the router's interface. Instead, they
need a Layer 3 protocol (IP, etc.) connection
to the corporate network or the Internet. In
most cases, you should force the
asynchronous interface to use PPP and not
allow an EXEC connection.
19. Configuring interactive PPP
sessions
With the PPP autoselect feature, you can
configure an access server's terminal line to
provide either a PPP session or an EXEC
session based on input from the remote host.
Essentially, this feature allows the remote
host to determine the session type. The
access server automatically detects which
type of session is being requested, and
responds accordingly.
20. Configuring interactive PPP
sessions
Enabling this feature requires two steps. First,
you must configure the asynchronous
interface(s) with the async mode
interactive command in interface
configuration mode.
This command configures the router so that it
allows the remote host to choose either a
PPP session or an EXEC session.
21. Configuring interactive PPP
sessions
The following example shows how to
configure interface async 1:
RTA(config)#interface async 1
RTA(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
RTA(config-if)#async mode
interactive.
Second, you must configure the
corresponding terminal line(s) with the
autoselect ppp command in line
configuration mode.
22. Configuring interactive PPP
sessions
To complete the example configuration,
you would enter the following
commands:
RTA(config)#line 1
RTA(config-line)#autoselect
ppp during-login
23. Configuring interactive PPP
sessions
The autoselect command permits the
access server to allow an appropriate process
to start automatically when a starting
character is received. If the start character is
a return character, then the access server
starts an EXEC session. So, users who want
to begin an EXEC session typically must
press the Return key after establishing a
dialup connection.
24. Configuring interactive PPP
sessions
On the other hand, if the access server
recognizes the start character as PPP,
SLIP, or ARAP, it will begin a session
for whichever protocol it detects.
So, if an end user is using a program
that sends a PPP frame, the access
server will automatically start a PPP
session.
25.
26. Configuring interactive PPP
sessions
The during-login option of the
autoselect command causes the
username/password prompt to display in the
remote hosts' terminal window without the
user having to press the Return key. This
command is not required.
After a host has established an EXEC
session, the remote user can switch to a PPP
session at any time by issuing the ppp
command at the router prompt.
27.
28. Dedicated PPP Sessions
In most cases, you will want to configure your
access server's asynchronous lines in
dedicated mode so that users are forced into
using PPP. In dedicated mode, an interface is
automatically configured for PPP
connections. There is no user prompt or
EXEC level, and no end-user commands are
required to initiate remote-node connections.
29. Dedicated PPP Sessions
To ensure that the dial-in user must run PPP
on the specified line, use the async mode
dedicated command:
Router(config-if)#async mode
dedicated.
To summarize: Interactive mode
places the interface in
interactive mode: allows an EXEC
session. Dedicated Mode places
the interface into dedicated
30. Configuring the interface
addressing method
Most dialup PPP sessions are established for
the purpose of sending and receiving TCP/IP
packets. Asynchronous PPP connections
allow remote users to dial up and access the
corporate IP network or the Internet. In order
for remote nodes to be able to participate in a
TCP/IP network, they must have an IP
address. This means that the remote node's
link partner, the router's asynchronous
interface, must have an IP address as well.
31. Configuring the interface
addressing method
To assign an IP address to an access
server's asynchronous interface, use the ip
address command (which is the same
command used to assign addresses to
Ethernet or Serial interfaces).
The following example configures the IP
address of interface async 1:
RTA(config)#interface async 1
RTA(config-if)#ip address
10.1.1.1 255.255.255.
32. Configuring the interface
addressing method
Because access servers can have literally
hundreds of asynchronous interfaces, and
because all of them are not likely to be in use
at the same time, you may wish to conserve
IP addresses by using the IP unnumbered
feature.
Multiple async interfaces on the same router
can share the same IP address, including an
address assigned by the IP unnumbered
feature.
33. Configuring the interface
addressing method
The IP unnumbered feature can only be
used with point-to-point configurations.
The syntax for the ip unnumbered
command is:
Router(config-if)#ip
unnumbered type number.
34. Configuring the interface
addressing method
With this command, you must specify
the type and number of the interface to
borrow the IP address from (Ethernet 0,
Loopback 0, etc.). A loopback
interface is a virtual interface that never
goes down and is therefore an ideal line
to use as the reference with the ip
unnumbered command.
35. Configuring the interface
addressing method
The following commands illustrate how to
configure an asynchronous interface for IP
unnumbered using a loopback interface:
RTA(config)#interface loopback 0
RTA(config-if)#ip address
10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
RTA(config-if)#exit
RTA(config)#interface async 1
RTA(config-if)#ip unnumbered
loopback 0.
36. Configuring the interface
addressing method
Addressing the access server's
asynchronous interface is only half of
the IP configuration equation. You must
also implement a mechanism for
assigning IP addresses to remote dial-
in users.
37. Configuring the interface
addressing method
PPP allows for the automatic assignment of
IP addresses using a specific address, an
address from a pool defined on the router, or
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
(DHCP). Alternately, you can configure the
access server to allow the remote host to
choose its own address.
To assign a default (predefined) IP address to
the remote dial-in host, use the peer
default ip address command.
38. Configuring the interface
addressing method
Additionally, the pool and dhcp arguments
allow address allocation from a local pool of
addresses or a DHCP server.
Router(config-if)#peer default ip address
{address | pool pool name | dhcp}.
The following example shows how to
configure a group of asynchronous interfaces
(rotary group) to assign IP addresses from a
locally defined pool.
39. Configuring the interface
addressing method
RTA(config)#IP local pool DIAL-IN
10.1.1.2 10.1.1.254.
RTA(config)#Interface group-async 1.
RTA(config-if)# peer default ip
address pool DIAL-IN.
40. Configuring the interface
addressing method
Note that the pool option to the peer
default ip address command
require a global command to create the
pool of addresses; for example, ip
local pool pool-name
starting-address end-address.
41. Configuring the interface
addressing method
If you have configured an asynchronous
interface for interactive mode, you have
the option to allow the IP address to be
assigned dynamically by the caller.
After the remote user enters the ppp
EXEC command, the access server will
prompt the user for an IP address or
logical host name.
42. Configuring the interface
addressing method
To enable this dynamic addressing
feature, use the async dynamic
address command in interface
configuration mode, as shown:
Router(config-if)#async
dynamic address.
43. PPP LCP Options
PPP offers a rich set of features that are
configured by LCP during link establishment.
The configuration features negotiated through
the LCP are:
Authentication, with PAP or CHAP, is used
as a security measure with PPP.
Authentication allows the dial-up target to
identify that any given dialup client is a valid
client with a preassigned username and
password.
44. PPP LCP Options
Callback is a PPP option used to
provide call and dialup billing
consolidation. PPP callback was first
supported in Cisco IOS Release
11.0(3).
45. PPP LCP Options
Compression reduces the size of data
frames to be transmitted over a network
link which reduces the time required to
transmit the frame across the network.
PPP compression was first supported in
Cisco IOS Release 10.3. Cisco routers
support Stacker, Predictor, and
Microsoft Point to Point Compression
(MPPC). .
46. PPP LCP Options
Multilink PPP (MLP) feature provides load
balancing functionality over multiple WAN
links, while providing multivendor
interoperability, proper sequencing, and load
calculation on both inbound and outbound
traffic. Datagrams are split, sequenced,
transmitted across multiple links, and then
recombined at the destination. The multiple
links together are called a bundle.
47. PPP LCP Options
Multilink is especially useful with ISDN
BRI configurations, in which both B
channels can be used to achieve 128-
kbps throughput. MLP also works with
modems to provide additional
bandwidth. This protocol was first
supported in Cisco IOS Release
11.0(3).
48. PAP and CHAP
Generally, you should always configure
asynchronous lines to require authentication.
With PPP, you have the option to require that
callers authenticate using one of two
authentication protocols, PAP or CHAP. If you
are using PPP over a point-to-point leased
line, authentication is unnecessary, and
should not be configured.
49. PAP and CHAP
PAP is not as good as CHAP
CHAP is considered a superior
authentication protocol and should be
used when possible. When is it
appropriate to run PAP? You may find
that hosts running legacy software may
not support CHAP, in which case PAP
is your only authentication option.
50. PAP and CHAP
When using PAP, the remote host is in
control of the frequency and timing of login
requests. This is undesirable, as the access
server must respond to all login requests,
even the repeated attempts of a hacker to
guess, or "brute force," a username/password
combination. PAP also sends passwords as
clear text over the media, which means a
strategically placed packet sniffer could
capture and easily decode the password.
51. PAP and CHAP
On the other hand, access servers that
are configured with CHAP are in control
of login attempts.
The server must send a challenge
packet. The challenge packet consists
of an ID, a random number, and the
host name of the local router.
52. PAP and CHAP
The CHAP protocol also allows servers
to request that the remote host re-
authenticate at any time, which provides
another dimension of security. This
feature is not typically used with Cisco
routers.
53. Configuring PAP Example
Enable PPP encapsulation and PAP
authentication with the following
commands: Router(config-
if)#encapsulation ppp
Router(config-if)#ppp
authentication pap
54. Configuring PAP Example
You must also configure the router with a
local username/password database, or point
it to a network host that has that information
(such as a TACACS+ server). Without access
to a username/password database, the router
won't know which combinations are
authorized and will deny all login attempts.
You can configure a local
username/password database by using the
following command in global configuration
mode:
55. Configuring PAP Example
Router(config)#username
username password password
Router(config)#username Romeo
password Juliet
56. Configuring PAP Example
In some cases, you must also configure a
router's asynchronous interface to place calls
to other access servers. If you want to
configure an interface to respond to a peer's
request to authenticate with PAP, you must
use the ppp pap sent-username
command:
Router(config-if)#ppp pap sent-
username username password
password
57.
58. Configuring PAP Example
Note that in router RTA's configuration,
the ppp pap sent-username
command is used to specify what
username/password information to
send in the event that it dials RTB and
is asked to authenticate. Router RTB is
also configured to send a username
and password for PAP, if challenged.
59. Configuring PAP Example
The name included with the username
and dialer map commands is case
sensitive. If the remote host's name is
RTA, and you create a username entry
for rta instead, authentication will fail.
60. Configuring PAP Example
To ensure that both systems in the example
can communicate properly, their
asynchronous interfaces have been
configured with the dialer map command
that includes the remote router's name. By
configuring each router with a dialer map
statement, each system knows what to do
with authentication issues because the
systems have prior knowledge of each other's
names.