Peer-to-peer (P2P) networks are a type of computer network architecture where individuals form a loose group to share resources directly with others in the group without a centralized server. There are two main types of P2P network structures - unstructured and structured. Unstructured networks do not use algorithms to organize the network, while structured networks use algorithms to optimize routing. Popular applications of P2P networking include file sharing, media streaming, grid computing, instant messaging, and voice over internet protocol.
This document provides information about peer-to-peer and client/server networks. A peer-to-peer network connects devices directly without additional networking devices between them. The devices have equivalent capabilities and responsibilities, and there is no central control. This allows users to share files with others on the network. A client/server network has a server that provides information and services to client machines. All data is stored centrally on a file server, and access is controlled by usernames and passwords. The document instructs students to research and present on the advantages and disadvantages of each type of network. It provides rubrics to evaluate their research and oral presentation skills.
The document compares peer-to-peer and client-server networks. In peer-to-peer networks, all computers share equal responsibility for processing data, while in client-server networks certain devices serve data and others act as clients. Peer-to-peer networks are commonly used for home networks and allow easy sharing of files and printers between devices. However, peer-to-peer networks can slow performance and lack centralized backup and security. Client-server networks have more advanced security, centralized data storage, and mature technologies, but if the server crashes all connected devices cannot access resources.
A peer-to-peer network connects computers of equal capacity without a central server, allowing the computers to share resources directly. Creating a simple peer-to-peer network involves installing network cards, connecting the computers to a switch with straight-through cables, assigning IP addresses, creating a workgroup to share files and resources, and adding a printer that can be accessed by any computer on the network. Peer-to-peer networks are well-suited for home or small business use due to their low cost and reliability through distributed data storage across multiple computers.
Microsoft Network Monitor is a tool for viewing network packet contents that are being sent and received over a live network or from a captured file. It provides filtering options and can capture traffic to/from its own interface or, in an enhanced version, all network traffic. OpenNMS is an open source network management system that can monitor tens of thousands of devices from a single server or unlimited devices using a cluster. It includes discovery, event management, service assurance, and performance measurement. Capsa is a free network management solution that integrates traffic capture, analysis, fault diagnosis, and performance evaluation to help troubleshoot, secure, and optimize networks.
A computer network connects multiple computers and devices to allow communication and sharing of resources. There are different types of networks including local area networks (LANs) within a single building, metropolitan area networks (MANs) within a city, and wide area networks (WANs) across large distances like countries. Common network topologies include bus, ring, star, tree and mesh configurations. Computer networks enable file sharing, printer sharing, collaboration, remote access, data protection, and centralized administration.
Network Interface Card (NIC) is also commonly referred to as an Ethernet card and network adapter and is an expansion card that enables a computer to connect to a network (such as Internet) using an Ethernet cable with a RJ-45 connector.
A MAC address is a 48-bit hardware address that uniquely identifies network interfaces for communication in an Ethernet network. It is stored in the network card's firmware and is usually written as 12 hexadecimal digits separated by hyphens. An IP address is a 32-bit logical address that identifies a device on an IP network and can be configured manually or automatically via DHCP. Private IP address ranges like 10.0.0.0/8 and 192.168.0.0/16 are non-routable and used for local area networks.
This document provides information about peer-to-peer and client/server networks. A peer-to-peer network connects devices directly without additional networking devices between them. The devices have equivalent capabilities and responsibilities, and there is no central control. This allows users to share files with others on the network. A client/server network has a server that provides information and services to client machines. All data is stored centrally on a file server, and access is controlled by usernames and passwords. The document instructs students to research and present on the advantages and disadvantages of each type of network. It provides rubrics to evaluate their research and oral presentation skills.
The document compares peer-to-peer and client-server networks. In peer-to-peer networks, all computers share equal responsibility for processing data, while in client-server networks certain devices serve data and others act as clients. Peer-to-peer networks are commonly used for home networks and allow easy sharing of files and printers between devices. However, peer-to-peer networks can slow performance and lack centralized backup and security. Client-server networks have more advanced security, centralized data storage, and mature technologies, but if the server crashes all connected devices cannot access resources.
A peer-to-peer network connects computers of equal capacity without a central server, allowing the computers to share resources directly. Creating a simple peer-to-peer network involves installing network cards, connecting the computers to a switch with straight-through cables, assigning IP addresses, creating a workgroup to share files and resources, and adding a printer that can be accessed by any computer on the network. Peer-to-peer networks are well-suited for home or small business use due to their low cost and reliability through distributed data storage across multiple computers.
Microsoft Network Monitor is a tool for viewing network packet contents that are being sent and received over a live network or from a captured file. It provides filtering options and can capture traffic to/from its own interface or, in an enhanced version, all network traffic. OpenNMS is an open source network management system that can monitor tens of thousands of devices from a single server or unlimited devices using a cluster. It includes discovery, event management, service assurance, and performance measurement. Capsa is a free network management solution that integrates traffic capture, analysis, fault diagnosis, and performance evaluation to help troubleshoot, secure, and optimize networks.
A computer network connects multiple computers and devices to allow communication and sharing of resources. There are different types of networks including local area networks (LANs) within a single building, metropolitan area networks (MANs) within a city, and wide area networks (WANs) across large distances like countries. Common network topologies include bus, ring, star, tree and mesh configurations. Computer networks enable file sharing, printer sharing, collaboration, remote access, data protection, and centralized administration.
Network Interface Card (NIC) is also commonly referred to as an Ethernet card and network adapter and is an expansion card that enables a computer to connect to a network (such as Internet) using an Ethernet cable with a RJ-45 connector.
A MAC address is a 48-bit hardware address that uniquely identifies network interfaces for communication in an Ethernet network. It is stored in the network card's firmware and is usually written as 12 hexadecimal digits separated by hyphens. An IP address is a 32-bit logical address that identifies a device on an IP network and can be configured manually or automatically via DHCP. Private IP address ranges like 10.0.0.0/8 and 192.168.0.0/16 are non-routable and used for local area networks.
This document discusses network cabling and making connections with Cat5 cable. It defines common cable types like coaxial, UTP and fiber optic cables. UTP cable characteristics and categories are described, with Cat5e listed as supporting data transfers up to 1000Mbps. The document outlines the tools and 8 steps to making a connection, including stripping, arranging wires according to the 568A or 568B standard, crimping an RJ45 connector onto the cable, and testing the connection.
A computer network is defined as the interconnection of two or more computers. It is done to enable the computers to communicate and share available resources.
Components of computer network
Network benefits
Disadvantages of computer network
Classification by their geographical area
Network classification by their component role
Types of servers
What is P2P networks, history, architecture, advantages and weaknesses, Legal issues, Security and Privacy issues, Economic issues, Applications of use and Future developments (April, 2010).
"This presentation was created through wide-ranged research and is intended specially for everyone interested in network technology".
-BRIAN S. CUNAL
KALINGA-APAYAO STATE COLLEGE
IT Instructor.
The document provides an overview of basic networking hardware and concepts. It defines a local area network (LAN) and discusses common LAN topologies like bus, star, and ring. It also describes common networking hardware such as hubs, switches, bridges, routers, and network interface cards. The document outlines different network media including copper, fiber optic, and wireless technologies. It provides examples of how home and business networks can be implemented using these concepts and technologies.
A network interface card (NIC) allows computers to connect to a local area network (LAN). The NIC acts as the interface between the computer and the network, handling data transmission and reception. NICs are available for both wired and wireless network connections, with Ethernet and WiFi being common interface standards. The NIC contains a unique MAC address that identifies it on the network and helps direct traffic between connected devices.
Although the OSI reference model is universally recognized, the historical and technical open standard of the Internet is Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).
The TCP/IP reference model and the TCP/IP protocol stack make data communication possible between any two computers, anywhere in the world, at nearly the speed of light.
Slide deck from our Basics of Computer Networking webinar lead by instructor Daniel Cummins. Networks are as different as the people and organizations that use them. Despite those differences, there are some foundational components that all networks share. Explore different types of networks and the common components that must exist in these networks. Learn more about TCP/IP, the protocol suite that connects the whole world together and look at the ways in which we connect to the world via the Internet. Topics covered include network components, network types, and network protocols. For more information on networking training, visit https://ter.li/37zcnu
A computer network connects autonomous computers that can exchange information. A local area network (LAN) connects computers within a small geographic area like a building using technologies like Ethernet. A metropolitan area network (MAN) extends across a city using technologies like fiber optics. A wide area network (WAN) connects computers across large geographic areas like countries using technologies like leased lines.
This document provides information on various network devices including hubs, switches, repeaters, modems, network interface cards (NICs), transceivers, bridges, routers, and firewalls. It describes the basic functions of each device such as how hubs connect multiple devices but don't analyze data, how switches can determine output ports based on IP addresses, and how routers can analyze and direct data between networks. The document also explains technologies like transceivers that combine transmitters and receivers and firewalls that act as barriers between trusted and untrusted networks.
The document discusses different types of computer network architectures and topologies. It describes peer-to-peer networks and client/server networks, and notes advantages and disadvantages of each. The document also covers different network topologies like bus, star, ring, and mesh, and the pros and cons of each. Finally, it discusses the differences between workgroup and domain network models.
A computer network connects computers and devices together through communication devices and transmission media. It allows sharing of resources like printers, files, data and information. There are three main types of networks - local area networks (LANs) within a small geographical area, metropolitan area networks (MANs) within a city, and wide area networks (WANs) across large areas like countries. Network architecture refers to the overall design of a computer network and describes how it is configured and what strategies are used. The two main architectures are client/server, where a server provides services to clients, and peer-to-peer where all computers have equal capabilities without a central server.
This document defines and describes the basic components of a computer network. It explains that a network interface card formats and sends/receives data between connected nodes. A hub connects all computers in a network, while a switch uses addresses to route requests to specific servers. Servers run operating systems and store shared data, with file servers storing files and printer servers managing printers. Clients can send and receive data from other network computers. A modem converts signals between a landline and the Internet. A router directs data from the modem to connected devices like computers, using cables or wireless connections.
Networking devices connect electronic devices together to share files and resources. They include routers, hubs, switches, bridges, gateways, and network interface cards. Routers direct network traffic and route information between local area networks. Hubs connect devices physically but copy all data to every port. Switches intelligently send data only to the destination port, unlike hubs. Bridges connect networks using the same protocol, while gateways allow communication across different networks using protocols. Network interface cards provide the physical connection between a computer and the network.
This document outlines a project on client-server communication for a computer networks course. It includes sections on literature review, types of networks, peer-to-peer and client-server modes, the client and server models, data flow diagrams, how client-server communication works, future applications, advantages like centralized access control, and limitations such as single point of failure if the server crashes. The conclusion indicates the project on client-server communication was successfully completed.
Peer to Peer vs Client/Server Network By Ahnafahnarokz
This document compares peer-to-peer (P2P) networks and client-server networks. In a P2P network, each computer acts as both a client and server, sharing files directly with other peers. Common P2P applications include file sharing, streaming media, and instant messaging. In contrast, a client-server network has one central server that directs multiple client computers. Key differences are that client-server networks are more expensive but have more computing power centralized on the server, while P2P networks distribute data across each peer.
CSS L17 - DOS COMMANDS IN COMPUTER NETWORKINGMarvin Bronoso
CSS L17 - DOS COMMANDS IN COMPUTER NETWORKING
After this learning module the learners will be able to . . .
○ Apply the DOS commands in computer networking
○ Check network connectivity using PING command.
○ Checking the default gateway and IP address
This document provides an introduction to computer networks. It discusses the basics of LANs, MANs and WANs. It describes common network topologies like bus, star, ring and mesh. It also discusses the various components that make up a network including physical media, networking devices, computers, networking software and applications. The document is intended to provide a high-level overview of computer networks.
The document discusses subnet masks and how they are used to separate the network and host portions of an IP address. A subnet mask contains a binary pattern of ones and zeros that is applied using Boolean algebra to determine if an IP address is on the local network or needs to be routed externally. Default subnet masks exist for each address class, and their function is to filter out bits and identify the network address portion of a destination IP.
Peer to peer (P2P) computing involves direct sharing of resources and services between systems without centralized control or servers. P2P systems can be either pure, with no central server and peers communicating directly, or hybrid with a centralized server for name resolution but direct peer-to-peer communication. P2P is commonly used for applications that involve parallelizable or componentized tasks, content/file sharing, and collaboration where users can interact and edit shared information.
This document discusses network cabling and making connections with Cat5 cable. It defines common cable types like coaxial, UTP and fiber optic cables. UTP cable characteristics and categories are described, with Cat5e listed as supporting data transfers up to 1000Mbps. The document outlines the tools and 8 steps to making a connection, including stripping, arranging wires according to the 568A or 568B standard, crimping an RJ45 connector onto the cable, and testing the connection.
A computer network is defined as the interconnection of two or more computers. It is done to enable the computers to communicate and share available resources.
Components of computer network
Network benefits
Disadvantages of computer network
Classification by their geographical area
Network classification by their component role
Types of servers
What is P2P networks, history, architecture, advantages and weaknesses, Legal issues, Security and Privacy issues, Economic issues, Applications of use and Future developments (April, 2010).
"This presentation was created through wide-ranged research and is intended specially for everyone interested in network technology".
-BRIAN S. CUNAL
KALINGA-APAYAO STATE COLLEGE
IT Instructor.
The document provides an overview of basic networking hardware and concepts. It defines a local area network (LAN) and discusses common LAN topologies like bus, star, and ring. It also describes common networking hardware such as hubs, switches, bridges, routers, and network interface cards. The document outlines different network media including copper, fiber optic, and wireless technologies. It provides examples of how home and business networks can be implemented using these concepts and technologies.
A network interface card (NIC) allows computers to connect to a local area network (LAN). The NIC acts as the interface between the computer and the network, handling data transmission and reception. NICs are available for both wired and wireless network connections, with Ethernet and WiFi being common interface standards. The NIC contains a unique MAC address that identifies it on the network and helps direct traffic between connected devices.
Although the OSI reference model is universally recognized, the historical and technical open standard of the Internet is Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).
The TCP/IP reference model and the TCP/IP protocol stack make data communication possible between any two computers, anywhere in the world, at nearly the speed of light.
Slide deck from our Basics of Computer Networking webinar lead by instructor Daniel Cummins. Networks are as different as the people and organizations that use them. Despite those differences, there are some foundational components that all networks share. Explore different types of networks and the common components that must exist in these networks. Learn more about TCP/IP, the protocol suite that connects the whole world together and look at the ways in which we connect to the world via the Internet. Topics covered include network components, network types, and network protocols. For more information on networking training, visit https://ter.li/37zcnu
A computer network connects autonomous computers that can exchange information. A local area network (LAN) connects computers within a small geographic area like a building using technologies like Ethernet. A metropolitan area network (MAN) extends across a city using technologies like fiber optics. A wide area network (WAN) connects computers across large geographic areas like countries using technologies like leased lines.
This document provides information on various network devices including hubs, switches, repeaters, modems, network interface cards (NICs), transceivers, bridges, routers, and firewalls. It describes the basic functions of each device such as how hubs connect multiple devices but don't analyze data, how switches can determine output ports based on IP addresses, and how routers can analyze and direct data between networks. The document also explains technologies like transceivers that combine transmitters and receivers and firewalls that act as barriers between trusted and untrusted networks.
The document discusses different types of computer network architectures and topologies. It describes peer-to-peer networks and client/server networks, and notes advantages and disadvantages of each. The document also covers different network topologies like bus, star, ring, and mesh, and the pros and cons of each. Finally, it discusses the differences between workgroup and domain network models.
A computer network connects computers and devices together through communication devices and transmission media. It allows sharing of resources like printers, files, data and information. There are three main types of networks - local area networks (LANs) within a small geographical area, metropolitan area networks (MANs) within a city, and wide area networks (WANs) across large areas like countries. Network architecture refers to the overall design of a computer network and describes how it is configured and what strategies are used. The two main architectures are client/server, where a server provides services to clients, and peer-to-peer where all computers have equal capabilities without a central server.
This document defines and describes the basic components of a computer network. It explains that a network interface card formats and sends/receives data between connected nodes. A hub connects all computers in a network, while a switch uses addresses to route requests to specific servers. Servers run operating systems and store shared data, with file servers storing files and printer servers managing printers. Clients can send and receive data from other network computers. A modem converts signals between a landline and the Internet. A router directs data from the modem to connected devices like computers, using cables or wireless connections.
Networking devices connect electronic devices together to share files and resources. They include routers, hubs, switches, bridges, gateways, and network interface cards. Routers direct network traffic and route information between local area networks. Hubs connect devices physically but copy all data to every port. Switches intelligently send data only to the destination port, unlike hubs. Bridges connect networks using the same protocol, while gateways allow communication across different networks using protocols. Network interface cards provide the physical connection between a computer and the network.
This document outlines a project on client-server communication for a computer networks course. It includes sections on literature review, types of networks, peer-to-peer and client-server modes, the client and server models, data flow diagrams, how client-server communication works, future applications, advantages like centralized access control, and limitations such as single point of failure if the server crashes. The conclusion indicates the project on client-server communication was successfully completed.
Peer to Peer vs Client/Server Network By Ahnafahnarokz
This document compares peer-to-peer (P2P) networks and client-server networks. In a P2P network, each computer acts as both a client and server, sharing files directly with other peers. Common P2P applications include file sharing, streaming media, and instant messaging. In contrast, a client-server network has one central server that directs multiple client computers. Key differences are that client-server networks are more expensive but have more computing power centralized on the server, while P2P networks distribute data across each peer.
CSS L17 - DOS COMMANDS IN COMPUTER NETWORKINGMarvin Bronoso
CSS L17 - DOS COMMANDS IN COMPUTER NETWORKING
After this learning module the learners will be able to . . .
○ Apply the DOS commands in computer networking
○ Check network connectivity using PING command.
○ Checking the default gateway and IP address
This document provides an introduction to computer networks. It discusses the basics of LANs, MANs and WANs. It describes common network topologies like bus, star, ring and mesh. It also discusses the various components that make up a network including physical media, networking devices, computers, networking software and applications. The document is intended to provide a high-level overview of computer networks.
The document discusses subnet masks and how they are used to separate the network and host portions of an IP address. A subnet mask contains a binary pattern of ones and zeros that is applied using Boolean algebra to determine if an IP address is on the local network or needs to be routed externally. Default subnet masks exist for each address class, and their function is to filter out bits and identify the network address portion of a destination IP.
Peer to peer (P2P) computing involves direct sharing of resources and services between systems without centralized control or servers. P2P systems can be either pure, with no central server and peers communicating directly, or hybrid with a centralized server for name resolution but direct peer-to-peer communication. P2P is commonly used for applications that involve parallelizable or componentized tasks, content/file sharing, and collaboration where users can interact and edit shared information.
Client-server architecture separates programs into two parts - clients, which make requests, and servers, which fulfill requests. A client-server model has three main components: clients, servers, and communication middleware. Clients are front-end applications that users interact with to make requests. Servers are back-end applications that provide services to clients. Middleware facilitates communication between clients and servers. Common middleware standards are CORBA and COM/DCOM. Client-server systems can be organized as one-tier, two-tier, or three-tier architectures depending on how functionality is divided between clients and servers.
This document contains study of Peer to Peer Distributed system.Three Models of Distributed system.Such as Centralizes,Decentralized,Hybird Model and Pros and cons of these models. Skpye and Bit torrent architecture is also discussed.This tutorial can be very help full for those who are beginners.
P2P networks allow computers to share resources without a centralized server by directly connecting peers in a decentralized manner. Peers act as both suppliers and consumers of resources with access rights governed by individual machine permissions. Popular examples of P2P systems include file sharing apps like Napster and BitTorrent as well as voice chat services like Skype. While P2P networks provide advantages like low costs and ease of use, they can also be less secure and introduce challenges in maintaining version control and duplicates.
The document provides an overview of client/server architecture. It discusses the introduction and vision of client/server computing, characteristics of clients and servers, and merits and demerits compared to peer-to-peer networks. It also covers different types of servers like file servers and database servers. Key aspects of client/server architecture include separating functions between clients and servers, centralized data storage and management on servers, and communication through message passing.
The document discusses the client-server architecture, including its definition, timeline, types of servers, tiers, protocols, and future directions. The client-server model involves clients sending requests to servers which process and return responses. It has evolved from mainframe computers to today's multi-tier architectures with web, application, and database servers. Protocols like HTTP, TCP/IP, and FTP are used to facilitate communication between clients and servers. Cloud computing is presented as the future direction rather than traditional client-server systems.
This document discusses counting techniques including permutations and combinations. It provides examples of using the fundamental counting principle to calculate the number of possible outcomes in situations like selecting shirts from various sizes and colors or generating license plates from letters and numbers. The key concepts of permutations, which involve ordered arrangements, and combinations, which involve unordered selections, are explained along with related formulas. Practice problems apply these techniques to scenarios such as seating arrangements, word rearrangements, and group selections.
This powerpoint was used in my 7th and 8th grade classes to review the fundamental counting principle used in our probability unit. There are three independent practice problems at the end.
1. Formulate a testing plan with the client to identify systems to evaluate and the scope of testing allowed.
2. Remotely or locally access the target systems to find vulnerabilities by simulating common attacks.
3. Report any found vulnerabilities to the client along with recommendations on how to remedy security issues.
This document discusses web and social computing and peer-to-peer networks. It provides an overview of peer-to-peer network types including unstructured and structured networks. It also describes PeerSim, a peer-to-peer network simulator. The document outlines implementing maximum and minimum functions in PeerSim and analyzing the results. New methods were designed, run, and graphs of the outputs were generated to study how the maximum and minimum values changed over simulations.
The document describes different types of computer networks, including peer-to-peer networks where all computers are equal and function as both clients and servers without a central administrator, and server-based networks where a central server controls resources and security is managed by an administrator. It also discusses local area networks (LANs) which connect computers within a single location using cables, wireless technology, or both, allowing for sharing of hardware, software, files, and other resources.
It covers
Definition and Objectives of computer networks
Networking models : Peer-to-Peer and Client-Server
Types of Networks : PAN, LAN, MAN, WAN
Networking Topologies: MESH, STAR, RING, BUS, HYBRID
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
An efficient hybrid peer to-peersystemfordistributeddatasharingambitlick
The document proposes a hybrid peer-to-peer system that combines the advantages of structured and unstructured networks. It consists of two parts: 1) a structured core network that forms the backbone and provides efficient data lookup; 2) multiple unstructured networks attached to each core node, allowing flexible peer joining/leaving. This two-tier design decouples efficiency and flexibility. Simulation results show the hybrid system balances these properties better than single-approach networks.
The document discusses four main types of computer networks: local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), the Internet, and intranets. It compares the characteristics of these networks such as transmission media, bandwidth, geographical spread, and functions. Common network devices like hubs, switches, and routers are also explained. Legal issues regarding computer networks like privacy, copyright infringement, and data protection are outlined.
The document discusses four main types of computer networks: local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), the Internet, and intranets. It compares the characteristics of these networks such as transmission media, bandwidth, geographical spread, and functions. Common network devices like hubs, switches, and routers are also explained. Legal issues regarding computer networks like privacy, copyright, and data protection are outlined.
The document discusses four main types of computer networks: local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), the Internet, and intranets. It compares the characteristics of these networks such as transmission media, bandwidth, geographical spread, and functions. Common network devices like hubs, switches, and routers are also explained. Legal issues regarding computer networks like privacy, copyright infringement, and data protection are outlined.
A computer network connects two or more computers allowing people to share files, printers, and other resources. The basic components of a network include computers, network interface cards, connection medium like wires or cables, and network operating system software. There are different types of networks including local area networks (LANs) within a building, wide area networks (WANs) connecting multiple LANs over long distances, and metropolitan area networks (MANs) within a city. The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model describes how network components work together in layers to enable communication. Ethernet is a common physical layer technology used to set up LANs.
Network architecture defines the complete framework of an organization's computer network, including hardware components, cabling, device types, network layouts and topologies, physical and wireless connections, implemented areas, and future plans. It also includes the software rules and protocols. The network architecture provides a detailed overview of the network and is designed by a network manager/administrator with input from network engineers. The two most widely used types of network architecture are peer-to-peer and client/server.
This document provides an overview of computer networks and networking concepts. It defines key terms like network, node, host, and bandwidth. It describes different types of networks including local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), peer-to-peer networks, and client-server networks. It also discusses network components, topologies, addressing schemes, communication media, and security considerations for computer networks.
This document provides an overview of cabling LANs and WANs with three key points:
1. It describes different cabling media like UTP and the straight-through and crossover cables used to connect devices on a LAN.
2. It discusses LAN segmentation using bridges, hubs and switches to reduce collisions and improve performance. Switches allow intelligent forwarding of frames to specific segments.
3. It compares peer-to-peer and client/server network models, noting that client/server scales better and provides more centralized management and security for larger networks.
The document provides an introduction to computer networks including:
1. The origins and early development of the Internet from ARPANET in the 1960s-1980s.
2. The basic components, goals, and applications of computer networks including resource sharing, reliability, and performance.
3. The key hardware, software, and transmission media that enable computer networking including hubs, switches, routers, network interface cards, transmission control protocol, and fiber optic cables.
This document discusses computer networks, including their types, architectures, topologies, advantages, and disadvantages. It defines different types of networks like PAN, LAN, MAN, and WAN based on size and coverage area. It also explains client-server and peer-to-peer architectures and hybrid networks. Topologies like bus, star, ring, mesh, tree and hybrid are covered. Advantages include improved communication, but disadvantages are security risks and increased reliance on computers.
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This document provides an overview of computer networks and distributed systems. It defines a computer network as a set of devices connected by communication links that allow the exchange of information. A distributed system is a collection of independent computers that appear as a single system to users. The goals of networking are discussed as performance, reliability, security, resource sharing, cost reduction, and enabling communication. Peer-to-peer and client-server are presented as the main approaches for communication within a network. Finally, common network hardware such as nodes, network interface cards, hubs, switches, repeaters, and routers are defined.
Chapter 1 - Introduction to the basic concepts of networks.pptssuser3acfba
This document provides an introduction to basic network concepts. It defines what a computer network is, discusses the need for networks to enhance communication, share resources, and facilitate centralized management. It also covers different types of network classifications, including by geography (LAN, MAN, WAN) and by component roles (peer-to-peer, server-based, client-based).
2. Computer Networks Computers are an integral part of our everyday lives but if they were not connected to one and another they wouldn’t serve as much as a convenience to us. There are several reasons why computer networks are so widely used which include facilitating communications, sharing hardware and also sharing data and information. Computer networks make communication easier by enabling the use of e-mail, instant messengers, voice over internet protocol and video conferencing
3. Computer Networks Computer networks can be categorized in many different ways into many different types of networks. One way to categorize computer networks is by the method of connection. The main two types of connection methods are wired and wireless.
4. Computer Networks – Connection Media The Three main connection medias for wired networks include twisted pair, coaxial, and fiber optic. Twisted Pair is the most common but coaxial and fiber optic can carry more bandwidth at a higher rate.
5. Computer Networks - Wireless The primary technologies for the wireless method of connection include terrestrial microwave, communication satellites, cellular systems, wireless LANs, Bluetooth and wireless web. One of the most popular forms of connecting computer networks wirelessly is through the use of wireless LANs. In a wireless LAN every computer has a radio modem and antenna with which it can communicate with other systems.
6. Computer Networks - Scale Another way of categorizing computer networks is through the scale of the network. The main classifications through the use of a network’s scale are PAN - Personal Area Network LAN - Local Area Network CAN - Campus Area Network MAN - Metropolitan Area Network WAN - Wide Area Network SAN - Storage Area Network VPN - Virtual Private Network Which network is to be used for a specific job is decided by the scale of the job and is picked accordingly from the list of networks above.
7. Computer Networks – Architecture A network’s architecture is also another form of categorizing networks. The three main architectures are active networking, client-server, and peer-to-peer.
8. Computer Networks - Architecture An active network is type of network architecture that allows packets traveling through a network to dynamically modify the operation of the network. In the client-server model, two processes are involved, one on the client side and one on the server side. First the client sends a message over the network to the server, the client then waits for a reply. When the server receives the request it performs the requested work and sends back a reply. In the peer-to-peer architecture individuals form a loose group and can communicate with others in the group. There is no need to distinguish clients and servers in this architecture.
9. Peer-to-Peer Networking A peer-to-peer network, P2P, is consider any type of network architecture composed of contributors that make a part of their resources available to other contributors on the same network without the need for a server to oversee the transfer of information. This differs from the client-server model mainly in the respect that the client in the P2P model is both the supplier and consumer while in the client-server model the client can is only the consumer and the server is only the supplier.
10. Peer-to-Peer Networking - Architecture A peer-to-peer network’s architecture is generally formed dynamically by an ad-hoc type of addition of nodes, meaning the loss of a certain node does not have a significant impact on the rest of the network. This aspect of peer-to-peer networks gives the system the ability to easily scale to any size that may be need for a certain application. Regarding different types of peer-to-peer architecture, there are generally two major types, structured and unstructured. These two types of networks also contain even more specific underlying types of networks.
11. Peer-to-Peer Networking – Unstructured Architecture To be considered an unstructured peer-to-peer network, the network must not use any algorithm for organization or optimization of the network. For unstructured peer-to-peer networks there are three different models which include pure peer-to-peer networks, hybrid peer-to-peer networks, and centralized peer-to-peer networks. In a pure peer-to-peer network, or sometimes called a purely decentralized network, all nodes are of equal ability meaning that there are no nodes that have any special infrastructure function that could affect the network. A great example of a popular purely decentralized peer-to-peer network is the Gnutella network. The main purpose of the Gnutella network is for that of a file sharing system. The Gnutella network, like many other peer-to-peer networks uses a virtual overlay network with its own routing layers, allowing the peers of the network to share files on their machine to all other peers connected to the network.
12. Peer-to-Peer Networking – Unstructured Architecture An example of the Gnutella search mechanism. Solid lines between the nodes represent connections of the Gnutella network. The search originates at the “requestor” node, for a file maintained by another node. Request messages are dispatched to all neighboring nodes, and propagated from node-to-node as shown in the four consecutive steps (a) to (d). When a node receives the same request message (based on its unique identifier) multiple times, it replies with a failure message to avoid loops and minimize traffic. When the file is identified, a success message is returned.
13. Peer-to-Peer Networking – Unstructured Architecture The second type of unstructured peer-to-peer networks is called the hybrid peer-to-peer network. In this type of network, infrastructure nodes are allowed to exist and are often a type of central directory server. All clients connected to the network must connect to one of these servers. The central server maintains a table of registered user connection information (IP address, connection bandwidth etc.) and a table listing the files that each user holds and shares in the network, along with metadata descriptions of the files(e.g. filename, time of creation, etc.) A user that wishes to join the network must first contact the central directory server and report its files that wish to be shared. To find a file on this type of network, the user must send a request for that file to the directory server. The server then searches into database for said file and returns a list of users that possess that file. The requesting user then opens a direct connection with the list of users and downloads the file. A profound example of a hybrid peer-to-peer network is the notorious Napster network
14. Peer-to-Peer Networking – Unstructured Architecture Typical hybrid decentralized peer-to-peer architecture. A central directory server maintains an index of the metadata for all files in the network
15. Peer-to-Peer Networking – Unstructured Architecture The final type of unstructured peer-to-peer network is called a centralized peer-to-peer network. These centralized peer-to-peer networks are very similar to the pure peer-to-peer networks except for the added concept of supernodes. These supernodes are nodes that are dynamically assigned the task of servicing a small subpart of the peer network by indexing and caching files contained therein. Peers are chosen to be supernode automatically if said peer’s bandwidth and processing power is sufficient. All queries for files on this type of network are sent to and processed by these supernodes. A popular example of this centralized peer-to-peer network is the file sharing network Kazaa.
16. Peer-to-Peer Networking – Structured Architecture Structured peer-to-peer networks generally hold the traits of using some type of algorithm for organization or optimization of the network. Structured peer-to-peer networks use some type of global protocol to ensure that any node in the network can proficiently route a search to some peer that has a desired file. By far the most popular type of structured peer-to-peer network is the distributed hash table or DHT.
17. Peer-to-Peer Networking – Structured Architecture Distributed hash tables are a class of decentralized distributed systems that provide a lookup service similar to that of a hash table. Pairs, key and value, are stored in the distributed has table and any connected node can proficiently retrieve the value associated with a given key. Maintaining the mapping from keys to values is the responsibility of each of the nodes in the network. This is done in such a way that a change to the set of peers causes a negligible amount of disruption to the rest of the network. The most popular example of a network using a distributed hash table is BitTorrent’s distributed tracker.
18. Peer-to-Peer Networking – Advantages and Limitations One of the major advantages to a peer-to-peer network is that each time a new node is connected to the network the total capacity of the system increases. This point differs from the client-server model standpoint since the addition of new nodes to a network that connects to a set number of servers could possibly slow data transfers for all of the connected users.
19. Peer-to-Peer Networking – Advantages and Limitations Another advantage in regards to a pure peer-to-peer network is that there is no single point of failure in the network. When compared to the client-server model on this point if the server fails the network is brought down since the server is unable to relay information to the connected nodes. On the pure peer-to-peer side of the topic, if one of the nodes fails the rest of the nodes are able to continue relaying information.
20. Peer-to-Peer Networking – Advantages and Limitations One of the weaknesses of peer-to-peer networks is that of security. Generally speaking peer-to-peer networks are more susceptible to security problems. Jon Udell states in the book Peer-to-Peer: Harnessing the Power of Disruptive Technologies “Security is hard enough in traditional networks that depend on central servers. It's harder still in peer-to-peer networks, particularly when you want to authenticate your communication partners and exchange data only with people you trust.” One way to combat these security problems in peer-to-peer networks is that of a reputation system. Jochem van Vroonhoven states in his paper entitled Peer to Peer Security “But on what ground can a user decide to trust a peer ornot? In current peer-to-peer systems that depend on therequesting user, reputation systems can provide a way to basetrust on the actual behavior of a peer.”
21. Peer-to-Peer Networking – Advantages and Limitations Another disadvantage of peer-to-peer networks is the high bandwidth usage required. This high bandwidth usage has lead to Internet Service Providers starting to throttle, or limit, peer-to-peer traffic. On the other side, the server-client model usually consists of short quick bursts of data. An emerging solution to this problem is called peer-to-peer caching. Peer-to-peer caching is defined as a network traffic management service that accelerates data delivered over peer-to-peer networks by means of the Internet Service Provider storing pieces of files that are most accessed by peer-to-peer users.
22. Peer-to-Peer Networking – Applications Some of the general applications for peer-to-peer networks include the ever popular file sharing, streaming media, grid computing, instant messaging and voice over internet protocol. The most popular peer-to-peer file sharing networks that are still active today include G2, FastTrack, and Gnutella. The application of sharing files over peer-to-peer networks is what first popularized the use of peer-to-peer technology. Major media streaming applications over peer-to-peer networks, or P2PTV, include Joost, TVUPlayer and CyberSky-TV. These applications allow for the streaming of media such as television channels over peer-to-peer networks.
23. Peer-to-Peer Networking – Applications Grid computing is a peer-to-peer application that is gaining massive popularity. Grid computing applications share processing power over a networking to accomplish some type of goal. The two most popular grid computing applications include BOINC and Folding@Home.
24. Peer-to-Peer Networking – Applications Voice over Internet Protocol, or VOIP, is another popular peer-to-peer applications. The most popular voice application that uses peer-to-peer networking is Skype. This application allows for the use of voice communications while using peer-to-peer technology.