This report summarizes a study of tea production in Phousan area, Peak district, Xiengkhoung province. It finds that over 40 hectares are currently under tea cultivation across two villages, with annual production estimated at nearly 4 tonnes. Tea was initially planted in the 1930s and has recently been rehabilitated. While cultivation methods are traditional, resulting in low yields, potential exists to improve techniques and expand production. The area's tea is considered high quality due to suitable soils and climate.
The document discusses authorization at the University of Pennsylvania. It describes Penn's Kerberos deployment with two main realms and various departmental Windows realms in a one-way trust relationship. It also discusses the central Kerberos servers, software and hardware configuration, and additional authorization systems used. The document outlines Penn's efforts to establish a unified user namespace across the university and centralize authentication and authorization to facilitate single sign-on, simplify access management, and stay compliant with policies. Challenges of centralization include gaining buy-in for change and translating local policies to a new centralized format.
Prof. Dr. A.R. Undre discusses the role of CO2 laser in treating diabetic foot ulcers. Diabetes is a growing problem in India, with high rates of foot ulcers and amputations. CO2 laser therapy aims to conserve limbs and promote healing by accelerating collagen production and converting moist gangrene to dry gangrene. Case studies show CO2 laser treatment healing large, infected ulcers and saving limbs from amputation. The non-invasive laser therapy results in rapid healing with minimal pain and reduced hospital stays compared to conventional treatments.
The document discusses the role of CIOs in combating terrorism through cybersecurity. It outlines how terrorists now use the internet and social media to recruit, fundraise, and plan attacks. CIOs must secure corporate networks and share threat information to prevent their networks from being used by terrorists. The document proposes establishing a regional cybersecurity cooperation center to facilitate collaboration between companies, governments, and law enforcement in addressing cyber threats.
The document discusses authorization at the University of Pennsylvania. It describes Penn's Kerberos deployment with two main realms and various departmental Windows realms in a one-way trust relationship. It also discusses the central Kerberos servers, software and hardware configuration, and additional authorization systems used. The document outlines Penn's efforts to establish a unified user namespace across the university and centralize authentication and authorization to facilitate single sign-on, simplify access management, and stay compliant with policies. Challenges of centralization include gaining buy-in for change and translating local policies to a new centralized format.
Prof. Dr. A.R. Undre discusses the role of CO2 laser in treating diabetic foot ulcers. Diabetes is a growing problem in India, with high rates of foot ulcers and amputations. CO2 laser therapy aims to conserve limbs and promote healing by accelerating collagen production and converting moist gangrene to dry gangrene. Case studies show CO2 laser treatment healing large, infected ulcers and saving limbs from amputation. The non-invasive laser therapy results in rapid healing with minimal pain and reduced hospital stays compared to conventional treatments.
The document discusses the role of CIOs in combating terrorism through cybersecurity. It outlines how terrorists now use the internet and social media to recruit, fundraise, and plan attacks. CIOs must secure corporate networks and share threat information to prevent their networks from being used by terrorists. The document proposes establishing a regional cybersecurity cooperation center to facilitate collaboration between companies, governments, and law enforcement in addressing cyber threats.
The document repeatedly provides contact information for Vicky at resin-group.com including her email, phone numbers for WeChat and WhatsApp, and her Skype account ivychen228. This contact information is listed over 30 times in an effort to ensure it is seen.
1362576371 mechanism foot injury and ulcer formationdfsimedia
This document provides an overview of the mechanisms that cause diabetic foot ulcers. It discusses several factors that can lead to foot injury and ulcer formation in diabetics including tissue ischemia, neuropathy, trauma, infection, mechanical factors like repetitive force from walking, inflammation, and biomechanical aspects like structural alterations, limited joint mobility, plantar calluses, and footwear. It also covers vascular phenomena where peak plantar pressures can obliterate blood flow and delay healing. The main risk factors for foot ulcers are identified as peripheral neuropathy, minor trauma, deformity, edema, and peripheral ischemia. The document provides recommendations to prevent ulcers like careful foot examination, proper footwear, insoles, daily foot care, and avoiding contraindic
This document summarizes a study on public expenditures in the agricultural sector in Lao PDR. It finds that while agricultural development has contributed greatly to reducing poverty, data and budget systems are poorly organized, making it difficult for the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry to effectively manage expenditures. Key issues include inadequate recurrent budgets, lack of program-based information, and donor funds being separately reported. The study recommends strengthening MAF's capacity for data collection, public spending reviews, and impact assessment to better align agriculture spending with national policy priorities.
The document summarizes the findings of a study on the economic and fiscal impacts of the 2015 Senior Bowl in Mobile, Alabama. Key findings include:
- An estimated 41,247-41,507 true economic tourists traveled to Mobile specifically for Senior Bowl events, bringing $12.4-12.5 million in direct spending to the city.
- The total economic impact to the local economy was estimated at $27.7-27.9 million for the city, $24.3-24.4 million for Mobile County, and $23.9-24 million for the state of Alabama.
- The fiscal impact in the form of tax revenue was $956,497-$1,083,
Post-World War 2 saw large-scale immigration to European countries from their former colonies and other nations. This included South Asians moving to Britain, Turks migrating to Germany, and North Africans relocating to France. Many immigrants from former colonies settled in urban areas, changing the demographics and religious makeup of cities. Their presence led European countries to grapple with issues of integration, religious freedom, and national identity in the postwar period.
Swapan Kumar Dutta is seeking a legal job in a reputable company. He has 6 years of experience as a lawyer handling civil, criminal, and matrimonial cases. He has an LL.B. and Master of Business Laws (MBL) degree. His areas of legal expertise include banking law, insurance law, contract law, and more. He has received awards for his academic performance and has experience serving as an examiner judge for a national lok adalat.
1. The document provides information about a lesson plan for a 9th standard division G class on the topic of "Problems of Deforestation". It includes learning outcomes, content analysis, classroom interaction procedure and review questions.
2. The learning outcomes include understanding the causes for deforestation today, identifying solutions to reduce it, examining government afforestation programs, and discussing the impacts of deforestation.
3. The classroom interaction procedure involves a discussion with students about deforestation using information from resource materials, followed by addressing student responses and moving to the lesson.
1) International understanding is important for developing countries' economic programs and global cooperation. It requires viewing all people equally while overcoming cultural prejudices.
2) International understanding promotes peace by analyzing issues like refugees, armed conflicts, and the role of media. It also highlights the importance of international legal systems for human rights.
3) Education is the best way to develop international understanding and solve global issues. Classroom activities that teach about different cultures and global interdependence can enhance international understanding.
1. The study assessed wild tea resources found growing in forests in Hongsa Tea Mountain in Sayaboury Province, Laos.
2. Field surveys estimated about 30 hectares of tea resources in Ban Nam Kean village and 13 hectares in Ban Pakhouyang village.
3. A small-scale black tea processing trial was conducted using autumn-picked tea leaves from Ban Pakhouyang. The processed tea received positive feedback from cuppers for its strong flavor but yield was very low.
1. The study assessed wild tea resources found growing in forests in Hongsa Tea Mountain in Sayaboury Province, Laos.
2. Field surveys estimated about 30 hectares of tea resources in Ban Nam Kean village and 13 hectares in Ban Pakhouyang village.
3. A black tea processing trial was conducted in Ban Pakhouyang in October 2010 using autumn-picked tea leaves. The processed tea samples received positive feedback from cuppers but were considered inferior to tea processed from the spring pick due to lower leaf quality after drying.
This report summarizes a study of tea production in Phongsaly Province, Laos. Some key findings:
1) Phongsaly has the most developed tea sector in Laos, with over 1,362 hectares under cultivation planned to increase to 1,362 hectares by 2014. Tea cultivation was traditionally done at low intensity but has increased with investment.
2) Yields have been substantially lower than China due to low density planting and lack of improvements in soil, water retention and pruning techniques. However the industry has proven resilient by diversifying production.
3) Prices declined sharply in 2003, reducing farmer incomes. As a result, production volumes are now significantly lower than the 2007 peak and
This document summarizes information about Rancho Arroyo Grande, a 9,750 acre ranch located halfway between Los Angeles and San Francisco in California. The ranch currently uses around 500-2,000 acres for winter grain and summer bean crops, and could support additional crops and agriculture due to its climate and water resources. Parts of the ranch border Lopez Lake Recreation Area and Leg Padres National Forest. There have been studies exploring developing some areas of the ranch for recreational lodges, cabins and campsites that could be owned by a member group and support continued shared ranching and farming operations. The ranch was appraised at $4.4 million in 1972 and $5.5 million in 1978, equivalent to $564
Assignment 1 Discussion QuestionsDue by Thursday, September 12,.docxfredharris32
Assignment 1: Discussion Questions
Due by Thursday, September 12, 2013, read the discussion question for the week and post your responses to both of them. Responses should be submitted as a Microsoft Word document, formatted in Arial 10 point font, 1.5 spaced. Must use the current APA standards when formatting paper.
All written assignments and responses should follow APA rules for attributing sources and Grading Criteria:
Grading Criteria
Maximum Points
Demonstrated an understanding of the topics being discussed.
4
Met the criteria for the correct responses to the assigned questions.
4
Participation Criteria
Used vocabulary relevant to the topics under discussion.
4
Participated in the discussion by asking a question, providing a statement of clarification, providing a point of view with rationale, challenging a point of discussion, or making a relationship between one or more points of the discussion.
4
Justified ideas and responses by using appropriate examples and references from texts, websites, and other references or personal experience.
4
Wrote in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrated ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of sources, displayed accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation.
4
Total
24
Essay Format – please use following format in your response and clearly identify each question separately in BOLD font.
Discussion Question
For a company with several subsidiaries, would it be easier to maximize shareholder value in the face of capital constraints by shifting capital among the affiliates?
If in that same company 60% of the financial manager's time is devoted to managing working capital, how will an increase in inventory costs affect the production capacity? (Should the financial manager devote more or less time to managing working capital in this instance?)
-H
inreresting sacks of calories, and that its impact along the wa/,'Hence, rvhen it finally reach-
the smell of sLrnbaked pine needles on a breezl June af- cs the forest floor, ir seeps in inscead of bouncrng offtne smell or sunDaKeq Plne neeqles on a oreezl rune al- cs the torest tloor, lt seeps rn lnstead ot bounclng otf.
ternoon me'rel't' matches the scent that comes from But if vou cut down the rrees for fields, or for roads, or
rhose conrler-shaped :rir freshenets that dangle tiom for houses, or for anything else that's not as permeable,
'lour reln'iov mirror, more of rhat water rolls straight into a srream, curring
Lec's lsstrme, in orher words, rhat you've done so-c- channels, carrl,ing sift, causing floods.
thing rott.'n and God has rurn.'.1 1ou inro an economist. And that leaves no li?rer in rhe ground ro seep out
Norv rou hare ln .rssignmcnt: \\'hat should be .lonr come rhe hor davs of summer. \\re've known rhis a long
*ith rhc one-rhir,l of the errrh's rime: the AJiron,lr.L p",L rL"
!-t5 ilssunr!'. firr rh.-.lLrr;rrion of rhis ar- "lf v,ru'rc been out in a rainsrorm undcr i mtjor
ticic, thar ...
This document is a thesis submitted by Md. Hoshiur Rahman to the Department of Agricultural Economics at Bangladesh Agricultural University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Master of Science degree in Agricultural Economics. The thesis conducts a comparative study of production and profitability of HYV potato and wheat in some areas of Jamalpur district. It analyzes production costs, returns, factors affecting output, and problems faced by farmers for both crops based on a survey of 100 farmers. The study finds potato cultivation to be more profitable than wheat, though both are profitable. It also reveals scope for farmers to more efficiently utilize resources in crop production.
Evolution & Fisheries: A Relationship?: Dr. Malin Pinskycoseenow
Dr. Malin Pinsky, Rutgers University, presented on his work with respect to the impacts of overfishing on genetic diversity in fishes at the January 9, 2014 STEM Educators' Series.
This document provides guidelines for managing natural areas, nesting boxes, bird feeders, and other aspects of the Certified Audubon Cooperative Sanctuary Program at The Minikahda Club property. It describes 11 no-mow zones totaling over 6 acres that provide habitat for wildlife. It also outlines the management of 16 bluebird houses, 11 wood duck houses, and 3 mallard platforms. Bird feeder management and an annual bird watch are also discussed.
1. The document discusses listening to and responding to feedback from others respectfully. It emphasizes the importance of communication and understanding different perspectives.
2. The document recommends actively listening to what people say without judgment, asking questions for clarity, and responding in a respectful manner from an informed position.
3. The goal is to have constructive discussions that further understanding on all sides and allow for positive progress through open and respectful dialogue.
1. The document discusses listening to and responding to feedback from others respectfully. It emphasizes the importance of communication and understanding different perspectives.
2. The document recommends actively listening to what people say without judgment, asking questions for clarity, and responding in a way that is respectful, considers different points of view, and seeks common ground.
3. Overall, the document promotes respectful communication and understanding multiple sides to improve the feedback process.
ONT-3 discusses chemical disinfectants and their uses. It provides 3 types of disinfection: prophylactic disinfection which includes sterilization methods like chlorination; therapeutic disinfection to treat infected tissues; and terminal disinfection during and after patient care to disinfect surfaces. Common chemical disinfectants discussed include chlorine, iodine, phenol, heavy metals like mercury and copper, and alcohols. Physical methods like heat and radiation are also mentioned.
Even beyond the charm of green and good living, amid rustic hillsides and the splashing waters of river Indrayani, lies AnantSrishti, a 35-acre township in Kanhe Phata that is not just a lifetime investment but a lifetime of peace, happiness and contentment.
Its proximity to the Kanhe Phata railway station and national highway cuts your traveling time to half. Even Nigdi, Pimpri-Chinchwad or the city for that matter are barely a 30-min drive through these broad-beautiful roads.
The document repeatedly provides contact information for Vicky at resin-group.com including her email, phone numbers for WeChat and WhatsApp, and her Skype account ivychen228. This contact information is listed over 30 times in an effort to ensure it is seen.
1362576371 mechanism foot injury and ulcer formationdfsimedia
This document provides an overview of the mechanisms that cause diabetic foot ulcers. It discusses several factors that can lead to foot injury and ulcer formation in diabetics including tissue ischemia, neuropathy, trauma, infection, mechanical factors like repetitive force from walking, inflammation, and biomechanical aspects like structural alterations, limited joint mobility, plantar calluses, and footwear. It also covers vascular phenomena where peak plantar pressures can obliterate blood flow and delay healing. The main risk factors for foot ulcers are identified as peripheral neuropathy, minor trauma, deformity, edema, and peripheral ischemia. The document provides recommendations to prevent ulcers like careful foot examination, proper footwear, insoles, daily foot care, and avoiding contraindic
This document summarizes a study on public expenditures in the agricultural sector in Lao PDR. It finds that while agricultural development has contributed greatly to reducing poverty, data and budget systems are poorly organized, making it difficult for the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry to effectively manage expenditures. Key issues include inadequate recurrent budgets, lack of program-based information, and donor funds being separately reported. The study recommends strengthening MAF's capacity for data collection, public spending reviews, and impact assessment to better align agriculture spending with national policy priorities.
The document summarizes the findings of a study on the economic and fiscal impacts of the 2015 Senior Bowl in Mobile, Alabama. Key findings include:
- An estimated 41,247-41,507 true economic tourists traveled to Mobile specifically for Senior Bowl events, bringing $12.4-12.5 million in direct spending to the city.
- The total economic impact to the local economy was estimated at $27.7-27.9 million for the city, $24.3-24.4 million for Mobile County, and $23.9-24 million for the state of Alabama.
- The fiscal impact in the form of tax revenue was $956,497-$1,083,
Post-World War 2 saw large-scale immigration to European countries from their former colonies and other nations. This included South Asians moving to Britain, Turks migrating to Germany, and North Africans relocating to France. Many immigrants from former colonies settled in urban areas, changing the demographics and religious makeup of cities. Their presence led European countries to grapple with issues of integration, religious freedom, and national identity in the postwar period.
Swapan Kumar Dutta is seeking a legal job in a reputable company. He has 6 years of experience as a lawyer handling civil, criminal, and matrimonial cases. He has an LL.B. and Master of Business Laws (MBL) degree. His areas of legal expertise include banking law, insurance law, contract law, and more. He has received awards for his academic performance and has experience serving as an examiner judge for a national lok adalat.
1. The document provides information about a lesson plan for a 9th standard division G class on the topic of "Problems of Deforestation". It includes learning outcomes, content analysis, classroom interaction procedure and review questions.
2. The learning outcomes include understanding the causes for deforestation today, identifying solutions to reduce it, examining government afforestation programs, and discussing the impacts of deforestation.
3. The classroom interaction procedure involves a discussion with students about deforestation using information from resource materials, followed by addressing student responses and moving to the lesson.
1) International understanding is important for developing countries' economic programs and global cooperation. It requires viewing all people equally while overcoming cultural prejudices.
2) International understanding promotes peace by analyzing issues like refugees, armed conflicts, and the role of media. It also highlights the importance of international legal systems for human rights.
3) Education is the best way to develop international understanding and solve global issues. Classroom activities that teach about different cultures and global interdependence can enhance international understanding.
1. The study assessed wild tea resources found growing in forests in Hongsa Tea Mountain in Sayaboury Province, Laos.
2. Field surveys estimated about 30 hectares of tea resources in Ban Nam Kean village and 13 hectares in Ban Pakhouyang village.
3. A small-scale black tea processing trial was conducted using autumn-picked tea leaves from Ban Pakhouyang. The processed tea received positive feedback from cuppers for its strong flavor but yield was very low.
1. The study assessed wild tea resources found growing in forests in Hongsa Tea Mountain in Sayaboury Province, Laos.
2. Field surveys estimated about 30 hectares of tea resources in Ban Nam Kean village and 13 hectares in Ban Pakhouyang village.
3. A black tea processing trial was conducted in Ban Pakhouyang in October 2010 using autumn-picked tea leaves. The processed tea samples received positive feedback from cuppers but were considered inferior to tea processed from the spring pick due to lower leaf quality after drying.
This report summarizes a study of tea production in Phongsaly Province, Laos. Some key findings:
1) Phongsaly has the most developed tea sector in Laos, with over 1,362 hectares under cultivation planned to increase to 1,362 hectares by 2014. Tea cultivation was traditionally done at low intensity but has increased with investment.
2) Yields have been substantially lower than China due to low density planting and lack of improvements in soil, water retention and pruning techniques. However the industry has proven resilient by diversifying production.
3) Prices declined sharply in 2003, reducing farmer incomes. As a result, production volumes are now significantly lower than the 2007 peak and
This document summarizes information about Rancho Arroyo Grande, a 9,750 acre ranch located halfway between Los Angeles and San Francisco in California. The ranch currently uses around 500-2,000 acres for winter grain and summer bean crops, and could support additional crops and agriculture due to its climate and water resources. Parts of the ranch border Lopez Lake Recreation Area and Leg Padres National Forest. There have been studies exploring developing some areas of the ranch for recreational lodges, cabins and campsites that could be owned by a member group and support continued shared ranching and farming operations. The ranch was appraised at $4.4 million in 1972 and $5.5 million in 1978, equivalent to $564
Assignment 1 Discussion QuestionsDue by Thursday, September 12,.docxfredharris32
Assignment 1: Discussion Questions
Due by Thursday, September 12, 2013, read the discussion question for the week and post your responses to both of them. Responses should be submitted as a Microsoft Word document, formatted in Arial 10 point font, 1.5 spaced. Must use the current APA standards when formatting paper.
All written assignments and responses should follow APA rules for attributing sources and Grading Criteria:
Grading Criteria
Maximum Points
Demonstrated an understanding of the topics being discussed.
4
Met the criteria for the correct responses to the assigned questions.
4
Participation Criteria
Used vocabulary relevant to the topics under discussion.
4
Participated in the discussion by asking a question, providing a statement of clarification, providing a point of view with rationale, challenging a point of discussion, or making a relationship between one or more points of the discussion.
4
Justified ideas and responses by using appropriate examples and references from texts, websites, and other references or personal experience.
4
Wrote in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrated ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of sources, displayed accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation.
4
Total
24
Essay Format – please use following format in your response and clearly identify each question separately in BOLD font.
Discussion Question
For a company with several subsidiaries, would it be easier to maximize shareholder value in the face of capital constraints by shifting capital among the affiliates?
If in that same company 60% of the financial manager's time is devoted to managing working capital, how will an increase in inventory costs affect the production capacity? (Should the financial manager devote more or less time to managing working capital in this instance?)
-H
inreresting sacks of calories, and that its impact along the wa/,'Hence, rvhen it finally reach-
the smell of sLrnbaked pine needles on a breezl June af- cs the forest floor, ir seeps in inscead of bouncrng offtne smell or sunDaKeq Plne neeqles on a oreezl rune al- cs the torest tloor, lt seeps rn lnstead ot bounclng otf.
ternoon me'rel't' matches the scent that comes from But if vou cut down the rrees for fields, or for roads, or
rhose conrler-shaped :rir freshenets that dangle tiom for houses, or for anything else that's not as permeable,
'lour reln'iov mirror, more of rhat water rolls straight into a srream, curring
Lec's lsstrme, in orher words, rhat you've done so-c- channels, carrl,ing sift, causing floods.
thing rott.'n and God has rurn.'.1 1ou inro an economist. And that leaves no li?rer in rhe ground ro seep out
Norv rou hare ln .rssignmcnt: \\'hat should be .lonr come rhe hor davs of summer. \\re've known rhis a long
*ith rhc one-rhir,l of the errrh's rime: the AJiron,lr.L p",L rL"
!-t5 ilssunr!'. firr rh.-.lLrr;rrion of rhis ar- "lf v,ru'rc been out in a rainsrorm undcr i mtjor
ticic, thar ...
This document is a thesis submitted by Md. Hoshiur Rahman to the Department of Agricultural Economics at Bangladesh Agricultural University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Master of Science degree in Agricultural Economics. The thesis conducts a comparative study of production and profitability of HYV potato and wheat in some areas of Jamalpur district. It analyzes production costs, returns, factors affecting output, and problems faced by farmers for both crops based on a survey of 100 farmers. The study finds potato cultivation to be more profitable than wheat, though both are profitable. It also reveals scope for farmers to more efficiently utilize resources in crop production.
Evolution & Fisheries: A Relationship?: Dr. Malin Pinskycoseenow
Dr. Malin Pinsky, Rutgers University, presented on his work with respect to the impacts of overfishing on genetic diversity in fishes at the January 9, 2014 STEM Educators' Series.
This document provides guidelines for managing natural areas, nesting boxes, bird feeders, and other aspects of the Certified Audubon Cooperative Sanctuary Program at The Minikahda Club property. It describes 11 no-mow zones totaling over 6 acres that provide habitat for wildlife. It also outlines the management of 16 bluebird houses, 11 wood duck houses, and 3 mallard platforms. Bird feeder management and an annual bird watch are also discussed.
1. The document discusses listening to and responding to feedback from others respectfully. It emphasizes the importance of communication and understanding different perspectives.
2. The document recommends actively listening to what people say without judgment, asking questions for clarity, and responding in a respectful manner from an informed position.
3. The goal is to have constructive discussions that further understanding on all sides and allow for positive progress through open and respectful dialogue.
1. The document discusses listening to and responding to feedback from others respectfully. It emphasizes the importance of communication and understanding different perspectives.
2. The document recommends actively listening to what people say without judgment, asking questions for clarity, and responding in a way that is respectful, considers different points of view, and seeks common ground.
3. Overall, the document promotes respectful communication and understanding multiple sides to improve the feedback process.
ONT-3 discusses chemical disinfectants and their uses. It provides 3 types of disinfection: prophylactic disinfection which includes sterilization methods like chlorination; therapeutic disinfection to treat infected tissues; and terminal disinfection during and after patient care to disinfect surfaces. Common chemical disinfectants discussed include chlorine, iodine, phenol, heavy metals like mercury and copper, and alcohols. Physical methods like heat and radiation are also mentioned.
Even beyond the charm of green and good living, amid rustic hillsides and the splashing waters of river Indrayani, lies AnantSrishti, a 35-acre township in Kanhe Phata that is not just a lifetime investment but a lifetime of peace, happiness and contentment.
Its proximity to the Kanhe Phata railway station and national highway cuts your traveling time to half. Even Nigdi, Pimpri-Chinchwad or the city for that matter are barely a 30-min drive through these broad-beautiful roads.
This document presents the Normal Table of Bufo melanostictus Schneider, which details the external morphology and measurements of the various developmental stages. It begins with an introduction providing context about B. melanostictus as a widely distributed toad species in South Asia suitable for classroom and experimental studies. The study aimed to document the normal development of B. melanostictus in detail through observations of externally visible characteristics over 43 numbered stages from the fertilized egg through metamorphosis. Materials and methods describe the collection of eggs and embryos, measurements, fixation techniques, and "staging" system used to define each developmental phase. The Normal Table then describes the key features of each numbered stage.
The Three Sisters: Exploring an Iroquois GardenFayina19z
The passage discusses the importance of plant diversity as exemplified by the Three Sisters planting system of the Iroquois people. It explains that planting multiple varieties of corn, beans, and squash provides more resilience against pests and disease than planting a single crop in a uniform manner. Maintaining biodiversity is important for food security given the small number of plant species that provide most of the world's food supply. The Three Sisters system demonstrates the value of native crop diversity approaches.
comprehensive land use plan of san juan city metro manila philippines. This research will be used as a CLUP for data gathering for the site selection and site justification of the Architectural Design Thesis Subject for Graduating students. This datas can be used for the Thesis 1 and Thesis 2 subjects
The early history of Chittagong is obscure due to a lack of reliable records. It was likely ruled by various small kingdoms and principalities over time. One such polity may have been the Kingdom of Parikara, which existed in the region until around the 13th century AD and was eventually replaced or absorbed by the Chittagong chieftaincy. The area was also occupied intermittently by the Muslim Sultanates of Bengal and Arakan between the 12th and 15th centuries. Overall, the political situation in early Chittagong remained fluid with frequent changes in ruling powers.
This email thread discusses a request from a Japanese television program for information and an interview about global warming and climate change science from the EPA or other environmental research organizations. The television program is interested in understanding the causes of abnormal weather conditions and the relationship between global warming and current events like floods in India. They are seeking an introduction to the appropriate representative to discuss these topics in a potential interview in late July.
This document provides methods for assessing the biological activity and health of pasture soils. It describes making soil and plant tissue samples to analyze nutrient levels and the effects of fertilization programs. Six methods are outlined for assessing soil biological properties without expensive lab tests: 1) Counting the diversity of living organisms on the soil surface. 2) Counting earthworms and their burrows. 3) Noting the smell of soil. 4) Testing soil aggregate stability in water. 5) Timing water infiltration into the soil. 6) Measuring soil compaction using a homemade penetrometer. Conducting regular assessments using these methods provides insight into soil nutrient cycling and identifies areas for improving pasture soil quality.
Fidel Castro writes a letter to Nikita Khrushchev on October 28, 1962 regarding the Cuban Missile Crisis. Castro expresses gratitude to Khrushchev for defending Cuba from invasion and preventing nuclear war. However, Castro argues that they should take advantage of the current situation to further strengthen Cuba's independence and sovereignty. Castro believes they have accomplished preventing invasion and aggression, and should continue efforts to build a socialist society in Cuba.
This document provides an updated initial environmental examination of the Phai-Kha-Mang sub-watershed development project in Lao PDR, which is financed by the Asian Development Bank. The project aims to strengthen watershed management, increase crop productivity, improve livestock and fishery management, and preserve and restore forest resources. Potential environmental impacts of project activities are analyzed and mitigation measures are identified. Key activities include capacity building, crop improvement, forest restoration, livestock management, irrigation, and poverty reduction. The document assesses physical, ecological, economic and social aspects of the environment and existing policies and institutions relevant to environmental management.
This document provides an updated initial environmental examination of the Phai-Kha-Mang sub-watershed development project in Lao PDR, which is funded by the Asian Development Bank. The project aims to strengthen watershed management, increase crop productivity, improve livestock and fishery management, and preserve and restore forest resources. Potential environmental impacts of project activities are analyzed and mitigation measures are identified. Key activities include capacity building, agriculture extension, forest restoration, and improved water resources management. The document assesses the physical, ecological and socioeconomic environment of the project area and existing environmental policies and regulations.
This document provides information on commercial scale shiitake mushroom cultivation. It discusses growing shiitakes in logs with a 12 month incubation period that can be harvested for 5 years, as well as growing in sawdust with nutrients and a 4-5 month incubation period that can be harvested for 5 months. It also mentions ideas for drying mushrooms and exporting them, as well as semi-controlled organic cultivation.
This document provides information on commercial scale shiitake mushroom cultivation. It discusses growing shiitakes in logs with a 12 month incubation period and harvesting twice monthly for 5 years. Alternatively, growing in sawdust with nutrients results in a shorter 4-5 month incubation and lasts 5 months with twice monthly harvesting. It also mentions ideas for drying mushrooms and semi-controlled organic cultivation for export.
This business plan is for Delta Agro-Forestry Promotion and Import-Export Sole Co., Ltd, which aims to produce and sell bio-fertilizers in Laos. The company sees opportunities in Laos' agricultural sector as most farmers currently use chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The government also supports increasing fertilizer use and production. Delta plans to establish a bio-fertilizer production facility, partner with farmers, input suppliers, and exporters, and sell its products domestically and abroad. It expects its natural and affordable products will increase yields, reduce costs, and improve food security for farmers and the country. The plan provides financial projections that estimate Delta will be profitable and financially sustainable over the next five
The project completion report summarizes the Northern Area Rural Power Distribution Project in Laos. The project involved constructing 115kV transmission lines, substations, and medium- and low-voltage distribution systems to provide electricity to rural areas in northern Laos. Key outputs included installing 10,464km of transmission lines and completing environmental mitigation works. The project was completed on budget with all funds disbursed. Sustainability is preliminarily assessed as likely due to community support and government commitment to operations and maintenance. The project achieved its objectives of expanding power access in a relevant, effective, and efficient manner.
This report provides a needs assessment of the agriculture and natural resources sector in Laos, including lessons learned from past ADB interventions. It finds that the southern provinces have good potential for agriculture but lack infrastructure and technical skills. Foreign investment is increasing through land concessions but lacks oversight. The proposed project would strengthen sector policies, land use planning, and clearance of unexploded ordnance. It would build capacity for planning at national, provincial and district levels. The project aims to improve livelihoods and reduce poverty through support for trade and contract farming arrangements between smallholders and agribusiness.
This business plan is for Delta Agro-Forestry Promotion and Import-Export Sole Co., Ltd, which aims to produce and sell bio-fertilizers in Laos. The company sees opportunities in Laos' agricultural sector as most farmers currently use chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The government also supports increasing fertilizer use and production. Delta plans to establish a bio-fertilizer production facility, partner with farmers, input suppliers, and exporters, and sell its products domestically and abroad. It expects its natural and affordable products will increase yields, reduce costs, and improve food security for farmers and the country. The plan provides financial projections that estimate Delta will be profitable and financially sustainable over the next five
This report analyzes cattle farming and beef certification systems in Xieng Khouang Province, Laos. It finds that the province's current cattle production system differs significantly from international grass-fed beef certification standards. Specifically, Xieng Khouang cattle are raised with minimal healthcare and slaughtering practices that would not meet food safety standards for export markets. The report recommends strategies for Xieng Khouang farmers to improve cattle breeding and grazing, adopt organic practices, and develop slaughtering and marketing systems needed to achieve grass-fed or organic beef certification. This would allow access to higher-price international markets and provide more income for farmers. The report provides cost estimates for certification fees to assist farmers in evaluating options.
1) Organic agriculture is gaining ground globally with over 37 million hectares of certified organic agricultural land. The largest areas are in Oceania, Europe, Latin America, and North America.
2) The International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM) works with the Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FIBL) in Germany to oversee organic certification globally according to uniform standards.
3) Several countries have more certified organic agricultural land than previously reported, including Uganda, South Africa, and Saudi Arabia.
1. l0[il] t'.
Peak Tea Mountain Study Report
l1r Khamphou PhoLyyalonq
April 2011
ttll
dv
2. ThE 5 a .ase study or Phou$n rea Mouildn, where the tea has re.enuy b€en comnrercia zed
san (nrountaii) ii pcak d std.ti xiengkharng provtn.e.
. Th€e v raqe deveopnert cuneE share th. mounbn area ot pholsan naney LrdB.lk
z0n€ (3an Nhotpieiq), NongP€r (Ban oo.an) and khanevienq. For d
rrea has beei €no',ipd a5 or hgh qratiLy ter, panted du.ing 1930s
, spufi.d by thc Pu erl
boom in Yrnnan. tea rr€es ar d sr buted over the rdra
deisiry vary nq in vunkcncunrrr. n d@p rore5t (pAFo ,006)
. Tbe 5tu'ly was un.edaken in so virages, Nhorpcnq rnd oo aE that LogeLher plss.s some
40 ha of hrnested an.eir and neL! y cu trared tea. Tora annla prcdldion s esLinaled at
nearf 4 toniee
'n
2010 5er rc ar between 40,000-80,000 kp per k9 The b! k of flodldioi
is io oo ai where t a.oahb!re5 5
. In recert yea6, an.envw d tea tr uorand reds have foned rh. basi5 ror 5tabijzed
aq..!turewrhteaqadensbenqa ocat€dro ndvdua househodr.ThcpotentL to*pain
d Uvauon exsts and crpanson s occuiing. clrtivaron methods 3.e geneE y raditona n
iature resultinq n ow yieds pcr I d s noty ro rjmir blshes
hod reYes to blo types or produ
Simple equirnreit has been provided by b!ye6 for pro.osnqi nalor market chainek arc
oca trad€G/buycE and a chines
m nor, suppemdnb Ban Nhorpienq, bll ths
are abe ro b€ haRcsted.
3nd rcduce abour d.mdnds Jslo.iated tr th bo0r p.riing and
pro.as nq Jre evideir. Gven posirve market.ondtions the sxpanson
v a96 may be L'arcnted
he ma nreian.e of nche
pbdtrd 5ratus Resu rs or.hen G aii yss urdertaken by the *udy t
arca is nd.rtve of h9r ntinsi. quarity
. Grcn tutNstoi airabrity, na*et demai! aid resource qGrity
l xicnq KhouJnq app€are €videit. A
th€ developncnti orentry of n,ore tea erpodec should be r proity to fa. irar€ s!.ll
. Loar.apacly !n iea s verr imted, to cope w th thc em
need to dev€lop ealt.a researhec who.oud rndertaid and fa. i
3. Ihe Lea hDmbn 5t!dy ir Phousan arr, paek distri.t, xieigkhaunq pro'nce I'as .onduden by
NAFRI atrd CARE slarr to better u/rdeEtand .omnrunlty access ro and G. or w d anrl cu r vaten le.
he Fren.h enab 5h Dq tea qarde F of tlre
best seierled ndgenou5 varieties in thc 1910t rn rc.enL ye3rs *imuated bv ure pu erh boom
tbese,eso0rces hav. b.en rehabiritated and no'! prDvide a va labe n
The a5se$nent r€s.ompeted n r,t .h 201r by Mr. Kbam)ho0 phoryyavono, the Head or socia
ThiDhavonq Boupha, lhe Prqect Manager for the T.a Fcasibility aid
Deslqn Stldy non ccRE. The rwo days fie {r su ey rlas ra. tared by staff of Aori.u lnc and Foreiry
of.e of Peak dstrct. Focus group ds.trsois, and in depth
t6fse.t wa k to ter qarden'js an.r w
GeneraDidureaf,dp€Epe.tv6o|bothwidteaand.UtiV3ledtea]
and head of DAFo or PEk dGr.t Wh e, iromaton on histDry
and d€moqftphy or vilaqe, oove/ry n Gi tea resomG maMqement and.onrrot, and famed
inrerest were obtained thrcuqh qrcup dis.ussion vth v laqe eaderetri
paek is the centra disrict or Xiengkhadng pmvin.e Lith a tota area !
is mountairo!sard rhedish.tlras a rota poprtation of69,r21people
!f which 34o/o arc Hmonq, 2 45or khmu and 63.61q0 Lao Lorm The dEtrcr has 9 (umban {vinaqe
d*eopmmt cune6). aid t s reporred thar tea I p€seir n 3 out o. ure5e e, naney Ladbalri,
Nongpet and xhanqvenq.
Areas under te3.!tivatioo n Peak rrave gradua ly erprfded bu
ha oran.€nt tea alqery iuter.r.p bured in rre tuo srrdy vi[a9.r
olNhotpienq and oo€i Ge€ beow)
The PlDUsai .r G dlvded into Pholsan No aid Phousan Ya Nhorpeng vilage E o.ated in
Prorsan Noi beonq nq lo the Ladlruak v lage d.v.opment .!ner. Ban oo an r lo.ated i. the
Phousan Ya eai pan oTthe Noirl
4. Nlroipienq war resenred in 197s to the.utrenr ste,
today there are 2l NHs in rhe vilaqes a[ of whch
are of rai Phaun ethncitr/. Road ac@s ro thk
v lag€ is reiabe onry during the dry sea$n with wer
eason a..ss not possibre after h
mu t p e iv€r .m$inqs, The total vil ase population
G 129 of whch 59 are femae, villageE .1a55ry 3
HHs as b€inq better{ff, 21 as or mid. eve and 4 as
p.or. Poo. Hlls have
partc0lar paddy iand and most are yornq nsly
mairied coupes Poorcr hous€ho ds strugg e to meet
tud and lncome needs prmarly through shifring
oltdion B€tter off
households have hore and and I v6to.k as wet as
mo€ dveEe sour@s of in.ome Village lead€rehtp
are pmmotinq the dev€lopmenl of commercial doos
such as t4 and fruit trees as wel as sustainable ffIrP haDesrnq. T6 cwenty pmvides a mited
5u pplemental sou rc ofjncome to many HHs.
Oo{n oct€d on Phousan yai is o€ted ound 3s
km no.th€st of the cit of P€k Road a..es G
reasonabry qood wrh ony 5 km of dr1 rcad. TliG
village was Frrred in 1974, wtth the p.putation
movinq back fiom vietnam,8y2010, the vi aqe had
a popu atioi of 269, wilhii 33 HN5 al of whi.h ara
Hmong. A numb€r of new familiE have moved to
the village over the yea6 iiom Nonshet districr.
Villasers da$ify 36 HHs as be nq or mid everand 2
as pmr. r'rd-ever househotds rypic y produce
suff'.ent rc€ for year round consu
do race shorlaqes, ony far 1 2 months and no every
year. In ontrasti poore horseholds struqqe ro
met lmd and ln@me ne€ds thrcuqh shifrng
chrcnially r.e deficit. rea
prcduction ir .urently a prcvdlng an estimated
50qo of househod n.omes and this is exp€ded by
farmec to bsome pbqressivey more imDortanr
TEA REsouRcE AssEssMENr
T€a from Phousn area i5 widely bet *ed as a qold qua ity tea due to the su iabi ry or so si
elevatoni and weather. Tea in Phousan area was initialy pranted by the Fr€nch duing1930safrer
they tesled a wide number of o6l wrd types and slecred a number of vaieiies for further
re ar$ raruev destrcyed by the French under pft$uft irom the
3 dl sh to protect ihen tea nvslTenrs ii lnd a. H oweveri sD me tea vee,s rema ned and they have
s nG nalurany prcpaqaten. At hiq u y witd tea s ako rcpoa.ed by
some. h Ban Nhotp enq and Ban oo an, t€a .u nvation has rc.eifly resrzrted
Nhotpienq has establshen tea s€d nureery qbups ontaininq 2l househotds Asofthe {udy podod
thek rameE had som€ 40,000 s*dtinqs ready for panriiq in rhe cominq wet seaso[ at cutr€ir
pant density rates thh 6uld equate to an additionat 60 Ha or 3 ha per household a though hiqher
densry pantnq s exDecr€d sed ror rhe n6er/ was.oltected
thh (2007 3)i rarme^ also panled our natu.ally occurifq seed ings wrh suppo( for such reported
tom oxfan. The totat arca cuftenuy p.kpd (q.upand fietds wrh aftient tea re.qrcrrh and intei
planted new sftdlinst 5 appoximat€ly 10 ha, wih v aqere acrively prepardg tr expand ths. Larler
ancent t€a trcer prevously felen for sw dden cu tivauon have sif.e re g6wn (the net etrect b€ n9
similar to a wdey used €juvenaton prunnql as shown in Fiqurc I beow llre den5ty of such
ai.ient trces 5 some 50 to 100 p€r Ha. Aditiona intetsplanting has nDw o..ured in(easing the
5. Fn 8an oo."n, te. has been co e.led
ch ies€ trade6
materas for dig snpe tea
prc.e$ nq uniLsror mao.ha prcdrctioi
tofof hodlehord! 3nd th€n pur.hased
iion then This
productoi and som.ng ol lea rrom
wthin th€ Torcst
od tea kees p,esenl havc b?en d vided
up amoiqsl the commdiily tD enabe
Land was alocated at the villqte eve
ba5ed on households abour
rvailabity Thrclqh ths pm.ess trie
arqe y fu y al ocated
The tora area of rea ab€ to be picken E approxmrtcry 30 hJ! rnd vi aqe6 have p r to expaid th s
th6u9h.utivaron To enabre this Ean 0o an has a so esrab shed a rea
and seed ifrponed frcm chnr bythe o@rbuyer, Mr Gu.
In bolh s es new s*dllnqs e typica y rnt€. panted berw.ei an.ient reei Ter qrden3 ar,a
wred.d 2 3 tinres per year whei rhe rr€s aL. young aid then oire r
mprovement nrethods e used v lagere rpot th ther. c 3 diffcrcnt types
of ancient lea dfre,enLialed by eaf si?e/shapc €t . Typ oly the lea s
rnd rcalvey thh. sh@ts arc pale ehais.lhercllearsaboul
5 about s 7 .m lo.q aid 2 .ni I
Land a location has been undetakei in the area and ownership oT e trr€. aiceit or nerv.lrtieated
tea gardens is a.lnowedsed by thc o.3 3uthority. ownetshp of lea
autho.ity alrocated to indvidua HHs rcgaditrg to then iih.rtan.!
gadens s.haEod ai a lower Ete ihan fo prddy or rcsdeila laid with s(h Tees bei'E I p 19,000
PROOUCTTON AND PRICE
de6ry 1o $me 600 r€e5 / Ni
meteE 10 hale pi.kinq possib e
lrore than 10 ha of cnedry haRest8d tea gardens
ha is hato sted in Ba. oo ai iioh
beei vaditional use of t€a leaves lvh€n boirinq wat€r
hrrl5 ii Ean 0o an knorv how to pro.e$
qreen and ba.k teasr however, ony grc.n tea s prc.esed a5 they sai.l, there 5 no buyer and
rarmeE do not ketlFra{e rorb n sai Oo.rn a 50 kiow how to make
tunss Produd (L+) ld d(eod r.nie n p.5oE
(rrP) i %sre n
6. Gm dry) :mh: procs]]q re.hiqr w- smcd
FameE €po(ed that aboul 5 kq or rreih ear oakes 1 kg or qr€en ts. durnq the dry seas.n,
however, it nsds rt lea5l5 kq oltrelh caftD make 1kq otqr€en te
rcqu*l trrl lea s pi.ked a5 one b0d with two €ves; however, bud and thre caves n aho
sometimes pi.ked. lne qreen lea pr.esin9 used by fameE n B€n
Nhoipienq and Ban oo ai is rmirarand sbown betow
cre.n tea pckinq atrd p.oce$in! s lndetukei roi
borh vlrages. tlao.ha s noma ry pmdu.ed n
March, Aprl, and r'1ay
'!hen
p ces are hqher
andihe€3re nrore buye6. Ev€n thoushth?.e6
tea and other rive hood
advtes eq. r.e c!rtvationi rarme6 divd€
In 8an Nholpienqi f3.me6 who either are not
very qood ln qrcei La pro.Bsinq i{hoqle or
3re not willnq to proe$ qftn tea @n ei
rEh €af pi.ked to qreen Lea frakeG n thc
vilaqe at Kip 1,000 s,000 per kg. Fbn tbe 10
ha or haRe5ted tea, Nhotpienq pnduced abdur
300 kq oforE.n t?a n 2010 The pice ofE€i
tea producen s Kio {0,000 reqrrd ss of 5pr nq
nurbes Dr rcr sedson Dicks. Ths p ser ar the sanre prie to brher
lrade6. Prces lrav€ shown 5lab ity over trre Ptr€rrr markEr fluduaton pefod and volumes have
..redsqEen tei for f r s.n@h.t imddeorJn for
bo tu.n s P'on!c)
7. ptons Tor tea pi.led drinq rhe dry seasoi Firsry, farmeB Gi
make Mao.ra themserves and serrat kip 30,000 oer kgj se.ond yi fame6 cn 5el fresh teaf ro the
qreen t€ prodtr.lion odup orto Mr Gui the Ch nese tea trader fton P
kq. Typi.a ly rarmeE wl oroc€$ lhe r own tea The,eareony5holsehodrinBanooairhDknow
hotr t! make qreen tea, and rhey have romed 3n inrorma qreei tea prcdudion snup oth?r
villageB a,e iot inrolved as a.cordnq to MI lonsye i head ofthe qroup rlrer pd.e$ g sk s
mqht rot be adequare. Ea.h member of the qrou0 has abort I hr hiaested tea area, taEer than
the avecqe (0.5 Ha) hodiiq. rhe qrolp pioduces sonre r,500 kss a ypar whi5t faocha prodlcinq
houselrolds on aveEqe pDdu.e 60
at n9 to a reh caryled or5ome ssokqtha.
The ma*et ch:nncs for tcr from both rtes me shotrn below ii Fiqure x:
,,--- -_trtl
- ,r--"rl
This above plls nteaews wM major buye6 demonnEtcs th tea5 froir this area are enre nq
sPeoalty tea ma ets n chinri Europe and Horq Konq.Ihe poreitia to expand produdlon and saes
rcPorted as good by kadeu
Fresh €al picking nandard is reported a5 qood farner constlenl
Fame6 maocha pb@ssins quarity n Ban oo'ri Lva5 commented o by Mr Gu LrraL rame6 are
inprdv nq their pro.e55inq t€chniqu
It was ftpotud that tota t€a oroduction tom Phousan tea ndtrnta n !v
benq a 10c'o inffcas? rrcm 200! rev€rs a5 rame6 coie.red
'nore
N d tea aid rhe tia est€d area
wrs eipanded. Howeveri this figurc appears ikely !o be an underestimat€ Mr Gu reports collecunq
and erported about 20 ton ol p n distr.t Mr. Gu commence,J
n z009andtraifed lameE ii pd
s0,000 seedrngs b rameB it Kp s00 per 5edrnq
Tea san n.reasinqly mpotant $ur€of in.om. ror neary a hous€holds n the tro viages. Ever
tbouqh Ban oo an has nor in.omc rmm tea rbai 8an Nhorpienoi rhe sor(es ot nconr. i. Bai
Nhotp€ng aie more dive6. thai the.r5e or Bai Oo an
,ad a tota average pe,.apita in.om. of some (]p 1g m Lion, th5 benq
poverty line or 32,000 per .apb/
f0.60/day whcn .onp ed to other sou..es {se tabte 2 beo[), rar
a(ounts for p€,haps s% of tobl qer tea qardens report bei.q able to ea l
somc kjp 4 mil oi rro.r tea sa €s last year.
8. ln 8an oo an the tolaraveraqe iicome per cp ta was sonc (ip t 4 m
some $0.13/day. Neaily harfof tota villaqe imone s deiv€d ftunrda. a re, btrrrsro and L$ulry me
nan otherso!(es. brgertea falm a vrere able to }odu.e over
100 kq oT Maocha ea.h oamin! p n 2010. Ferr rarnetr ra nto ths.rteqory
wth mon earn nq belwee Kp 3.6
Tea .ultivrtion aid prcductoi s a liiqhy rabdf ntensvc adiviy with th. workDad ror str.h b. no
ay the key rces i panlng, weeding and lrcsh eal p.kng as in
Like other agri.u LlElad'ites, both men aid,vomen { do together depending on tre wor(oad
children arc ai nvoved durnq rcekends and on schoo ume lor rcadinq, pckng, and 5el iq
OPpoRruNrw aND cH^LLFNcEs
Posit ve featu.es of te3 as a .rcp F
qood repla.ement crop to opum
lio red paddy land,
'vilh
upand fi ps. Tea.ai rdpdy be
domestcated and 6 rcported toqow much faster than nkoduced seed inqs About 40i000
ated and wl be Dlanted nrune 20
b. Phou5ane has qood qua iV tea, and therc is hqh market demaid lor th s adiiq to n6m.
.. Cunent tea domeslction i datufally based, other blq tres are
@nseaed {trif tre tea fieks nris is in ri.e with o.a poiq for forertry and e roimentil
D sadva;bqes repo red by rar ne6 arel
manaqemeil ror the fEt tuo yea6. nrh sonr€lime.rcates cofllidnq abor demaids wth
b. nr€rc is io loflna grcup prcdu.iron, and as s!.h qre.i tea p6..$ ng qua ly ay valy
b€tLveen d ferent fameu. creei t
harrday ror 2 kq orq'een tea, whiie pro.essinq Shniqhq Mao.ha
c. The .reot or.e or xp 40,000 per kq of qrcer tea n Ban Nhotpeiq s .on5dered low
compared to the t me rcquircd An expe.tauon of Kip 60,000 per kg lvas ment oned
d Road a..e$ r soruumes dffi.
9. er tea c!rvation are erpandiig. wrie tlrr ptudrdioi.omes ol
{rcam, lameu are inq methods atrd stop wok ha5ed wthernq.
Ths.ould ncde the esrab shne
by the vrrJqe prod0.tion gouD Fa.ne6 a so r.u d k to mprovc ttu r tda prc..sirg qua ty as
Bu yer persp ective (MrGu Liansyinq):
Da.u$iois L'(h lrr G! Langyllg, a cliiieee
hqhqhtedthehqh5!rab tyof andhxenq KhoungasalvhoeandPhousaiein pa iftarroriea
.uuvaton. M. cu hr5 been iiro ved if tea.o {tiotr frcm Phorane ro, five y€a6 and ra5 arpported
pro.€* iq trin nq and s€dLinq sre.8e.J!se oT rhe tea quirty, orlrer traders ar5o.orre.t teJ i the
r who re.e ved r.on.e$ oi on Ph6aie (rnd bu I r rord tD the
molnlain top) io roiqer has the c
Pucr tea pi.c.otr..t on n 2003, many ch nese vaders nopped.oni iq he $id.
0 tons or Maocha and some fres I leal fionr rarn,e6 ii Pholirc
atrd $oune dnr.i in 2010 and erpe.ts thd thr produ.ton wirr rea.
year Mr Cu has used some 2 tons oa tea sedr or Pholsanc vareV J
(china)to support tea qJrden h both renq Khuang and Phoukhoud in Luaiq Prabano sone s0 50
hawerepatedinKhoundnrd.r'rrGusesxienq$!rnqa5akeyteaLrrcdlcrioiDrovh.eofthe
Tea 5 3 neL'.rop to paFo, but ha5 )een irreasiNly rccoqnted as ol.ommercia porentia for the
Ter .an be dome5t.ated ea5ly aid the PAFo ha5 lnderttrken 5ome
popagation fta s usirg ancic te
@istrahL! in.udnq a) budqetrand lil a.kortecm.a elpet5e, rth mo5t
techni.ar promot oi b.in9
crop. (M,. B!Fpha Boudkhanpone, Head orAoriculLur Dvr Dn, rcnq (hoianq PAFo )
with hiqh elevaton, above 1,200 ditons ror .lrlvalidn or high
qua ty tea and donr€sti.ation and.rrtivaron is etpa di.g i rrrd zord Ho|ever, there aB innrfl.reil
mechanisnr5lo Drote.t fore.t tea reso(r€s rlith many trees havinq beei le ed tr the a5tfuroyea s
omprerEisive Lea dion Le.rrniqler require
developmert. A hoistc ptug,ami'e of action ii suppod oT tea sedor shoud be hlrod!.ed to
Drodu.toi h Phou5aie area (Hr Bounerd (omrrhi.hrn, deputy h.ad or
AccordhqloteacsltivatonsutablymapFnqitherearesbolt60,469harnd43,975haorandii
total aid arca i the ddt.ict. riis seens to be the Iqhe$ prcoo{ion oaany disvct n lao5
C6N.IicrnNc
rea cltvation, qreen tea and Mao.rra Dro{r0don in Phousane zone ii Peak d6tr.t rema ns lnder
developed but ls showinq sgns of stmng grcMh. nr€ hiqh prcpoftion of househod i(omes derved
lrom tea n oo an and iG LoLar va dr poreira aid s etpe.led ro
increaf sgnir.a ly over thc ncit dons.Dmc nto poductoi
3ased on oo ai data, rame6 trith apprcxinrate y o,e ha oa tea agepofte'l L be.be to qeneEi!
some 300 kq5 or Mao.ha (equvient to 1,s00 kqs ortresh Dr) omhq p?rlraps hp r4 milrioi (usD
3,000). rhe Dotenta ror poveny rcdlction rrom the . op 5 thus.ear
civef the proven poientia ii P€akand other tea nvestments n Kro0n, srpporthq lhe deveopment
or tea prcdlction and prc.e$ino grcups at vlal]e ev€s aDpea6 waiianted even in lho5e sites
curientry yrithout tea r€sourcer.
10. Fame6 withn sludy v laq?s aF arerdy ope'dtnq drfiercnl lorms or
€nab n9 a.ce$ to iivestment fnan.e fD, eipanded 0ro.e$ nq fa.lliLies fty be trsranted in oD ai
Locl ca € eties li;a. p.N4 narketvdleand atr expanon
imported rypcs. v raqeG repor that rhree loca
rssesm.rtofthese ilDes vs:r vis
..nteE rhe DAFO .oud potentia y suDpoft fa ner
enabhhn.nt or teJ seedl'nq n!6eres usng seed ftum tun oo ai a
etpaBionortcacutvalonhloot,erviraqes.nrs, rcqurc.6dinationwithbuycE.
f sonre ares of aicieillea !n Pho
need nol be ai e{ensive afea
The esbbl5hment ol a smarr d€ a techitcar sence eitre woutd
eupport the development oT oAFo stafi skilh in tea .r rvauon aid prov de 3 5te for demonstErnq
npoved prtminq and on-farm tea management
appear w3rantcdr al Improvemetrts rn prunng of re qrowth
t.e6 folowmq rquvemhon used in India .oud enable
substantially qrcater yieds 3nd er5e pcrnq wthin a sho/r tine fidme. b) medms b nain eil
reiilty w inoeasiiqy b€ requ r€d ai prart density rGes - 5mple actons such as use of requne
ground .oVeE.o! d b€ u:efu y tesied
ther tea buyed/prc.e$Drs
reduce the irkr aso.ated wlh nlnber Dr buye6
deve oped by Mr c! cor rd b. athailivp to others in Yu mar q ven rhe apparcfr qua ity of rea in the
areaands!itab iiyforexpaidedcdlvalon