The document outlines the phases of the business cycle, including expansion (recovery, boom, peak) and contraction (recession, depression, trough). Expansion involves increased economic activity and consumer confidence, while contraction is a period of decreasing activity and confidence. Key phases include recovery as activity begins to rise from a trough, boom as rapid growth occurs, peak when activity levels off, recession as activity declines, depression as the decline worsens, and trough when activity hits bottom. Factors shaping the business cycle include volatility of investment, momentum from previous cycles, and technological innovations.