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OS Types And A Bit Of History Of OSs

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Alpen-Adria-Universität
Alpen-Adria-Universität

With the iPhone OS 4.0, I think I have to update my OS lecture slides. That is, adding another slide fifth generation: smart phones and the “History repeats itself: finally, with iPhone OS 4.0 batch-based smart phone OS turns into multi-tasking/-programming era” or the like...

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OS Types and a Bit of History of OSs First Generation of OSs (1945-55): No (real) OS Applications have to take care of machine details Programmer controls the machine‘s functions directly Programmer and operator == one person Load program manually into memory, setup start address and start executing the program On error, halt program manually, examine content of memory/registers, and debug directly from the console Scheduling done manually: time-table First attempts towards OS: I/O or math. libraries SS 2009 1-1 VO Betriebssysteme - Timmerer
OS Types and a Bit of History of OSs (cont’d) Second Generation (1955-65): Batch Systems “Mainframes”, punched cards,magnetic tapes, line printers Simple, resident monitor Interprets “Job Control Language” Load and executes programs sequentially Controls I/O Controls and handles interrupts and errors Machine controlled by computing center staff Atlas (1961): Univ. of Manchester Device drivers and system calls Batch OS with spooling Memory Management with demand paging: 48-bit words; 24-bit addresses; 98-KB-word drum and 16-KB words of core; 512-word pages SS 2009 1-2 VO Betriebssysteme - Timmerer
OS Types and a Bit of History of OSs (cont’d) Third Generation (1965-80): Batch + Multiprog. Multiprogramming and timesharing: several jobs run concurrently Optimum use of resources Example: job re-scheduling during I/O Separate, protected address spaces Spooling: use of disks for jobs and their results IBM OS/360, OS/370, THE, MULTICS, Unix variants THE (1968): Dijkstra 32 KB of 27-bit words, 512-KB-word drum, 512-word page Layered structure (see later) Static set of concurrent processes + semaphores for synchronization 5 user processes: compile, execute, print user programs Priority CPU scheduling: higher prio to I/O-bound and new processes Deadlock avoidance through Banker’s algorithm MULTICS (1965): MIT Time-sharing system with up to 32 interactive users CPU scheduling: multi-level feedback queue SS 2009 1-3 VO Betriebssysteme - Timmerer
OS Types and a Bit of History of OSs (cont’d) Fourth Generation (1980-): Workstations & PC OSs “History repeats itself”: initially, almost no OS Then, simple batch systems 8-bit µC: CP/M (Control Program for Microcomputers) 16-bit µC: MS-DOS (MicroSoft Disk Operating System) Finally, multi-tasking OSs (Windows, Unix, Linux, Macintosh, …) Graphical User Interface (1960: Doug Engelbart, Stanford Research Institute) Adopted by Xerox PARC researches and incorporated in their machines Steve Jobs visited PARC, saw a GUI, and the story began… SS 2009 1-4 VO Betriebssysteme - Timmerer

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OS Types And A Bit Of History Of OSs

  • 1. OS Types and a Bit of History of OSs First Generation of OSs (1945-55): No (real) OS Applications have to take care of machine details Programmer controls the machine‘s functions directly Programmer and operator == one person Load program manually into memory, setup start address and start executing the program On error, halt program manually, examine content of memory/registers, and debug directly from the console Scheduling done manually: time-table First attempts towards OS: I/O or math. libraries SS 2009 1-1 VO Betriebssysteme - Timmerer
  • 2. OS Types and a Bit of History of OSs (cont’d) Second Generation (1955-65): Batch Systems “Mainframes”, punched cards,magnetic tapes, line printers Simple, resident monitor Interprets “Job Control Language” Load and executes programs sequentially Controls I/O Controls and handles interrupts and errors Machine controlled by computing center staff Atlas (1961): Univ. of Manchester Device drivers and system calls Batch OS with spooling Memory Management with demand paging: 48-bit words; 24-bit addresses; 98-KB-word drum and 16-KB words of core; 512-word pages SS 2009 1-2 VO Betriebssysteme - Timmerer
  • 3. OS Types and a Bit of History of OSs (cont’d) Third Generation (1965-80): Batch + Multiprog. Multiprogramming and timesharing: several jobs run concurrently Optimum use of resources Example: job re-scheduling during I/O Separate, protected address spaces Spooling: use of disks for jobs and their results IBM OS/360, OS/370, THE, MULTICS, Unix variants THE (1968): Dijkstra 32 KB of 27-bit words, 512-KB-word drum, 512-word page Layered structure (see later) Static set of concurrent processes + semaphores for synchronization 5 user processes: compile, execute, print user programs Priority CPU scheduling: higher prio to I/O-bound and new processes Deadlock avoidance through Banker’s algorithm MULTICS (1965): MIT Time-sharing system with up to 32 interactive users CPU scheduling: multi-level feedback queue SS 2009 1-3 VO Betriebssysteme - Timmerer
  • 4. OS Types and a Bit of History of OSs (cont’d) Fourth Generation (1980-): Workstations & PC OSs “History repeats itself”: initially, almost no OS Then, simple batch systems 8-bit µC: CP/M (Control Program for Microcomputers) 16-bit µC: MS-DOS (MicroSoft Disk Operating System) Finally, multi-tasking OSs (Windows, Unix, Linux, Macintosh, …) Graphical User Interface (1960: Doug Engelbart, Stanford Research Institute) Adopted by Xerox PARC researches and incorporated in their machines Steve Jobs visited PARC, saw a GUI, and the story began… SS 2009 1-4 VO Betriebssysteme - Timmerer
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